Thesis / Terminal Project Bachelors in Planning

Road Safety Assessment for Urban Roads: A case of Lucknow City

May 2018

By:

Ankit Patel

Reg. No. 2140200148 2014 - 2018

Guide:

Asst. Prof. Kanad Pankaj

Department of Planning School of Planning & Architecture, Vijayawada

Undertaking

I, Mr. Ankit Patel, the author of the thesis titled “Road Safety Assessment for Urban roads: A case of Lucknow City”, hereby declare that this is an independent work of mine, carried out towards partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelors Degree in Planning at the Department of Planning, School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada. The work has not been submitted to any other organization / institution for the award of any Degree/Diploma.

PHOTO

OF

STUDENT ……………………….……………….

Ankit Patel

Reg. No. 2140200148 2014-2018 Bachelor of Planning Department of Planning

Date: 14/05/2018

Figure 4: Accident statistics

Source: Safelifefoundation.org

Indians roads are in one of the deadliest stage as 43.7% of the road accidents in India are caused due to over speeding, this can easily be avoided if people drive with care and follow speed limits. So while India definitely needs stricter road safety laws, but at the same time, India needs more responsible drivers who drive more cautiously on the roads and follow the rules. Only then, India’s killer roads can become safer and loss of life prevented.

Uttar Pradesh ranks 1st in number of fatalities on road accidents and it’s an alarming cause for state.

36,091, 8%

India

1,36,07 1, 28%

1,87,64 2, 39%

1,20,84 8, 25%

Fatal Grievous Injury Minor Injury Non Injury

UP

4,313, 12% 664, 2%

14,471 , 41% 16,164 , 45%

Fatal Grievous Injury Minor Injury Non Injury

Figure 5: Seriousness of injury in UP

Source: RTO Lucknow Figure 6: Seriousness of Injury in India

Lucknow city has been experiencing high growth of population over the years, which can be attributed to high natural growth and migration from the adjacent rural areas and towns with expectation of better employment and livelihood opportunity. The total road length of Lucknow city is 3387 K.m, which includes 73 k.m of N.H and 12.5 k.m of SH, and rest arterial and sub arterial.

3.1 Historicity of the city:

Lucknow is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state of India. Lucknow had a population of 3,647,834 in 2001.The estimated population of Lucknow in 2010 is more than 50 lakh. Lucknow is also the administrative headquarters of Lucknow District and Lucknow Division. According to Government of India, the Lucknow district is one of the ninety Minority Concentrated Districts in India, shown by 2001 census data on population, socio-economic indicators and basic amenities indicators.

The City covers an area of 980 sq.km bounded by 26.30 degree & 27.10 degree North Latitude and 80.30 degree & 81.13 degree East Longitude. Today, Lucknow is a vibrant city that is witnessing an economic boom and is among the top ten fastest growing m (Road traffic injury prevention , 2004) (Mobility and transport, 2015) (coles, 2018)etropolitan cities of India. Located in what was historically known as the Awadh region, Lucknow has always been a multicultural city.It is also known as the Golden City of the East, Shiraz-i-Hind and the Constantinople of India. Lucknow is popularly known as the the City of Nawabs. The Gomti River, meanders through the city, dividing it into the Trans-Gomti and Cis-Gomti regions.It is the second largest city in Uttar Pradesh state. Courtly manners, beautiful gardens, poetry, music, and fine cuisine patronized by the Persian-loving Shia Nawabs of the city are well known amongst Indians and students of South Asian culture and history.

Figure 9: Evolution of Lucknow City

3.2 Land Use Distribution:

The municipal area was 92 Sq Km in 1987 and increased to 163 Sq Km in 2005. The Lucknow Master Plan prepared during 2004-05 for the year 2021 covers an area of 980 Sq Km. Residential use has grown dramatically in comparison to all other uses, although there has also been notable growth in commercial, industrial and public service land use. The percentage of area under traffic and transportation use has decreased from 10.38% in 1987 to 7.62% in 2004-05. However, a provision of 16% of total land use has been made under traffic and transportation in Lucknow Master Plan 2021. (Authority)

The proposed master plan shows that the residential use is going to contribute around 49% 0f the land use and the recreational landuse is given second

Figure 10: Lucknow Master plan 2031

Figure 11: Proposed landuse

most importance with 20% of the area under it. Then the transportation carries out 16% of the landuse in the proposal. Public services landuse has 7% contribution, industrial landuse has 4% and commercial landuse has 3% of the contribution.

Be it the cultural charm or the monumental, all are well conserved here to make Lucknow "The city of many splendors". Lucknow - The upcoming METRO is a hallmark of cultural extravaganza, known all over the world for its many splendors. The unique combination of its cultured grace and newly acquired pace is its most promising feature that augurs well for the future. A city that has a magical charm, a charm that's forever and a charm that's apart.

3.3 Historicity of the study area:

Lucknow city has the following distinct centers, which attract people and traffic:

Heritage Centers or Tourist Centers: The main tourist attraction centers of Lucknow city are: Bara Imamabad, Chita Imamabad, Rum Darwaza –located on the Northwest of the Bara Imambara and Sikandar Bagh.

