Common Ground. Community Market in Kumkapi, Istanbul. by Anna Kolmogorova

POLITECNICO DI MILANO DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING POLO REGIONALE DI LECCO

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING MASTERâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S THESIS Common Ground Market in Kumkapi, Istanbul RELATORE Prof. Roberto Francieri MASTER THESIS OF Anna Kolmogorova Matthias Wechsler Yogita Anandamoorthy APRIL 2018 1

All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by the copyright rules of Politecnico di Milano. 3

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We express our gratitude for the guidance which was contributed and the effort that was taken by the following persons: Professor Roberto Francieri Professor Gabriele Masera Professor Massimo Tadi Professor Angela Colucci Professor Filippo Pagliani Professor Paolo Martinelli Professor Funda Atun Ing. Alessio Conatantino Mirabella Yegena Architects Gehl Architects Merve Bacin and all the teaching faculty of Politecnico di Milano.

ABSTRACT

Built on many layers of the past, Istanbul is currently being challenged by fast urbanization, transforming it into an ever growing concrete city. The city is developing with different pace at different space though; leaving neighbourhoods behind and disconnected from the increasing welfare of the nation. At times, lack of funding, change of inhabitant structure and loss of traditional income sources initiate a downward spiral in these areas, culminating in ever worsening conditions. Kumkapi, a historical neighbourhood of greek and armenian Fisherman in Istanbul, suffers from such decay. Following the eviction of the native population, Kumkapi is majorly inhabited by different migrant groups now. The idea competition of the architecture platform ctrl-space invites to design a Community Market as step to reinforce the community and revaluate the neighbourhood. As the current situation results from various influencing factors on various scales, we propose to answer it with a set of different strategies. We decided to work in parallel on the scale of the city and the neighbourhood to reintegrate Kumkapi into its district and root the architectural design in its neighbourhood. Following a strategic suggestion of Gehl Architects, we enforce the link between the sea and the city center through the market, making Kumkapi a point of passage for the residents of Istanbul.  Utilising vacant tissues in the direct vicinity of the market, we aim at establishing a network of interconnected courtyards which increases liveability and variation. Analyzing different social groups which arrived in Kumkapi in several waves of migration, helped to define target groups to centre social strategies on. In order to ensure positive long term outcomes, user groups and managers of spaces were assigned responsible for specific spaces in the neighbourhood. We hope thereby the positive impact of ‘handmade urbanism’ can be carried into the neighbourhood and safe, attractive and accessible spaces for the community are created.

Special emphasis in the choice of functions was given on women as traditionally underprivileged group. This will facilitate the mutual knowledge of the woman of Kumkapi, their life chances and help to decrease scepticism among different ethnicities. In the dense fabric of Kumkapi, the scarcest urban resource is public space. This imposed the idea to create a market which hosts the required functions and at the same time remains public space. Folding the floor through a ramp continuously up, was the initial gesture to increase the accessible space for all residents. The urge to be contextual determined us to complete the city block at which’s corner the site is located. The thereby defined morphology was modified to facilitate the flow of people in and out of the complex. Assigning functions and user to the elements of the market rose questions of construction type and energy efficient use of the complex. Solutions, both structural and energetic were to be simple and feasible. Standards and user habits in central Europe, for which most energy efficient building solutions are developed, do not necessarily comply with Turkish customs and use. We searched for alternative energetic solutions in the set up oF The volumes, the design of the building envelop, its runtime and the choice to serving HVAC system. Subsequently, two types of building layout were developed and assigned to the functions according to their specific climate requirements. Thereby the expected energy consumption for the Kumkapi Community Market can be maintained reasonably low without importing sophisticated energetic solutions To users unaware of global climatic change. Common Ground is a project developed along the borderline between old and now, east and west, pragmatism and architectural concept. It is a project of compromises and in suspense.

0 INDEX

INDEX ACKNOWLEDGMENT ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION

4 5 12

I. KUMKAPI NOW INTRODUCING ISTANBUL INTRODUCING KUMKAPI KUMKAPI IN THE 20TH CENTURY ETHNICITIES CLASS/INCOME/AGE/SEX SOCIAL GROUPS AND THEIR NEEDS ATMOSPHERE/ NIGHT TIME INDUSTRY RELIGION FUNCTIONS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS COLOURS OF KUMKAPI STREET FACADES CURRENT TRAFFIC SITUATION II. URBAN INTERVENTIONS CONNECTION OF KUMKAPI TO THE SEA PROPOSALS FOR TRAFFIC CONTROL PROPOSALS FOR URBAN INTERVENTIONS SPACE ANALYSIS/ INFORMAL PATH THROUGH THE COURTYARDS REVITALISING LEFT OVER SPACES USERS AND MANAGERS OF SPACE MASTERPLAN

15 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

III. CASE STUDIES OTTOMAN HAN HAN TYPOLOGY ORGANIC FORMS COURTYARD FAÃ&#x2021;ADE PROGRAM BAAZARS IN ISTANBUL

63 64 66 68 70 72 74 76

IV. ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION/ SITE/ DESIGN GOALS CONSTRAINS CONCEPT PROGRESS FUNCTIONS/ ACCESSIBILITY BASEMANT PLAN GROUND FLOOR PLAN FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN SECTIONS

79 80 80 82 86 88 92 93 94 95 96

43 44 46 48 50 52 54 60

V. FAÃ&#x2021;ADE DESIGN FACADE WITH PERFORATED METAL PANELS BRICK WALL CONCEPT FUNCTIONS LAYERING OF FACADES FACADE WITH LAPITEC MAIN FACADE THE WALL

99 100 102 103 104 106 108 110

VI. A ROOF FOR KUMKAPI COMMUNITY ROOF CLIMATIC STUDIES STRUCTURE AND CONSTRUCTION DIMENSIONS

113 114 114 116 118

VII. RENDERS BIRD VIEW OPEN MARKET ZONE EXHIBITION BRIDGE/ ROOFTOP BAR VIII. DAYLIGHTING INTRODUCTION/ DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS WINDOW DESIGN APPROACHES/ REQUIREMENTS/ SOLUTIONS PERMANENT SHOPS BISTRO WOMEN EMPOWERMENT/ LIBRARY WORKSHOPS EXHIBITION ADMINISTRATION/ HADCRAFTING ROOM LAUNDRY/ FACILITIES/ TECHNICAL ROOMS X. SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN INTRODUCTION/ WEATHER CLIMATE SITE CONDITIONS INCIDENT RADIATION AND SUN PATH CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THE CLIMATE TIME AND DURATION OF USE FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS/ STRATEGIES SCHEMATIC ENERGY DESIGN TWOFOLD APPROACH LAYOUT OF HVAC SYSTEM

121 122 124 126 129 131 132 134 134 138 140 142 144 148 148 151 152 154 156 158 160 161 162 162 163

HVAC SYSTEM GROUND FLOOR HVAC SYSTEM FRIST FLOOR HVAC SYSTEM SECOND FLOOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION BASIC CLIMATE CONDITIONS ADVANCED CLIMATE CONDITIONS ENVELOP/ INTRODUCTION BASIC/ADVANCED ENVELOP INTERNAL INSULATION STRATIGRAFY EXTERNAL INSULATION STRATIGRAFY BASIC ENVELOP SECTION BASIC ENVELOP NODES ADVANCED ENVELOP SECTION ADVANCED ENVELOP NODES

164 166 168 170 170 171 172 172 174 176 180 182 184 186

XI. STRUCTURAL DESIGN INTRODUCTION MATERIAL AND STRUCTURAL SYSTEM CONSIDERATION ON EARTHQAKE DESIGN SLAB DESIGN BEAM DESIGN COLUMN DESIGN FOUNDATION DESIGN STEEL STRUCTURE

189 191 191 191 192 198 204 206 208

XII. APPENDIX GROUND FLOOR STRUCTURAL PLAN, SCALE 1:200 FIRST FLOOR STRUCTURAL PLAN, SCALE 1:200 BASEMENT STRUCTURAL PLAN, SCALE 1:200 SECOND FOOR STRUCTURAL PLAN, SCALE 1:200 SLAB SECTIONAL DETAILS BEAM SECTIONAL DETAILS COLUMN SECTIONAL DETAILS STRUCTURAL CALCULATIONS RESULT OF DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS

213 214 216 218 219 220 222 224 226 234

REFERENCES

240

INTRODUCTION

WHY KUMKAPI ?

A COMMUNITY MARKET IN KUMKAPI

We are three students from different cultures, countries, backgrounds brought to Lecco by the Master in Architectural Engineering at Politecnico di Milano. The track we chose to follow is itself an amalgam of disciplines and approaches to the global question on how to live.

A neighbourhood in Istanbul -Turkeys capital in all but name- shall be revalued through a market place on a 1300 m2 sized plot. The historical quarter Kumkapi was formerly inhabited by Greeks and Armenians, now majorly by different groups of immigrants. The project aims to deliver much more than facilities for the community. It shall be centre and reinforcement for the local community and a contemporary position to the theme of a market.

The ﬁnal thesis works as a lens, inviting to bundle these approaches and bring our knowledge and various training into one project. The brief of the competition we decided to work on, poses questions that our teams seems determined to try answering.

This project poses questions in alldisciplines our master covers: Starting from considerations on urban planning and design on different scales, the topic reaches to ethnicities and social dynamics in the communities inhabiting the envisioned architecture. Designing a market with several functions, further raises architectural challenges and asks for a conceptual answer on the contemporary role of a Market. In Istanbul, the project is located along borderlines of traditions and cultures. Turkey is in the midst of a transformation process which touches all aspects of human lives. This transformation did no pass Turkey’s building industry, which is searching for appropriate answers on environmental change. Engaging in this state of suspense and transformation excited us and makes the project a good ﬁt for us as students from East and West

HOW KUMKAPI ? Given the many different stakeholders and the current function as car parking, the program required by the competition’s brief is extended. Market Space - 550 sqm  A minimum of 30 sellers is established and Storage space for the Market Stands and a waste collection area should also be accounted for in direct proportion. Public Space - exterior, no ﬁxed Area  The needs of the neighborhood children and elder citizens that are most likely to beneﬁt from this new public space, should be kept in mind.

We decided to reduce the amount of space assigned for car parking drastically to around 450 square meter to avoid excavations on site. The loss in available parking space is countered through a parking strategy developed on neighbourhood scale and pedestrianization of roads which helps reducing car dependency permanently. Apart from slight adjustments, the program stated in the brief is implemented completely. Research on potential user groups helped to specify assigned functions and sharpen projects proﬁle.

Information Oﬃce - 50 sqm  Oﬃce for touristic information and centralized administration of the overall space. Teahouse - 150 sqm  With a 50 people capacity, this element will provide a more static moment and constitute a complement to the overall dynamic activities. A small kitchen and serving area should be included, as well as toilets. Community Workshops Areas - 100 sqm  Two classrooms are intended for artistic workshops, music classes and other creative workshops.  Exhibition Gallery - 100sqm  A space for public displays of local artists work and eventual communal activities. Sanitary facilities / Toilets - 50 sqm  In addition to gender-separated toilets, it is mandatory to consider the needs of disabled visitors. Parking – 1000sqm  As this new marketplace will be occupying a space presently used for automobile parking, these needs should be integrated in the new structure.

I KUMKAPI NOW

INTRODUCING ISTANBUL

Being the geographical border between East and West, Istanbul embodies cultural diversity like few other cities around the world. The city, formerly know to the world as Constantinople, capital of the Eastern Roman Empire was religious centre of the orthodox world. Architectural masterpieces such as Hagia Sophia and the Chora Monastery still speak of the cities Christian past. The conquest by the Ottomans marked the end of the middle ages and opened a new chapter to the old city, now called Istanbul. Fruitful cultural exchange between the ethnicities and international trade enriched the city further and turned it into a stage of successful cultural collaboration. The founding of the Turkish Republic in 1923 and the decision to make Ankara capital of the new state shifted attention away from the city at the Bosphorus. The subsequent three decades of economical recession coated Istanbul in tones of grey and decay. Leading the powerful growth of Turkey since the 1960ties, Istanbul grew immensely and increased its population from 1m inhabitants in 1952 to officially 15 m inhabitants in 2016. Many of which still live in informal settlements. The historical layout of the city, it’s vast expansion and a lack of planning turned Istanbul into a chaotic metropolis today. Being Turkey’s capital in all but name, Istanbul is stage of the country’s current search for it’s identity. Different social groups compete intensely for influence on the public stake and visibility. Last eruption of these conflicts have been the Gezi protests in 2013 during which large parts of the society protested against the increasingly authoritarian lead of President Erdogan. The protests displayed the vast discrepancy among generations and social groups which characterizes Istanbul. Current political tensions aside, this discrepancy may be part of Istanbul’s inherent nature. By location, the city is predestined to mitigate between the East and the West, the Formal and Informal, the Traditional and the Progressive. Istanbul is a place of contradiction and compromise and the stage of it is the public realm as well as libraries and universities.

