AnnaBeznogova
bez.anna@gmail.com | Guelph, Ontario
sophrosyne spa .....................................6 piazzale ostiense...................................14 re-envisioning buggerru ...................16 baths of caracalla ..............................22 pop-up workshop ..................................24 Wind and Current .................................26 Large Urban Building ..........................28 Veggie Belt ...............................................30 Windcatcher ...........................................32 Kasian ........................................................36 InferUrban ...............................................38 Kasian ........................................................40 Sargasso Field ......................................42 Parkin Architects .................................43 Photography...........................................46 Craft .........................................................48 Art .............................................................50
3
5
school
6 Sophrosyne Spa
privacy // peace // dim light // otherworldliness // mind activity // bright light // air // temporality // cycles // body services // transition // public realm
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
11 22 33 T.O.P.
8665
LEVEL 2
Positive: onon the site Positive:Buildings Buildings the site
Negative: Gardens formed byby the building Negative: Gardens formed the building 1. 1. Cool, lush, walled garden - public Cool, lush, walled garden - public 2. 2. Spa courtyard - private Spa courtyard - private 3. 3. Hot, productive, open garden - public Hot, productive, open garden - public
4000
TOP OF BERM 1400
LEVEL 1
0
LEVEL 0 - Bedrock
-1200
T.O.P.
8665
LEVEL 2
4000
TOP OF BERM 1400
LEVEL 1
0
LEVEL 0 - Bedrock
-1200
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
My project is about an experience of cycles which ultimately help to find balance in the body and mind. An exposure to the natural environment is one important example of a cycle – the changes of seasons, fluctuations in water levels, and shifting qualities of light all play the role of a reminder of temporality. The project is organized with a circulation path around a courtyard as a metaphor for an introspective journey. Entering the spa and walking down a corridor with limited windows represents the letting go of the outside world (red swath in diagram). After changing, you transition into the realm of the body, where you enjoy cycles of sauna, hot tub, plunge pool, and solarium, followed by a cup of tea at the cafe; the focus is on the cyclical character of the natural world, which is represented by the courtyard; the yoga studio on the second floor is also located in this swath (yellow). There is a sense of observation – looking outward at nature and other people. This is an important precursor to the next swath. The experience of cyclical extemes on the body puts you into a state of being in the body instead of focused inward on the mind. It allows the letting go of any mental chatter, putting the mind into a more neutral state. The blue swath represents re-entry into the mind and a sense of inwardness. It includes insular program such as the treatment rooms and saunas, as well as a meditation room and an office space for staff. After the spa, one exits back into the world physically and mentally refreshed. The goal of the introspective journey of the spa is to emerge more balanced, enough detached from the world to look at it with fresh eyes.
T.O.P. 8665
LEVEL 2 4000
TOP OF BERM 1400
LEVEL 1
0
LEVEL 0 - Bedrock -1200
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
T.O.P. 8665
T.O.P. T .O.P.
8665 8665
LEVEL 2 4000
LEVEL 2
4 0 4000 400
TOP OF BERM 1400
LEVEL 1
0
LEVEL 0 - Bedrock
TOP OF BERM M T OP O F BER 1400 4 0 140
LEVEL 1
0
-1200 LEVEL LEVE ELL 0 - Bed E Bedroocck Bedr -120 200
T.O.P. T .O.P.
8665 8665
7
1 Treatment Room 2 Accessible Treatment Room 3 Wet Sauna with Antechamber 4 Dry Sauna with Antechamber 5 Cafe 6 Solarium 7 Change Room 8 Recycling 9 Mechanical 10 Storage and Receiving 11 Electrical 12 Storage and Laundry 13 WC 14 Open Office 15 Reception 16 Practitioners Residence
-1500 -1000
-500 0
500 1000
1
2
3
4 16 5 6
15 16
14
13 12
11
8
10
9
7
7
0
-500
First Floor Plan 1:400
17 Enclosed Office 18 Workshop/Meditation 19 Movement Studio 20 Movement Green Roof 21 Staff Patio
18
17 DN
21
19 DN
20
Second Floor Plan 1:400
9
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT 1
A07-02
SIM
19
22
CONCRETE PAVER BALLAST FILTER FABRIC 250mm OF POLY-ISO INSULATION, STAGGERED IN BOTH DIRECTIONS 19mm DRAINAGE BOARD ROOF MEMBRANE 19mm EXTERIOR SHEATHING WOOD SLEEPERS CUT SLOPED AT 2% (TWO MEMBERS PER BOARD) 102mm COMPOSITE CONCRETE DECK (38mm-DEEP CORRUGATIONS)
T.O.P. 8665
SLOPE 2%
680
BI-FOLDING DOOR HARDWARE
CEILING
W200x19 BEAM - TOP CHORD OF TENSION TRUSS
FAN-COIL UNIT
8000
SUSPENDED WOOD PANEL CEILING
BI-FOLDING WOOD SCREEN
700
STEEL ROD - BOTTOM CHORD OF TENSION TRUSS
3800
HORIZONTAL STIFFENER ON NANAWALL APPLICATIONS HIGHER THAN 2600mm
NANAWALL, TOP-HUNG (PER PRODUCT SPECS)
2600
4670
BI-FOLDING WOOD SCREEN
HORIZONTAL STIFFENERS ON BIFOLDING WOOD SCREEN
STEEL CABLE GUARDRAIL ON STAINLESS STEEL POSTS
19mm BAMBOO FLOORING ON 2"x4" SLEEPERS POLYETHYLENE MEMBRANE 102mm COMPOSITE STEEL DECK (38mm-DEEP CORRUGATIONS)
LEVEL 2 4000
700
4000
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
LEVEL 2
1"x1" WOOD SLATS CONCEAL FANCOIL UNIT BUT ALLOW AIR TO CIRCULATE THROUGH
W610x551; HEAVY SECTION TO ENSURE LESS THAN 1/4" DEFLECTION (PER NANAWALL PRODUCT SPECS)
610mm OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS
LOCATION OF FIN-TUBE RADIATORS, ALTERNATING WITH AIR DIFFUSERS (BETWEEN OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS)
740
JB
METAL CHANNEL STRUTS PERPENDICULAR TO OPEN-WEB JOISTS @ 32" O.C. 19mm EXTERIOR SHEATHING AIR, VAPOUR, AND MOISTURE BARRIER 250mm WOOD STUDS @ 32" O.C. with 250mm WATER-BLOWN SPRAYFOAM INSULATION 19mm MEDIUM DENSITY OVERLAY BOARD, PAINTED BLACK WOOD SLATS WITH 12mm REVEALS, FASTENED WITH FINISH NAILS
TOP OF BERM 1400
SUSPENDED EXTERIOR LIGHTING FIXTURE
LEVEL 1 0
TOP OF BERM 1400
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
690
ARCHITECTURAL STEEL CHANNEL FASTENED THROUGH TO SUBSTRUCTURE MOISTURE BARRIER 19mm EXTERIOR SHEATHING 152mm STEEL STUD WITH FIBERGLASS BATT INFILL
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
CANT FLASHING OVER STEEL STUD LOOKOUT FIRST THREE COURSES OF CONCRETE PAVER BALLAST INSTALLED OVER FLASHING
SLOPED RIGID INSULATION
19
BUILT UP STEEL STUD LOOKOUT FOR TOP-HUNG BI-FOLDING WOOD SCREEN, WITH BATT INSULATION INFILL
16
SLOPE 2% MIN.
