Architectural thesis: Renewal of Poggioreale prison in Naples by Anna Chistopolova

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE URBAN PLANNING CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING M. Sc. in architecture A.Y. 2015-2016

COMMUNICATING THROUGH THE WALLS RENEWAL OF POGGIOREALE PRISON IN NAPLES

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE URBAN PLANNING CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING M. Sc. in architecture A.Y. 2015-2016

COMMUNICATING THROUGH THE WALLS RENEWAL OF POGGIOREALE PRISON IN NAPLES

Supervisor

Prof. RICCARDO MAZZONI Author

ANNA CHISTOPOLOVA

Milan, 2016

INDEX ABSTRACT

PROBLEM FIELD

Italian penal system. Current state

Obsolesence of the penitentiary facilities

Prisons plan/Piano carceri

Unbearable life conditions

THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL BASE

Retrospective of prisons

Telephone pole

Stagnation of the system

International experience. Overview of world prisons

New horizons

PROJECT CASE . POGGIOREALE PRISON. NAPLES

BEFORE

55 Historical context of the place

Architectural ancestors. British roots

Urban context

Street analysis

Programs and operation system of the existant prison

Local issues

STRATEGY

Creating mental spaces

Design principles. Buffer zone

Relation to the city

Roof as a new source of spaces

Security devices

99 101

AFTER

Sports and educational buffer.

102

Creative buffer. Artistic activities

110

Production buffer. Handwork activities

118

BIBLIOGRAPHY

125

ABSTRACT

Contemporary society has been changing from the industrialized society that was supported by modernism, to the information-oriented society. The ideal society of modernism aimed at a universal world that followed one sole world ideal and rule. Prisons were sites of punishment. The basic spirit was one of retribution. In these facilities the same pain was inflicted on the outlaws as they had inflicted on their victims. The world of today has experienced transition from a society of universal rules to a society of symbiosis that recognizes diverse cultures and diverse rules. Prison architecture should provide an appropriate environment to nurture the spirit of MUTUAL RESPECT for cultural differences and the worldsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; various diverse values, mutual recognition of individuality, and mutual acceptance along with COMPETITIVENESS and SELF-GROWING through responsabilities. This conditions cannot be provided without communication with outside world, which appears to be a solution not only for the abundancy and overcrowding of existant prisons, but also to the creation of the new type of institution - sustainable, self-productive reeducational complex. The program proposes an approach to challenge the hermetic, isolated, sistematically distructive nature of the penitentiary institutions on the particular case study of Prison Poggioreale, as a rare example of the acting incarcerating facility inserted into the dense urban tissue.

PROBLEM FIELD NATIONAL LEVEL OF URGENCY

ITALIAN PENAL SYSTEM CURRENT STATE «The spirit of the laws is to be considered» Cesare Beccaria

POSTFASCIST PERIOD

REFORM OF 1975

In the mid-seventies, the imprisonment was still governed by the fascist Prison Regulations, issued by the Minister of Justice Rocco in 1931, which was contrary in a way to the Penal Code and prevented a conditional release only under an extraordinary intervention from above, similar to grace. In the period 1968-1975 exploded several riots of prisoners clamored for a prison reform. The state responded with repressions, with transfers, internments in criminal asylums or even with recourse of the weapon.

The reform came with the law 26 July 1975, n. 354 «ON THE PENITENTIARY REGULATIONS AND ENFORCEMENT OF RESTRICTIVE MEASURES AND DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY». This law is the end result of a long and painstaking process of review of the prison system in response both to the new socio - cultural context, and new emerging values of the Constitution and the International Conventions.

In addition to the prison internal struggles, we should not forget the terrorist phenomenon that characterized the Italian social context at the time. This phenomenon has contributed to the growth of the prison population, resulting in a substantial differentiation of its social structure: there were not just ordinary criminals, the social appearance was diluted by political prisoners. Meanwhile, the Parliament continues to debate on reform plans, there are growing the contrasts and differences both between the different political forces, and within each of them. The prison issues became a real emergency: on the one hand, increased riots and the claims of prisoners, on the other hand the necessity of the struggle became more specific in the frameworks of the terrorists who seemed to find the prison as propaganda plot

The reform of 1975 has introduced a number of fundamental principles of the utmost importance in the Italian prison system. One of the main pillars of the new legislation was the introduction of the penitentiary treatment inspired by the PRINCIPLES OF HUMANITY AND DIGNITY of the person The principle OF INDIVIDUATION OF THE PUNISHMENT, not only had to adapt it to the fact committed by the person in view of the proportionality of the reaction to turning point, but above all was to allow the application of alternative measures, which can be considered the manifestation more wide of RE-SOCIALIZING TREATMENT.

REFORM OF GOZZINI Law 663/86, also so-called GOZZINI LAW constituted a real penitentiary reform, giving even greater importance to the principles that inspired the reform of 1975. One of the new considerable points was the introduction of «special supervision regime», which will allow greater individualization of treatment, as they are isolated from the prison

population prisoners which affects the order and security of the prison. The story of 1986 spoke, even on alternatives to detention expanding their operational environment, both to implement more effectively the rehabilitation treatment, and to try to limit the problem of prison overcrowding. In the 2001 there was issued new Penitentiary Regulation (Regolamento Penitenziario) which was trying to regularize the Italian prisons with the rules of the United Nation and the

European Convention. The Regulation arrived in a progressive period of aggravation of the detention conditions, and in some ways echoed already past reformistsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; laws of the 1975 and the law Gozzini of 1986, which had put in the center of the prison design philosophy its mental and reeducative function tending to the social rehabilitation of inmates (L.354 / 75 art.1), and had given space and freedom to alternatives of the detention.

GOOD ON PAPER, ABSENT IN REALITY «Every punishment which does not arise from absolute necessity is tyrannical.»

Cesare Beccaria

«The treatment of the condemned should be accorded primarily through education, labor, religious, cultural, recreational and sports activity and through facilitating appropriate contacts with the outside world and relationships with family.» – art.15 legge 354/75». But instead of re-education, the Juridical Ministry is still putting more and more prisoners in a system of lawlessness. From the end of XVIII century until now penal thinking has progressed and evolved in all countries. The ideas of humanizing penalties and recognizing the human dignity of the prisoner have decisively influenced legislation, at least formally [8, p. 8]. One would have expected an evolution of architecture in accordance with the evolution of thought and legislation. But instead one finds an extraordinary tenacity in the repetition of the original prototypes also in recent times. It is not easy to find the reason for incongruity between penal theory and prison architecture, but ut seems at least to lie in the fact that the phenomenon of crime is still perceived and judged in modern societies at two distinct levels, the rational and the emotional.