INTRODUCING KUMKAPI

Kumkapi, is a neighbourhood in Istanbul’s Fathi district, which covers the historical peninsula between the Golden Horn and the Marmary Sea. Kumkapi (tr.: Sand Gate) was originally built by the Byzantine emperor Julian (AD 361-363) and later became the cities naval base. In recent times, Kumkapı is a neighborhood known for its central square filled with fish restaurants which lure in tourists. Outside this overflowing plaza is evidence of Istanbul’s diverse ethnic and religious origins. Still hosting a large Armenian population, it also possesses some of Istanbul’s most original churches and mosques. Kumkapı is the center of the Armenian community of the city, boasting a school and several churches. It is also where the seat of the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople is located. Towards the inland, a stark contrast in the upkeep of the buildings is visible. From ornate mosques and churches to run-down homes and shops, business spills into the street turning it into an informal shopping strip. Further away from the busy areas of nightlife and restaurants, Kumkapi presents itself as poor and decaying neighbourhood with a magnitude of problems, resulting in ethnic tensions among the groups. This leaves the residents with the desire to move away as soon as their financial situation allows for it. This ambivalent condition of Kumkapi is typical for Istanbul as a city of contrast with a tendency to produce different conditions in close proximity of space and time.

Kumkapi, City Map of Istanbul 1815

Project context, German map of Fathi 1914

Project site with historical building structure, Beyazit Pervitich map, 1932 All maps courtesy of Istanbulurbandatabase.com 18

KUMKAPI IN THE 20TH CENTURY

HISTORY

CHANGE OF INCOME SOURCE AND WORK

The historical neighbourhood of Kumkapi has developed steadily over its existence of 16 centuries. The nearby harbour provided work for fisher and dockworkers and the armenian patriarchate ensured the political importance. Although Kumkapi’s role in Istanbul did not compare to the one of Eminönü and Karakoy, where the more important harbours were located, it was a neighbourhood well established. Being inhabited mostly by Greeks and Armenians, it provided a safe space for the members of this minority.

During the 1950ties, several large infrastructure project started to disconnected Kumkapi from the sea which was the continuous source of life for the neighbourhood over centuries. A city-highway (Kennedy Cadessi) surrounding the whole peninsula created an eight lane barrier and added to the railway tracks which ran parallel to it. Thus the role of the sea and harbour for the neighbourhood declined without being replaced though a different main source of employment.

However several drastic changes introduced the decay of the neighbourhood throughout the 20th century. The changes touched all aspects of a working socio cultural network and pushed Kumkapi into despair. COMPOSITION OF INHABITANT STRUCTURE

In consequence, families which could afford it, left the neighbourhood, initiating a downward circle of income, education, and social adhesion. The new group of inhabitants lacked strong political lobby and therefore no political attention was payed to improve the situation of the neighbourhood.

The exchange of greek and turkish population from their respective countries during the early years of the Turkish Republic forced many Greeks to leave the country suddenly. In return, Turks from Greece were evicted from their place of origin. After anti-greek progroms in 1955, a second wave of Greek population emigrated from Turkey. Vacant homes were inhabited by local people and Turks from eastern Anatolia moving to Istanbul to find work.

“In 1952, Kumkapi was still a small fishing village and Istanbul was still a coastal city, surrounded by defensive walls. When the shore road was built a few years later, this pretty fishing harbour took on a completely different shape. But at the time no one know this would happen, no one guessed; neither the fishermen nor the fishing captains, nor the people of Kumkapi, nor I myself… That is, these black and white photographs may be the only witnesses to a long lost world.”

Ara Güler, harbour scenes in Kumkapi, 1952 and 1956 20

ETHNICITIES

Kumkapi has been inhabited dominantly by Greeks and Armenians till their eviction between 1915 and 1923. Subsequently the vacancy was filled by different migration flows over the following decades. Major groups of immigrants were identified by Castles, Ozkul, Cubas to be: Turks from the Anatolian East of the country, Kurds, and migrants from Iraq and Afghanistan as well as from African countries. The first to arrive in the 1920â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s were the Turks, followed by Kurds from the economically less developed South-East of Turkey. Due to traditional bonds in the choice of profession, most Kurds are involved in the manufacturing and supply of shoes. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, migrants from the Turkmen stats came to Kumkapi in the early 1990ties. Due to a relatively small language barrier, these people assimilated quickly and often found work in domestic services. The 1990ties further marked high trade in the textile sector and the so called Istanbul Moscow Textile Route was established. This sector offered further employment to the migrants from the Turkmen states. Following political instability and war in Iraq and Afghanistan, a second flow of migration brought Iraqis and Afghans to Kumkapi in the 1990ties. Their social status in the neighbourhood is low due to little cultural overlapping and a high language barrier. Since the 1990ties furthermore an influx of migrants from African countries was noted. These residents of Kumkapi often donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have permission to work and are associated with drug trafficking and organized crime. The general level of racism between the different ethnicities in Kumkapi was perceived as high by the scholars Derya, Ozkul and Magdalena Arias Cubas in their 2015 book on Social Transformation and Migration from which the above mentioned information derive.

Portrait of an afghan refugee man, Marmara Region, istanbul, Turkey, Eric Lafforgue

CLASS/INCOME The social class of the residents in Kumkapi is generally low. Dominant employment is the retail sector and manufacturing. Many residents seem unemployed or not in official employment conditions. Over the years, a social hierarchy between different ethnicities has been established, leaving the new arrivals worse of. The more assimilated groups (in language and appearance) rise in social status. Due to its precarious condition, Kumkapi became an arrival districts which residents leave if their social status allows them to do so. The poverty of the neighbourhood is contrasted by rich visitors of the Armenian religious complex. The project site currently serves as car parking for these visitors, since they live in other parts of Istanbul and only go there for religious activities. The significant difference in social status between the residents of Kumkapi

AGE / SEX The visibility of ages and sexes in the streets in Kumkapi is imbalanced. The most dominant and visible group is composed of men, seemingly aged 50 years or older. They occupy street corners and sidewalks, selling daily items displayed on blankets on the ground. The second most visible group were children in the age between five and ten, playing and chatting in the streets due to the absence of proper playing grounds. Many young men stood around or sat idle in tea houses, seemingly unemployed. Women were underrepresented in the streets though women of different age leaned out of windows and watched the scene. At certain hours, school children flocked in the street, recognizable by their school uniform. In remote areas groups of teenagers hang around. Tourists are not regularly visiting this part of Kumkapi.

Age and gender distribution of people on public spaces in Fatih. Data: courtesy of Gehl architects

Different social groups in Kumkapi

Street scene next to the site

SOCIAL GROUPS AND THEIR NEEDS

ARMENIANS Armenians are mostly visiting Kumkapi for religious activities while living in other parts of Istanbul. Due to discrimination and persecution in the late Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic, the Armenian Community tends to stay secluded and among themselves to ensure safety and maintain cultural distinction.

the residents, but also places are required where immigrants can maintain their own cultural traditions. We identified therefore a necessity for language teaching facilities and multi functional community spaces.

SHOPKEEPERS

Women are underrepresented in the public realm in Kumkapi and often observe the street life from out of their window. Women have to care for a variety of things in their individual households and have no designated places for leisure time activities or staying among them selves. This also relates to the disappearance of social institutions of the past in which women could meet. The central fountain in a Turkish neighbourhood was the place where women would meet and chat during daily activities. The improved living condition and water access in every house made the fountains obsolete and contributed to a fragmentation of women.

Shopkeepers have interest in a continuous flow of passer byes to sell goods. Since most sold goods are rather small, normal transporters are sufficient to supply them and no additional infrastructure has to be created. Shops and retail in Turkey is based a lot on personal connection between the sellers and the neighbourhood. Improving the walkability of Kumkapi would therefore support the shopkeepers. CHILDREN Children donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have safe and varied options to play but stay in the streets and play with whatever they find. Playgrounds for children are clearly needed to improve their safety and incentive curiosity and learning. TEENAGERS As well as children, teenagers are a disadvantaged group in Kumkapi. There are no sport or leisure time activities in which they could invest their sense for competition and energy. Teenagers require activity offers such as workshops, libraries or sport to develop individually outside of school. IMMIGRANTS Immigrant groups often have difficulties to communicate their needs and desires. Even if the language barrier is small, the interface to meet and interact with the existing culture is often small. Places are required where immigrants can get in contact with

WOMEN

We suggest spaces for women to meet and get together during daily activities. Furthermore we plan complimentary functions to relieve women from constant occupation ( laundry), kindergartens or daycare places can create situations in which women have free time and focus on hobbies etc. We envision Kumkapi to be a busy neighbourhood throughout the day with different user groups at different times. The design should therefore be open enough to be inviting for all user groups and allow different interpretation according to specific needs.

ATMOSPHERE

Kumkapi is a crowded neighbourhood during the day with a lot of pedestrian traffic in the bigger streets. People seemed to know each other and each others routine. The general impression is that of a poor, conservative area with curious and suspicious residents. While some people in the streets were open and interested in our presence and research in the main streets, we felt strongly unsafe and uncomfortable in smaller backstreet and closer to the seaside

NIGHT TIME INDUSTRY A few hundred meters east of the project site, but still in Kumkapi exists a vibrant night life scene. Along several streets Meyhanes opened. A Meyhane is a special kind of Turkish restaurant serving fish and Raki, a transparent strong alcohol. Although the consumption of alcohol is prohibited in Islam, the Meyhane tradition is an important aspect of Turkish culture, perhaps displaying some of the countries contradictions. A special kind of music belonging to Meyhane culture (TĂźrk sanat mĂźzigi) is played by small groups of musicians, wandering from one table to the next. The streets in which the Meyhanes are located are decorated and buildings of historical value were restored years ago. The characteristics of these streets, its specific function, the acceptance of alcohol and institutionalization of dishes and music create a strong identity which contrasts, yet belongs to the rest of Kumkapi. The combination of night time industry in Kumkapi, the nearby harbor and impoverished immigrants let a scene of prostitution rise. Especially women from the former soviet countries are pushed into sex work.

Woman meeting in Kumkapi

Liz Coughlan photography

Night time industry, Kumkapi

RELIGION Kumkapi offers a variety of different religious institutions in close proximity to the site. These institutions belong to different religions and reflect the diverse past of the neighbourhood. Most prominent is the Armenian Patriarchate in Istanbul which dates back to 1461 and hosts the Armenian Patriarch, spiritual head of the largest Christian community presently living in Turkey. The complex adjacent to the project site consists of a church, a school and community as well as sport areas. A high wall is surrounding and enclosing the complex. Outside the wall, but belonging to the complex lies the 19th century wooden palace of the Patriarchate and an unused community building. The Armenian buildings are old and of historical value both for their architectural significance and important religious role. Two small observation containers for policemen are placed at the entrance to the complex ensuring its safety. Furthermore there are several sunni mosques in close proximity to the site. The mosques are generally small and exhibit less refinement. Their role is limited to the neighbourhood. Unfortunately no data referring to the religion of the immigrated ethnicities or religious institutions is available.

Map showing the religious buildings in Kumkapi neighborhood

Views of Armenian Patriasrch

FUNCTIONS

Kumkapi offers a variety of functions characteristic for a mixed use neighbourhood. Ground floors of buildings are mostly turned into shops, often for daily goods. Additionally traces of mass production, mass sales and manufacturing can be seen, mostly of textile products. Street vending is commonly seen in Istanbul. Most vendors specialize in a group of products and decide individually which one would sell better or worse on that specific day at the specific place. Next to the project site lies an historical Hamam, a turkish steam bath. Hamam play a central role in Turkish culture as realm of hygiene, relaxation and for social contacts. Schools, administrative buildings and a police office equip Kumkapi with most functions needed to created a walkable, community oriented neighbourhood. In recent times, Kumkapi harbour has served the fishing fleets bringing their catches from the Back Sea and the Sea of Marmara. There used to be a thriving fish market in Kumkapi, but this has recently been demolished, ready for new developments. However Kumkapi is still known for its central square filled with fish restaurants which lure in tourists . Public spaces, unsealed surfaces and playgrounds for kids are missing dramatically though, because free space is usually utilized for car parking.