STEEL CABLE GUARDRAIL ON STAINLESS STEEL POSTS
130
8" GROWING MEDIUM 50mm DRAINAGE SPACE FILTER FABRIC/ROOT BARRIER 250mm POLY-ISO INSULATION 19mm DRAINAGE SPACE FULLY ADHERED ROOF MEMBRANE 19mm EXTERIOR SHEATHING WOOD SLEEPERS CUT SLOPED AT 2% (TWO MEMBERS PER BOARD) 89mm CLT SLAB, FINISHED ON INTERIOR CANT
LEVEL 2
W200
130
SUSPENDED WOOD PANEL CEILING SYSTEM
130
WOOD SLATS CONCEAL FAN-COIL UNIT ABOVE
130
130
STEEL ROD BOTTOM CHORD OF TENSION TRUSS; CLEVIS PIN CONNECTION TO WELDED STEEL PLATE
130
STEEL PLATE WELDED ONTO GIRDER,
2130
8000
OPEN
BI-FOLDING WOOD SCREEN, SUPPORTED ON TREATED WOOD MEMBERS SUPPORTED ON FOOTING
OPEN
MIN. 200
130
CEILING
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
130 130
BI-FOLDING DOOR HARDWARE
75mm CONCRETE TOPPING WITH RADIANT HEATING PIPES 150mm CONCRETE S.O.G. MEMBRANE (WATER, AIR, VAPOUR CONTROL) 150mm RIGID INSULATION GRAVEL BED
LEVEL 1
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
SHIM, AS REQ'D
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
0
130
CEMENT BOARD on 2x4 TREATED STUDS @ 600 O.C. with RIGID INSULATION INFILL 152mm RIGID INSULATION 19mm DRAINAGE GAP MEMBRANE (WATER, AIR, VAPOUR CONTROL) 300mm CONCRETE FOUNDATION WALL
LEVEL 0 - Bedrock ARCHITECTURAL STEEL CHANNEL FASTENED THROUGH TO SUBSTRUCTURE
-1200
PLYWOOD SHIM, AS REQ'D
FLASHING HORIZONTAL STIFFENERS, AS REQ'D
11
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
4000
Movement Studio
Saunas Change Rooms
Solarium
Hot vs. cold - north and south Architectural: program is arranged in a loop around an internal courtyard which provides a private outdoor space for spa functions such as the plunge pool and hot tub. Energy: Hot program is oriented directly south to take advantage of solar heat gains through glazed walls (and to a lesser degree, through the solid wall assemblies). Cool program is oriented to the north. It doesn’t need to be quite as warm because people will be moving to generate their own heat. Thus, more heat losses through the north-facing wall are acceptable.
winding circulation - buffer Architectural: hallways wind around the interior courtyard of the spa, the circulation serving as a metaphor for an introspective journey Energy: hallways on the exterior faces of the building are naturally ventilated and daylit. They act like an environmental buffer, especially on the west faces of the building which get a lot of solar radiation in the summer.
Corridors
Treatment Rooms
Saunas Practitioner’s Residence
Meditation/Workshop Office
Reception Mechanical & Services Change Rooms
berming Architectural: private program is set into the berm Energy: the berm reduces temperature flux because the earth has a more stable temperature than the air. In winter, the earth is warmer than air, whereas in summer it’s cooler; thus it reduces heat loos and heat gain during both heating and cooling seasons, respectively. River vs. street - east and west Architectural: Meditation space and staff room oriented towards the river, with views of tree canopy, in order to create a peaceful atmosphere. Reception and service spaces are oriented to the street for ease of access. Energy: Rooms facing east (to river) are protected from late afternoon solar gain and glare by the corridor which faces west. Service spaces, which face west - to the street, mostly have a solid wall facade which is more efficient at reducing heat gains and losses.
79x305 GLULAM RAFTERS @ 900 O.C.
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
6 58
W300 COLUMNS, TYPICAL
544 0
W600 (OR SMALLER) COMPRESSION MEMBER
544 0
610mm OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS @ 1800 O.C.