TOTAL

MURDERS/MANSLAUGHTER

Milano, Firenze, Torino, Bologna

Caltanisseta, Ravenna, Brescia

THREATS

CONTRABAND

Vibo Valentia, Sassari, Biella, Salerno

Palermo, Napoli, Varese

THEFT

BURGLARY

Napoli, Bari, Milano, Catania

Napoli, Milano, Torino, Bari, Catania

BEATING

RAPE

Novara, Vibo Valentia, Bologna, Milano

Lombardia, Toscana

From article in internet portal Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;espresso by Davide Mancino

OBSOLESENCE OF PENITENTIARY INSTITUTONS

NATIONAL STATISTICS

the 2001 there was issued new Penitentiary Regulation (Regolamento Penitenziario) which was trying to regularize the Italian prisons with the rules of the United Nation and the European Convention. The Regulation arrived in a progressive period of aggravation of the detention conditions, and in some ways echoed already past reformists’ laws of the 1975 and the law Gozzini of 1986, which had put in the center of the prison design philosophy its mental and reeducative function tending to the social rehabilitation of inmates (L.354 / 75 art.1), and had given space and freedom to alternatives of the detention.

COMPARISON OF INCARCERATION RATES IN EUROPE, Number of prisoners per 100 000 residents

111 100

70 50

GERMANY

NETHERLANDS

NORWAY

ITALY

64 379

11 603

3 679

66 090

81,1 millions

16,7 millions

5,084 millions

59,8 millions

COMPARISON OF PRISON’S AVAILIBILITY N EUROPE, Occupation of the prisons, %

140

83,5

89,8

150 100

GERMANY 184 institutions

NETHERLANDS 77 institutions

Diagram of penitentiatiary institution’s density

NORWAY

ITALY

42 institutions

210 institutions

PRISONS PLAN/ PIANO CARCERI

IN ITALIA THERE IS AT 2014:

Approximately 66.090 prisoners Regolary places: 47.040 Lack: at least 19.000 places

ITALIAN PRISONS (TOTAL 248 INSTITUTIONS) ABANDONED 15 %

NORM 103 institutions

38 institutions

42 % 43 %

OVER CROWDED 107 institutions

To stabilize the prison system and resolve the emergency state, in the 2013 was issued the Prisons plan, based on three pillars such as a «new» prison construction, distribution of prison police, the deflation measures of prisonization, - measures which are creating a strategy that will work in an integrated manner on multi levels. The plan technically and functionally identifies adequate model to facilitate the rehabilitation of the inmate, supporting and assisting in the rehabilitation process at all stages of detention. New aggregation models allow to improve both the quality of the spaces where the prisoner is contained, and the activities carried out inside them. Within Prisons plan there is proposed to make interventions of 3 different types:

•NEW CONSTRUCTION (5 institutions) •ENLARGEMENT - CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW PAVILLIONS AT THE EXISTING INSTITUTIONS (29 institutions) •RECOVERY OF THE EXISTING PRISONS (9 institutions) The distribution of the interventions of the Prisons Plan is presented on the map on the right.

LIFE CONDITIONS

The inmates spend 22 hours a day in his cell, having an hour of air in the morning and one in the afternoon they spend in a courtyard of inadequate size for such a large number of people. Some spend twenty-four hours a day in jail without ever get out. In addition, the property has no common areas to be used outside of the cells "; "Very few cells are equipped with shower, most of the prisoners have to use communal showers (...) and therefore have the right to two showers a week. In some buildings, there is no heating or hot water "; "Because the food is cold and of very poor quality, many inmates themselves cook their meals on rudimentary stoves in the baths"; "Health care in this prison is very poor (...). The strong overcrowding and scadentissime hygienic conditions facilitate the spread of diseases.

THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL BASE

Elevation, section and plan of Jeremy Benthamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Panopticon penitentiary, drawn by Willey Reveley, 1791

THE HISTORY OF PRISON

From the birth of modern civilization in 3rd millennia BC, almost every major ancient civilization used concept of prisons as a mean to detain and remove personal freedoms of incarcerated people. In those early periods of history, prisons were often used as a temporary stopgap before sentencing to death or life of slavery, but as time went on and our civilization developed, prisons started morphing into correctional facilitiesthat started implementing the concept of rehabilitation and reform of prisoners. In addition of holding convicted or suspected criminals, prisons were often used for holding political prisoners, enemies of the state and prisoners of war. The earliest records of prisons come from the 1st millennia BC, located on the areas of mighty ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt. During those times, prisons were almost always stationed in the underground dungeons where guilty or suspected criminals spent their life either awaiting death sentence, or a command to become slaves (often working as galley slaves). Exception from that rule comes from the home of modern democracy - Greece. There, prisoners were held in the poorly isolated buildings where they could often be visited by their friends and family. Primary source of their detention were not dungeons, high walls or bars, but simple wooden blocks that were attached to their feet. Ancient Roman Empire however continued to use harsher methods. Their prisons were built almost exclusively underground, with tight and claustrophobic passageways and cells. Prisoners themselves were held either in simple cells or chained to the walls, for life or for time. As slavery was accepted norm in those days, majority of prisoners that were not sentenced to death were sold as slaves or used by the Roman government as workforce. One of the most

famous uses for the slaves in Roman Empire was as "gladiators". In addition to fighting in the arena (sometimes after lifetime of training in the special gladiator training houses, or Luduses), many slaves were tasked as a support workforce that enabled smoother run of the popular gladiator business. The most famous Gladiator battleground, the mighty ColosseumArena in Rome had a slave army of 224 slaves that worked daily as a power source of the complicated network of 24 elevators that transported gladiators and their wild animal opponents from the underground dungeons to the arena floor. The conditions in the European prisons remained harsh until English royalty started being more involved with their justice system. Henry II commissioned the construction of first prison in 1166, together with the first draft of English legal system that used concept of jury. One of the most historic prison legislation was introduced in 1215, when King John signed Magna Carta which stated that no man could be imprisoned without trial. With the rise of the industry between 16 and 18th century English prisons became overcrowded, and new penal measures started being implemented - military pardon and penal transportations (during the end of 18th century, over 50 thousand prisoners were transported from England to penal colonies in North America and Australia). France even continued their practice of penal colonies until the middle of 20th century (most notably in French Guiana and its infamous prison Devil's Island), and Russia also used remote penal colonies in the frozen north-east Siberia.opponents, Jews, gypsies, criminals and others were detained without judicial process. Majority of them was eventually killed on an unprecedented massive scale that is today estimated to be between 11 and 17 million people.

