common grounds_ Exploring methodologies for researching architecture and the built environment
Ngbo^klbmr h_ La^ ^e] L\ahhe h_ :k\abm^\mnk^'
((( =kZ_m \hir ((( ghm _hk ikbgmbg` hk ]blmkb[nmbhg (((
Forward Our intention in instigating a workshop focussed on methodologies for architecture PhD students was ¦klmer mh Z]]k^ll Z eZ\d p^ aZ] i^k\^bo^] bg hnk hpg k^l^Zk\a mkZbgbg`% bg Zk\abm^\mnkZe k^l^Zk\a f^mah]l ebm^kZmnk^ Zg] bg ma^ ]bl\biebg^% h_ ]bl\nllbhg h_ k^l^Zk\a f^mah]heh`b^l ]blmbg\m mh ma^ li^\b¦\bmb^l h_ Zk\abm^\mnkZe k^l^Zk\a% hk h_ pZrl h_ ZiikhZ\abg` k^l^Zk\a _khf ma^ lmZg]ihbgm h_ ma^ Zk\abm^\mnkZe ]^lb`g^k' :g Z]]bmbhgZe Zbf% bg hnk ihlbmbhg Zl ^f^k`bg` k^l^Zk\a^kl ^f[Zkdbg` hg \Zk^^kl bg Z\Z]^fb\ h_ ikZ\mb\^&[Zl^] k^l^Zk\a% pZl mh l^^d hnm hk ]^o^ehi ma^fZmb\ \enlm^kl Zg] phkdbg` k^eZmbhglabil mh lniihkm \heeZ[hkZmbo^ k^l^Zk\a bg ma^ ¦^e] h_ Zk\abm^\mnk^' P^ p^k^ d^^g maZm ma^ ^o^gm lahne] [^ bg]^i^g]^gm h_ hnk Z\Z]^fb\ bglmbmnmbhgl4 mh _^^e ebd^ Z ¦klm% Z [^`bggbg`% Zg] Zelh Z _hknf maZm pZl hi^g mh Zee iZkmb\biZgml mh mZd^ hg% laZi^ Zg] ]^o^ehi' Pabe^ bgbmbZm^] [r nl% ma^ phkdlahi hger aZii^g^] makhn`a bml iZkmb\biZgml3 laZkbg` ma^ \hlm h_ khhf abk^ Zg] _hh]% Zg] \h&]^lb`gbg` Zg] knggbg` ma^ l^\hg] ]Zr h_ ma^ phkdlahi' Mabl [hhd bl ikh]n\^] Zl Zg hnminm _hk ma^ Ngbo^klbmr h_ La^ ^e] :k\abm^\mnk^ @kZ]nZm^ L\ahhe% mh k^\hk] Zg] ]bll^fbgZm^ b]^Zl Zg] bgm^k^lml h_ ma^ phkdlahi% mh ]kZp hnm d^r h[l^koZmbhgl Zg] ab`aeb`am Zk^Zl h_ _nmnk^ ]bl\nllbhg' P^ Zelh ahi^ bm pbee Z\m Zl Z ikhfim Zg] Z \ZmZerlm _hk _nkma^k lmn]^gm&e^] ^o^gml ]^o^ehibg` bg_hkf^] Zg] ^g`Z`^] Zk\abm^\mnkZe k^l^Zk\a' CZf^l ;^g^]b\m ;khpg% Jn^^g l Ngbo^klbmr ;^e_Zlm :ggZ Ahe]^k% Ngbo^klbmr h_ La^ ^e]
Contents Introduction
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Particpant Aims
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Themes and Concerns
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Common Grounds
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What Next?
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Particpant Topics
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Programme
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Annotated Bibiliography
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With Thanks To...
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
Introduction aims and aspirations Our main aim in organising the two-day ‘Common Grounds’ colloquium was to provide a forum for postgraduate students and early-career researchers to come together away from the university and enjoy an informal but focussed discussion and exchange of ideas. We also hoped to share resources and skills in order to help one another to build capacity for high quality research on architecture and the built environment, perhaps developing thematic clusters of support for research-in-progress, hk ihllb[bebmb^l _hk _nmnk^ \heeZ[hkZmbhgl' Ma^ b]^Z _hk Z lmn]^gm&e^] k^l^Zk\a ^o^gm li^\b¦\ mh mahl^ studying architecture or from an architecture background emerged from the experiences of the hk`Zgbl^kl ]nkbg` ma^ ¦klm r^Zkl h_ ma^bk Ia=l' =hbg` k^l^Zk\a hg hk bg ma^ ¦^e] h_ Zk\abm^\mnk^ \Zg _^^e ebd^ Z f^mah]heh`b\Ze _k^^&_hk&Zee% [hkkhpbg` _khf ma^ Zkml% anfZgbmb^l% iarlb\Ze Zg] lh\bZe l\b^g\^l' :m ma^ Ngbo^klbmr h_ La^ ^e]% research methods courses that provide skills relevant to architectural research such as case study f^mah]heh`b^l Zg] jnZebmZmbo^ f^mah]l Zk^ h ^k^] [r ma^ ]^iZkmf^gml >Zlm :lbZg Zg] A^Zema Studies – themselves also borrowers of methodologies. We had encountered what felt like stumbling blocks in the sub-sectors of our discipline borrowing from the natural sciences – positivism, hard and fast rules for research process, clear cut relationships between researcher and thing researched, all \hg§b\m^] pbma ma^ fhk^ \hgm^lm^]% \hgmbg`^gm Zg] \k^Zmbo^ jn^lmbhgl h_ lh\bZe Zg] liZmbZe k^l^Zk\a' P^ aZ] Zg bgdebg` maZm Zl k^l^Zk\a^kl pbma Z o^kr li^\b¦\ ]^lb`g&[Zl^] Zg] ikh_^llbhgZe mkZbgbg` we brought a certain set of attitudes and skills to the research process – the idea of propositional or performative research, activism and participative research and the confusions and possibilities h ^k^] [r ng]^kmZdbg` k^l^Zk\a [r ]^lb`g' Bg ma^ ikh\^ll h_ \hfibebg` mabl [hhd hg^ jn^lmbhg seemed to emerge most strongly from the event and be fertile ground for future collaboration... PaZm fb`am [^ ngbjn^ Z[hnm [^bg` Zg Zk\abm^\m Zg] k^l^Zk\a^k8
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
Participants aims Ma^ phkdlahi ]^lb`g pZl \hglmkn\m^] mh mkr mh Zeehp _hk §^qb[bebmr% Zg] mh lniihkm ma^ Zbfl h_ participants for the event. Prior to the event these were stated as being: } providing a place to present, discuss and constructively critique research-in-progress } providing a place to collaboratively consider what might be particular about architectural research. } Zg hiihkmngbmr mh jn^lmbhg paZm bl Z Ia= [r ]^lb`g8 Ahp Zg] pa^k^ fb`am bm ]b ^k _khf Z \hgo^gmbhgZe Zk\abm^\mnkZe Ia=8 !B_ bm Z\mnZeer ]h^l' :k^ ma^k^ fhk^ ]^lb`g^k&er \hgo^gmbhgZe Ia=l Zg] \hgo^gmbhgZe Ia=l [r ]^lb`g 8" } mh ^qiehk^ paZm \hngml Zl ]^lb`g bg ma^ \hgm^qm h_ Ia= k^l^Zk\a } to develop ideas of what forms of representation might be employed to present and disseminate the research? } mh [^`bggbg` mh \eZkb_r Zgr _hkf h_ f^mah]heh`r _hk bml k^l^Zk\a Zg] ikh]n\mbhg' !B have a much better feel for the subject matter than for the way in which I am going to k^l^Zk\a bm'" } the opporutntity to discuss with others the methodological implications of carrying hnm Z Ia= [r =^lb`g'
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