200mm REINFORCED CONCRETE 300mm STEELREINFORCED ELEVATOR SHAFT WALLS CONCRETE RETAINING WALL 200mm REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEVATOR SHAFT WALLS
10 69 90 92 90 92
10 69
14
4 10
0 50
00 45 10 14 85 10
851 0
56 56
10 10
2// slab on grade
50 61
334 0
50 61
334 0 CANTILEVERED LENGTH
610mm OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS @ 1800 O.C. CANTILEVERED LENGTH
130x152 GLULAM POSTS @ 1800 130x152 GLULAM POSTS @ 900 O.C., TYPICAL 130x152 GLULAM POSTS @ 1800 130x152 GLULAM POSTS @ 900 O.C., TYPICAL 300mm CONCRETE BLOCK WALL BETWEEN MECHANICAL ROOM AND CHANGE ROOM (TO REDUCE NOISE AND VIBRATION)
STEEL STUD FRAMING FOR PARAPETS AT STEEL BEAMS
300mm CONCRETE BLOCK WALL BETWEEN MECHANICAL ROOM AND CHANGE ROOM (TO 2x6 WOOD STUDAND WALLS WITH EXTERIOR SHEATHING, TYPICAL REDUCE NOISE VIBRATION)
STEEL STUD FRAMING FOR PARAPETS AT STEEL BEAMS
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
2x6 WOOD STUD WALLS WITH EXTERIOR SHEATHING, TYPICAL
NOTE: NON-STRUCTURAL INTERIOR PARTITIONS NOT SHOWN
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT 44x406 PLYWOOD-WEB I-JOISTS @ 400 O.C.
651 0
COMPOSITE DECK FLOOR - TOTAL DEPTH 102mm, DECK DEPTH 38mm 44x406 PLYWOOD-WEB I-JOISTS @ 600 O.C. 79x305 GLULAM RAFTERS @ 900 O.C.
SLAB THICKENING AT BASE OF STAIRS, TYPICAL
20 18
2x6 WOOD STUD WALL WITH EXTERIOR SHEATHING, TYPICAL
354 0
14
525 0
480 0
44x406 PLYWOOD-WEB I-JOISTS @ 600 O.C.
EXTERIOR SHEATHING OVER I-JOISTS BELOW
504 0
551 0
47 00
CLT SLAB OVER GLULAM JOISTS AND IJOISTS BELOW, TO SUPPORT GREEN ROOF ABOVE
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT CLT SLAB, EXPOSED TO BELOW, FINISHED ON INTERIOR
NOTE: NON-STRUCTURAL INTERIOR PARTITIONS NOT SHOWN
130x381 GLULAM BEAMS @ 900 O.C. SUPPORTED ON GLULAM COLUMNS, EXPOSED 130x381 GLULAM BEAMS @ 900 O.C. SUPPORTED ON GLULAM COLUMNS, EXPOSED
CLT SLAB, EXPOSED TO BELOW, FINISHED ON INTERIOR CLT SLAB, EXPOSED TO BELOW, FINISHED ON INTERIOR
10
55
60
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDEN
Y AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
436 0
150mm SLAB ON GRADE, TYPICAL
130x152 GLULAM POSTS @ 900 O.C.
44x406 PLYWOOD-WEB I-JOISTS @ 600 O.C.
79x305 GLULAM RAFTERS @ 900 O.C.
150mm SLAB ON GRADE, TYPICAL
WOOD FLOOR ON PLYWOOD SUBFLOOR
8// second floor roof sheathing
NOTE: NON-STRUCTURAL INTERIOR PARTITIONS NOT SHOWN
130x381 GLULAM RAFTERS @ 900 O.C.
WOOD FLOOR ON WOOD SLEEPERS
7// second floor roof
5// first floor roof / second floor floor
SLAB THICKENING AT BASE OF STAIRS, TYPICAL
STEEL STUD PARAPETS OVER STEEL STRUCTURE, TYPICAL
EXTERIOR SHEATHING OVER I-JOISTS BELOW
60 70
W600 (OR SMALLER) COMPRESSION MEMBER W300 COLUMNS, TYPICAL
EXTERIOR SHEATHING OVER I-JOISTS BELOW
88 1 0
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
PRODUCED PRODUCED BY AN BY AUTODESK AN AUTODESK STUDENT STUDENT PRODUCT PRODUCT
60 58
300mm STEEL- REINFORCED CONCRETE RETAINING WALL
900x300x300 FOUNDATION WALL FOOTINGS, TYPICAL
300mm FOUNDATION WALL, TYPICAL
W1100x449 BEAMS SUPPORTS CANTILEVERED PORTION OF MOVEMENT STUDIO
60 70
60 36
900x300x300 300mm FOUNDATION FOUNDATION WALL WALL, TYPICAL FOOTINGS, TYPICAL
W1100x449 BEAMS SUPPORTS CANTILEVERED PORTION OF MOVEMENT STUDIO
60
PRODUCED PRODUCED BYBY ANAN AUTODESK AUTODESK STUDENT STUDENT PRODUCT PRODUCT
00 72
681 0
88 1 0
PRODUCED PRODUCED BY AN BY AUTODESK AN AUTODESK STUDENT STUDENT PRODUCT PRODUCT
659 0
60 36
132 0
55
551 0
6// first floor roof sheathing / second floor walls
PRODUCED PRODUCED BYBY ANAN AUTODESK AUTODESK STUDENT STUDENT PRODUCT PRODUCT
1800x1200x450 COLUMN FOOTING, TYPICAL 0
00 72
40 42
EXTENT OF CANTILEVER
0 12 11
PRODUCED PRODUCED BY AN BY AUTODESK AN AUTODESK STUDENT STUDENT PRODUCT PRODUCT
600x750 CONCRETE COLUMN BASE (FOR STEEL)
659 0
40 42
W610x551 BEAMS (HEAVY SECTION TO MINIMIZE DEFLECTION FOR TOP-HUNG BI- 120 FOLDING GLASS DOORS IN THE OPENING) 11
EXTENT OF CANTILEVER W200 GIRDERS AS TOP CHORD OF TENSION TRUSS @ 1800 O.C. (BOTTOM CHORD - TENSION ROD WITH TWO VERTICAL COMPRESSION MEMBERS - NOT SHOWN IN MODEL)
681 0
504 0
10
13 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
1800x1200x450 COLUMN FOOTING, TYPICAL
00 82
132 0 W610x551 BEAMS (HEAVY SECTION TO MINIMIZE DEFLECTION FOR TOP-HUNG BIFOLDING GLASS DOORS IN THE OPENING)
4// first-floor walls
600x750 CONCRETE COLUMN BASE (FOR STEEL)
00 82
W200 GIRDERS AS TOP CHORD OF TENSION TRUSS @ 1800 O.C. (BOTTOM CHORD - TENSION ROD WITH TWO VERTICAL COMPRESSION MEMBERS - NOT SHOWN IN MODEL)
480 0
47 00
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
1// Foundations and retaining wall
3// steel
14
525 0
44x406 PLYWOOD-WEB I-JOISTS @ 600 O.C.