Pic 1. Decay of Panopticon prison

MODERN STATE

The attitude towards the criminal was always that of complete rejection, as towards any evil to be got rid of at least cost. This clarifies the basic reason that usually induced the authorities to install their prisons in pre-existing structures: whether dilapidated or outmoded, they could serve no better use. As evidence we may observe that anyone who has attempted to trace the beginnings of prison architecture back to before the seventeenth century has been obliged to refer exclusively to manors or convents, altered to a greater or lesser degree for the new function. The first solid evidence of buildings planned and constructed especially for prison use, buildings which are the first true models of a new field of architecture, is offered by projects of the first decades of the XVII century. There are a few buildings erected in that period that are still in existance. Of particular interest is the «New Prison» (Carceri Nuove) on the via Giulia in Rome. This structure, minutely described by John Howard, is in excellent state of preservation. [8, p. 8] The age of modern prisons that we know today started with the several prison reforms in 19th century England. During that time prisoners started receiving more care, concept of rehabilitation was introduced and governments around the world (especially in UK and US) started reconsidering

their views on solitary confinement (which was primary source of the increased numbers of insane, suicidal and catatonic prisoners). Wars that engulfed the world in the beginning of 20th century brought the formation of large amounts of war prison camps and concentration camps. Most famous examples of those types of prisons happened during World War 2, when Nazi government formed over 300 detention centers in which political opponents, Jews, gypsies, criminals and others were detained without judicial process. Majority of them was eventually killed on an unprecedented massive scale that is today estimated to be between 11 and 17 million people. During the end of 20th century, modern prison system was finalized. Concept of «Probation Service» was introduced in 1991, and three years before that first prison intended solely for the holding of inmates in permanent isolation was formed. Those «supermax» prisons became widespread across the entire United States, with over 40 of them being active in the year 2005. Inmates in those prisons are held in the 23h long periods of cell isolation, with occasional communal yard time, work, educational programs and meals in cafeteria. As of 2006, it is estimated that over 9 million people are imprisoned worldwide with United States leading in the rate of incarceration (743 per 100.000 people).

PRISON TYPOLOGIES TIMELINE

Scheme of plan. Nightingale Ward.

TELEPHONE POLE Pentonville archetypal there were either built country.

prison, opened in 1842, was the radial design in England. By 1848 54 radial prisons based on this model or under construction, throughout the

The breakaway design to emerge was a new prison layout known, for obvious reasons, as TELEPHONE POLE: the plan shape resembled the central post (corridor) and crossbars (cell blocks). [p.24] This structure of row housing has also been used in the planning of barracks, larger housing estates and student dormitories. The first built in Europe detention center on the principle of Telephone Pole was the prison COLONY METTRAY IN FRANCE. The colonie agricole pènitentiarie was planned in 1839 by the Parisian architect Guillaume Abel Blouet. The individual buildings were arranged parallel to a central axis. The workshops were each placed so that they formed courtyards. Behind this courtyard were the two prison wings. The humanistic approach of the workers colony people was found in the following years, as more generic. The initially wellfunctioning system manifested its vulnerability over time. In the family-run institution developed by the absence of regulations soon a hierarchy among the inmates became more and more weak. The concept of a humanist-run institution had to give way an authoritarian and military organizations of that time. In the 2d half of the 19th century, the number of prisoners was growing rapidly. In London, one of Europe’s largest cities even then, in 1874 was built a prison with a capacity of 1,244 cells. The Wormwood Scrubs Prison, which was designed and built by Edmund Du Cane (1830-1903), an engineer and chairman of the Prison Commission, was for decades considered the largest prison in Europe. The cells were placed in four mutually

Center pénitentiaire de Fresnes Paris , 1898.

parallel buildings, these cell blocks were in turn connected centrally via a single-storey passageway. It also represented the link to the workshops, the bathrooms and the kitchen, more likely it was demolished and replaced by a building which was added at the northern end of the institution. The Center pénitentiaire de Fresnes in Paris was completed after two years of construction 1902nd The plans of the architect Henri Francisque Poussin provided a separation between men and women. There were provided 400 cells for women out of the total of 1,600. The six prison wings of five floors were lined up similar to Wormwood Scrubs Prison on both sides along a low connection aisle. The spatial separation between adhesive areas and the other buildings on the site complicated interconnections, the prisoners and guards had to overcome long distances. With the development of extremely large prison that spanned over an ample area and were composed of a variety of differently sized building ,the use of the central control point – the hub of radial prison – was thus rejected in favour of separate controls in each cell block. The typology of Telephone Pole brought with its long connecting corridors the problem of a very high staff costs. Furthermore, had the spacious dining gen walls that included the detention centers, are equipped at regular intervals with additional watchtowers.

DISCIPLINE AND PUNISH, 1975 MICHEL FOUCAULT

TORTURE

PUNISHMENT

17TH CENTURY Public torture and execution was a method the sovereign deployed to express his or her power, and it did so through the ritual of investigation and the ceremony of execution—the reality and horror of which was supposed to express the omnipotence of the sovereign but actually revealed that the sovereign's power depended on the participation of the people. Torture was made public in order to create fear in the people, and to force them to participate in the method of control by agreeing with its verdicts. But problems arose in cases in which the people through their actions disagreed with the sovereign, by heroizing the victim (admiring the courage in facing death) or in moving to physically free the criminal or to redistribute the effects of the strategically deployed power.

The sovereign’s right to punish was so disproportionate that it was ineffective and uncontrolled. Reformists felt the power to punish and judge should become more evenly distributed. A thousand «mini-theatres» of punishment would have been created wherein the convicts’ bodies would have been put on display in a more UBIQUITOUS, CONTROLLED, AND EFFECTIVE SPECTACLE. Prisoners would have been forced to do work that reflected their crime, thus REPAYING SOCIETY FOR THEIR INFRACTIONS. This would have allowed the public to see the convicts’ bodies enacting their punishment, and thus to reflect on the crime. But these experiments lasted less than twenty years.

DISCIPLINE 18TH CENTURY Discipline creates «DOCILE BODIES», IDEAL FOR THE NEW economics, politics and warfare of the modern INDUSTRIAL AGE - bodies that function in factories, ordered military regiments, and school classrooms. But, to construct docile bodies the disciplinary institutions must be able to (a) constantly OBSERVE AND RECORD the bodies they control and (b) ensure the INTERNALIZATION OF THE DISCIPLINARY INDIVIDUALITY within the bodies being controlled. Discipline must come about without excessive force through CAREFUL OBSERVATION, and MOLDING OF THE BODIES into the correct form through this observation.(Panopticon). One is less likely to break rules or laws if they believe they are being watched, even if they are not.

PRISON Prison became part of a larger «CARCERAL SYSTEM» that has become an all-encompassing sovereign institution in modern society. Prison is one part of a vast network, including schools, military institutions, hospitals, and factories, which build a PANOPTIC SOCIETY for its members. This system creates «DISCIPLINARY CAREERS» for those locked within its corridors. It is operated under the SCIENTIFIC AUTHORITY OF MEDICINE, PSYCHOLOGY, AND CRIMINOLOGY. Moreover, it operates according to principles that ensure that it «cannot fail to produce delinquents.»