Hamam Kumkapi

Cafes, Kumkapi 33

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

The map shows the distribution of types of construction materials used in Istanbul. It is an interesting display of better and worse functioning neighborhoods. The predominant materials used are concrete shown in blue , and traditional masonry structures represented in yellow. It can be seen that the zones with masonry structures are areas with high livability which is demarcated with a red dotted line. Timber structures were used in the past. They are aesthetically pleasing to the eye however they are not recommended as Istanbul lies in the earthquake zone.

Building materials used in the neighborhood

COLOURS OF KUMKAPI

Kumkapi is a vibrant part of Istanbul. As much as itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s people, cultures and lifestyles shiver and change, the colours of Kumkapi are many. The buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s construction type is a mix of old and new, wooden, brick or concrete. The facades mirror the taste and style of its former inhabitants and the time it was build. The external layer of the buildings traditionally has been plaster or wood. Starting from the mid sixties, buildings were often finished with mosaics of small tiles, at times creating patterns or symbols. In recent years, application of polystyrene imitating wood or stone work are added to facades. As Kumkapi this in a state of decay, most buildings are covered with layers of dirt, decreasing the opacity of its former colours. We collaged facades to find predominant colours and chose a selection of them to lead our design while uniting it visually. Colours range from blue and green over intense red and yellow to brown, orange and grey tones. Often time and decay turned the colours into a sandy version of themselves. We decided to pick tree tones , a dark mint, orange and earthy red lead our design. In this configuration they resemble the colours of Kumkapi while introducing a more bright and hopeful touch.

Colours used in Kumkapi

Colours palette used

STREET FACADES ALONG THE SITE

SEVGI STREET

MOLLA TASI ROAD

CURRENT TRAFFIC CONDITION

The historic peninsula present itself with a wonderful skyline facing over the sea, however pedestrians entering it are met with a completely different reality. A harsh traffic environment tells the story of a city that prioritized vehicular traffic over pedestrians for decades. Gehl Architects, famous for successfully pedestrianizing inner cities with an eye on the human scale, were invited to analyze the historical peninsula of Istanbul in regards of their qualities for pedestrians and how their conditions could be improved. The extended study covered the distribution of social groups on the streets, safety concerns, quality of stay, existence of barriers and many more. The results together with strategic suggestions were published as book, which Gehl Architects generously allowed us access to. Traffic problems occur on different scales and stretch far beyond spacial concerns. Financial and societal conditions as well determine the traffic in the peninsula. People entering the historical peninsula are forced to do so through unclear and uninviting entry points. At these nodes, different forms of traffic meet and offer interchange. However the general layout of these entrance points is superhuman and the spatial organization lacks guidance and clearness. Main traffic arteries create boundaries which hardly can be passed safely and therefore pedestrians risk dangerous crossings. The high number of inhabitants and the concentration of workplaces in the city center create large flows of traffic which congest the streets on a daily basis. Planned infrastructure projects are expected to increase the number of vehicles in Istanbul, tensioning overall conditions rather than solving urgent traffic problems. If possible, vehicles often drive with increased speed, creating acoustical discomfort and danger for pedestrians.

Istanbul has a great potential for an abundance of fine grain structures providing ample and exceptional urban experiences and numerous options of routes. However, walking in the streets of the historic peninsula, the absence of an overall legible coherent pedestrian network is evident. Main problems for pedestrians are: - Lack of overall legible pedestrian network - Weak north-south connections within Fatih - Missing links to the waterfront - Complicated foot layout with narrow foot ways - Intrusive parking Apart from private vehicular mobility, Istanbul is equipped with an ever extending network of public transportation. Buses, Tram, Metro and Ferries connect the various centers of the city frequently. The lines of public transportation however, follow the same arteries through which the private vehicular traffic flows. Therefore public transportation is often not a faster alternative. A wide network of minibuses, (Dolmus) further covers the city. The yellow vans are privately owned and drive along predefined routs. Since they are much smaller than buses, dolmus also access the denser historical neighbourhoods. Not following a fixed schedule, the vans leave their starting point whenever full and the 7-9 guests exit whenever they want to simply letting the driver know that they would like to leave. Bicycle lanes in Istanbul are not existent and cycling is very dangerous due to the extended traffic. A small but growing number of inhabitants is requesting an improvement in the conditions for bicycle drivers and the municipality catches up slowly by implementing bicycle lanes. However this improvements are currently limited to richer neighbourhoods of Istanbul.

Main arteries within the historical peninsula of Istanbul

Traffic dominated streets

Interruptions in pedestrian network 41

II URBAN INTERVENTIONS

(DIS)CONNECTION TO THE SEA: THE GEHL LINKS The research of Gehl Architects suggests to link Ordu-Street in central Fathi to the water of the Marmara Sea and the Golden Horn. This connection could be established in several ways and include visual connections, bicycle lanes or lines of trees. These links to the water will allow pedestrians to orient more easily within the urban fabric and enjoy the beauty of the sea during everyday life. We embed the market in the context of such a suggested link because of its location next to an underpassage towards the sea. Our intention is that the market and its vicinity reinforces the link between Ordu street and the sea through its function as a point of attention and attraction.

In proximity of two kilometers around the project site, two pedestrian bridges cross the city highway. These are not suitable though to extend the suggested links towards the sea. For these reasons we decided to limit the extend of our project to Kumkapi on a neighbourhood scale rather than on a city scale. The Community Market addresses with its function local problems and will be an attraction point for the above mentioned Gehl link.However, it will not reach out till the water of the Marmara Sea.

Although we place the community market in the context of one of Gehlâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s links towards the sea, we donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t directly connect to the water as initially hoped. Research and a site visits gave the impression that the task of connecting the city to the water has to be part of a large scale project around the old peninsula. Currently, city and sea are disconnected by remainings of the old sea wall, rail tracks, a multi-lane city highway (Kennedy Cd.) and abandoned harbour lands stuck in unfinished refurbishment. Highway blocking the waterfront The rail tracks lead to the old station of Sirkeci and were abandoned a few years ago. Since then, architects and Urban Designers developed ideas on how to revitalize the connection between city and the sea, using the abandoned train stations as crystallisation points. These ideas were put to rest by recent rumors about the reuse of the tracks for regular train services. In 2016 an ambitious infrastructure project connecting the European and Asian side of Istanbul through a tunnel for private vehicular mobility was finished. West of the project lies the ferry port which attracts many travelers, but most of them reach the port by public transportation, taxis or shuttle buses though Kennedy Cd. 44

Bosphorous harbour

Maps showing streets that have a view of the sea

Pictures of streets that get a glimpse of the sea 45

PROPOSALS FOR TRAFFIC CONTROL

Extended analysis stood at the beginning of our work for a system of traffic control. We identified pockets currently used for parking in vicinity of the site. Observing the intensity and kind of the mobility on nearby streets helped to estimate their relative importance on a direct neighbourhood and city scale. In order to improve the situation of pedestrians in Kumkapi, our design aims to reduce the presence of cars. To achieve this, we need to locate high efficient parking structure at strategic points, which will replace the many small pockets around the site currently used for parking. Their placement needs to be in relation to key entry points and ensure close walking routs to potential destinies. We identified a police depot for storage of stolen goods near the main street and thought it to be and ideal place for parking. Further we considered to implement the idea of superilles (superblocks) from Barcelona in Istanbul. The approach from Barcelona foresees to unite nine city blocks into a common parking and traffic strategy. Traffic which does not starts or end within a superblock is guided past it on the blocks perimeter. The traffic density along the perimeter will increase while the traffic density in the streets of the three*three block superblock will decrease drastically. This allows to utilize the internal streets for public activities and higher spatial quality. The start is done with tactical urbanism â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a gradual trial and error method such as changing road signs. In later stages car, scooter, lorry and bus traffic will be restricted to roads in the super block perimeters. Vehicular mobility will only be allowed in the internal streets if they are residents or providing local businesses, and at a greatly reduced speed of 10km/h (typically the speed limit across the city is 50km/h, and 30km/h in specific areas). Eventually we decided to implement a blend of the parking strategy and adaptation of the Barcelona superblock: Traffic will be concentrated on some streets, while others are pedestrianized. Parking will be centralized to few efficient spots, leaving pockets free for revitalization. 46

PROPOSALS FOR URBAN INTERVENTION

STRUCTURES FOR DECAYING BUILDING Another idea was related to the historical buildings in the neighbourhood which in many casesare in very bad condition. Most of these historical buildings listed for restoration by the conservation board. However being made of wood makes them very vulnerable by the weather conditions and owner often speculate on the decay of such extend, that the imposed conservation rules don’t apply anymore. Then landowners don’t need to make expensive restorations but rather can build new cheap buildings. To tackle development, which in the long run damages the identity of Kumkapi, we thought about the application of temporary structures to support the abandoned buildings and keep them from further decay. In this way, the heritage can survive till enough money is acquired to finance the restoration. To further increase the sense of place, we had a unique design in mind which allows passer-by’s to recognise them. This could be achieved by painting the structure in a strong, recognizable red. Then Kumkapi can be understood and referred to as „the neighbourhood with the red scaffoldings“. Over the course of the years, the scaffoldings would disappear one by one, leaving renovated historical monuments and memory of ephemeral red dots in the cityscape. After discussing the idea with professionals from Turkey, the idea was considered unrealistic. The conservation board in Turkey is strict to a dysfunctional extend. Therefore the installation of the support structures would be architectural interventions of very hight costs that could not plausibly suggested. The western parts of Kumkapi with its Meyhanes and Restaurants has well conserved buildings. This map displays an interesting relation … We hope that the neighbouhood can revitalize its courtyards through local initiatives

Decaying buildings in Kumkapi

Existing ruins of buildings found in our neighborhood 49

SPACE ANALYSIS

The first step was to identify different types of spaces available for public use. Four different typologies were discovered after site analysis. SPACE A: Existing pocket spaces in courtyards (semi private areas) and other residual and interstitial spaces. SPACE B: Pockets for public spaces like empty plots used for parking lots. SPACE C: Empty areas which open directly towards the street SPACE D: State owned spaces related to the use of pockets assigned for public space. Subsequently, we analyzed essential functions required by the various groups of the community to assign functions according to proximity of groups in need.

INFORMAL PATHS THROUGH THE COURTYARDS Related to the urban embedding of the project, we discussed strategies to revalue unused spaces in the dense urban fabric. Many courtyards of housing blocks in the neighbourhood are currently unused. Property right intersected the courtyards into small parcels, often too small to be used with an actual function. Courtyards are not result of an active design process but the left over void of single building projects. While analyzing the condition of the buildings in the neighbourhood, we understood that every building block in the vicinity has some abandoned, decaying buildings in it. We considered to open up the courtyards though proper demolition of these -often tiny- buildings. With the help of local groups, courtyards could be made accessible and offer alternative routes through the blocks for pedestrians to avoid the streets. We propose to clean up the pockets we find and start an incremental process of change for the neighbourhood. The interventions can be participatory and organized by the community. Pockets can develop different characteristics according to what is found in place.

Eventually we dismissed this idea because we developed a different understanding about the quality of the courtyards. We saw that the courtyards offered a different character of privacy compared to the life of the narrow streets. Rather than opening up the courtyards as passages, we want to preserve this character of privacy. Driving engine for this have be local actors, bringing different stakeholders on one table to unify the dismembered plots.

Different categories of pockets create a network of informal paths through Kumkapi

REVITALIZATION OF LEFT OVER SPACES

Increased sense of ownership and identification of inhabitants with a space are often improved through direct influence of the people on their surrounding. Being able to create and design ones surrounding acts as momentum of emancipation for the. Organizing a centralized and efficient parking system in Kumkapi will free up left over spaces which we propose to turn into vivid urban pockets. Adjacent residents are invited to create the surrounding they wish for. Families with children can turn them into improvised playground, or refunction the space into a community terrasse. Slowly a new category of spaces will be established which lay between the strictly private, fenced and secured homes and the public space which is at times percieved as dangerous and impersonal.