} to discuss this approach and investigate with others the opportunities but also ebfbmZmbhgl h_ !f^mah]heh`b\Ze" ZiikhZ\a^l' } mh e^Zkg _khf hma^klž ^qi^kb^g\^l bg !]b ^k^gm f^mah]heh`b\Ze" Zk^Zl' } mh f^^m Z `khni h_ ]h\mhkZe k^l^Zk\a^kl Zm ]b ^k^gm e^o^el [nm pbmabg lZf^ Zk^Z h_ interest, build networks, discuss experience and practical advice } mh l^^ ]b ^k^gm mri^l h_ k^l^Zk\a ikh\^ll^l Zg] ZiikhZ\a maZm \Zg [^ Ziieb^] mh ma^ Zk\abm^\mnkZe Œ^e] } to get input and references from others to develop or articulate my own methodologies and research choices There were a range of approaches and topics brought by participants, but some strongly connecting theme around transformative practices, social change, active and performative research methodologies. These are the basis for the ideas that emerged, and although drawn _khf hnk k^l^Zk\a l^^f^] Zelh mh h ^k bglb`am bgmh paZm fb`am [^ iZkmb\neZk mh k^l^Zk\abg` Zl an architect.
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
Themes and concerns The key themes and concerns were: } Bringing design approaches to research } Translation of research from experience to written forms } >fZg\biZmhkr% iZkmb\biZmbo^ i^k_hkfZmbo^ k^l^Zk\a } Research collaboration across and within disciplines They seem to emerge from concerns particular to architecture, such as the link between practice and research, the importance of site and the often active and intimate relationship this suggests, concerns of being part of a profession and the importance of collaborative knowledge. P^ k^Zebl^] maZm ma^k^ Zk^ \^kmZbg mhhel Zg] ikhÂŚ\b^g\b^l maZm Zk\abm^\ml [khn`am mh k^l^Zk\a% particularly associated with design, such as iterative, non linear and intuitive processes, and cross disciplinary facilitation skills. It was concluded that by working collaboratively we could become more conscious of these aptitudes and interests, and employ them productively in our future research.
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
Bringing design approaches to research =bl\nllbhg h_ ma^ ^qi^kb^g\^ h_ fhobg` _khf Z ]^lb`g ^]n\Zmbhg hk ikZ\mb\^ [Z\d`khng] mh developing the skills of a researcher brought recognition of the way we transferred design skills and approaches to our research work. While design work can be part of a rigorous and systematic process there is acceptance of intuition, of applying over-arching ideas or ZiikhZ\a^l _khf ik^obhnl ikhc^\ml hk ik^\^]^gml [Zl^] hg Z mkr Zg] l^^ paZm ¦ml a^nkblmb\ – not linear necessarily, with space for loops, iterations and over-arching processes. In trying mh ]^¦g^ hk ]^o^ehi f^mah]heh`b^l _hk Zk\abm^\mnkZe k^l^Zk\a p^ aZo^ [^^g lnkikbl^] [r hnk inability to articulate a design epistemology as well as lacking architectural methodologies to call our own. As architects socialised and embedded in our discipline we have a strange eZ\d h_ ZpZk^g^ll Z[hnm paZm p^ ]h ' Ahp ]h p^ fZd^ hnk dghpe^]`^ Zg] ZiikhZ\a^l apparent to ourselves and to others? This links back to workshop participant’s experiences of miscomprehension when working in academic departments other than architecture - perhaps by moving into someone else’s space or discipline and being forced to explain ourselves, we can improve the architectural discipline’s self knowledge.
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
Translation of research from experience to written forms One thing recognised throughout the group was a disconnect between the research process Zl pkbmm^g ni hk ik^l^gm^] bg k^l^Zk\a f^mah]l ebm^kZmnk^ !Z ebg^Zk% ]bk^\mbhgZe ikh`k^ll _khf hgmheh`r mh f^mah]heh`r Zg] f^mah]l"% Zg] ma^ k^l^Zk\a ikh\^ll Zl p^ ^qi^kb^g\^ bm – a tangled, back-and-forth, with an ontology emerging throughout the process of developing f^mah]heh`r Zg] \hee^\mbg` ]ZmZ' =^o^ehibg` hg ma^ ik^obhnl ma^f^% p^ _hng] iZkZee^el [^mp^^g research experiences and the iterative or emergent nature of the design process; reliant on ‘hunches’ or following patterns not fully recognised, elements of ‘trusting the process’. The ‘translation’ of this immersive and unclear process into an account of a rigorous and direct methodology for research in the process of ‘writing up’ was recognised as another layer of the research process.
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
Emancipatory, participative & performative research This theme, straddles ontological, epistemological and methodological concerns among participants. There were concerns about the types of knowledge valued in academia and in practice. Practice-led research focuses on knowledge seemingly biased towards the tangible skill set of the practitioner: an understanding of space based on what can be drawn and built, and an understanding of relationships and communications to make building based on what is pkbmm^g bg ma^ _hkfl h_ h \bZe i^kfbllbhgl% m^g]^kl% ikh]n\mbhg bg_hkfZmbhg% li^\bŒ\Zmbhg• P^ explored through our conversations a preoccupation with the information which is not easy to communicate; the values that users and makers attach to space and place; forms of knowledge which facilitate working with diverse groups of people; ways of communicating and representing which attempt to break down the hierarchies and distinctions between built environment professionals and other disciplines and users. We also recognised parallels in research and practice of acting or working performatively to break down the dominance of the written word or the drawing. We discussed the desire to open up architectural research to pay attention to and include the views of those outside of the discipline and of non-professionals.