Illustration of Francesco Chiacchio

STAGNATION OF THE SYSTEM

From the end of XVIII century until now penal thinking has progressed and evolved in all countries. The ideas of humanizing penalties and recognizing the human dignity of the prisoner have decisively influenced legislation, at least formally [8, p. 8]. One would have expected an evolution of architecture in accordance with the evolution of thought and legislation. But instead one finds an extraordinary tenacity in the repetition of the original prototypes also in recent times. Since phenomenon of crime is still perceived and judged in modern societies at two distinct levels, rational and emotional, development of the prison architecture goes with its eyes turned back. That, with sporadic exceptions, prison construction has not abandoned the original framework does not mean just the reproduction of designs, but the retention of certain essential features:

•the predominance physcal over psychological •complex system of enclosures •centralised system of survelliance and control •minimization of the areas dedicated to the activities beyond the basic necessities of life •cramming of living quarters into the minimal space, based on the demands of survelliance On a closer view, of course there are some evolutionary tendencies and modifications, such as: •The subdivision of the institutions into a series of functionally organized subunities, each with a certain degree of autonomy •The increasing external similarity of prisons to other buildings. •The increasing complexity of the internal design, the interconnections of which multiply from the need to provide links among the functionally diverse areas of the prison.

ÂŤThe end of punishment is no other, than to prevent others from committing the like offenceÂť. Cesare Beccaria

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE THE OVERVIEW OF THE WORLDWIDE PRISONS

What could be taken as a real template and «instruction to the development» if not the examples, built and already passed approvation of their capability to deal with the contemporary issues of inprisonment by time. With no doubts, considering project cases examined lower, we should not forget about differences in mentality, political and social state of the country, legislative system, natural conditions and many other components, which gives to each place its peculiarity. Starting the survey from a particular case presenting the past attempts to create humanistic rehabilitation institution - Mettray Colony in France, all the cases would be observed and characterised according to the folowing categories:

LOCATION, BOUNDARIES, INNER ORGANISATION HOUSING CONDITIONS RELATIONS GUARDIAN/INMATE GREEN AREAS AND SPORT ACTIVITIES EDUCATIONAL AND WORK ACTIVITIES

METTRAY COLONY 1840 GUILLAUME-ABEL BLOUET

Was a private reformatory, without walls, opened in 1840 for the rehabilitation of young male delinquents aged between 6 and 21. There were around 400 inmates in total and the Colony was largely self-sufficient. Within it is included the Prison, the School, the Church, and the work-house (industry). The prisons at Mettray were perfect examples for Foucault. They showed the BODY OF KNOWLEDGE being developed about the prisoners, the creation of the 'delinquent' class, and the disciplinary careers emerging. The entrance to the square has the directorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house on one side and the preparatory school, where the instructors were trained, on the other. Ten identical, three-storey pavilions are arranged on the two sides of the square. These were referred to as houses and were the places where the boys lived and worked. There were workshops on the

Mettray. Lithographie A. Thierry 1844

ground floor where the boys who did not work in the fields learnt a trade. Besides the pavilions there were flower gardens, accommodation for visitors, stables, a farm with animals and extensive cultivated fields, and a quarry.

LOCATION, INNER ORGANISATION Extraurban. The layout of the Colony was characterised by a sense of order and community. From the entrance to the Colony a large central square, dominated symbolically by a chapel on one side, lies at the end of a long treelined avenue.

HOUSING CONDITIONS Each house was occupied by a family of 40 boys under the supervision of a young man (chef de famille) and his assistant (sous chef) specially chosen by Demetz and trained at the Colonyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own preparatory school.

RELATIONS GUARDIAN/INMATE The Colony was deliberately organised to imitate the structure of a family because it was felt that the failure of the boysâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; biological families was the reason for them to be sent to Mettray.

GREEN AREAS AND SPORT The whole complex was full of greenery and moreover was surrounded by forests, so that for enphasising even more the sensation of countryside village.

EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES There were workshops on the ground floor where the boys who did not work in the fields learnt a trade. The first floor of the houses functioned as a dormitory at night, with the boys sleeping in hammocks, and as a refectory during the day time.

Mettray. Boys working in the fields.

HALDEN PRISON HALDEN, NORWAY ERIK MØLLER ARKITEKTER Halden prison smells of freshly brewed coffee. It hits you in the workshop areas, lingers in the games rooms and in the communal apartment-style areas where prisoners live together in groups of eight. Halden is one of Norway’s highestsecurity jails, holding rapists, murderers and paedophiles. It has acquired a reputation as the world’s most humane prison. It is the flagship of the Norwegian justice system, where the focus is on rehabilitation rather than punishment.

PRISON OF MAXIMUM SICURITY Inmates - 250 Recidivism rate - 20% Total area - 26 000 sqm 104 sqm of total area/person

HOUSING CONDITIONS The Housing in the prison is presented by the single cells only, which stay closed just 3 hours per day.

RELATIONS GUARDIAN/INMATE 1Guardian per 1,36 inmates Guardians playing the role not only sicurities but also sociologists, psychologists and emotional support for detainees,

GREEN AREAS AND SPORT All the buildings are situated in the green area. There is big gym with climbing wall and gym machines, built by inmates, football and volleyball fields in the yard.

EDUCATIONAL AND WORK ACTIVITIES Different qualification carpentry, cooking, Carpentry,

furniture

courses:

construction,

metalworking, and car repair, pottery workshop, restaurant service.

WEST KIMBERLEY REGIONAL PRISON AUSTRALIA TAG ARCHITECTS

In 2005, Kimberley Aboriginal Elders were asked to consult with their communities to determine what an appropriate prison might be for their people. The results of this report became the basis for the design of Australia's first culturally appropriate Indigenous prison.

PRISON OF MEDIUM AND MINIMUM SICURITY Inmates - 158 Recidivism rate - 20% Total area - 122 000 sqm 770 sqm of total area/person

HOUSING CONDITIONS The Housing in the prison is presented by 47 units with 6-7 inmates, divided according to the race, age and nationality.

RELATIONS GUARDIAN/INMATE Prisoners and prison officers walk the grounds together. Guardians playing the role not only sicurities but also sociologists, psychologists and emotional support for detainees,

GREEN AREAS AND SPORT All the buildings are situated in the green area. Focus of the recreational activities is in the center, in the green oval, containing soccer field.

EDUCATIONAL AND WORKACTIVITIES Inmates generally works in agricultural sphere.

JUVENILE DETENTION OVERLOON, NETHERLADS UARCHITECTS

The open structure stimulates the daily shifts between living, learning and recreation. The client asked for a building which should help the youngsters to return to society, because the youngsters only stay for a while. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a time-out. The design does not express permanency but the opposite: it is an expression of temporality, like the stay of the youngsters.The concept aims at an open, transparent building between the closed prison and the outside world. Visitors can throw a glance at prison life and the youngsters can look outside, at society to which they will later return.