Imagined change in left over urban pockets in Istanbul

PROPOSALS FOR URBAN INTERVENTION

The following strategies are main pillars of the reinforcement of Kumkapi, both as built environment and community: 1) Revalorization of courtyards 2) Upgrading of urban pockets. 3) Tackle fragmentation of social groups. Initiate shared activities and services to prevent skepticism between various group. 4)Invite cultural expression and provide community facilities. 5) Empower women. Provide facilities for participation of women in development and give them opportunities to learn the new trade. These strategies manifest as a system of courtyards in the masterplan. The various social functions are connected through public and semi public spaces which are managed by different local groups. An informal network opens towards the rest of the city, ready to be knitted further towards other neighbourhoods. The revitalization of neglected courtyards and pockets constitute a moment of empowerment and emanzipation. It will enforce the sense of ownership the residents feel for Kumkapi. Subsequently social adhesion might increase due to more frequent contact of different social groups, turning Kumkapi from a space of secptic mistrust into a vivid neighbourhood of mutual respect and trust.

SPACE ANALYSIS, USERS AND MANAGERS The surrounding neighborhoods of the site were important to analyze, because of their respective impacts on the interstitial spaces and future of the project site. Since the site is centrally positioned, different neighborhoods and people coming from diverse backgrounds, culture and traditions get in touch there. At first glance Kumkapi may appear to be cosmopolitan however the atmosphere is not a peaceful one. Kumkapi is composed of layers of silent violence and the various ethnicities and religious groups are dubious about each other. Old settlers accuse the recent immigrants about bringing 54

negative changes and the international immigrants complain about racism. To foster solidarity and host co-operation between various ethnic groups, we thought the best solution was to provide facilities needed by all groups to uplift their social conditions and entrust the people with shared responsibilities for the maintenance of these areas. It is important to understand the social complexity of actors and networks within the proposed neighborhood. Different sites might have overlaps on community interest, opportunity participants, operative environment, activities and funding resources. These overlaps highlight possible correlations, create stronger relationships and allowing more collaborative linkages with each other.

A system of coutryards 55

USERS AND MANAGERS OF SPACE

To identify the facilities and the co-shared spaces that can be used and required by the community we needed to identify the participants involved and stakeholders and what would be their role . Stakeholders- They are independent party that have interest or concern in an organization. Some stakeholders and investors can affect or be affected by organizations actions objectives and policies. Residents of Kumkapi- Social class living under existing poor conditions of house that requires maintenance social benefits and economic support. General Public- We defined the rest of the commons such as the local residents as the ordinary people in society who are not involves in any particular agenda and interest. For example we realized there was a lack of play areas for the children in the neighborhood. We thought that the schools could share their sports facilities. Some semiprivate courtyards could also be used as playgrounds and the woman of the neighborhood could manage the facilities. VEGETABLE GARDEN MANAGERS OF SPACES: Schools and Religious centers USERS OF SPACES: parishioners, pupils and their parents,residents Make Istanbul green again with parallel functions like food courts, teashops,and spaces for leisure activities

USERS AND MANAGERS OF SPACE

OLD AGE RECREATIONAL CENTERS AND DAY CARE CENTERS MANAGERS OF SPACES: Women and Relatives USERS OF SPACES: Senior citizens and children Senior citizens and children can monitor each other. Adults can teach the children various trades, tell them stories and kids can bring back youthfulness into their lives and educate them about modern technologies.

LIBRARY, FAB LAB, PLAYGROUNDS, SPORTS FACILITIES,LANGUAGE CENTERS MANAGERS OF SPACES: Schools and Religious centers USERS OF SPACES: Everyone from students, immigrants, adults, senior citizens, women and the general public Stake holders like schools, religious facilities and the government can invest in spaces like libraries and sports facilities and they can charge a small fee to the general public for their upkeep. LAUNDRY + COMMUNAL KITCHEN MANAGERS OF SPACES: Facility run by the Hamam USERS OF SPACES: Women Wells have always been gathering points for women to wash gossip and interact with each other. Thus we thought a laundry service was essential A communal kitchen provides as a source of income to the women.

THE FOUNTAIN (Kindergarten/Daycare/Playground; name inspired by the role a fountain played in womens lives ) MANAGERS OF SPACES: Women and school authorities USERS OF SPACES: Children and their parents. Local women can organize to take care of children collectively with changed shifts of responsibility. Every mother could take care of several children for one day of the week and be free for other activities during the other days.

URBAN MASTER PLAN / SCALE 1:500 60

III CASE STUDY

THE OTTOMAN HAN

INTRODUCTION The brief of the architectural competition by ctrl+space asked the participants to develop a contemporary interpretation of the millennia old typology of a market. Positioning a design in the history of a typology with such culturally important function is challenging and complicated. Before stating what a contemporary market in Istanbul is, we were looking at what a market has been throughout its history. Subsequently we assessed the gained knowledge and moulded it into a contemporary framework to inform our design. The research pushed us on the typology of HAN, which is one of Turkeys most important socio- economic architectural typologies. As hans belong to the ottoman architectural culture, it was introduced in Istanbul after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453. Hans are large structures where production and trade, both whole sail and retail come together. Currently there are 102 historic Hans in Istanbul. Although hans have lost much of their popularity, historical use and remain underutilized, their concept and program has a great potential for revialization and adaption.

HAN TYPOLOGY A han is an urban building that usually accommodates some or all of the following functions: hotel, storages/depots, wholesale and retail selling, production and manufacturing. Hans have been part of an urban network surrounding them and they have remained well connected to their context. Hans in Istanbul have evolved according to the needs of the occupants and the circumstances of their site. The main components are cell, portico and courtyard and the construction materials mud-brick, brick and stone. A han was usually associated with a guild of crafts64

men and equipped to satisfy its production needs. All esnaf (tr.: artisan, craftsmen) of one build were organized within the han, benefiting from proximity to neighbours and accumulated knowledge. This accumulation of traders and producers of similar products explains the reason behind common storage and the hotels or horse stands within a han: Traveling merchants bringing goods required for production in a han just need to approach one han in the city to unload and sell their goods. Hans usually follow a clear morphology without strictly sticking to it.

HABITANTS: ESNAF (ARTISAN) AND GUILD Habitants of hans are esnafs (artisans,craftsman and merchants.) During the Ottoman period, esnafs were organized into guilds, and this tradition is still functioning. All those who pursued in the same trade area, parts or whole of manufacturing the goods are members of the same guild. Hans are usually dedicated to the production, warehousing , wholesaling and retailing of a product. The artisans cover works of handmade jewellery, copperware, silverware, textile goods, chest and box making, antique repair etc.

Courtyard in Han

Photo credits-Walking tour Istanbul

Current state of Hans

HAN TYPOLOGY: ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS FORM AND PLAN Han typology in its origin is a 2 storey high, square or rectangular form with a courtyard in the middle that is surrounded by arched porticoes (revaks). The forms of hans in Istanbul differ from the early constructions. The regular rectangular forms of the plans were replaced with irregular organic forms aligned to the plot and street. Some hans have three floors with two or three courtyards, shaped according to the needs of active commercial life.

KOZA HAN, BURSA , 14TH C

KURKOU HAN, ISTANBUL , 17TH C

ORGANIC FORMS : KURKCU HAN (15TH CENTURY, ISTANBUL) Kurkcu han is an example of one of the first hans built in Istanbul. The han has two large courtyards with 48 shops on the first floor and 49 rooms on the second floor.Even though the second courtyard was morphed slightly due to the site topography.

Morphed to fit the site

COURTYARD

Courtyard is defined as the area surrounded by revaks at the center of the han. Originally the courtyards had rectangular regular forms, however in Istanbul due to the topography they became irregular trapezoidal forms with irregular plans. Depending on the purpose and the scale, hans had one two three courtyards. Spaces for goods, people and animals were separated in the hans which had multiple courtyards. Courtyards create the feeling of privacy and security by defining and surrounding the area and they function as circulation spaces. They have a complimentary role with the structure and their habitants relationship with the outside. The entry is the characteristic feature of the courtyard because the entry is never through a door but a gate. The semi circular stone arched entries are connected to the courtyards through barrel vaulted passages. The porticoes are another common feature placed on four corners of the courtyards.

REVAK (PORTICO) Revaks surround the four corners of the courtyard and their primary purpose was for circulation. The use of the revak has never changed with the evolution of the han typology. Two types of arches were commonly used in revaks, the pointed and the round arch.

FAĂ&#x2021;ADE

Facades are plain and humble in character: ornaments are not exaggerated. There are two distinct facades, the outer and the inner facade that is the connection of the building with the courtyard. Brick and stone are used as horizontal elements and windows, doors and arches are used as vertical elements. Portals entries, windows, arches and ornaments are revival components. Usually the facades are symmetrical and the inner organization of the han is reflected on the facades. In organic hans which are morphed to fit to their topographies the symmetry disappears.

ORNAMENTATION Ornamentation does not play an important part and are very modest. More importance were given to form and typology. There are no examples of the use of ceramics, marbles and coloured stones. Emphasis were given to bricks and were also used to ornament the windows.

MATERIAL AND STRUCTURE

Mud-brick, brick, rubble stone and stone are the fundamental materials of the organic constructions. Stone as a durable and solid material is commonly used in the Hans in Istanbul. Stone was preferred to be combined with brick and brick was the main cover material of the Hans. Loading systems are composed of walls, columns and arches. The openings are the same on both floors enabling the continuity of the structure. Cut stone was used as a line filler on the facade. Stretcher bond brick patterns gave both an aesthetic feature and also enhanced the static function by transferring the pressure in a homogeneous way. Columns and the carriers of the arches are made of stone. The columns and wooden posts were invisible. Arches are made of brick and they function in 72

transferring the weight of the roof covers that are composed of domes and vaults.

PROGRAM

Trade hans accommodate small scale manufacturing, ateliers, workshops (wholesale and retail),storage rooms and warehouses. Some hans also have mosques in their courtyards (such as BĂźyĂźk Valide Han in Istanbul). The rooms/cells are usually identical with an average size of 21 square meters. Originally the spaces spared for animals and people were treated differently. The basement or the ground floor was used for animals if it was not separated in another courtyard. The ground floors was also spared for storage, warehouses and shops. The upper floors were used for guest rooms, travelers rooms and offices.

Photo credits-Walking tour Istanbul

BAAZARS IN ISTANBUL

Istanbul has a range of bazaars and markets throughout the city that cater to just about every taste. Each neighbourhood has its own open-air market on a specific day of the week, where a wide variety of spices, fruit, vegetables, plants, pastries and more can be found at low prices. Markets and bazaars may also sell antiques, ceramics, rugs, paintings, toys and old books as well as clothing. Street vending is the flexible offering of products and services . Most vendors specialize in a group of products and decide individually which one would sell better or worse on that specific day at the specific place. The most well-known bazaars and markets in Istanbul are Grand Bazaar: This famous bazaar is probably the largest and one of the oldest covered markets in the world. Established at the end of the 15th century, it consists of thousands of stores selling jewelery, carpets and rugs from Turkey and central Asia, clothing, souvenirs, spices, Turkish delight , antiques, leather goods and food. The Grand Bazaar is also home to two mosques, as well as a number of cafĂŠs, restaurants, banks and a Post Office. Egyptian Bazaar : Also known as the Spice Market, this bazaar is located in the historic district of Fatih in EminĂśnĂź. It is the second largest bazaar in Istanbul, and sells different kinds of spices, dried herbs, herbal teas and medicinal plants. There are also dried fruits, nuts, oils and confectionery. Sometimes, during the summer period, this bazaar may be open on Sundays. Galatasaray Fish Market: One of the most heavily populated districts of Istanbul. The market mainly sells fresh fish and sea-food from the Sea of Marmara and elsewhere, but it is also possible to find plants, meat and cheeses, as well as vendors selling fast food.

IV ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION

DESIGN GOALS

A market is conceived as a reflection of its city acting as a filter of cultural activity. Everyone is invited into the open flowing spaces making a market as a catalyst for social and public interaction. Objective : The requirement of the Competition is to generate a remarkable example of architecture that is able to host a multitude of functions ,rescue the positive qualities of markets, generate an authentic public space and is able to positively impact the specific community where the project is located. It could be a structure that will informally perform as a cultural facility and is effective as a public space.

a)Creating a contemporary identity linked with the surrounding social environment. Ensure that design is part of the urban proposal of linking void epicenters to create a solid backbone structure which can serve as a path for cultural and urban development. b)Achieving a balance between functional and social mix. This involves identifying the local actors (users and managers) and providing a mix of functions corelated with the needs of the area to create a well functioning neighborhood. c)Adapt the current heritage to the present for the future. Istanbul is steeped with historical importance, a city of clashing cultures where East meets west. We have to ensure our design proposal relates. to existing buildings, within our built environment.