PRODUCED PRODUCED BY AN BY AUTODESK AN AUTODESK STUDENT STUDENT PRODUCT PRODUCT
I chose structural systems that allow for the desired qualities in each of the three “swaths” of program. Concrete is used as a retaining wall against the berm as well as providing a solid, cave-like enclosure. Steel is used in the middle “swath” to allow for large spans enclosed with sliding glazed walls. Wood is used in the front “swath” as a warm and welcoming material. Wood is also used on the second storey. Although the structure could have been, for example, all steel, it was desirable to use wood as part of the sustainability PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT strategy - itPRODUCED is a renewable resource, and one that seBY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT questers carbon.
354 0
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
436 0 130x381 GLULAM RAFTERS @ 900 O.C.
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCT
14 Piazzale Ostiense 2/ program axis
4/ Flow
The orientation of the “hanging garden” defined three smaller piazzas on the ground plane - a “Memory” piazza with amphitheatre stairs focused on the Pyramid and the historic city gate, a “Park” piazza next to office buildings, and a “Transit” piazza in front of the train station.
Set off main axis of program from existing pyramid. Provide a third side to the Pyramid/Porta section of the piazza – the “memory” piazza. Other program includes a market and a central bus terminal, condensing the diffuse number of bus stops throughout the site. Provide a building to service transit hub (tabacchi, info point) and provide storage to market vendors. Keep sightline from train station to Pyramid clear to provide a sense of arrival to the newcomer.
A set of three piazzas starts to form – the Memory, Park, and Transit piazzas. Bridge between the two leisure piazzas - the Memory and the Park – with large stairs in order to create an uninterrupted pedestrian flow and to a destination which provides a sense of detachment from the busyness of the program on the ground level.
1/ Intersection
3/ bridge
5/ pierce
Create intersection; simplify and condense vehicular circulation, increasing pedestrian space. Provide safe pedestrian crossings. Two of the least busy streets no longer connect to the piazza. One street feeds into it less directly.
Articulate the bridge as a frame which contains a more fluid landscape where formal, clearly defined elements that address the Memory piazza, meet informal, broken up elements that address the Park piazza. Thus the plinth can be read as its own object, which varies “internally” to respond to the the things it connects, and whose simple aesthetic does not seek to compete with historical elements.
Pierce the bridge with tree-like canopies that speak to a contemporary identity for the Ostiense. Similar shapes along the Via Ostiense are used to create bus shelters and thus also communicate that this is a major transport hub.
The existing Piazzale Ostiense is a a complex traffic condition with three islands - a combination of roundabout and streelight-controlled intersection with 27 pedestrian crossings. My strategy for making this into a useable public space involved simplifying traffic conditions - pedestrian, streetcar, private vehicle, bike, and bus - and creating a “hanging garden” activated with cafe kiosks above the strata of circulation pathways.
SPHERES
LAYERS - EXPLODED AXO
MATERIALS
Leaf canopy Shading devices simulate a leaf canopy, letting in diffused light and providing shade to the roof.
Gloucester Cathedral Gothic columns articulated as a cluster of thinner columns which spread out to form a vaulted ceiling, making the columns appear less heavy and drawing the eye up.
Ebb and flow by David Williams Photography Slow down and enjoy a sense of detachment from busyness of the city below. The roof landscaping “ebbs and flows� around orthogonal skylights, sculptures, and cafes.
PIECES
Motion, city, lights The ground plane is a place of passage, a transient space - buses and trams have a terminal here, a bike trail passes through, people come and go from the market.
15
16 re-envisioning buggerru This project was completed during a two-week work- accessibilità e circolazione /accessibility and circulation shop with predominantly Italian students and professors in Cagliari, Italy. The project asked us to analyze a small town called Buggerru which used to function as a mining town and became a popular beach once the industry moved out. Our analysis uncovered that the town has several problems: it has a port that does not function because the bad design has led to an accumulation of sand that doesn’t permit large vessels to pass; the town is unprotected from the sea and wind, which become extreme in the winter season; there is a large flux of population between summer and winter, when tourists and residents alike leave to move to protected towns inland; there are several historical buildings from the mining industry that have fallen in disrepair. Our analysis cumulated in a threefold design proposal: a proposal for a diffuse hotel to address the economic needs of the town, a proposal for a connection to the history of the town (it’s memory), and an architectural proposal for the underdeveloped waterfront of the town. I conducted a large portion of the analysis and produced the diagrams to present our findings.
Most of the roads in Buggerru run perpendicular to the waterfront, directly to the port, speaking to its importance in the formation of the city. One road runs parallel to the waterfront, servicing the port, beach, and camper areas.
There is very little communication between the main street, Via Roma, and the elevated highway which causes the city and its people to be divided due to lack of connections.
attività economiche /economic activities
lungomare /waterfront
Spaces that attract activity in Buggerru, creating a source of economic income. Ranking the activities from most popular to least popular shows us opportunities for improvement. All the spaces are concentrated on the waterfront.
This is an analysis of the points of interest in Buggerru, which define the civic centre of the city and give its “sense of place.” Many of these are historic buildings from the mining industry. It is evident that the space in front of the buildings defines the city’s relationship to the water because of the way that buildings face into it and roads lead to it.
However, the waterfront space has lost its character after the end of the mining industry and is now used for a boat yard, a soccer field, and a camper-ground. The character of these areas should be reconsidered in order to redefine the city’s relationship to the sea and improve the experience of the sea.
17
lungomare /waterfront
dualitĂ estate-inverno /summer-winter duality
A comparison to Piazza Navona (and the dense development surrounding it) shows the scale of the waterfront spaces and the importance of subdividing them into smaller spaces.
The effect of the city is to expand in the summer, occupying the port and beach area during the day, and the piazzas in the evening. However, the area directly between the city and the beach is never occupied.