PRISON OF MEDIUM AND MINIMUM SICURITY Inmates - 40 yongsters Total area - 18 500 sqm 460 sqm of total area/person

HOUSING CONDITIONS The Housing in the prison is presented by 47 units with 6-7 inmates, divided according to the race, age and nationality.

GREEN AREAS AND SPORT All the buildings are situated in the green area. Focus of the recreational activities is in the center, in the green oval, containing soccer field.

EDUCATIONAL AND WORKACTIVITIES Inmates generally works in agricultural sphere.

NEW STATE PRISON IN EAST JUTLAND DENMARK

FRIIS & MOLTKE. The model for the State Prison of Eastern Jutland placed emphasis on three founding principles that correspond closely to the penal philosophy of the New Generation Prison: sectioning, normalization and re-socialization. Objectives of the new prison: - Greater security than in the existing closed prisons - Improvements in imprisonment and treatment options - An improved working environment - Greater flexibility - Reduced running costs One of the most important requirements is that the new prison should provide opportunities for separating (groups of) inmates, enabling the prison to cope with changes of regime over time, as well as providing modern, up-todate forms of treatment and employment in a contemporary architectural design.

PRISON OF HIGH SICURITY Inmates - 228 Recidivism rate - 25% Total area - 650 000 sqm Built area - 28 500 sqm 125 sqm of total area/person

LOCATION, INNER ORGANISATION Extraurban It consistsof eight, fairly small buildings surrounded by a concrete perimeter wall, apart from which, there is not much to give the building away.

HOUSING CONDITIONS The Housing in the prison is presented by 5 buildings with 2 sections of the cells inside. Each cell host maximum 2 detainees.

RELATIONS GUARDIAN/INMATE Officers not only guard the inmates, but they also aim to ‘re-socialize the inmate’. The informal contact between staff and inmates is considered essential in this type of prison system.

GREEN AREAS AND SPORT ACTIVITIES The four normal sections and the community building are situated around a lake in the middle of the prison premises. All the territory is a huge park.

EDUCATIONAL AND WORKACTIVITIES Inmates generally works in workshops.

PENITENTIARY HEIDERING GERMANY HOHENSINN ARCHITEKTUR

The building designed by Josef Hohensinn, architect from Graz, Austria, is characterised by compact structures and short distances. Transparency is a determining design factor, and the colour concept takes up natural hues found in the environment. A glass corridor connects the three tracts housing the prisoners with the work, educational and sports facilities as well as the administration buildings.

PRISON OF HIGH SICURITY Inmates - 650 Recidivism rate - 33% Total area - 217 000 sqm Built area - 44 500 sqm 68 sqm of total area/person

LOCATION, INNER ORGANISATION Extraurban External perimeter is presented by two security walls, the space inbetween of which is used for transport communications, Inner space is completely free, the West Kimberley Regional Prison has a sense of openness. HOUSING CONDITIONS The Housing in the prison is presented by 3 residential blocks with the single and double cells only, which stay closed just 3 hours per day. RELATIONS GUARDIAN/INMATE Prisoners and prison officers walk the grounds together. Guardians playing the role not only sicurities but also sociologists, psychologists and emotional support for detainees, GREEN AREAS AND SPORT ACTIVITIES Apart from green surroundings and internal filelds the is a serie of courtyards. Prison is equipped with footbal field, athletic paths and jogging trails, smaller sport fields for command games.

EDUCATIONAL AND WORKACTIVITIES The central building of the complex is a workshop warehouse, where inmates learn to

BOLLATE PRISON BOLLATE (MI) ITALY

ÂŤWe like to think big. We listen to the needs of the prison population and study their future together based on a path of awarenessÂť. Prisoners of taste, or dinner in the prison of Bollate (MI). The InGalera restaurant is situated within the II House of Detention. The project is to Augusta Comi and terraced properties from three major brands of Italian design: Alessi, Artemide and Pedrali. The social value of the transaction is a professional training which offers a concrete future detainees (photo Andrea Guermani).

PRISON OF MEDIUM SICURITY Inmates - 1100 Recidivism rate - 12% Total area - 138 000 sqm 125 sqm of total area/person

LOCATION, INNER ORGANISATION Extraurban The prison is located on the perifery of Milan, close to the fair site, accessible by means of public transport. The inner territory is devided on big blocks according to the containing programs and assigned level of security.

HOUSING CONDITIONS Double or single cells. Showers on the floor

RELATIONS GUARDIAN/INMATE Prisoners and prison officers walk the grounds together. Sometimes they make competition football matches with prisoners.

GREEN AREAS AND SPORT ACTIVITIES The sports activities are various, there are football field, swimming pool and smaller recreational courtyards.

EDUCATIONAL AND WORKACTIVITIES Inmates of Bollate prison can get secondary and higher educaion during their sentence. Almost every datainee is involved in work activities, which are paid and are assigned according to the personal predisposition.

SUMMARY PRISON, LOCATION, ARCHITECT

NUMBER OF INMATES

TOTAL AREA, SQM

AREA PER PERS, SQM/P.

RECIDIVISM RATE, %

250

26 000

104

158

122 000

772

18 500

460

258

650 000

2519

650

217 000

334

125

67*

HALDEN PRISON Halden, Norway Erik MÃ¸ller Arkitekter WEST KIMBERLEY REGIONAL PRISON Australia TAG architects JUVENILE DETENTION Overloon, Netherlands Uarchitects

NEW STATE PRISON IN EAST JUTLAND Denmark, Uarchitects PENITENTIARY HEIDERING Germany, Hohensinn Architektur BOLLATE PRISON Milano, Italy

1100

POGGIORRALE PRISON

2120

Naples, Italy

138 000

67 000

Location, inner

Housing conditions

Green areas and sport acitivities

Communi cation

distribution

Extraurban, free distribution, just external limits

Single cells

Extraurban, free distribution, just external limits

Small clusters: 6-7 inmates

Extraurban, free distribution, transparent external boundaries

Single or double cells

Working activities

Single or double cells

big park

Football, basketball, volleyball

sport field, gym Tennis, rugby, volleyball, football

sport field, pond,

Extraurban, free distribution, just external limits

Double cells

Extraurban, free distribution

Single cells

Urban perifery, semi-free distribution

Single or double cells with shower

Primary, secondary and higher education

Tennis, rugby, volleyball, football

Urban. Fractioned by walls area

12 people in cell. No shower

Agression and humilation. No common spaces

Tiny courtyards. No greenery. 1 basketball field

green areas Volleyball, basketball,football

sport field, gym Tennis, rugby, volleyball, football

sport field, gym

Educational center attended by 1% of detainees

*Statistic data from Ministero di Giustizia Italiana, year 2015

NEW HORIZONS The prison as an instrument of detention passed long and contradicting life. Historically grounded appreciation of its state of punishment eradicate itself with a failure of its varieties. Upbringing and education is a keywords for the 1. Failure of any kind of rehabilitation was caused by excessive prison size, overbearing security and supervision and gross overcrouding. 2. Prisons must be flexible, environment and scale should be as “normal” as possible 3. Internal layouts should afford maximum contact between stuff and inmates to allow as much individual contact and treatment as possible 4. Better security systems and zoning should allow for more individual freedom within the institution 5. Easy supervision of inmates was not the only goal 6. Prisons should be within centers of population 7. More sophisticated methods of assessment and evaluation of a prisoners’needs had to be devised, possibly resulting in alternative means of remedial treatment such as community service.