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
Research collaboration across and within disciplines >qi^kb^g\^l h_ phkdbg` Z\khll ]bl\biebg^l% lmkZrbg` bgmh ng_ZfbebZk Zk^Zl h_ ebm^kZmnk^ Zg] working with others either not from the research environment or trained in other disciplines all required the research skill of “being multilingual”. There was cynicism from one participant about the values of interdisciplinary work, and whether it was motivated by genuine interest in sharing and connecting knowledge or simply ‘ticking boxes’ for research funding calls. As architects we acknowledged our ‘all-rounder’ interests and happiness in moving between areas of knowledge that were not our specialism, but questioned the appropriateness of this ZiikhZ\a pbmabg ma^ k^l^Zk\a lia^k^% pa^k^ ^qi^kmbl^ bg hg^ ]^¦g^] Zk^Z bl oZen^]'
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
Commonalities... Architecture in the context of other disciplines Hg^ h_ ma^ ¦klm mabg`l maZm ^f^k`^] _khf ma^ phkdlahi pZl ma^ b]^Z maZm ma^k^ fb`am [^ k^l^Zk\a ^qi^kb^g\^l li^\b¦\ mh ma^ Zk\abm^\m Zl k^l^Zk\a^k' Mabl pZl [^\Znl^ h_ ma^ khe^ h_ design in terms of our learning and the ways in which we build knowledge. Amongst the workshop participants there was a strong personal link between research and practice, with all either currently involved in both practice and research or with practice ^qi^kb^g\^ ikbhk mh [^`bggbg` ma^ Ia=' Bm pZl _^em [r Zee maZm ma^ mph Z\mbobmb^l Zk^ lmkhg`er related and inform one another, yet as researchers and as practitioners we struggled to articulate this connection or reciprocal relationship clearly. Two students at the event were from architectural backgrounds but were undertaking their studies in other disciplines or academic departments. For one student this had caused problems, as activities commonplace to the undergraduate architecture student were thrown bgmh jn^lmbhg pa^g l^^g _khf ma^ i^kli^\mbo^ h_ Z lh\bZe l\b^g\^l ^mab\l \hffbmm^^' A^k account of the extremely cautious approach her department took to the site visits/walks through the city which made up her methodology raised questions about the assumptions about the way we carry out study in architecture. In Undergraduate and Masters study, and to some extent in practice, we as architects are always going, doing, seeing, ‘visiting site’ - it is part of the way we research. To be there bodily - to climb over fences, to walk across the uneven ground - is a way of understanding that particular space, its relations and its boundaries, both visible and invisible. The questions raised are also around the power associated with an architect – the ‘permission’ to go anywhere, the respect
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
maZm p^ `^m' ?khf ma^ ^Zkeb^lm lmZ`^l h_ lmn]r p^ ¦g] maZm b_ rhn m^ee i^hie^ rhn Zk^ Zg Zk\abm^\m you generally get access to things and places; this is also true in practice where we often have conversations in and about peoples homes, or places of work or play, their ways of life and their desires and values. As a researcher this has certain ethical implications – should we consider our access not just to people’s data, but also to the data we extract from places and space? We were also prompted to consider the values that we develop through approaching ‘site’ in such a way: by experiencing sites like this we are also aware of people who don’t or can’t or who think doing this is problematic... =bl\nllbhg kZg`^] _khf ma^ ikZ\mb\^ ma^hkr h_ ;hnk]b^n ma^ dbg] h_ dghpbg` maZm \hf^l from ‘doing’, and Gidden’s’ ‘practical knowledge’ to the embodied knowledge of late Foucault. It was important to a number of participants, studying spatial practice and action on community ikhc^\ml% maZm ma^l^ dbg]l h_ dghpe^]`^ p^k^ o^kr h_m^g !b_ ghm ZepZrl" \heeZ[hkZmbo^% maZm knowing was constructed and developed through relational practices and was situated both spatially and socially amongst the groups creating and using it. We had the realisation that we are doing research for the ‘purpose’ of developing spatial practice and drawing on and contributing to collaborative, situated and relational knowledge. We therefore questioned how this might change our approach in terms of theory and practice.
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
...and Common Grounds : \kn\bZe hnm\hf^ h_ ma^ ^o^gm pZl k^ZeblZmbhg h_ ma^ bfihkmZg\^ _hk Ia= lmn]^gml Zg] researchers of developing and discussing ideas together, taking the workshop approach which is common to architectural practice and the design studio but seems missing in the research/ academic environment. We ask the question what could a research studio be? It was felt that there should be space in our work for more group approaches to working – both on shared projects and on our individual projects, perhaps informally, around themes. Most obviously ma^k^ Zk^ ma^ [^g^Œml h_ laZkbg` k^_^k^g\^l Zg] ]bl\nllbg` ZiikhZ\a^l mh k^l^Zk\a `e^Zg^] _khf hma^k ]bl\biebg^l% Zl p^ Zee _^em p^ p^k^ bg ]b ^k^gm pZrl phkdbg` [^rhg] hnk ]bl\biebg^' Contesting the individualist approach we have found in academia, we state the belief that it is empowering and constructive to help one another and important develop shared resources at the same time as pursuing particular research topics.