(cont’d)
camere urbane /urban rooms
struttura della cittĂ /city structure
In the winter, the city contracts, occupying only the social buildings along the main street, Via Roma. It is not possible to enjoy the sea in this season because it is too violent and dangerous.
The relationship between summer and winter spaces is that of urban rooms created by social buildings. It also shows one type of approach to creating social spaces for the public.
The city is built up on and around retaining walls which allow the streets and buildings to negotiate the steep topography.
19
proposta economica /economic proposal
Instead of building a large hotel to accomodate the tourist population in Buggerru, we propose a diffuse hotel, with the historical laveria as the reception center. In the diffuse hotel model residents in the town rent out their rooms to tourists. Instead of individual bread and breakfasts, a centralized organization system helps to keep track of available rooms.
proposta di riconnessione /reconnection proposal
We reconnect lower and upper Buggerru by way of a new park accessible through the laveria.
?
?
What can I put in my Wall? Water More water A roof Or a game A bigger game Just stairs A park A hidden place Or just a house.
Inhabited Walls 21
22 baths of caracalla The Baths of Caracalla was a 1-week intensive design charrette completed with international students during my semester at the Waterloo campus in Rome. The project brief asked for a bus terminal on a site adjacent to the Baths to act as a dropoff point for tourists. The dropoff is expected to serve about 300 coach buses each day. The program also provided for amenities such as an information point, ticketing facility, and cafe as well as education program such as a projection room and exhibition space. It was important to establish an architectural relationship between the arrival of tourists by bus and the experience of touring the Baths. As well, it was important to respect the landscape on the site, which has been much documented by Romantic painters. I took on a leadership role within the project team, guiding team discussions, helping to produce a storyboard and assigning tasks within a team of 14 people.
logy
archaeo
a tr on iti
ns
city
uity
contin
0. The existing site is cut in half by a local road that runs through it. We decide to use the road as infrastructure and explore options for rationalizing private car traffic with bus traffic.
1. The chosen option cuts the road to restrict access it is no longer a throughway. The resulting continuous space mediates the transition between the city state (the arrival by bus) and a contemplative state (the archaeological landscape).
2. The shell of the building is created by pulling up the grade to insert program and create a continuity with the existing landscape. The building operates on the two axes of continuity of landscape and transition from city to archaeology.
3. We create a compression in the center so that the whole building acts as one long threshold between the idea of city and archaelogical landscape.
4. Organization of the interior program is inspired by the form of the ruins of the Baths – the separations of rooms and functions aren’t clearly bounded but suggested.
5. We introduce apertures into the roof of the building to communicate the relationship between the exterior and interior. Inspired by Roman cisterns, the openings allow the exterior to impose itself on the interior, acknowledge the passing of time and create a more contemplative environment.
23
Jan
Feb
Bay
Yonge
University
Spadina
Dec
Nov
non-corporate corporate
businesses:
Mar
Oct
Apr
May
July
June
Au g
Sept
Ukrainian pavilion
Korean pavilion
Ethiopian pavilion
Jamaican pavilion
Bangladeshi pavilion
Vietnamese pavilion
Queen St. W.
Queen St. E.
Welsh pavilion Tibetan pavilion NATHAN PHILLIPS SQUARE Ukrainian pavilion
Dutch pavilion
500
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1800mm
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0 125 250
1800mm
The pop-up textile workshop focuses on bringing out and celebrating some of the many ethnic group that have settled along Queen Street. The street has long been a place where waves of immigrants have settled down. Over the years people have moved out and new people have moved in, shifting the cultural mix, but the process of immigrants moving out has been accelerated recently because of efforts to “gentrify” the area. This increases land values and discourages immigrant groups moving in, while encouraging large corporate presence and upper-scale living. The immigrant ethnic groups have a lot of fascinating culture to bring to Queen Street, and to share. I want to bring out this sharing aspect through the medium of craft. This map is a representation of the dominant mid-population groups. Working from the 2006 census, and 126 ethnic origin categories, the list was culled of ethnic groups with populations that would overwhelm the entire map. This left about 18 ethnic groups which were analyzed on a block-by-block basis, to find the top three populations in each block. In the first phase of the pop-up, pavilions are located along Queen Street wherever there’s a pattern of clustering of an ethnic group, or where there is a single culture which stands out. They are designed to fit in a parking spot on the street, working off the precedent of the Bixi bike racks. This allows it to be flexible – to be deployed anywhere on the street, with the possibility to be deployed again with each new census. In this phase, the pavilions can be a source of public outreach, as well as artisan space. The celebration of these different cultures and skills comes together during the second phase of the project at Nathan Phillips Square as a weekend festival. The pavilions help to activate the periphery and make it more inviting, as well as giving the pavilions a strong street presence to help draw people in. In this way they adress both the street and the square, tying the two despite the walkway’s divisionary quality. The public celebration which happens at Nathan Phillips is also in the midst of the homogenizing process of gentrification, as evidenced by the amount of corporate business presence in that area.
Bathurst
24 pop-up Workshop
5900mm
Queen St. Plan 1:25
Nathan Phillips detail plan 1:25
Nathan Phillips section-elevation 1:25
25
26 Wind and current This project looks at the interaction between wind and water current forces, as observed from four strings hung from a bridge. With a partner, I recorded, mapped, and analyzed (extensively) the motion of the strings. One aspect of the analysis looks at modelling the velocities of several points on one of the string through time. The process (or “recipe�) for that process can be described as follows: For each time period starting at the second time period: For each point in the time period:
1. Subtract the coordinates of the point at time=0 from the current point; this represents the speed and direction of the point as it moved from the first time period to the current time period i.e. its’ velocity
2. Draw the resulting point
3. Next (go to the next point)
4. Interpolate the curve between all the points representing velocity
1.
4.
2.
5.
3.
6.
Store the curve in an array 5. Next (go to the next time period) 6. Loft the surface between all the curves in the array, in order; this is a 3D representation of the velocities on the string through time.