Commercial Centers: Lucknow has seen a radial growth but the city centre continues to remain the hub of commercial activities. Old City areas of Aminabad, Chowk, Hazratganj, Kapurthala-Bhootnath Chowk, Aminabad-Latouche Road (Gautam Buddha Marg) etc. are the main commercial areas of Lucknow city.

Industrial Centers – Although Lucknow is primarily an administrative city, it also has an industrial base, which includes industries relating to aeronautics, machine tools, distillery chemicals, furniture and chikan embroidery etc. Lucknow city is traditionally associated with chikan embroidery work on readymade garments, sarees, etc. with most units being small-scale and household-based and are located in the old city area.

The state Government, which it is fulfilling very actively, and enthusiastically have entrusted Lucknow Development Authority (LDA) with the responsibility of planning and development of Lucknow. The Authority (LDA) has prepared “Lucknow Master Plan-2021” for guided and planned development of the city in future by taking into consideration the requirements for overall development and is planning and developing the envisaged infrastructure.

Educational Centers: Lucknow is a hub of education and research and many premier institutions are located in and around the city. The Indian Institute of Management (IIM-Lucknow), Chhatrapati Shahuji

Figure 12: Development centres in Lucknow

Forty-one percent (Walk-17%, Bycycle-16%, Cycle Rickshaw-8%) of trips in Lucknow are made by nonmotorised transport (NMT); but the facilities available are grossly inadequate. The objective should be to provide continuous, encroachmentfree pedestrian and NMT facilities across the city.

In Lucknow, the road network is found devoid of foot-paths. This makes the pedestrians use carrigeway for walking. Many a time it has been observed that the pedestrians use the road without least concern for the vehicular traffic. This leads to accidents. Hence, it is necessary that foot-paths should be provided along the main roads.

A significant amount of pedestrian traffic was Figure 18: Congested Nodes,CMP observed at various intersections in the city. In order to have safe movement of pedestrians at the intersections, it is necessary to include a separate “Pedestrian Phase” or “All Red” phase in the cycle of the traffic lights. This will ensure safe crossing of pedestrian at signalized junctions.

Figure 19: Existing road signages in city Figure 20: Existing road medians in city

This map shows the status of road median of the city and it is seen that 65% of the roads have undivided median. It can be an important element to reduce road collissions. The next figure shows the existing status of road signages in the city. The city is lacking with road signages in 55 % of its road hierarchy. So this both elements are an important factor of reducing collissions on road.

Figure 21: On-street parking status of roads.

The City accounts around 30% of roads with high on street parking. This is major indication of severity level as ROW keeps on changing. This leads to change in function of the road pavements and results out as congestion or collision.

3.5 Problems Observed:

UP has the dubious distinction of ranking 1st on All India Basis in number of fatal accidents. In UP, 86% accidents result in fatalities or grievous injury. In All India Basis, 53% accidents result in fatalities or grievous injury. Lucknow city accidents data estimates 25% of the accidents turns into fatality.

It is observed that all the intersections of Lucknow are catering to heavy volume of traffic and there is always traffic congestion during peak hour. The selected intersections do not have proper geometric design, traffic management plan and lack in infrastructure facilities for pedestrians, nonmotorised traffic and public transport. The traffic problems and chaos during peak hours lead to loss of fuel and valuable time of users and also results in air and noise pollution putting human life in health risks and safety hazards.

The V/C ratio of 10 identified stretches in the City Mobility Plan shows that the level of service of those roads are found very poor. The Kanpur road stretch has been taken for case study and has the highest share of inbound traffic compared to all other interlinking roads.

3.5. 1. The accident locations are marked on the base map of Lucknow City

Figure 22: Basemap of City.

Source: Author

Traffic movement characteristics

23% 11%

15% 11%

12%

13% 15% Malihabad road SH-25

Sitapur road NH-24 Faizabad road NH 28

Gosaiganh road NH Allahabad road NH 24B

Kanpur road NH25 Mohan road SH40

Figure 23; Traffic movemnt characteristics There are 6 administrative zones in the city of Lucknow and the number of fatalities and road injuries are spread throughout the city.

The Kanpur NH has 23% contribution in the inbound traffic of the city and it poorest level of service according to the City Mobility plan report.

Majority of the accidents are falling in the 6th zone of the city. And the most no of conflict points seen on the map are in the Sarojini nagar ward.

Figure 24: Cluster density map

Source: Author

This map shows that there are seven clusters of accidents and highest density of the cluster is in Sarojini nagar ward in the 5th zone of the City. There is an overlay of all types of accidents on stretches and types of roads existing in the City.

Here the road stretches vulnerability is not mapped and the severity is not considered so this is an overlay analysis for identifying the major vulnerable clusters of the city.

There are majorly 6 blackspots seen according to the generated map and the blackspot with the highest density falls under 5th zone of the city.