PROJECT CASE CASA CIRCONDARIALE POGGIOREALE

LOCATION NAPOLI DISTRICT POGGIOREALE

HISTORIC O

CAL CENTER OF THE CITY

CENTRAL STATION GARIBALDI

NAPLES SEAPORT CASA CIRCONDARIALE POGGIOREALE Poggioreale prison

CENTRO DIREZIONALE

Naples business center

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

On the right: Naples, 1835

The area of Poggioreale district in the early XVIII century was flooded a represented swamps. Zone was connected with a strada Vecchia. Construction of prison in the district of Naples’ Poggioreale have started in 1905 to address the overcrowding of prisons of that time: Vicar, now Castel Capuano, the Carmine prison and Forte Vigliena. It was built to the east of the city, folowing already existing project of the Bourbon kings in an unhealthy and marshy place and, for this reason, not considered by the urban plan of Pedro de Toledo (XVI century) - as a developing area of the city, directed, however on the western side. The location was ideal as a hunting lodge for the presence of migratory birds that are well suited to the territory half marsh and half agricultural. A land reclamation took place completely only after 1884 as a result of the cholera epidemic that hit Naples. Remediation had already been undertaken, in fact, between 1830 and 1844 with the creation of the Central Station. The new a prison was naturally encompassed into urban development of the eastern part of the city in the early decades of the twentieth century with the rise of large markets (fruit orchard, fish, debris cd. «Burglary» - the municipal slaughterhouse, the commodity exchange ), the cemetery and the sea, with the development of the great naval docks, refinery, rail deposits, the Vesuvian railways and the port customs. During the First World War, 1915-1918, some pavilions were occupied by military troops and had been temporarily changed the use of their allocation. They were also carried out works to adapt the structure to new needs. The troops was caused to many damages to the building and therefore further work was subsequently required for restoration, assigned to the company «Scotto di Tella». The church was completed, however, only in 1924. Poggioreale, was constructed to receive roughly 700 prisoners from the jails of the Vicar, the Carmine, Castel Capuano already, Forte Vigliena.

Pic. 1. View on the Poggioreale district in the past

It plans to cunicolare type cells of two meters by two meters by two meters - therefore absolutely individual - but was later turned into a structure with long dormitories in order to accommodate a larger number of prisoners. In the first half of the forties, and after the war, the prison population reached 7,000 units. Crowding, during the war, also depended on the presence of numerous political prisoners and traders of "black market" (welldescribed phenomenon "Naples Millionaire" by Eduardo De Filippo). Poggioreale occupies an area of 67,000 square meters (the Office District of Naples is about 220,000). The structure consists of eight main buildings - pavilions - now intersected by a long connecting corridor. The wards took, over time, the name of Italian cities: Naples, Milan, Livorno,

Genoa, Turin, Venice, Avellino, Florence, Salerno, Rome - born as a women’s prison, Italy. Later it was realized the pavilion «S. Paul «- that is, the Diagnostic Therapeutic Center, the hospital of the prison that now collects patients coming from other prison facilities. In 1983 the area that housed the sheds used to detainees processing, was converted classroom bunker for the celebration of the «Tortora» process, then divided into 4 bunkers classrooms. In 1998 is a connecting tunnel was built between the Institute and the new courthouse, over 900 meters long. The area housed, as evidenced by Alessandro Baratta, the Real Villa of Poggioreale. It was built during the period when Naples was dominated by the Aragonese, it is undoubtedly one of the most significant examples art of Italian gardens during the fifteenth century.

ARCHITECTURAL ANCESTORS BRITISH ROOTS

Design of the Poggioreale prison apart from taking its origin from typical victorian prisons, has its ancestor in England. Royal Herbert Hospital was built in 1865 as a restorative facility for British veterans of the Crimean War. It was situated in southeast London, on the south side of Woolwich Common, on the western slopes of Shooter’s Hill, in the Royal Borough of Greenwich. The hospital was built on the authority of Sidney Herbert, responsible for sending Florence Nightingale to the Crimea, leader of War Office reforms after this campaign, and passionate about health care and reducing military mortality rates from diseases and ill-treated war wounds. Designed by chief architect

Prison Poggioreale, Naples, Italy. Plan scheme.

Sir Douglas Galton (of the Royal Engineers) It utilised a new approach to open planning, and was based on the revolutionary ‘pavilion’ design whereby each ward was connected to a central corridor to maximise daylight and fresh air intake. Nightingale explained: «All the wards are raised on basements, those at the lower end of the ground are so lofty as to afford excellent accommodation… Every ward has a large end window, commanding beautiful views.» Enclosed in 19 acres of landscaped gardens, and sitting adjacent to the ancient Oxleas Woods and Royal Artillery Barracks in Woolwich, the hospital quickly became a design figurehead for dozens more hospitals, both public and military.

Royal Herbert Hospital plan scheme

URBAN CONTEXT The District Prison Poggioreale occupies a total area of 67,000 sqm (whereas the adjusent Office District of Naples - about 220,000). The District Prison Poggioreale essentially accommodates detainees awaiting judgment, but for some years, due to the overcrowding of Italian prisons, some prisoners with final sentence.

INDUSTRIAL ZONE

CENTRO DIREZIONALE

CHURCH

PUBLIC

ON PRIS E L REA M GIO POG 7000 SQ 6 ES MAT - 1350 N I 0 212 PACITY CA

PROSECUTOR OF NAPLES CIVIL AND CRIMINAL COURT OF NAPLES

HIGHWAY

INDUSTRIAL ZONE

CENTRAL STATION OF NAPLES

RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD

ALBRICCI STADIUM

tram line

M B

Stops of public transport (metro, bus, tram)

Pic. 1. Children playing in front of the prison wall. Via Francesco Lauria

VIA FRANCESCO LAURIA The border line with busuness center CENTRO DIREZIONALE, build in the beginning of 80s by project of Kenzo Tange. Numerous skyscrapers, some of which are the ones of the highest buildings in Italy, contains plenty

active

programs,

which

creates

continious circulation of people and bustling environment.