Front Render
Back Render
plan
front elevation
Plan
side elevation
Front Elevation
renders
Side Elevation
Legend 09’01 09’10 09’20 10’01 10’10 10’20 11’01 11’10 11’20 12’01 12’10 12’20 13’01 13’10 13’20 14’01 14’10 14’20
x 293.2 378.5 462.7 543.8 623.3 700.9 776.6 855 945.4
y 09'01 2474 2500 2526 2553 2580 2615 2655 2692 2703
1021
2707
LINE A
endpoint
endpoint
z
x
y 09'10 2460 2484 2510 2537 2567 2600 2641 2687 2703
401.9 356.6 309.1 257.4 202.9 150.5 99.52 50.33 9.74
293.7 380.3 465.4 547.9 627.1 704.6 779 852.9 940.3
-5.35
1028
0.5 1.8 2.7 4.1 3.8 3.7 2.4 -2.1 -5.1 7
0
z
x
y 09'20 2465 2487 2510 2534 2561 2591 2630 2685 2704
419.8 375.9 330.3 280.4 227.5 173.6 121.2 71.73 26.57
293.7 380.1 464.9 547.9 628.2 706 782.6 854.6 946
2707
2.53
982.7
2707
09'10 – 09'01 -14 -16 -16 -16 -13 -15 -14 -5 0
17.9 19.3 21.2 23 24.6 23.1 21.68 21.4 16.83
0.5 1.6 2.2 4.1 4.9 5.1 6 -0.4 0.6
09'20 – 09'01 -9 -13 -16 -19 -19 -24 -25 -7 1
7.88
-38.3
0
z
x
-2.52
293.7 379.4 465.2 550.3 633.9 714.5 791.7 862.4 949.1 1046 1047
y 10'01 2481 2503 2524 2546 2570 2595 2628 2682 2704 2710 2709
-20.7 -20.8 -21 -19.7 -18.6 -21 -21.13 -13.62 -6.97
0.5 0.9 2.5 6.5 10.6 13.6 15.1 7.4 3.7
2.84
26
381.2 335.8 288.1 237.7 184.3 129.5 78.39 36.71 2.77
z
x
y 10'10 2478 2501 2524 2550 2578 2607 2640 2684 2701
411.1 364.6 317.8 270.2 220.7 167 112.9 68.01 24.49 1.93 0.73
293.7 379.2 464.1 547.7 629.7 710.2 788.6 864.4 952.4 1043
2706
10'01 – 09'01 7 3 -2 -7 -10 -20 -27 -10 1
9.2 8 8.7 12.8 17.8 16.5 13.38 17.68 14.75
0.5 0.7 1.4 3.9 6.4 9.3 12 9.4 7
10'10 – 09'01 4 1 -2 -3 -2 -8 -15 -8 -2
2
6.08
22
-1
z
x
-5.68
293.7 379.7 465.2 549.1 631.1 711.3 789.9 866.2 954.6 1052 1062
y 10'20 2479 2501 2525 2551 2579 2608 2641 2685 2701 2706 2707
1 -0.2 -0.3 3.1 7.8 8.2 6.88 7.81 5.51
0.5 1.2 2.5 5.3 7.8 10.4 13.3 11.2 9.2
-0.33
41
402.9 356.4 308.8 260.5 210.7 158.7 106.4 58.14 15.25
z
x
y 11'01 2490 2514 2536 2559 2584 2611 2643 2689 2708
398.7 352.9 306.7 259.1 209 156.9 105.1 56.92 14.27 -6.12 -6.73
293.7 378.2 463.1 547.5 630.3 711 789.9 866.7 958.1 1017
2711
10'20 – 09'01 5 1 -1 -2 -1 -7 -14 -7 -2
-3.2 -3.7 -2.4 1.7 6.1 6.4 5.58 6.59 4.53
0.5 -0.3 0.4 3.7 7 10.1 13.3 11.7 12.7
11'01 – 09'01 16 14 10 6 4 -4 -12 -3 5
0
-1.38
-4
4
z
x
-2.25
293.7 379.4 465 549.7 632.5 713.4 793.1 869.9 958.1 1055 1068
y 11'10 2485 2509 2533 2556 2581 2610 2642 2684 2705 2711 2711
-16 -18.4 -18.9 -15.9 -11.6 -11.5 -12.96 -8.24 -1.78
0.5 0.9 2.3 5.9 9.2 12.5 16.5 14.9 12.7
3.1
47
385.9 338.2 290.2 241.5 191.3 139 86.56 42.09 7.96
z 396.3 350.8 305.2 257.1 207 155.8 104.5 56.75 15.46 -5.54 -6.5
x 293.7 378.7 463.6 548.3 632.7 714.2 791.9 868.5 956.1 1053 1054
y 11'20 2479 2501 2523 2545 2569 2599 2637 2683 2706 2712 2712
11'10 – 09'01 11 9 7 3 1 -5 -13 -8 2
-5.6 -5.8 -3.9 -0.3 4.1 5.3 4.98 6.42 5.72
0.5 0.2 0.9 4.5 9.4 13.3 15.3 13.5 10.7
4
-1.15
33
z 394.1 346.1 298.2 250.1 201.8 152.6 102.6 57.45 16.08 -5.87 -5.95
x 293.7 379 464.4 548.4 631.3 713.2 792.4 869.3 955.7 1052 1058
y 12'01 2474 2495 2514 2538 2563 2589 2624 2670 2700 2711 2711
11'20 – 09'01 5 1 -3 -8 -11 -16 -18 -9 3
-7.8 -10.5 -10.9 -7.3 -1.1 2.1 3.08 7.12 6.34
0.5 0.5 1.7 4.6 8 12.3 15.8 14.3 10.3
5
-0.6
37
z 396.2 348.5 300.1 251.3 201.3 150.2 100.1 55.65 16.27 -5.45 -5.96
x 293.7 379 464.3 548.5 631.4 713.3 793.8 872.2 957.6 1052 1080
y 12'10 2472 2492 2511 2534 2558 2583 2615 2657 2687 2704 2707
12'01 – 09'01 0 -5 -12 -15 -17 -26 -31 -22 -3
-5.7 -8.1 -9 -6.1 -1.6 -0.3 0.58 5.32 6.53
0.5 0.5 1.6 4.7 8.1 12.4 17.2 17.2 12.2
4
-0.6
59
z 409.6 361.7 313.1 264 213.8 162.2 112 66.76 24.63 -2.7 -6.18
x 293.7 379.7 465.4 550 631.8 711.8 791.6 869.2 951.4 1045 1083
y 12'20 2451 2470 2491 2512 2538 2570 2606 2648 2684 2703 2707
12'10 – 09'01 -2 -8 -15 -19 -22 -32 -40 -35 -16
7.7 5.1 4 6.6 10.9 11.7 12.48 16.43 14.89
0.5 1.2 2.7 6.2 8.5 10.9 15 14.2 6
0
-0.83
62
z 412.5 365.5 318.4 269.2 218 167.2 119 72.03 28.75 0.03 -5.85
x 293.7 380.1 466.1 551.2 634.4 715.4 792.9 867.6 947.3 1040 1082