INTRODUCING THE SITE The site is located in Kumkapi quarter inside the walled city of Istanbul. Kumkapi is the example for a complex diverse socio-economic context, congested traffic system and unplanned leftover spaces. However, it possesses to turn the problems into potentials and become a solid case study for further development. The project area is a vacant lot used as car parking for the adjacent to the Armenian patriarch and covers approximately 1300 square meters. The plot is located at the intersection of the Armenian patriarch complex which consists of the most important Armenian church in Istanbul, a school and a sports area. Towards the north side of the plot is a Hammam and a now a defunct Armenian club house. The rest of the plot is surrounded by dilapidated residential buildings where the houses facing the streets have shops in there ground floor. There are two listed listed buildings on the site. The bigger 3 storey building dates back to the 20th century and the smaller building is of the Ottoman era. There is a belief that there was a secret route from our site to the blue mosque with ruins of both of the Byzantine and ottoman era lying below our site. Having studied the urban fabric and context surrounding our site,it has huge potential as a linking epicenter and act as a catalyst for social and cultural interaction. 80

CONSTRAINTS 1)We could not excavate the provided area because it is believed that there are ruins of the Romans , Byzantine and Ottoman Empire buried below as our site belongs to one of the most important churches in Istanbul. This allowed us to go only upto 1.8 meters below the ground level which is at the same floor level of the existing buildings present on our site. 2) We had to be very careful to prevent the existing buildings to be swallowed from the newly added structure.

The proposed site with surrounding buildings

CONCEPT

INCLINATION The design intends to avoid building multiple floors rejecting the regular model of a commercial center. In order to ensure that both the existing building and the market are perceived at first glance, we created a gently sloping ramp with the lower part towards the street.

ACCESS An important urban consideration of the project is to provide functions to the urban voids and link them together. This notion can also be seen in the market area where the main entrance opens towards the junction between the school, fountain and the main street. A subsidiary entrance links the residential courtyard, to the market and main street. Adjacent to the school, a ramp is provided for vehicular parking.

VOLUMES A hierarchy of spaces according to function is created by different levels. The more social and public spaces are allocated at 0 level. The market with its permanent building happens at +1.8 m and the gently sloping ramp links to the workshops and the outdoor cafĂŠ on the roof. To adapt the current heritage to the present , our approach was to evoke the memory of the past instead of mimicry. The new building follows the han-typology with courtyard and volumes aligning to the street. The volumes are shaped according to the needs of active commercial use. The sense of community is formed by merging people and space through formal and informal commercial activities that happen at different platforms. 82

RAMP There are two existing programmatic realities, structural spaces and flexible spaces. The volumes provide a background in which the flexible spaces unfold. The design is informed by the han-typology where porticoes surround courtyards shaped and dimensioned according to the needs of trade and production. Inclined planes and ramps are reinterpretations of the porticoes and create the increased sensation of public space. We intend to provide the visitors an experience similar to a stroll through a pedestrian road and mimic a variation of urban spaces from plazas to street scape.

COMMUNITY ROOF The vibrant market is protected from the elements by a roof which is composed of colourful aluminum and glass panels creating different variations of natural light. The roof resembles a woven Turkish carpet while the overlay of shadows tries to create the bustling nature of a Turkish bazaar.

PROGRESS

We tried many variations and combinations to achieve a suitable level of architecture that could adapt to both the social and historical context. We designed a building that acts as a blank canvas to give space for the vibrancy of the neighborhood, while maintaining its own identity.

Entrances oriented towards the main street Hierarchy of levels

Using elements to evoke the memory of the past

Highlighting the movement spine. Creating a loop to provide the visitors experience similar to a stroll through a pedestrian road and provide them with a variation of urban spaces from plazas to streetscape

The roof is to resemble a woven Turkish carpet. The market stalls are located beneath the kaleidoscopic ceiling

FUNCTIONS

The competition brief initially provided a program for this market and suggestions of a set of activities to introduce new commercial dynamic to Kumkapi. Simultaneously it works as a gathering space for the surrounding community. The functions can be divided into 4 categories. SPACES PROVIDED FOR THE MARKET It includes areas for the stalls, their storage and service areas for the market to function well. Additional workshop areas for artisans. CLOSED MARKET SPACE - 115 sqm A row of 5 permanent shops wing the complex towards east. Each shop covers an area of 25-30 square meter and is fitted with a small storage space . FLEXIBLE MARKET/PUBLIC SPACE - 200sqm This is an open air market for specific days of the week. This area can accommodate around 12 stalls. A space has also been provided for the storage of the flexible furniture. On the days this public area is not used as a market it can accommodate the needs of the neighborhood children and elder citizens that are most likely to benefit from it. WORKSHOPS AREAS - 50 sqm Two small workshops, each having a space of 25 square meters host artisans and craftsmen. The workshops follow the example of a han where the artisan shows how his craft is produced. STORAGE - 50 sqm This storage space is provided solely for the open air market. A division of spaces is provided for the storage of the market furniture and their goods. It should be easily accessible to the flexible public space. GARBAGE DISPOSAl - 25 sqm This space is used for the disposal of waste products produced in the market. It is accessible to both the market and the exit point. bad smells.

SPACES PROVIDED FOR WOMEN Studies suggested special focus on woman as a spatially underprivileged social group in conservative neighbourhoods of Istanbul. Subsequently we dedicated the south western part of the complex to provide functions designated to female inhabitants. LAUNDROMAT - 50sqm A laundromat is a place where people do their washing. This room accommodates washing machines and professional dryers with varying degrees of capacity. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a common service that every neighborhood requires and is also a place where women gather. VOCATIONAL TRAINING FOR WOMEN / TAILORING SCHOOL - 40 sqm Provide services for woman to earn their own money and make them self reliant. EMPOWERMENT! - 40sqm This space is provided for classes, workshops or a meeting area to discuss change and uplift for Kumkapi. The space is supposed to run in cooperation with social workers from the municipality, providing a platform for woman of the neighbourhood.

SPACES FOR RESIDENTS AND GENERAL PUBLIC

SPACES FOR MAINTENANCE OF THE BUILDING

INFORMATION OFFICE - 55 sqm Office for touristic information, the organization of the exhibition space and centralized administration of the overall space.

ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES - 25 sqm Provide offices for public officials to maintain the building.

BISTRO - 70 sqm With indoor and outdoor seating this element opens out into the public courtyard. A small kitchen and serving area, as well as toilets are included. LIBRARY -110 sqm The library accommodates up to 25 guests and will serve the school adjacent to the market and residents. Spaces for studying and access to the computer are provided. CITIZEN OFFICE - 20 sqm Public facility provided for residents to pay their utility bills and get in touch with their civic administration. EXHIBITION GALLERY -105 sqm A space for public displays of local artists and communal activities of the different ethnic groups living in Kumkapi. BOOK STORE - 55 sqm The book store acts as a branch of the exhibition space and is also information area for the exhibition hall. It may be associated with the café above it. CAFÉ - 55 sqm The café serves as an extension of the building and caters to the externally adjacent ramp

SANITARY FACILITIES / TOILETS - 35 sqm These are public facilities that complement the areas of bigger affluence. In addition to gender-separated toilets, the needs of disabled visitors are considered though the access over the ramp. PARKING - 450 sqm The parking accommodates the vehicles of the permanent users of the building. It provides 15 parking spaces.

Axonometric exploded view of Market showing functions and accessibility

Basement floor plan (lvl -1.5m) Scaled to fit page 92

Ground floor plan with market (lvl +1.8m) Scaled to fit page (please refer appendix) 93

First floor plan with ramp Scaled to fit page (please refer appendix) 94

Second floor plan Scaled to fit page (please refer appendix) 95

Section A-A

Section B-B

V FACADE DESIGN

FACADE

We wanted the façade to act as a blank canvas for the vibrant street life and market. It needed to be aesthetically pleasing but it also had to be simple and relate to its surrounding areas .There are two types of facades used in this project. The closed market has a simple façade made of lapitec. The rest of the building is made of a composition of a glazing, precast concrete and perforated metal panels. To ensure that the different use of materials form a harmonious combination we used the same proportion for the division of pattern in every part of the building. FACADE WITH PERFORATED METAL PANELS This façade was used in volumes which housed functions like the workshops and the library. We also used it in the exhibition area and the bistro where we wanted it to be visible from the street but yet have a little bit of privacy and be shaded from the exposure of the sun. The façade is made of a composition perforated aluminum panels, glazing and precast concrete. The design of the perforated metal panels tries to match the feeling of the Han from materiality perspective and keep the consistence of the appearance of historic neighbourhood. The materials used in hans are usually brick and stones and are plain and humble in character. The perforations of the panels resemble an inverted brick and the sizes of the perforations was chosen to get the best results of diffused light and yet does not feel heavy. Each panel follows the same division of pattern and the biggest panel size is 1.25m*2.1m The size of each perforation is 5.5cm*11cm ( a proportion of a brick size) and was chosen after we a made physical studies. Rods are placed in between the punctured areas that is behind the 2cm and acts as stiffeners. The panels and glazing were placed according to the function and placement of furniture. Punctures are made in the façade to break the monotony and also provide a feel of “human presence” on the façade.

100

Physical modes to compare the size of the models The panel with smaller perforations was chosen 101

Process and inspiration used for designing the aluminium panels 102

Division of opaque, glazed and screened walls as per the functions and placement of furniture 103

Front Facade showing the bistro and exhibition hall 104

Facade towards the ramp with the workshop, library, and women empowerment area 105

FACADE WITH LAPITEC

We treated the closed market area with Lapitec. In a market the goods displayed need to be visible from outside and there is a constant movement of people entering and so we decided to go with a low cost material. Lapitec is a sintered stone: an innovative, versatile material offering excellent performance. Resistant to wear, weathering, exposure to UV radiation, heat, frost and water absorption; ideal for interior and exterior coverings. The range of surface finishes make this material perfect for floor and wall coverings. It comes in many colours, finishes, textures and sizes making it ideal for us as we wanted a stone finish that cold blend with its surrounding context particularly the adjacent stone wall of the Armenian complex.

106

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF LAPITEC

107

Front Elevation showing the connection to the old building and the continuous loop Day view and Night view 108

109

THE WALL Towards the west of a site near the bistro is a large wall which spans over 3 floor. We decide to include it in our proposal as it is very prominent in the nearby area. As the wall is visible from the surrounding vicinity we thought it could provide some information about our project and the neighborhood. To realise this we chose the buildings that had an impact on the community or had an amazing skyline. We created a collage of the buildings and simplified it highlighting a few lines to make it look like artwork The other suggestions we were playing with is to place mirrors on the wall to reflect the vibrancy of the market and neighborhood and also provide a glimpse of sea which is actually quite close to the site. We also thought it could be used for the community as a wall for artwork as ablank screen to project movies on .

APPENDIX FOR THE IMPORTANT BUILDINGS ( displayed at the side according to order) 1.Armenian Patriarchate 2.Little Sofia 3.Kumkapi Greek Orthodoix Church 4. Surp Vortvots Vordman Kilesi 5.Halil Cevkan Cesmes 110

Collage of the important buidings in Kumkapi

Simplified abstract version of the collage 111

112

VI A ROOF FOR KUMKAPI

113

THE COMMUNITY ROOF

CLIMATIC STUDIES AND POSITIONING

The center of the Community Market is a void where different activities shall take place. The fact that the ground level is elevated turns the open space literally into a stage for public life. To ensure that market activities, but also feasts and celebrations can take place, a roof shelters the space from sun, rain and snow. The roof is not only intended to protect us from climatic conditions but to shelter the community in a metaphorical way. It encloses the market and creates a more confined atmosphere for all sorts of events. The roof covers an area of 15 m * 9.5 m (142,5 m2) at a height of 5 meter. It is supported by eight columns on the grid lines B3, C3, D3, E3 and B5, C5, D5 E5. Four purlins span between each two frames and create the basis for the placing of the roof panels. The panels are prefabricated modules consisting of a stiff frame, opaque and transparent elements and a gutter. Design intention was to create modules that simply have to be placed and fixed on the structure.