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
What worked...what didn’t? A particular success of the event was in its informality; this was enabled by the small size of the workshop, the variety of sessions and the method of presenting and discussion, and also the event location. The programme of events moved between individual presentations, group discussions and small group tasks; presentations were short and were given without ‘powerpoint’ or slides, so that they would be less daunting to produce for those early in their Ia= lmn]b^l' On day one of the workshop the sessions took place in a meeting room with a large table around pab\a p^ lZm% _Z\bg` hg^ Zghma^k' Mabl ^gZ[e^] ^Zlr `khni ]bl\nllbhg !mahn`a bm pZl e^ll nl^_ne _hk _Z\bebmZmbg` [k^Zdbg` hnm bgmh lfZee `khnil" Zg] fZ]^ ik^l^gmbg` phkd e^ll \hg_khgmZmbhgZe' : \kbmb\blf h_ ghm aZobg` fhk^ _hkfZe ihp^kihbgm ik^l^gmZmbhgl pZl maZm bm fZ]^ bm ]b \nem to convey information which could be easily put across in images of drawings or photographs. :elh mahl^ pbma fhk^ oblnZe f^fhkb^l _hng] bm ]b \nem mh ikh\^ll hk mZd^ bg Z[lmkZ\m \hg\^iml without the information being displayed on screen. We covered the table around which we sat with a big paper ‘cloth’, and encouraged, through talk and example the use of this as a way of note-taking, recording ideas and developing discussion with diagrams. After a little initial reticence, the group welcomed this mode of working – it was particularly successful for the large group discussions, developing more abstract concepts of ahp k^l^Zk\a ikh\^ll^l fbkkhk hk ]b ^k _khf ]^lb`g' The location of the workshop – on ‘neutral territory’ in a new location with which no-one was _ZfbebZk% f^Zgm maZm ma^ `khni \hne] ^qiehk^ Zg] \eZbf ma^ liZ\^ mh`^ma^k' AZobg` f^Zel Zg] Z ie^gmb_ne lniier h_ m^Z Zg] \Zd^l ZoZbeZ[e^ bg&ahnl^ f^Zgm maZm ]bl\nllbhgl \hne] §hp ho^k ma^ 20
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
meal table, and sessions could continue out of their time and place boundaries. A residential workshop in a little village kept the participants together and focussed for an intensive two days – though we were exhausted by the end, it was felt that this was a good format. Our initial idea for recording and disseminating the event had been to co-produce a small ]h\nf^gm bg ma^ \hnkl^ h_ ma^ phkdlahi% [nm pbma ma^ Zfhngm p^ aZ] mkb^] mh ¦m bgmh mph ]Zrl% bm [^\Zf^ \e^Zk maZm mabl pZl mhh Zf[bmbhnl' Ahp^o^k% p^ _hng] maZm \hee^\mbg` bg_hkfZmbhg _khf iZkmb\biZgml Z_m^k ma^ ^o^gm pZl ]b \nem% Zl ^o^krhg^ aZl lh fZgr \hfi^mbg` ]^fZg]l hg ma^bk time. The ‘big piece of paper’ worked well for capturing emergent knowledge from discussion sessions, but there was work to be done decoding it and developing it into something that might disseminate the experience of the event to others. We are keen to look at how methods of recording and disseminating knowledge in the course of discussion and action could be developed in future events.
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
Criticisms included: } Presenting without using powerpoint – made it hard to put across ideas that rely on visual k^ik^l^gmZmbhg Zelh fZ]^ bm ]b \nem mh mZd^ bg d^r ihbgml _hk mahl^ h_ nl pahl^ f^fhkb^l are more visual } NgZ[e^ mh \Zimnk^ bg_hkfZmbhg bg Z ik^l^gmZmbhgZe _hkfZm ]nkbg` ma^ ^o^gm ]b \nem mh aZo^ mbf^ ( Z[bebmr mh k^§^\m hg paZm p^ p^k^ ikh]n\bg`4 ikho^] o^kr ]b \nem mh `^m i^hie^ mh l^g] k^§^\mbhgl Z_m^k ma^ ^o^gm } Better for people earlier on in the phd?
Positives included: } variety of sessions formats } informality } [^bg` bg g^nmkZe m^kkbmhkr aZobg` Z k^lb]^gmbZe ^o^gm } space of a big table } _hh]% ]kbgd \Zd^ ^Zlr ]b]g m f^Zg rhn aZ] mh [k^Zd h % ]bl\nllbhg \hne] \hgmbgn^ ho^k food } Good to try to capture emergent knowledge rather than the event just being about dissemination and discussion of individual projects } Big drawing good for aiding and recording discussion 22
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
what next...? Development of networks and conferences This colloquium was based on an intuitive notion that architecture as a subject may suit other forms than the traditional conference; this was developed during the weekend through discussions of what is particular to architectural research. It was agreed that due to the propositional nature of design, the non-linear ways of thinking and the range of 2-d and 3-d representation that are used to explore and convey ideas we may need to rethink the format of conference events. Image and text are frequently paired; however it should not be assumed that the text does the critical work and the image or design is purely illustrative, often this can be the other way around. In this respect architecture as a research subject could be understood to be \ehl^k mh fnlb\ hk ¦g^ Zkm' Architects often have to move between a series of subjects whilst designing; be they social, technical, or aesthetic, and understand the relation between them all. This requires knowledge of a range of subjects, but also crucially a certain set of skills to negotiate the relationships [^mp^^g l^^fbg`er ]bliZkZm^ mabg`l' =nkbg` mabl \heehjnbnf p^ nl^] \heeZ[hkZmbo^ ]kZpbg` m^\agbjn^l mh ]kZp hnm b]^Zl Zg] ¦g] ikh]n\mbo^ k^eZmbhglabil [^mp^^g hnk ln[c^\ml' P^ _^em mabl pZl o^kr nl^_ne Zg] phne] ebd^ mh mZd^ mabl ^o^g _nkma^k bg ma^ _nmnk^% ^oheobg` Zg] k^¦gbg` these techniques. Further to these discussions we also looked at what was particular to our approaches within the ¦^e] h_ Zk\abm^\mnk^ Zg] ahp ma^l^ fb`am bg_hkf _nmnk^ ^o^gml' P^ Zee aZ] Z ik^h\\niZmbhg pbma ideas of participation, activism, site and situatedness and felt that approaches we took forward should acknowledge and build on these themes. Some of those attending the workshop were \Zkkrbg` hnm Ia= [r =^lb`g% lh p^k^ li^\b¦\Zeer bgm^k^lm^] mh ^qiehk^ paZm bm f^Zgl mh _kZf^ design as research. 24
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