CHILDREN PLAYING

SKYSCRAPERS

GREENERY ACTIVITIES

CAFE

OFFICES

Pic. 1. View on via Serafino Bescardi, ending with a Parrocchia di San Carlo Borromeo, arch. Kenzo Tange Pic. 2. ÂŤDistrict of JudiceÂť. View on the Civil and

VIA SERAFINO BESCARDI

Or in other words - ÂŤstreet of judiceÂť, gathered on its coast all juristic institutions and it has its explanation. With time and developing urbanisation, to Poggioreale prison was given the role of the institution only for detainees awaiting for Judgment but due to overcrowding of penetentiary system, the detainees with final sentence was continuing to arrive here.

CHURCH JUDICE

CITY COURT KEY WORDS

View on the main entrance of Poggioreale prison.

VIA POGGIOREALE Poggioreale street is the oldest street of the eponymous district, to which the visitors entrance of Poggioreale prison opens its doors few times qa week. Every morning it sees the endless queues of detaineeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s relatives and friends, spending hours to see their people.

PUBLIC ANXIETY

DECAY

ABANDONED BUILDINGS

Pic. 1. View on the underground Corso Malta Pic. 2. View on the cross of via Porzio e via

VIA GIOVANNI PORZIO Noisy industrial street with opened underground passage of Corso Malta, by the end street transforming into the highway. No programs, no particular activities, there are two stops of the bus line.

NOISE

UNDERGROUND HIGHWAY

RESIDENCES

PROGRAMS AND OPERATION SYSTEM OF THE EXISTANT PRISON TRADE CENTER

WAREHOUSE

(out of prisons’ property)

ard

isc oB

fin era S a

GATE 5

New detainees’ access

GATE 4 Workers’ access

GATE 3 Medical cars’ access

FACILITIES FOR

GATE 2 Medical cars’ access

ARRIVAL OF DETAINEES

GATE 1 Main public access

CELLS FOR PRISONERS WAITING FOR JUDICE

MEDICAL CENTER

PUBLIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING

CHURCH

WORKERS’

CELLS

BLOCK

WORKERS’ PARKING

WAREHOUSE via F ranc e

sco L

auria

GATE 6 Workers’ access

GATE 7 Loading access

rz Po ni

an iov G a

vi via P oggio

reale

GATE 8 Lawers’ and media access MEDIA AND LAWERS BLOCK EDUCATIONAL

CANTEEN

BLOCK

WAREHOUSE

Pic. 1. Overcrowded cell. Photo of Valerio Bispuri Pic. 2. All thts left of the sport field. Photo of Valerio Bispuri

LOCAL ISSUES Apart of being overcrowded, Poggioreale prison as many others prisons in Italy has plenty of problems, wchich can be resolved by means of architecture.

OVERCROWDING

STAGNATION

According to the italian law minimum space for 1 person in prison should be no less than 9 sqm.

Instead of re-education, still putting more and more prisoners in a system of lawlessness.

In Poggioreale Prison it’s less than 2 sqm. 8M

22 HOURS

IN THE CELL

«HORISONTAL LIFE»

INEFFICIENCY

No working or educational activities. No

The «price» which the government pays every day for each prisoner in Italy - 124, 86 euro, and gets nothing back.

productiveness.

Pic. 1. One of the courtyards. Photo of Valerio Bispuri Pic. 2. inbetween the walls. Photo of Valerio Bispuri

LACK OF SPACES, ABUNDANCY OF NONPLACES SECURITY FENCES Infinity of the protective walls deviding spaces on million useless parts. Connections which doesn’t work. Communication which doesn’t exist.Tiny courtyards and just 1 sportfield in the block where prisoners stay temporaraly.

GREEN SPACES, SPORT AND RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES Absence of green spaces, lack of public zones... Just walls and concrete - perfect soil for the growth of the fear and agression.

TELEPHONE POLE Which doesn’t ring.. Typology, historically created to connect all the cells, serves only as another partition deviding tiny courtyards.

STRATEGY

Illustration of Francesco Chiacchio

CREATING MENTAL SPACES

Prisons cannot be isolated from their social

imprisons him. Logic and experience clearly show

context - not in aesthetic and urbanistic terms,

that the thesis of social adaptation propound by

and not in terms of general process of social

the dominant society cannot, save in exceptional

change, emancipation, democratization and the

and marginal cases, be successful, even if it

basic exigencies of life, which inevitably condition

involves modern professional methods [8, p. 7].

the standards expected also inside prison. The

Such approach may create an institution which

illusion is perpetuated that it is possible to re-

works in only way - as a time bomb, which make

adapt to community pattern of life individuals who

prisoners, enclosed within the walls of inequality

have been excluded by these communities and

and supression accumulate agression and anger,

maintained in an artificial setting where everything

so that giving to the society nothing but raised rate

emphasizes the fundamental inequality between

of recidivism and overcrowded prisons.

prisoners and ÂŤothersÂť. [8, p. 7]

So that the key solution would be change of the

Certain categories of offenders should remain

social and functional model of the prisons - we

in custody in closed institutions, however, while

should make society enter inside. There is no

the imperative of control continues to require

personal growth without relations with outside world.

an institution secured against unwanted coming and going, it does not necessarily exlude some interaction between the world inside and the world outside. [8, p. 7] Expanding physical spaces, we expand the mental ones. Prison should finally arrive to the city. What is needed is a closed institution, but unlike in the past, the problem is complicated by the need for a community interaction. It is where two societies face each other more or less openly: that of the prisoner and that which

Prisoners never take responsibility, somebody else is guilty for the things they have done. The interest societies now have in the problem of prisons seems to come from a more or less clear perceptio of this hiatus of ideas at the level of i,ages, of the meaning of that closed space and the role of the different actors in it:

CITIZENS JUSTICE PRISON ADMINISTRATION PRISONERS

M.C.Escher. Metamorphosis III. Excerpt 2

FREEDOM IS A STATE OF MIND

MAIN PROJECT PRINCIPLES

FREE PERIMETER Labyrinth of walls leads only to the death of spaces and expenditure of ground resourses. Free internal space with minumum of life facilities.

SPORT ACTIVITIES Sport activities is needed not only for the health and well being, but also to get rid of agression and negative energy.

DECENT LIFE CONDITIONS Single or double cells, common spaces and open areas, corresponding to the existance minimum.

COMMUNICATION The key for the rehabilitation is an interaction. With guardians, with outside world and with other prisoners.

WIDE CHOICE OF WORK ACTIVITIES

IMITATION OF THE NORMAL LIFE

Work makes people humane, make them accept control, authority and grow the sense of responsibility. Working detainees makes a prison - self sastainable institution.