Climatic analysis of the site shows that the central courtyard receives the highest number of sun hours of the complex. Given the intense solar radiation and high temperatures during the summer month, a shading roof allows to use the courtyards for a maximum extend during the year. The roof protects from sunshine and creates a shaded atmosphere but mustnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t appear overly heavy and disclosing. It should give an idea of the sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s movement throughout the day and turn the condition of shade into an architectural experience. We therefore designed the roof partly transparent to let light come through. However the transparent elements are placed facing north-west in order to let only late afternoon sun rays pass. The glazed elements are slightly tinted thus creating a colorful and lit up space below the roof. The colors tinting the glass are not foreign to Kumkapi but are a selection of the matt colors and sandy tones of bricks and mortar in the neighborhood.

Sun hours incident on the site of the Community Market

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EAST

The roof blocks morning and midday but lets light pass in late afternoon.

WEST

Schematic layout of the Community Roof. In total 36 panels (red rectangles) resting on purlins cover the steel structure.

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STRUCTURE AND CONSTRUCTION

DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROOF MODULES

The structure of the roof is made of hot rolled steel profiles (column HEA 180, beam IPE 400). Four main frames, connected through purlins and braced with steel cables support the roof. The statical system of a main frame is composed of two clumped columns and a jointed beam connected to their top. To protect the steel from corrosion, especially through aggressive agents due to the near by sea, the elements were hot dipped galvanized. The supporting structure is further described in the chapter â&#x20AC;&#x2122;Structural Designâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

The modules will rest on the purlins between the primary beams and transfer their load only through these contact points. The distance between two purlins (and at the same time the length of a roof panel is 3,17 m. Therefore the modules need to be structural element (carry their self load) and fixture for the covering elements simultaneously.

PANEL DESIGN: DFMA In order to erect the roof fast and cost efficiently, the roof coverage consists of prefabricated modules which only need to be bolted to the substructure, once lifted in place. The design is oriented on the principles of DFMA (Design for Manufacturing and Assembly) which centers around feasible solutions for fabrication, transportation and construction of manufactured components. Prefabrication reduces risks for accidents and construction mistakes on site as well as it eases the production because elements are assembled in a manufacture rather than on site. DFMS is a suitable approach in this context because the roof is composed of similar elements of small size. Once the element is designed, the panels can be manufactured, transported on site and mounted. The specific design challenge of this saw-tooth shaped roof is the drainage of rain water. A gutter is needed to collect rain from two roof planes and lead it towards a bigger one. The gutter needs to come together with the roof module but as it is a fragile element, it is exposed during transport and construction. Therefore special care has to be maintained during transport and assembly. Ultimately, the gutter needs to be inclined to drain water towards one side. Therefore the hook for the gutter of the basic module needs to be executed adjustable to connect to the gutters of adjacent modules. 116

INITIAL DESIGN The initial design idea was to create two triangular frames of 7 mm steel sheets, resting on the purlins. C-Profiles spanning between the frames serve as beams, providing support and opportunity to fix the transparent and opaque parts of the module. Sheets of corrugated steel bolted on the frames and C-profile guarantees shear stiffness. Additionally, tension cables run on the lower side of the corrugated steel sheet to stiffen the structure. The resulting module is slender and light.

FINAL DESIGN When revising the design of the initial roof panel, doubts arose, regarding the elements flexural stiffness. The module could not be lifted by crane onto the steel structure of the roof without damage. The elements self weight is not problematic structurally but will cause deflections while lifted up by crane. These deflections might likely cause the brittle glass elements to break. The revised design is based on a three dimensionally stiff structure composed of welded O-profiles. Corrugated steel sheets were initially planned as opaque closure of the module. However, rain on the panels would be very noisy and decrease the quality of stay drastically. Therefore the corrugated sheets were replaced with sandwich panels of corrugated steel and expanded polystyrene (XPS). Thereby the roof helps not just to shade but reduces radiant heat transmittance from the heated up metal plate. Finally the initially planned rain gutter was increased to ensure water can be drained in heavy rain.

Frame section at support INITIAL FRAME AT SUPPORT

Frame section along span INITIAL FRAME ALONG SPAN

FINAL FRAME

Transparent: tinted glass with protection foil; 8 mm

Opaque: sandwich panel of corrugated steel and XPS; 18 + 20 mm

Frame: welded steel O-profiles 70 * 70 mm,

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DIMENSIONS

A roof panel measures 1,28 * 3,25 m (4,06 m2) and rises 0,55 m when seen in elevation. The length of the panel derives from the distance between the center lines of the purlins plus the half beam width of the outward HEA 180 purlin. The width of one element derives from the coverage width (1,25 m) plus 3 cm at which each module overlays its neighboring element, assuring proper drainage. The composition of the weight of a panel is shown below. The weight per square meter of coverage sums up to 174, 84 kg / 4,06 m2 = 43,06 kg/m2 Component

Quantity [m2]

Quantity [m]

Weigh/unit

Total Weight [Kg]

O ProĂ&#x17E;le sq 60*60*2 mm

3,56 [Kn/m]

64,08

Sandwich panel

3,67

22,0 [Kg/m2]

80,76

Tinted glass 8 mm

1,46

19,8 [Kg/m2]

Panel

174,84

CONNECTION OF PANELS The panels total width is wider than the structural frame composed of O-profiles because the opaque elements extends it. In order to guarantee proper drainage of rain water, an overlay of 3 cm is planned between two panels, thus increasing its width to 128 cm. The rain gutter is fixed on a movable hook, allowing it to be inclined to assure proper drainage.

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3 cm

Combined elements

Final roof element

Coverage: opaque and transparent

Structural frame o-profiles and bracing

Drainage: rain gutter

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VII RENDERS

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View of the whole market 122

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View of the coloured roof of the market

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View of bistro and exhibition space from the market 126

View from the accessible roof 127

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VIII DAYLIGHTING

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DAYLIGHTING INTRODUCTION

DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS

The following chapter describes the chosen solution for daylighting in the Community Market and the evolution to reach them. After analysing the site conditions and introducing the design principles for the placing of windows, each part of the complex is presented with its function, specific lighting requirements, and architectural consideration regarding the size and location of windows. By mentioning the various influences (architectural, technical and performance) in one chapter, we aim to communicate the design as a compromise between various influences.

To inform the placing of windows and other transparent elements of the complex’s envelop, extended analysis with Sefaira as plug-in for Sketch Up has been carried out. The general procedure was to determine the required amount of glazing and shading for each room to achieve the best level of visual comfort. While calculating each room or segment of the building, the rest of the complex has been defined as ‘shading element’ to guarantee that the analysis takes the influence of the surrounding into account.

SITE CONDITION The Market is located on a street corner with the two open sides facing North and East. At the south and west of the nearly rectangular plot, adjacent buildings rise up to 4 floors and block incoming radiation from reaching the site. Only exemption is a void in the south-western corner of the plot where sun reaches the site in late afternoon. Following the architectural intention to complete the city blocks, the volumes of the market are aligned with the streets towards north and east. Therefore most of our volumes face these, rather unfavourable, direction.

Subsequent the data has been evaluated in relation to the function of each room and it’s specific daylighting requirement. Subsequently we searched for compromises between the architectural concepts we had in mind for each room and the calculated amount of glazed surfaces. The chosen solutions have been analyzed again to guarantee proper lighting in all parts of the structure.

The Community Market in Kumkapi has a limited opening time, which makes utilizing thermal mass for heat storage into the evening hours less attractive. The placing of the glazing therefore followed considerations of indoor visual comfort and daylighting rather than that of a sophisticated energy balance.

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WINDOW AS CONTRASTING ELEMENT, DIRECTING THE DESIGN Windows do not only serve to let light inside a building but further define how open or closed a building seems. Windows may give passersby a glimpse of what is happening inside a building or deliberately withhold these information. The placing of windows gives rhythm to a facade, my create tension through contrast in texture and gives direction to the design We aimed at utilizing this characteristic of windows as communicational interface to enforce the bond between the new architecture and its surrounding.

WINDOW AS FRAME, SETTING CONTEXT IN SCENE Windows guide views and therefore have the capacity to emphasize aspects of the context. The architect has the chance to literally initiate a new view on the surrounding. We considered this characteristic of windows in our design to facilitate a changed perception of Kumkapis residents of their neighbourhood. We believe that care and a sense of ownership for a neighbourhood comes along with appreciation of it and therefore use windows as frames to enable new views on the area.

WINDOW TO OPTIMIZE VISUAL COMFORT AND ENERGY PERFORMANCE

Finally the right placement of glazing can generate an optimum of visual comfort, measurable in objective manners through sensors. Kumkapi Community Market hosts a variety of functions with specific day-lighting requirements. Size and placement of windows are ultimately influenced by these needs, improving the daylighting condition as much as possible in harmony with architectural concept and strategies. 132

Jorge Badia, Can Framis Museum, Barcelona, 2008

Panorama window at Salt Galata, Istanbul, 2014

Peter Zumthor, Kolumba Museum, Colone, 2010 133

APPROACH / REQUIREMENTS AND SOLUTIONS PERMANENT SHOPS The shop windows in the eastern wing of the building have the role to lighten the selling rooms inside. They further allow pedestrians passing between the Armenian Complex and the market, to have a little impression of what is sold. A shop usually requires many closed perimeters to keep the attention of the buyers on the products displayed and to increase the area to store goods. Therefore the outer windows were realized rather small and just to welcome light inside. Among the defining design ideas for the market was, to have a rather robust outer appearance and a very open and transparent internal atmosphere. Towards the internal courtyard therefore, the shops have more glazed surface. Here the goods will be displayed on the eye level of the marketâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s visitors. The outer windows of the market orient towards south-east and are therefore subject to early morning radiation with a flat angle and higher noon radiation. To avoid unwanted solar gain, we considered to tilt the windows towards east. This would keep day-lighting conditions inside satisfactory while reducing the amount of radiation with high glare probability and heavy internal gains. Eventually, the idea of orienting windows towards east was dismissed because of the technical complexity it introduces into the design. A simple construction and geometry (aligned with the project principles) were favored over the energetically best orientation of the windows.

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Towards the crossroads of the pedestrianized area, the corner window is open to attract attention and invite residents into the market.

Small fenestration protects from low angeled morning sun and maintains disclosed character of the outer perimeter

Towards the internal market, the shop windows are wide and open. Shading from afternoon sun is provided through the Community Roof and internal shading.

Architectural ideas for the placing of windows.

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ALTERNATIVE INCLINATION OF SHOP WINDOWS: RESULTS Schematic comparison of two options to place shop windows: Tilted windows allow more radiation to enter but introduce complexity into the design. Analysis through Sefaira shows that tilting the windows improves the visual comfort significantly. Percentage of well lit area rises from 56 % to 63 % and over lit area decreases from 37 % to 29 %. Annual Sunlight Exposure, which is a measure for the probability of glare, decreases equally from 37 % to 29 %. Comparison among the plots of the daylighting analysis shows that the under-lit areas (blue pixels in the sDA and ASE) map are right where the storage rooms are placed for each respective shop. There, poor lighting conditions would harm the least. Comparison of the plots of the Daylight Factor suggest that the lighting in the version with windows aligned to the facade is more balanced (visible through more red and orange pixels among the yellow and blue ones.) Considering the difficulty which inclined windows introduce in the construction of the envelop and our will to develop a simple and unsophisticated building, we chose to implement the windows facing south-east, aligned with the facade.

Impact of tilted windows on the visual comfort inside the shops.

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Windows tilted towards east.

Windows facing south-east, aligned with the facade.

Daylight Factor [%]: 3.09

Daylight Factor [%]: 3.33

Spatial Daylight Autonomy [%]: 91 Annual Sunlight Exposure [%]: 29

Spatial Daylight Autonomy [%]: 93 Annual Sunlight Exposure [%]: 27 137

BISTRO

The bistro follows the general scheme for the placement of transparent envelope elements. While it opens towards the street in the north of the complex for supply, it is generally oriented towards the courtyards with a foldable glass facade. During the many warm days, the bistro will be completely open to the vibrant inside of the market. With this open scheme, the Bistro does not suffer from overheating during summer, because heat is not trapped inside (the facade is folded open). In winter and mid season, the glazed facade elements are closed and trap solar radiation inside to warm it.