Propositions and ideas This colloquium was based on an intuitive notion that architecture as a subject may suit other forms than the traditional conference; this was developed during the weekend through discussions of what is particular to architectural research. It was agreed that due to the propositional nature of design, the non-linear ways of thinking and the range of 2-d and 3-d representation that are used to explore and convey ideas we may need to rethink the format of conference events. Image and text are frequently paired; however it should not be assumed that the text does the critical work and the image or design is purely illustrative, often this can be the other way around. In this respect architecture as a research subject could be understood to be \ehl^k mh fnlb\ hk ¦g^ Zkm' Architects often have to move between a series of subjects whilst designing; be they social, technical, or aesthetic, and understand the relation between them all. This requires knowledge of a range of subjects, but also crucially a certain set of skills to negotiate the relationships [^mp^^g l^^fbg`er ]bliZkZm^ mabg`l' =nkbg` mabl \heehjnbnf p^ nl^] \heeZ[hkZmbo^ ]kZpbg` m^\agbjn^l mh ]kZp hnm b]^Zl Zg] ¦g] ikh]n\mbo^ k^eZmbhglabil [^mp^^g hnk ln[c^\ml' P^ _^em mabl pZl o^kr nl^_ne Zg] phne] ebd^ mh mZd^ mabl ^o^g _nkma^k bg ma^ _nmnk^% ^oheobg` Zg] k^¦gbg` these techniques. Further to these discussions we also looked at what was particular to our approaches within the ¦^e] h_ Zk\abm^\mnk^ Zg] ahp ma^l^ fb`am bg_hkf _nmnk^ ^o^gml' P^ Zee aZ] Z ik^h\\niZmbhg pbma ideas of participation, activism, site and situatedness and felt that approaches we took forward should acknowledge and build on these themes. Some of those attending the workshop were \Zkkrbg` hnm Ia= [r =^lb`g% lh p^k^ li^\b¦\Zeer bgm^k^lm^] mh ^qiehk^ paZm bm f^Zgl mh _kZf^
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
design as research. 1. Site: One proposal was to explore the same site from the perspective of each individual’s research. The work should develop the themes and ideas the researcher is exploring but respond to the particularness of a place. This could allow links to be drawn between topics and facilitate discussion about the relationships between subjects, whilst emphasising the ]b ^k^g\^l [^mp^^g ZiikhZ\a^l' Ma^ bgobmZmbhg mh \hgmkb[nm^ lahne] [^ ebfbm^] lh maZm bm bl achievable but allow for creative interpretation in terms of format- so could be a walk, a talk, a drawing or an activity. 2. Collaborative knowledge; generating and recording: In order to address the issue of getting to grips with the interrelationship between ideas presented at the workshop it is crucial that the exploration and recording is collaborative. IT was raised that some conferences publish papers but fail to pick up on the emergent collaborative knowledge. At Common Grounds we addressed this through the creation of a ‘big drawing; which was very useful in terms of generating and sharing thoughts together, but needed to be reformatted and summarised for dissemination. The second proposal is the creation of a ‘zine during the conference or colloquium that allows us to explore our ideas collectively through text and image. This will then be a useful format for dissemination amongst those who attended and others who are interested, both electronically and as a paper copy. In order to carry these ideas to fruition we propose meeting again as a group to develop them collaboratively.
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
Participants_Topics_ James Benedict Brown Learning Architecture: a PhD investigating the motivations and methods of live projects in architectural education L\ahhe h_ IeZggbg`% :k\abm^\mnk^ $ <bobe >g`bg^^kbg`% Jn^^g l Ngbo^klbmr ;^e_Zlm% ND% jbrown55@qub.ac.uk Carolyn Butterworth Ahp \Zg ma^ Zk\abm^\mnkZe lbm^ lnko^r [^ k^]^¦g^] Zl Z mkZgl_hkfZmbo^ Zg] \heeZ[hkZmbo^ design tool? L\ahhe h_ :k\abm^\mnk^% Ngbo^klbmr h_ La^ ^e]% ND % \'[nmm^kphkma9la^ ^e]'Z\'nd Anna Holder Initiating architecture: values and agency in transformative spatial praxis L\ahhe h_ :k\abm^\mnk^% Ngbo^klbmr h_ La^ ^e]% ND% Z'ahe]^k9la^ ^e]'Z\'nd Jo Hudson As Found: Contested (re)appropriations within the ‘left-over’ spaces of the city =^iZkmf^gm h_ AnfZg @^h`kZiar% FZg\a^lm^k F^mkhihebmZg Ngbo^klbmr% ND joanne.hudson3@stu.mmu.ac.uk Adam Park Ahp \Zg lbm^&li^\b¦\ i^k_hkfZg\^ ikZ\mb\^l \aZg`^ i^k\^imbhgl h_ ma^ \bmr8 Ahp fb`am ma^l^ ^ ^\ml [^ k^e^oZgm mh Zk\abm^\mnk^8 28
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
L\ahhe h_ :k\abm^\mnk^% Ngbo^klbmr h_ La^ ^e]% ND% Zki*)Z\i9la^ ^e]'Z\'nd Tse-Hui Teh Hydro-urbanism: Urban design utilizing local water-cycles and human water uses to inform settlement patterns =^iZkmf^gm h_ <bobe% >gobkhgf^gmZe @^hfZmb\ >g`bg^^kbg`% Ngbo^klbmr <hee^`^ Ehg]hg% ND% t.teh@ucl.ac.uk Julia Udall Tools to Create Agency in Contested Urban Spaces L\ahhe h_ :k\abm^\mnk^% Ngbo^klbmr h_ La^ ^e]% ND% c'n]Zee9la^ ^e]'Z\'nd with support from; Dr. Cristina Cerulli L\ahhe h_ :k\abm^\mnk^% Ngbo^klbmr h_ La^ ^e]% ND% \'\^kneeb9la^ ^e]'Z\'nd Dr. Agustina Martire L\ahhe h_ IeZggbg`% :k\abm^\mnk^ Zg] <bobe >g`bg^^kbg`% Jn^^gÂ&#x17E;l Ngbo^klbmr ;^e_Zlm% ND% a.martire@qub.ac.uk
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
Programme_ Day 1 10:30 – 11:00/ Introductory session Phkdlahi bgbmbZmhkl :ggZ Ahe]^k CZf^l ;khpg ]bl\nll fhmboZmbhgl% Zbfl Zg] h[c^\mbo^l _hk ma^ phkdlahi% Zg] bgobm^ iZkmb\biZgml mh ]^o^ehi Zg] k^¦g^ ma^l^' 11 – 12:30 / Project presentations Overview of participants current or proposed research discussing methodology or methodological questions, their aims for this workshop and any knowledge gaps. 1:30 – 2:30 / Approaching architectural research =k :`nlmbgZ FZkmbk^ `bo^l Zg ho^kob^p h_ f^mah]heh`b\Ze blln^l Zg] Z i^klhgZe i^kli^\mbo^ hg developing a methodology for researching architecture. 2:30 – 3:30 / Project exchange A workshop in pairs/small groups where participants ‘take on’ each other’s projects, questioning, developing or helping to articulate the process of research. 4 – 4:30 / Methodology mapping An exercise in small groups to address the paucity of information on architectural research methodologies. Groups will diagram or visually represent some element of research methodology from previous discussions; this could be an individual project, approaches within a department, or connections across disciplines or within the discipline as a whole.