The imitation of the real life inside the prison proved its efficiency on the international examples

Escher. Towers

CURRENT STATE

DESTROYED BY MAGMA

RESULTED BUFFER ZONE

PUBLIC SQUARES Prison is not a black spot on the urban tissue. City enters inside and the BUFFER zone provides devices for its communication with the prison.

BUFFER ZONE THe new belt - an instrument for the communication, education, work and leisure, the step to the personal growth, responsibility and future.

EXISTANT PRISON - CORE Historical legacy of XIX century “telephone pole” blocks of prison are preserved and embraced by MAGMA volume.

EXISTANT PRISON - PERIFERY Inbetween the walls, in the buffer zone space, existant buildings would survive selectively, only strongest and tallest would ren=main as irelands on the surface.

RELATION TO THE CITY

OPEN

SEMI-OPEN

PUBLIC SQUARES

PANORAMIC WINDOWS

Orginised in the places of high social activity and the maximum intersection of people flows.

In the public spaces opened for the ciizens and general audience, creating visual contact with the city. Windows are made of chemically hardened glass.

SEMI-CLOSED

CLOSED

SMALL WINDOWS

THE WALL

For the entrance of the natural

Bind border, untouched tissue

light to the public spaces with

of the existant Poggioreale

the presence of detainees only.

prison walls.

BEFORE. ABRUPTION

AFTER. DIFFUSION

city enters to the prison

Street scanning via Poggioreale. New facade

SECURITY DEVICES

Since there are plenty spaces with no protection of strenthened walls and the external walls are just 1,9 meters higher than rooftop level, proper means of protection should be provided, such as electronic barriers with the sensors put in the recess of the existant walls (which initially were used as a corridors for guardians). The active power supressing escape of the detainees could be realised by different means of protection:

injection of the sedative from the braclets, put upon arrival

electric discharge

automatic spraying of paralyzing gas (or any other substance)

Any of this methods (or all together) would leave prisoner motionless till the arrival of guardians.

+8.70 +6.90

100

THE WALLS ARE INVISIBLE

Buffer belt is a zone of diffusion, but borders DO exist, internal protected boundary, every its opening - with its check point, devide zones of public presence and prisonersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; activities. Even though in some point they can overlap.

AND IT IS WHERE COMMUNICATION TAKES PLACE.

INTERNAL BOUNDARY

101

102

SPORTS AND EDUCATIONAL BUFFER BLOCK OF PERSONAL TRAINING

Education is a key to the self growth and one of the steps to the acceptance of the authority and control, subsequently acceptance of the contemporary society system. Every buffer has its «door» to the city, in this case - there are square equipped with a public tribune, hiding below it shops and bar, oriented on the prison’s showroom trigger space, exposing best works of detainees.

MAIN DEVICES high school

sportfield 5x5 players

university

basketball field

library

valleyball field

religious practices

gymnastic hall and gym

103

104

SECTION A-A

LIBRARY Work, information, connection with outside world through books, movies

GYM AND TRAINING FACILITIES Gym machines, gymnastics, boxing ring - activities to stay healthy and get rid of negative energy.

UNIVERSITY

106

Education in the prison - is a base for acceptance of authority, control and growing of self-responsibility.

SHOWROOM “Activation button” of the new open city prison. Best prisoners’ works put up for public display

SPORTFIELD/ FOOTBALL 5X5 Semi public sport facility, where prisoners can invite their relatives and friends on the match.

STAFF BLOCK Since communication between the staff and detainees is direct one, their facilities are reduced to the minimum.

109

110

CREATIVE BUFFER ARTISTIC ATIVITIES

Creative buffer provides an social and artistic development of the detainees, working on the exhibitions devoted to the human rights and society laws will make understand the roots of their mistakes, theater perfomances and mutual workshops would make express themselves, its fears, emotions and daily problems. Or maybe somebody would find itself in the art of cooking ..?

MAIN DEVICES theater

restaurant

museum of civil rights

bakery shop

artistic workshop

via Francesco Lauria

Naples business center

111

112

SECTION B-B

RESTAURANT For detainees - work in cuisine, acquirments and future perspectives , for visitors - extravagant place to try dishes cooked by prisoners under the guidance of professional cook.

THEATER The multifunctional artistic spase, formed on the place of the exchurch, which have been used in social and communication purposes, instead of just religious.

PASTRY SHOP Prisoners learn art of the sweets production, and the result of their work is sold in the pasticceria shop on one of the squares.

MUSEUM OF CIVIL RIGHTS Museum devoted to the history of inprisonment, development of the social rights and growth of humanity, maintained always by the detainees

117

118

PRODUCTION BUFFER HAND WORKING ACTIVITIES

Production buffer is not only the core of hand working activities but also the main supplier of the food, furniture, clothes, instrument, gym machines and other elements. The presence and active work of this block would make prison a self-sustainable institution. The most responsible and good behaviour prisoners works in the open public market selling the goods, growned in the roof farms or created on the workshops.

MAIN DEVICES farm

wooden workshop

food and production market

metal workshop

orangery

leather workshop

via Giovanni Porzio

underground passage

Residence building

119

120

SECTION C-C

121

FARM The products, grown in the farm are used in prisonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s canteen, restaurant and can be also selled on the market.

FOOD AND PRODUCTION MARKET The public space, where the food, plants and other goods, produced in the prison can be selled to citizens. Direct communication with the city.

ORANGERY Exposition of the plants and flowers, grown in the farm of the prison.

125

BIBLIORGAPHY

1. BECCARIA, Cesare, 1764. Essay on crimes and punishments. 2. DESII, Daniele. La citta ristretta. Alinea Editrice, Firenze, 2011 3. SPENS, Iona. Architecture of incarceration. Academy editions, Singapore - 1994. 4. FAIRWEATHER, Leslie, & McConville, Sean. Prison Architecture. Policy, design and experience. Architectural Press, 2000. 5. SOMMER, Robert. Tight Spaces: Hard Architecture and how to humanize it. Prentice Hall, 1974 6. FOUCAULT, Michel. Discipline and punish. Pantheon Books, - 1977. 7. JEWKES, Yvonne. Handbook on Prisons. Willan, - 2010. 8.

GENNARO,

Giuseppe.

Prison

architecture.

interantional survey of representative closed institutions and analysis of current trends in prison design. The Architectural Press Ltd, London, - 1975. 9. DE BOTTON, Alain. Architecture of happiness. Vintage International, USA, - 2008. 10. BACHELARD, Gaston. The poetics of space. Beacon press, Boston, - 1994. 11. GIOVANNI MICHELUCCI, Fondazione. Il carcere al tempo della crisi. Fondazione Giovanni Michelucci, Firenze, - 2013. 12. HART, Hastings. Plans and illustrations of prisons and reformatories. Russel Sage Foundation, New York, - 1922.