RESULTS Classification of the floor space [76m2] according to quality of daylight: Under-lit [%]: 1 Well-lit: [%] 55 over-lit: [%] 43 During summer, when high values of over-lighting and glare are more likely, the bistro will completely open towards the courtyard. Borders between inside and outside will blur. During high noon, shading will be achieved through umbrellas in the seating area and increasingly through the growing of trees.

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Schematic orientation of the Bistro towards the courtyard.

Daylight Factor [%]: 4,85

spatial Daylight Autonomy [%]: 99 Annual Sunlight Exposure [%]: 43

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WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

RESULTS

The corner room in the second floor dedicated to women empowerment is a singular architectural element in the complex. It is the only space with an orientation towards south, thus glimpsing the Marmaris Sea. This is because the Armenian building -which is sitting back to back on the library- extends less towards west than the community market. Our aim was to put this special feature in scene: The rooms dedicated to women networking face somewhere different than the other, inwards oriented parts of the complex. They orient towards the sea, the wide and the void to suggest woman to head somewhere new. The rooms are bright and filled with light. Necessary shading can be achieved through louvers, but the intention is to be open, bright and unlimited.

Classification of the floor space [206m2] according to quality of daylight: Under-lit [%]: 0 Well-lit: [%] 84 over-lit: [%] 16

LIBRARY It was our goal to achieve a bright, silent and focused atmosphere in the library. Students and visitors should feel elevated from the colorful crowd and noise of the market. The setting shall be sophisticated without being pretentious. To allow satisfactory lighting conditions in a north facing building, most of the perimeter is realized transparent. However, to achieve an inwards oriented atmosphere, perforated facade panels are placed in front of the huge glazed surfaces. Without actually blocking the view over the city scape, the panels create a boundary which aims to allow focused studies inside the library. Creating a distinct atmosphere will underline the importance of education in an underprivileged neighborhood. The internal layout of the library as well as the placing of function (computer work stations and reading desks) are aligned with the amount of incident radiation.

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Functions are aligned with the amount of incoming radiation. The map indicating the distribution of Daylight Factor indicates the darkest areas where computer work stations are placed. Towards south, the EMPOWERMENT! room is open and bright as supposed by the architectural idea. The high probability of glare will be decreased through horizontal louvers, which best block steep southern sun.

Placing of windows in the second floor according to architectural intention. In contrast to the internal orientation of the main functions, the EMPOWERMENT center faces south, towards the sea! The library looking north is oriented towards the market yet set off from its hectic life through the visual buffer the facade panels create. Approximate view out of the EMPOWERMENT! room: Roofscape and sea in the distance.

Spatial Daylight Autonomy [%]: 99 Annual Sunlight Exposure [%]: 43

Daylight Factor [%]: 4,19

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WORKSHOPS

The workshops face very difficult lighting conditions. Additionally to their northwards orientation, they are set back for the width of the ramp, compared to the library above. To allow sufficient lighting inside, a maximum area of the northern perimeter is glazed. The idea was to imitate an architectural setting typical for Turkish market architecture: Han, a traditional Turkish market typology are usually composed of arcades surrounding a courtyard. These arcades give access to the small shops alongside them. Due to the heavy dimensions of the stone arches, these arcades are mostly dark and gloomy. This allows shop windows to contrast with internal lighting and attract the buyers attention. To create a little distance and allow focused work within the workshop, the glazed surface was partially covered with the perforated metal panels of the facade.

RESULTS Though a northward orientation does not allow for the most intriguing views and sunlit spaces, daylighting conditions in the workshops are exceptionally good. The complete glazing towards the north east allow enough light to enter. Daylight Factor values 2,58 % which satisfies code standards for living spaces. In the meantime, glare probability is nil. This allows owners of the workshops to focus on their detailed work. Although the workshops are set back compared to the library floor above, enough light is reaching them to reach a spatial Daylight Autonomy of 100 %. Classification of the floor space [50m2] according to quality of daylight:

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Under-lit [%]: 0 Well-lit: [%] 100 over-lit: [%] 0

Anna and Yogita in BĂźyĂźk Valide Han, Istanbul, April 2017.

Fully glazed workshops face towards the modern version of an arcade.

Daylight Factor [%]: 2,58

Spatial Daylight Autonomy [%]: 100 Annual Sunlight Exposure [%]: 0

*The plot of the Sefairas analysis is actually empty. No over or under lit areas have been detected.

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EXHIBITION

The exhibition space offers room for the many different social groups to display and live traditions. This helps the residents to understand their diversity as treasure rather than as challenge in everyday life. We aim at giving an extraordinary character to the space by providing it with strong architectural features, mostly expressed through the use of light. The exhibition space has an opaque perimeter towards south to avoid glare and provide sufficient space on the walls to exhibit content. In order to provide the room with sufficient daylighting, the northern envelop of the room is glazed for the most part. This aligns with the function of the space, which orients rather towards the neighborhood, than the market itself. The curtain wall towards north is cladded with perforated aluminium panels which create a visual buffer without fully obstructing the view from inside or outside. The ceiling of the exhibition space is inclined towards the courtyard. The inclination is realized though sitting steps which allow visitors to rest and overlook the market. The rises of these steps are glazed in order to allow light to enter the exhibition space from the south without opening up windows. The following page informs about the Sefaira supported analysis to determine the required amount of glazing. The bridge connecting the exhibition space with the Greek House supports the function of the exhibition space but is essentially a corridor. We aimed at realizing the bridge as light and transparent space. Seen from the internal courtyard, looking north, the glazed bridge almost disappears next to the massive volumes of the exhibition and the Greek House. The bridge is a place to see and be seen. Is is an exalted place, not subordinate to the omnipresent pragmatism in the poor neighborhood. Following this idea, we fully glazed the bridges vertical envelop and placed aluminium panels to distort the views slightly. The bridge is aligned to a visual axis which allows visitors from outside to gaze at the different spatial elements of the market.

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A bridge made of almost nothing between massive volumes; RCR Arquitects, Soulages Museum, Rodez, France, 2014

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OPTIMIZATION OF GLAZED RISES

In order to determine the amount of glazing for the rises of the steps above the exhibition space, iterations have been carried out with Sefaira. Different amounts of glazing have been place on the roof and their influence on the lighting condition calculated. It was found that the optimum amount of glazing placed on the roof is 2,8 m2. Dividing this area over the rise of 5 seating steps leaves every stair with a 0,56 m2 glazing. Assuming the width of a step to be 4 meters, the glazed rises of the stairs have a height of 14 cm.

Subsequently a schematic section for the stairs has been developed. Over the wide span of 4 m, the steps have to serve as beam and carry their own weight and life load. Eventually, the steps have been envisioned as RC beams with inclined section. This solutions allows light to enter through the glazing and maintains the statical function of the steps. Frames for the glass are based on profiles with an inlay of neoprene to keep deflecting beams from cracking the glass.

RESULTS The plots of the daylighting analysis show the even distribution of daylight at in the exhibition space (red pixelated area. However the bridge is massively over lit (Yellow plotted areas) This comes due to the full glazing towards south and because Sefiara does not take into account the beneficial influence of the perforated metal panels. In accordance with the conceptual approach for the bridge we decided to maintain the strong contrast between bridge and adjacent exhibition spaces. Therefore we did not place fixed shading. Internally, facing south, white roller blinds are placed behind the glazing of the bridge. During darkness with internal lighting, the roller blinds can turn the bridge into a shadow theatre where children of the neighborhood display pieces for the community.

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Case

Exhibition 1

Exhibition 2

Exhibition 3

Exhibition 4

3,6

2,8

2,0

2,4

Underlit [%]

Well lit [%]

Over lit [%]

7,07

6,79

6,50

6,55

spatial Daylight Autonomy [%]

Annual Sunlight Exposure [%]

m2 glazed rises

Daylight Factor [%]

Daylight Factor [%]: 4,19

Spatial Daylight Autonomy [%]: 99 Annual Sunlight Exposure [%]: 43

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ADMINISTRATION

FACILITIES

Similar to the Workshop areas in orientation and size but even more set back towards the higher floors, the administration office faces challenging daylighting conditions. The fully glazed curtain wall towards the northeast surprisingly creates optimal daylighting values though. Classification of the floor space [22m2] according to quality of daylight:

Along the ramp - between the main staircase and the workshop areas, space is assigned for facilities (bathrooms, elevator, tea kitchen). The daylighting conditions are dominated by the north orientation of the building which allows little incoming light. However, requirements for visual comfort are small for functions like this. Aligned with the concept of an open perimeter towards the courtyard, the facilities are covered with a glazed curtain wall as far as privacy concerns allowed it.

Under-lit [%]: 0 over-lit: [%] 0

Well-lit: [%]

100

HANDCRAFTING ROOM The corner room of the first floor hosts facilities for handcrafting which are foreseen for women and girls in the neighborhood. It aligns with the approach of putting special emphasis on underprivileged social groups and invite them to activities theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d hardly engage with otherwise. As the room for the EMPOWERMENT! center in the second floor, the room for handcrafting faces towards south, directing away from the inward oriented market. This allows the sun to directly light the working tables. Necessary shading is achieved through louvers.

LAUNDRY ROOM A laundry room in the ground floor of the market offers service for the people of the neighborhood, traditionally mostly women, to wash and dry cloth. The societal intention is to overcome fractionation of groups which grows since technological development allow to do activities at home, rather than in public space. The laundry room provides a pragmatic activity with the side effect of women meeting each other on regular basis, thus strengthening awareness of their common condition and reducing prejudgment and skepticism among ethnic groups. The laundry room does not require special lighting for people to stay. Windows are placed with the intent to cross ventilate. 148

TECHNICAL ROOM /GARBAGE DISPOSAL The room for garbage disposal will need windows for ventilation rather than for visual comfort. Windows are placed towards south.

*The plot of the Sefairas analysis is actually empty. No over or under lit areas have been detected.

Daylight Factor [%]: 2,58

spatial Daylight Autonomy [%]: 100 Annual Sunlight Exposure [%]: 0

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IX SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN

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INTORDUCTION

This chapter describes challenges, approaches and solutions regarding the Community Market’s energetic layout. In light of global warming, rising prices for fossil fuels and a predictable shift in main energy source towards electricity in the near future, the building’s design has to be as sustainable as it can be. Sustainability design means a harmonic overall composition of architectural and technical elements to achieve a reasonably low energy performance within the complex. The considerations started with analyzing local climatic conditions in Istanbul and the specific site conditions. Subsequent follows a survey of functional requirements of the given program and the choice of core strategies to guide the design.

LOCAL CLIMATE Istanbul has a borderline Mediterranean climate, humid subtropical climate and oceanic climate, due to its location in a transitional climatic zone. Because of the large extension of the city between the Marmary Sea in the Black Sea in the north, climatic occourences are quite divergent. Among the three climatic zones Istanbul can be categorized into, the project site lies where Humid Subtropical Climate meets Mediterranean Climate. Humidity in Istanbul is persistently hight with levels of 80% RH most mornings, resulting in regular fog. Although fog usually dissipates by midday, the lingering humidity exacerbates the moderately high summer temperatures. During the summer months, high temperatures average around 29 °C and rainfall is uncommon. There are only about fifteen days with measurable precipitation between June and August. The summer month also have the highest concentration of storms. Winter in Istanbul is cold compared to most other cities of the region, with low temperatures averaging 1-4 °C. The close Black Sea keeps weather unpredictable and windy. Spring and autumn are mild but often wet and with quickly changing conditions; chilly winds interchange with warm gusts from the south. Istanbul has an annual average of 130 days with significant precipitation, which sums up to 810 mm 152

per year. The highest and lowest temperatures ever recorded in the city on the Marmara coast (close to the project site) are 20.5°C and -16.1 °C. Although a southern city, Istanbul’s climate predominantly urges people to heat rather than to cool. Heating season lasts from October till April while cooling is necessary mostly in July, August and September.