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
5 – 6:15 / Workshop design Group discussion of what we want to do on saturday – could be more productive group exercise, some kind of skills swap.
Day 2 9 – 12 / Morning session IeZggbg` phkd _hk ma^ k^lm h_ ma^ ]Zr' In this session we planned to each speak in more detail about where we felt were were at with our research and open this up to the group for a ‘workshopping’ of key themes, re;levent texts and ideas and potential connections between people’s subjects. 1 - 2:30 / Afternoon session Mabl l^llbhg Zeehp^ ]nl mh [k^Zd h bgmh lfZee^k `khnil mh ]bl\nll b]^Zl bg fhk^ ]^mZbe' 2:30 – 3 / Review and closing @khni k^§^\mbhg hg ma^ phkdlahi% _nmnk^ ieZgl Zg] Zgr b]^Zl _hk ]bll^fbgZmbhg'
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
Annotated bibliography :\mboblm f^mah]heh`b^l
Activism, Spatial Activism, Activist Research :ldbgl% Dr^ !+))2" MaZm l cnlm paZm B ]h 3 IeZ\bg` ^fhmbhg bg Z\Z]^fb\ Z\mboblf ' >fhmbhg% LiZ\^ Zg] Lh\b^mr +!*"3 -&*, EZg`% I' !+))0" LmZed^k hg Eh\Zmbhg bg ?kZg\d% D Zg] Lm^o^gl% J' !^]l" Ehhl^ LiZ\^4 Ihllb[bebmr Zg] =bo^klbmr bg Nk[Zg Eb_^' Ehg]hg3 Khnme^]`^' ii*2,&+*) EZg`% I' !+))1" Nk[Zg :\mboblf Zg] ma^ m^kkZbg oZ`n^% bg =^aZ^g^% F' Zg] =^ <Znm^k% E' !^]l" A^m^khmhibZ Zg] ma^ <bmr3 in[eb\ liZ\^ bg Z ihlm\bobe lh\b^mr' Ehg]hg3 Khnme^]`^' ii +*.&++-
FZkqblf% \ZibmZeblf% feminism...from a critical `^h`kZiar Zg] ]^o^ehif^gm [Z\d`khng]' :g Zem^kgZmbo^ ^\hghfb\l% pbma ]bl\nllbhg h_ ma^ i^k_hkfZmbo^ khe^ of academic research and criticism...
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Orshobmb% LhiabZ !+))." >f^k`^gm IeZ\^l _hk Nk[Zg @khnil Pbmahnm Z IeZ\^ & K^ik^l^gmZmbhg% >qieZgZmbhg% Ik^l\kbimbhg' =^e_m3 MN =^e_m AZe^% <aZke^l !^]" !+))1" >g`Z`bg` \hgmkZ]b\mbhgl3 ma^hkr ihebmb\l% Zg] f^mah]l h_ Z\mboblm scholarship. Berkeley: University of California Press @b[lhg&@kZaZf% C' D' !^]" !+))/" Ma^ ^g] h_ \ZibmZeblf !Zl p^ dg^p bm"3 Z _^fbgblm \kbmbjn^ h_ political economics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
Anthropology /Ethnography @^^kms% <' !*21."' Eh\Ze dghpe^]`^3 _nkma^k ^llZrl bg bgm^kik^mZmbo^ Zgmakhiheh`r' ,k] ^]bmbhg' New York: Basic Books. pp'lh\bhlbm^'g^m(mhib\l(m^qml(@^^kmsXMab\dX=^l\kbimbhg'iai @^^kms% <'% !*20,"' Mab\d =^l\kbimbhg3 MhpZk] Zg Bgm^kik^mbo^ Ma^hkr h_ <nemnk^' Bg Ma^ Bgm^kik^mZmbhg h_ <nemnk^l3 L^e^\m^] >llZrl' G^p Rhkd3 ;Zlb\ ;hhdl% ii' ,&,)'
IZkmb\neZker k^e^oZgm _hk \Zl^ lmn]r k^l^Zk\a Zg] ehhdbg` Zm ahp mh k^ik^l^gm ma^ iarlb\Ze and social world through m^qmnZe f^Zgl% @^^kms l mab\d ]^l\kbimbhg ]^fhglmkZm^l ma^ pZrl bg pab\a eZg`nZ`^ \Zg \hgo^r Z pahe^ kZg`^ h_ phenomena as part of the k^l^Zk\a ikh\^ll% Zg] kZbl^l jn^lmbhgl Z[hnm ma^ lmre^ h_ ma^ k^l^Zk\a m^qm Zg] ma^ khe^ bm aZl bg ZgZerlbl Zg] dissemination.
LZgc^d% Kh`^k !^]'" !*22)" ?b^e]ghm^l3 Ma^ FZdbg`l h_ :gmakhiheh`r' BmaZ\Z3 <hkg^ee Ngbo^klbmr Press.
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011 =bl\nll^l ]b ^k^gm approaches to architectural research methodologies in the latter half of the mp^gmb^ma \^gmnkr% iZkmb\neZker discussing the impact of ]b ^k^gm hgmheh`b\Ze ihlbmbhgl h_ ma^ k^eZmbhglabi [^mp^^g lh\b^mr Zg] liZ\^( ma^ lh\bZe world and the material.