y 13'01 2446 2464 2482 2503 2528 2557 2595 2642 2685 2705 2710
12'20 – 09'01 -23 -30 -35 -41 -42 -45 -49 -44 -19
10.6 8.9 9.3 11.8 15.1 16.7 19.48 21.7 19.01
0.5 1.6 3.4 7.4 11.1 14.5 16.3 12.6 1.9
0
-0.5
61
z 415 368.1 320.5 272.2 222.7 171.8 121.4 74.31 32.62 1.71 -6.28
x 293.7 381 467.6 553 636.9 718.4 796.6 871.7 949 1040 1081
y 13'10 2444 2461 2479 2499 2521 2546 2582 2630 2677 2701 2707
13'01 – 09'01 -28 -36 -44 -50 -52 -58 -60 -50 -18
13.1 11.5 11.4 14.8 19.8 21.3 21.88 23.98 22.88
0.5 2.5 4.9 9.2 13.6 17.5 20 16.7 3.6
3
22.88
60
z 414.1 368.7 322.2 274 223.9 171.9 121.4 75.52 33.87 1.74 -4.93
x 293.7 380.5 466.8 552.1 636.1 718.3 797.7 871 947.9 1039 1077
y 13'20 2437 2455 2475 2497 2519 2542 2573 2622 2671 2697 2704
13'10 – 09'01 -30 -39 -47 -54 -59 -69 -73 -62 -26
12.2 12.1 13.1 16.6 21 21.4 21.88 25.19 24.13
0.5 2 4.1 8.3 12.8 17.4 21.1 16 2.5
0
0.42
56
z 414 367.7 321.3 273.9 224.4 172.5 120.1 73.65 33.22 2.73 -4.59
x 293.7 380.5 466.7 552.1 636.5 719.4 800.1 875.7 948.1 1038 1086
y 14'01 2446 2461 2477 2495 2516 2539 2568 2612 2667 2696 2704
13'20 – 09'01 -37 -45 -51 -56 -61 -73 -82 -70 -32
12.1 11.1 12.2 16.5 21.5 22 20.58 23.32 23.48
0.5 2 4 8.3 13.2 18.5 23.5 20.7 2.7
-3
0.77
65
z 419 371.8 323.4 274.6 225.1 174.3 123 75.15 34.5 2.95 -5.85
x 293.7 381.8 467.7 552.2 635.6 717.5 797.8 876 950.3 1039 1085
y 14'10 2445 2462 2479 2498 2519 2542 2570 2606 2659 2692 2699
14'01 – 09'01 -28 -39 -49 -58 -64 -76 -87 -80 -36
17.1 15.2 14.3 17.2 22.2 23.8 23.48 24.82 24.76
0.5 3.3 5 8.4 12.3 16.6 21.2 21 4.9
-3
-0.5
64
z 423 378.9 330.8 280.5 229.6 177.2 124.2 74.21 33.23 2.43 -6.29
x 293.7 381.7 468.5 553.9 637.6 719.5 799.1 875.6 949.8 1040 1083
y 14'20 2446 2461 2475 2492 2514 2539 2568 2608 2661 2689 2698
z
14'10 – 09'01 -29 -38 -47 -55 -61 -73 -85 -86 -44
21.1 22.3 21.7 23.1 26.7 26.7 24.68 23.88 23.49
0.5 3.2 5.8 10.1 14.3 18.6 22.5 20.6 4.4
14'20 – 09'01 -28 -39 -51 -61 -66 -76 -87 -84 -42
20.3 20.5 20.5 23 27.4 27.9 26.08 24.92 24.56
-8
-0.93
62
-9
-1.55
422.2 377.1 329.6 280.4 230.3 178.4 125.6 75.25 34.3 2.05 -6.9
27
28 large urban building The site for the 3A large urban building studio at College and Spadina in Toronto is a crossroads between the University of Toronto, Kensington Market, and an established night-life; it is easily accesible from two streetcar routes. Based on a study I did, I addressed the site with an idea of public space because this is something the area currently lacks. With the idea that this should be a public space, I organized all the public program for the building – including retail, performace, restaurant, art gallery, and cafe – so that it can be accessed from the outside, based on the fact that as soon as you put a set of doors somewhere, you create a boundary which privatizes space, and limits what can happen there. All my public program is accessible from the plaza, which is a space where things can happen spontaneously. Access to programmed space keeps the plaza activated throughout the day, from the cafe in the morning, to the performance hall at night. The plaza becomes an informal counterpart to the more formally structured program within: the stairs function as street furniture, a place to sit and observe the “performance” of street life; the blank wall of the adjacent building becomes a blank canvas for urban expression, whether graffiti, mural, or projection art.
Spadina Ave.
restaurant
coffee shop retail
performance gallery
live-works office
Kensington
College St.
1st iteration
2nd iteration
3rd iteration
First floor
Second floor
2.5 floor
Third floor
Fourth floor
Firth floor
29
30 veggie belt The focus of the 2B term was that of Productive Landscapes. This culminating project looks at how residential development can happen in an agricultural area in a more sustainable manner, without losing the productivity of the landscape. The following is a diagram of programmatic development, and the final plans and section.