Architectural Research ?kZgs% C'F'% *22-' : \kbmb\Ze _kZf^phkd _hk f^mah]heh`b\Ze k^l^Zk\a bg Zk\abm^\mnk^' =^lb`g Lmn]b^l% *.!-"% -,,&--0'
@khZm% E' PZg`% ='% +))+' :k\abm^\mnkZe k^l^Zk\a f^mah]l% G^p Rhkd3 C' Pbe^r'
@^g^kZe bgmkh]n\mbhg mh architectural research methods
=bll^kmZmbhg hg ma^ KB;: ieZg h_ phkd& ;^ma Kbe^r% La^ ^e] Ngbo^klbmr lmn]^gm
<hebg PZk] !*22/" MZedbg` mh :k\abm^\ml3 M^g E^\mnk^l [r <hebg PZk]' Ehg]hg3 ?k^^]hf Ik^ll RIBA Plan of Work as a form of representation P^[lm^k% A^e^gZ !+)*)" ;hnk]b^n _hk Zk\abm^\ml' :[bg`]hg4 G^p Rhkd3 Khnme^]`^
Bgm^kob^p m^\agbjn^l
IkZ\mb\^ ma^hkr
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
Contested Space :gl^g% ;kbZg !*21*" B ee ?b`am Rhn _hk bm3 ;^abg] ma^ Lmkn``e^ _hk <ho^gm @Zk]^g% *2//&0-' Ehg]hg3 ChgZmahg <Zi^ Fbgmhg% :ggZ !+))2" @khng] \hgmkhe3 _^Zk Zg] aZiibg^ll bg ma^ mp^gmr&¦klm&\^gmnkr \bmr' Ehg]hg3 I^g`nbg
Critical Methodologies/ Epistemologies
@^gmkb¦\Zmbhg
Nk[Zg lh\bheh`r Nk[Zg lh\bheh`r _h\nllbg` hg nk[Zg k^g^pZe% ahnlbg` fZkd^m k^g^pZe% `Zm^] communities
:g Zem^kgZmbo^ i^kli^\mbo^ h_ ]ZmZ bg k^l^Zk\a% l^^bg` ]ZmZ `Zma^kbg` Zl Z \hglmkn\mbo^% `^g^kZmbo^ ikh\^ll [^mp^^g participants and researcher.
PaZmfhk^% L' !+))," @^g^kZmbg` FZm^kbZel' Bg Nlbg` Lh\bZe Ma^hkr3 Mabgdbg` makhn`a K^l^Zk\a' Ehg]hg4 MahnlZg] HZdl4 G^p =^eab3 LZ`^% ii' 12&*)-' Khl^% @' !*22," ?^fbgblf Zg] `^h`kZiar3 Ma^ ebfbml h_ `^h`kZiab\Ze dghpe^]`^' <Zf[kb]`^3 Polity Press
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
Public Space =blmbg`nbla^l [^mp^^g mhih`kZiab\Ze Zg] ikh\^]nkZe ikZ\mb\^l bg in[eb\ space
Iabehlhiar Zg] k^ik^l^gmZmbhg
Mnkg^k% <Zmar !+)*)" Fbl`nb]Zg\^ Zg] LiZmbZe IeZggbg`% =kZfZmnk`b^l h_ In[eb\ LiZ\^ % <hgm^fihkZkr Ma^Zmk^ K^ob^p +)!+"3 +.1&+/* Bo^lhg% Dnkm !+))0" In[eb\l Zg] ma^ <bmr' FZe]^g F:4 Hq_hk]3 ;eZ\dp^ee
Representation Khl^% @beebZg !*22/" Fhnkgbg` [^\hf^l ma^ eZp3 iabehlhiar Zg] k^ik^l^gmZmbhg' <Zf[kb]`^3 University of Cambridge
?^fbgblf Zg] `^h`kZiar
Research Methods ;krfZg% :' !+))-Z" Lh\bZe K^l^Zk\a F^mah]l' !+g] ^]'" Hq_hk]3 Hq_hk] Ngbo^klbmr Ik^ll ?eb\d% N' !+))1" =^lb`gbg` JnZebmZmbo^ K^l^Zk\a' Ehg]hg3 LZ`^ r^g% >el^ !*22)" <hfiZkZmbo^ F^mah]heh`r Ma^hkr Zg] IkZ\mb\^ bg Bgm^kgZmbhgZe Lh\bZe K^l^Zk\a' LZ`^ Lmn]b^l bg Bgm^kgZmbhgZe Lh\bheh`r -)' Ehg]hg3 LZ`^
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
Site @be =hkhg & ammi3((ppp'ahf^iZ`^l'n\e'Z\'nd(wn\pZ`iZ([bh`kZiabl(`be]hkhg'amf
DZag :g]k^Z% ;nkgl <Zkhe !+))." Lbm^ fZmm^kl3 ]^lb`g \hg\^iml% ablmhkb^l% Zg] lmkZm^`b^l% G^p York: Routledge
Deals with attitudes towards sites >]bm^] l^kb^l h_ ^llZrl _khf Zk\abm^\mnk^% nk[Zg ]^lb`g Zg] eZg]l\Zi^ ]^lb`g% ZgZerlbg` ebfbmZmbhgl h_ ghkfZmbo^ means of considering site Zg] h ^kl pZrl bg pab\a lbm^ fZr [^ Ziik^a^g]^] [^rhg] \hgo^gmbhgZe ikZ\mb\^'
DZr^% Gb\d !+)))"% Lbm^&li^\b¦\ Zkm 3 i^k_hkfZg\^% ieZ\^% Zg] ]h\nf^gmZmbhg' Ehg]hg3 Khnme^]`^ Lbm^ li^\b¦\ Zkm & m^\agbjn^ \Zee^] ]^^i fZiibg` LaZgdl% F' Zg] I^Zklhg% F' !+))*" Ma^Zmk^(Zk\aZ^heh`r3 =bl\biebgZkr =bZeh`n^l' Khnme^]`^ Lbm^ m^\agbjn^l' Ma^ ]^o^ehif^gm h_ Z ar[kb] ikZ\mb\^ h_ i^k_hkfZmbo^ Zk\aZ^heh`r mh ]h\nf^gm Zg] k^ik^l^gm lbm^' H ^kl m^\agbjn^l4 ]^^i fZiibg`% \k^Zmbo^ pkbmbg`% \khll&f^]bZ fhgmZ`^ mh k^\hgm^qmnZebl^ lbm^ Zl eZr^k^]% fnemb&oh\Ze and co-created.
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
@khng]^] ma^hkr : lrlm^fZmb\ ZiikhZ\a mh ma^fZmb\ ]ZmZ ZgZerlbl' Looking at how we can create ma^hkr _khf Z\\hngml h_ ia^ghf^gZ Zg] ^qi^kb^g\^l ihllb[bebmr h_ ^f^k`^g\^ h_ dghpe^]`^ _khf ]ZmZ% Zl opposed to application of pre¦`nk^] ma^hkb^l mh ]ZmZ'
Grounded Theory <aZkfZs% D' !+))/" <hglmkn\mbg` `khng]^] ma^hkr3 Z ikZ\mb\Ze `nb]^ makhn`a jnZebmZmbo^ ZgZerlbl' Ehg]hg3 LZ`^
Glaser, Barney G., Basics of grounded theory analysis : emergence vs. forcing / http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grounded_theory
LmkZnll% :'E' <hk[bg% C'F'% *221' ;Zlb\l h_ JnZebmZmbo^ K^l^Zk\a3 M^\agbjn^l Zg] Ikh\^]nk^l _hk =^o^ehibg` @khng]^] Ma^hkr +g] ^]'% MahnlZg] HZdl% <:'3 L:@>'
Participation I^mk^l\n% =' !+))." Ehlbg` \hgmkhe% d^^ibg` ]^lbk^ bg ;eng]^ee&Chg^l% I' I^mk^l\n% = Zg] Mbee% C' !^]l" :k\abm^\mnk^ Zg] IZkmb\biZmbhg' Ehg]hg3 Lihg' ii -, &/,
:ldbgl% Dr^ !+))1" Bg Zg] [^rhg] ma^ \eZllkhhf3 k^l^Zk\a ^mab\l Zg] iZkmb\biZmhkr i^]Z`h`b^l' :k^Z -)!-"3 .))&.)2
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
Place & Leisure
IZkmb\biZmhkr Zk\abm^\mnkZe practice.
Khc^d% <' Zg] Nkkr% C' !*22)" Mhnkbg` <nemnk^l% Ehg]hg3 Khnme^]`^ Khc^d% <' !*22." =^\^gmkbg` E^blnk^3 K^mabgdbg` E^blnk^ Ma^hkr% Ma^hkr% <nemnk^ Lh\b^mr' Ehg]hg3 LZ`^ Nkkr% C' !*22)" Ma^ Mhnkblm @Zs^% Ehg]hg3 LZ`^
IkZ\mbmbhg^k l Phkd ( IkZ\mbmbhg^k l K^§^\mbhgl Lni^kmZgd^k& <hi^gaZ`^g Z\mbhgl hg lbm^l & in[eb\ phkdl% Lni^kmZgd^k !<hi^gaZ`^g"% Zkmblm CZg^ LZfn^el
:iikhZ\a^l mh \bmr ihebmb\l Zg] liZmbZe ikZ\mb\^% ]^fh\kZmb\ Zg] \k^Zmbo^ iZkmb\biZmhkr f^mah] Has an interesting discussion [^mp^^g ma^ Znmahkl h_ iZkmb\biZmhkr nk[Zg ikhc^\ml Zg] ma^ jn^lmbhg h_ l^e_& bgm^k^lm Zl Z fhmboZmbg` Zg] organising force
;kZg]m% C'% ?kZg]l^g% F'% Ebeeb^g]Zae EZkl^g% C' +))1' Lni^kmZgd^k3 bg l^Zk\a h_ nk[Zgbmr' :k\abm^\mnkZe K^l^Zk\a JnZkm^ker% *+% ii *0,&*1*
<hg]hk^eeb% <'% ;æaf% D' EZg`% :'% +)*)' <hffhg MZedbg`' Bg MkZgl&Eh\Ze :\m3 <nemnkZe IkZ\mb\^l Pbmabg Zg] :\khll' IZkbl3 :::(I>IK:O% ii' +22&,)1'
Kb\d Ehp^% Ikhc^\m Khp Ahnl^l & ammi3((ikhc^\mkhpahnl^l'hk`(
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<hffngbmr [Zl^] ikhc^\m bg Ahnlmhg% M^qZl _h\nllbg` hg k^\eZfZmbhg h_ o^kgZ\neZk khp ahnl^l [r :_kb\Zg&Zf^kb\Zg \hffngbmr Zg] Zkmblm&bg& residence
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Common Grounds Colloquium / 14 & 15 January 2011
Lh\bZe Z`^g\r h_ [nbe]bg`l Zg] anfZg Z`^g\r Z\mbg` hg ma^ [nbem ^gobkhgf^gm ]bl\nll^] bg k^eZmbhg mh ma^ ]^lb`g% construction and use of a ngbo^klbmr l\b^g\^ [nbe]bg`
Theories of Society & Space @b^krg% M'?'% +))+' PaZm ;nbe]bg`l =h' Ma^hkr Zg] Lh\b^mr% ,*!*"% ,.&0-' E^_^[ok^% A'% +))1' Ma^ ikh]n\mbhg h_ liZ\^ TGZ\a]k'V'% FZe]^g FZll' Tn'Z'V3 ;eZ\dp^ee' LhcZ% >]pZk] P' !*22/" Mabk]liZ\^3 chnkg^rl mh Ehl :g`^e^l Zg] hma^k k^Ze&Zg]&bfZ`bg^] ieZ\^l' Oxford: Blackwell
categories of production Visual methodologies- sets hnm ahp ma^ bfZ`^ \Zg [^ considered in terms of the bfZ`^ bml^e_% ma^ lbm^ h_ bml production and the site of its dissemination. Rose discusses the application a range of theories including discourse ma^hkr% Zn]b^g\^ lmn]b^l% ^magh`kZiar% ilr\ahZgZerlbl% l^fbheh`r Zg] \hgm^gm ZgZerlbl mh oblnZe k^l^Zk\a Zg] considers their implications of using each of these approaches.
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Visual Methodologies Khl^% @' !+))/" OblnZe F^mah]heh`b^l3 :g Bgmkh]n\mbhg mh ma^ Bgm^kik^mZmbhg h_ OblnZe FZm^kbZel' Ehg]hg3 LZ`^ Ibgd% L' !+))*" =hbg` OblnZe >magh`kZiar3 BfZ`^l% f^]bZ Zg] k^ik^l^gmZmbhg bg k^l^Zk\a' Ehg]hg3 Sage
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With thanks to_ CZf^l ;khpg Zg] :ggZ Ahe]^k _hk ]^o^ehibg` Zg] hk`Zgblbg` ma^ \heehjnbnf pbma ln\a care and interest at such an excellent venue =k' <kblmbgZ <^kneeb Zg] =k' :`nlmbgZ FZkmbk^ _hk ma^bk lniihkm makhn`ahnm ma^ l^llbhgl Ikh_^llhk =hbgZ I^mk^l\n _hk a^k lniihkm Zg] dbg] phk]l Ma^ lmZ Zm Lm =^gbheÂ&#x17E;l Eb[kZkr _hk ln\a eho^er _hh] Zg] pZkf k^\^imbhg And all the participants for their enthusiasm and interesting discussion
Text: :ggZ Ahe]^k Zg] CnebZ N]Zee pbma \hgmkb[nmbhgl _khf iZkmb\biZgml Sketches: Particpants during the course of Common Grounds, with watercolours by Anna Ahe]^k Photos3 CZf^l ;^g^]b\m ;khpg