Working
Moving
Living
Arranging
Servicing
Site Plan
Plan
Longitudinal Section
31
32 WindCatcher A pavilion located for the hot humid climate of Koh Pha Ngan, Thailand. The design aims at providing a reprieve from the climate by means of extensive ventilation and protection from torrential tropical rains. The building faces into the prevailing wind, and is sited on a hill. Sliding screens at both ends of the pavilion provide the user with ventilation options, making for a more individualized experience. The main space of the pavilion is large and airy, to contrast with the closeness and stuffiness of the climate. The pavilion is a stopping place for hikers in the rainforest, and a destination in itself: one can relax, meditate, and think while appreciating the beauty of the rainforest.
33
35
work
36 kasian - retirement community 02_ Design Process Massing Logic
One of the design projects I worked on during my 8-month work term with Kasian was a retirement community. I was involved in coming up with design concepts and consequently diagramming the chosen scheme to communicate our design decisions. I also contibuted to developing floor plans and doing various studies requested by the client. I also helped to keep my team organized by summarizing important points from the design brief.
02_ Design Process Massing Logic
?
STEP 1 C ompare
STEP 4 e nClosing
total program area
the site with single
relative to site area and begin
family residential around the bent
to look for the opportunities on
form Creates a Centre and the
site .
first step in Creating a sense of
t he
building is sited on a hill
with premium views onto gan
o kana-
Community
l ake
02_ Design Process Massing Logic _ page 5
02_ Design Process Massing Logic _ page 8
STEP 2 w hat if we
staCked the program
to maximize views to the lake
?
STEP 5 C utting the
bending form allows
arterial views to the lake and the voids beComes a plaCe of gathering .
C utting
the form inCreases
the number of Corner units
02_ Design Process Massing Logic _ page 9
02_ Design Process Massing Logic _ page 6
STEP 3 a nd we bend
STEP 6 the form to maxi -
mize units with views and optimize
subdividing the Central green spaCe with two amenity wings Creates a sense of arrival in the
light exposure to the units
foreCourt while enClosing the in timate aCtivity and health areas behind .
t he
variety of gardens
adds value to the south view from the apartments
_ page 7
_ page 10
02_ Design Process Massing Logic
STEP 7 s tagger
the forms of the single
family residential units to Create privaCy and allow for individual garden spaCe
37
38 kasian - shopping mall + DESIGN CONCEPT
I also worked extensively on the Yuankai Shopping Mall in China during my 8-month work term with Kasian. I joined the team during the Design Development phase of the project. During this phase I was involved in finalizing the design of the building and diagramming the final scheme as a means of communicating with the client. I also helped to produce and develop construction drawings, including floor plans, sections, and details. In the end we issued two packages: a design package and a construction document package. setback property line While at Kasian I received Revit training. This is one of several Revit projects I worked on during the 8-month term. the property line is offset by setback 0 limits to create the building footprint
1
building form is extruded to maximize FAR + square footage
3
back end of mass is pulled away to create a prominant secondary entry
4
circulation spine carves through the volume forming connections to both entries with access to shopping and allowing light from above
existing new structure
2
corner of mass is pulled up to create a welcoming and vibrant public square and to create an iconic architectural element
5
new structural columns tie seamlessly into existing foundations and columns
retail games cinema
6
retail occupies the first 4 floors and is visually accessible to pedestrians and users cinemas are placed above the games/entertainment floor which overlooks the retail below
7
the roof is peeled up to bring light into the banquet hall and to create an exciting park landscape on the roof
8
a depression in the mass creates a seating and viewing area on the north side of the roof scape
9
dynamic landscaping configurations allow for exciting potentials on both the roof and ground floor the carved spaces within the atrium creates an exciting invitation into the shopping centre within
39
40 inferurban I had a unique work experience with InferUrban, who are not a team or architects, but a team of inventors. I helped them to illustrate their ideas for the workings of a patented method for their use in presentations with potential clients. Working with another student, I did extensive research on building types and categorization, as well as the implications that these have on urban planning issues. I then illustrated two of those building types extensively, and created a Prezi presentation which gives an overview of the invention. Most of the work that I did is confidential, having to do with the workings of the invention.
41
NEW MAIN PEDESTRIAN WALKWAY COLLECTOR 42 2.1.4 kasian - station development At Kasian, I was highly involved in the design and development phase of the Translink Faregate Project for 5 “SkyTrain” transit stations in the Metro Vancouver region. I became solely responsible for putting together the drawing package for one of those stations as well as helping out with others. I also produced a signage and wayfinding report, and an equipment phasing report for the project, and participated in both internal and external meetings. I learned a lot about construction drawings, working mainly in AutoCAD 2010.
3M WIDE SIDEWALK
NEW TREES, SCRUBS AND PLANTING
As well, I contributed technical drawings and sketches to the concept design for the redevelopment of one of the stations.
EXISTING CONDITION
SECTION
SCOTT ROAD STATION AND BUS LOOP FEASIBILITY STUDY
SEATING BENCH
43
44 sargasso field Aug. 10-24, 2009, I participated in a workshop held by Philip Beesley Architect and CITA in Copenhagen. The workshop dealt with issues of interactivity and responsiveness in architecture, and explored sustainability in its construction methodology. I learned about digital fabrication, component design, electronics, kinetics, and behaviour scripting, and assisted in building and documenting the installation.
Parkin architects 45 Proposed and developed an entrance facade design for a large hospital and mental health institution in Hamilton for a P3 competition. Organized room data sheets, room finishes matrix, and incoming files from contractors. Worked extensively between hand sketches, SketchUp, and AutoCAD to produce plans, sections, elevations, and perspectives for Orangeville County Courthouse (shown here) and the P3 competition.
47
play
48 photography I enjoy experimenting with photography as an artform, especially when it comes to dramatically lit situations.
49
50 craft I have been crocheting since I was seven and have recently taught myself to knit as well. These are a couple examples of my more intricate work, to show that I can pay great attention to small details and am capable of making finely crafted objects. My most recent hobby is the making of chain maille. Each ring is opened and closed by hand to put it in its place. I enjoy working at a tight scale where I have to pay great attention to details.
art 51 Left to right: Acrylic and paper and canvas. 14” x 36” Ink on vellum. 6.5” x 16.5” Graphite on paper. 13” x 20”