Cloudy, sunny and precipitation days

Precipitation amounts

Average temperatures and precipitation

Share of wind according to direction

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SITE CONDITIONS

The project site lies at the border of the Humid Subtropical Climate zone and Mediterranean Climate, roughly 300 m away from the Marmaray Sea. Although close to the sea, the site is embedded in a dense historical urban fabric. The average building height is about 3-4 floors (15m). The ground is sealed for the most part and little plants are existent. Wind is moderate and dominantly coming from north-east. The project site is located on a rectangular plot of about 1300 m2 on a street crossing. The northern and eastern side of the plot face the streets adjacent to the plot, while the southern and western side of the plot border neighboring houses. The house in the south of the plot is 11 m high while the house in the west is 15 m hight. In the south - western corner of the plot, the adjacent volumes are lower and allow late afternoon sun to reach the ground. The surrounding buildings face massive uncured back walls without windows towards the plots which allow to be built on. Currently the plot is fully paved and sealed with concrete bricks. There is no greenery which influence in any way the design. Two historical buildings sit on the site. A small cubic ottoman structure with a dome, build with alternating layers of bricks and rocks dates back to the 16th century. Its dimensions are 5*7*4 m. Recently windows and doors have been added to the buildings. It serves as office for the car parking which currently occupies the plot. The second structure dates back to the early 20th century and is build in the style of Greek middle class houses in Istanbul with 3 floors and a very slender appearance. The site is and in its direct vicinity relatively flat, with a slight inclination towards the sea in the south (approximately 1-2 % inclination).

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Project site seen from north east: The plot opens up towards the north and east to the street. Adjacent to the plot are high buildings towards south and west.

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INCIDENT RADIATION AND SUN PATH

The siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s self shading condition were analyzed for three different dates during the year (January, July and October) and three different times each day (9:00; 12:00 and 17:00 oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;clock). Compared to the densely build neighborhood, the direct site vicinity is relatively open because of the low rise Hamam (turkish bath) north of the site and vacant areas west of the hamam. The armenian complex in the east is lower than the surrounding structures as well. Main determination for self shade are the buildings adjacent to the side and the exposed Greek house with a height of about 14 m.

Analysis of incident radiation for 1.January

The southern adjacent building (belonging to the Armenian complex) obstructs not only the view but casts shadow for the southern half of the plot during all seasons (middays when sun stands steep, the casted shadows are respectively smaller. The western adjacent building (a residential building with several flats) creates shading from western flat angeled sun in late afternoon and casts a shadow over the northern half of the plot. The Greek house casts its shadow mostly off of the side. Only during early morning and later afternoon, parts of the northern plots are shaded by the long shadow of the structure.

Analysis of incident radiation for 20. July

Analysis of incident radiation for 20. October 156

Sun path on 1.January

Sun path on 20. July

Sun path on 20. October

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CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THE CLIMATE Turkey is a country of open doors. What applies proverbially for Turkish hospitality also goes for shops, restaurant and other places. Doors are open a lot and people are concerned little for sustainability issues. Many Turkish architectural typologies incorporate the motive of a semi open space such as Hans, Kiosk; Pasaji and Bazars. Naturally, doors and windows are closed during cold weather but the general conception that a building is something open is often prevalent. In case of coldness, one would wear a second jacket over the first one. This cultural characteristic does not go along with current development of highly sealed sustainable buildings which deduce their extraordinary energy efficiency from air tightness and reduced energy losses through heat exchange. The energy balance of buildings with a high performing envelop and low energy consumption are relatively more dependent on correct use than traditional buildings. Therefore a building with high performing envelope would be clearly misplaced in Kumkapi where awareness for sustainability is rarely spread. Instead we aimed at finding strategies for a sustainable layout of the architecture which follow lines of Turkish culture and behavior. During cooling season, rooms with public functions such as restaurants, are often opened up to avoid high internal gains. Especially restaurants and bars make a virtue out of the necessity and create welcoming spaces by removing the glazed envelope during sunshine. Opened spaces furthermore are ventilated easily and donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t require mechanical ventilation. During heating season, the transparent envelop is closed and traps solar radiation inside the building. This utilizes the thermal mass of the concrete structures which make up the majority of Turkeys recent buildings. A problematic aspect is the poor energy performance during mid season, especially if the glazing system is of low quality and air leaks easily. 158

Changing a spaces characteristics to avoid unwanted consequences: opened up spaces during summer, closed envelop to trap radiation in winter.

Open Kebap stands at Taksim Square, Istanbul.

Hazzanopulo Pasaji, Istanbul 159

TIME AND DURATION OF USE

The market and related functions of the complex are open for specific hours during the day. Understanding them helped us to find suitable strategies to achieve satisfying energy performance. Street markets in Turkey usually open early morning and last till mid or late afternoon. Assuming the time the market is set up of two hours before customers come in, the day on the market starts not earlier than five o’clock. The shops in the east wing of the complex open gates most likely a little later and same applies for the owners of the workshops, the office workers in the citizen office and the administrative workers. Estimated opening time: eight o’clock The bistro will likely serve breakfast, since an extended breakfast with friends is a dearly loved Turkish tradition. Estimated opening time: eight o’clock. The cultural functions above the workshops (library and EMPOWERMENT!) and in the Greek house (bookshop, exhibitions space and cafè) will open in the late morning. Estimated opening time: 10:00 o’clock. As they started earliest, the open market is estimated to close the first. Estimated closing time 16:00 o’clock. It is followed by shops, workshops, laundry room, hand crafting, the office, administration and the bookshop. Estimated closing time 18:00-19:00 o’clock. Café and Bistro will likely run longest and close doors around 22:00. The EMPOWERMENT! center might offer evening courses after dinner, thus the late opening The major time for which the complex needs to be energetically equipped for is during daytime, early morning and early evening. These parts of the day show the most dynamic in lighting and temperature. Further, the complex does not need to respect nighttime climatic conditions because it is not inhabited by then.

160

DAYLIGHT CULTURE MARKET

BISTRO OFFICES/ SHOPS

16:00

8:00

7:00

18:00

5:00

20:00

22:00

Daylight and opening hours according to functions .

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS CHOICE OF STRATEGIES

AND

Previous analysis helped to shape a sustainable approach for the project. The strategies chosen are based on site condition and a survey of the behavior and living routine of the people using the market. The main lessons and strategies are: 1. Applying specific solutions for each part of the complex. Treating the complex as a whole, although different rooms have different requirements doesn’t rise efficiency. 2. Conditioning of just these places which require conditioning. Tailoring room climate for spaces allows to decrease unnecessarily spent energy. Place spaces with similar climatic conditions 3. next to each other to avoid heat loss. Spaces with less demanding climatic requirements should engulf spaces with more demanding indoor climate requirements. (‘Onion strategy’) The buildings should be opened up if possible 4. to let the climate regulate itself. Changing a spaces characteristics to avoid unwanted consequences is welcomed. Solutions should be simple and low tech. Their 5. efficiency should not depend on skilled and informed use but perform well in any circumstances. 6. Solutions should not be based on absolute air tightness of the envelope because this does not comply with local habits. 7. The complex is generally oriented towards north. While this is useful to avoid solar gains during summer, it turns into an disadvantage during winter, when northwards facing windows can’t trap direct radiation. 8. There is little meaning in utilizing thermal mass to store heat because opaque elements mostly face north and east. Further the market is not used during nighttime, therefore heat stored during daytime doesn’t serve during nighttime. 161

SCHEMATIC ENERGY DESIGN CALM AND DYNAMIC FUNCTIONS

A TWO FOLDED APPROACH:

The schematic energy design for the complex defines technical solutions to align function, required indoor air climate and user habit to a congruent solution. Given the vast variety of functions which are hosted in the complex, not a single global solution can achieve optimized energetic performance for all spaces. After considering habits of use such as expected numbers of door openings for various spaces two classes of functions were defined.

The functional organization of the volumes separates three main spaces:

CALM FUNCTIONS The first class of functions is characterized through the execution of rather calm tasks such as reading, computer work, detailed hand crafting or visiting an exhibition. These functions are usually associated with higher requirements in thermal comfort. Since a person’s body is very static and calm during a stay in these functions, people feel thermal discomfort quick. The negative impact on the executed task is estimated to be high. Access to spaces associated with calm functions are usually opened less frequent than spaces associated with vivid functions. DYNAMIC FUNCTIONS The second class of functions is characterized through the execution of rather dynamic tasks such as running a shop and selling goods or working at a bistro. These functions are usually associated with lower requirements in thermal comfort. Since a person’s body is dynamic and moving during a stay in these functions, people react slower on thermal discomfort. The negative impact on the executed task is rather low. Access to spaces associated with vivid functions are usually opened frequently and therefore subject to constant change of indoor climate.

162

- Library building - Shops - Greek house with the exhibition The library building and the Greek house host dominantly ‘calm functions’ thus requiring improved indoor climate condition. The shops in the eastern wing of the complex are defined as ‘vivid function’, thus requiring less specific indoor climate. Due to less frequent turbulence of air in the library building (people don’t walk in and out constantly), a more sophisticated HVAC system can work efficiently and provide a good cost-effect ratio. The doors to the shops will be opened and closed frequently thus the variation of indoor climate is relatively high. Therefore a sophisticated HVAC system will hardly run cost efficient. Given these diverging characteristics of the Shops on one hand, and the Library building with the Greek house on the other hand, we decided to apply two different energetic approaches for the complex. ‘Energetic approach’ refers in this context to the summary of the following parameters: - choice of envelope - placement of function - provided level of thermal comfort Though the assignment of functions as either ‘calm’ or ‘vivid’ does not absolutely follow the organization of the volumes, we aligned the energetic approaches with the volumes of the three main buildings constituting the complex.

Schematic display of assigned indoor climate

Advanced Climate Conditions Basic Climate Conditions

LAYOUT OF HVAC SYSTEM

1. ADVANCED CLIMATE CONDITIONS

Following the design strategy suggesting tailored solutions for different spaces, rather than a global strategy for the climatic control of the complex, goals for comfort conditions have been developed.

Functions such as the library for the EMPOWERMENT! center require high levels of thermal comfort. People will stay in the rooms for several hours without moving. Doors will be opened rarely and indoor climate can be maintained constant with relatively little energetic effort. The building envelop is designed to perform very well. Condition in spaces assigned with Increase Climate Conditions are defined as Heating Season: 20 °C, 50 % RH Cooling Season: 24 °C, 60 % RH

We decided to define two classes of climate control for the building: Increased Climate Conditions and Basic Climate Conditions. Spaces which require a high level of thermal comfort and functions which allow for efficient energy management are equipped with technical systems to maintain these needs. In contrast, functions which will hardly run energy efficient are equipped with simpler solutions. These spaces may show less thermal comfort but much higher energy efficiency than if they would aim for indoor climate of spaces assigned with increased climate conditions.

2. BASIC CLIMATE CONDITIONS Functions such as the shops require less sophisticated climate control. Customers will spend little time in the spaces, wear outside cloth and are in a state of movement. Doors will open frequently due to customers coming in and out. The air exchange disturbs the internal climate and raises energy consumption if the climate is to be maintained constant. Heating Season: 18 °C, RH not specified Cooling Season: no air conditioning 163

GROUND FLOOR (+ 0,00 M / + 1,80 M)

BISTRO

GREEK HOUSE

The bistro is mostly open towards the courtyard. Food production creates humidity and heat which natural ventilation will remove during summer. However, additional air conditioning will be necessary, especially during heating season. The closing of the bistroâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s glazed envelop towards south will allow solar radiation to be trapped inside the building and heat it. Requirements: Heating, cooling and ventilation. System: Variable Air Volume (VAV) allows to condition the temperature of a space while providing it with fresh ventilated air.

The ground floor of the Greek house is well conditioned and disclosed towards the outside climate with airtight doors. The functions in all floors of the house invite for long term stay and therefor justify the effort to seal the building and condition it properly. Requirements: Heating, Cooling and Ventilation System: Variable Air Volume (VAV)

CITIZEN OFFICE The door of the citizen office will be opened often. Citizen come and go and require lower standards in air conditioning. However the employed civil servant needs a well conditioned working environment. Similar to the shops in the eastern wing of the complex, a part of the space will be conditioned properly and from there tempered air will diffuse towards the waiting areas for the citizen. Requirements: Heating and cooling; mechanical ventilation is not necessary due to the frequent opening and closure of the doors. System: Radiant ceiling.

SHOPS Shops require well conditioned areas for shop keepers spending their full days in the building. However, doors will be open as Turkish shop culture suggest, and heat loss will be huge. Therefore we suggest to condition parts of the shops very well from where the good condition will diffuse towards the areas less frequently visited by customers. During late afternoon in summer month, an additional buffer zone will be created by the shaded area in front of the shops. Requirements: Heating and cooling; mechanical Ventilation will not be necessary because doors will be frequently opened and fresh air brought in. In summer ventilation can be increase through opening or west and east opaque envelope to facilitate cross ventilation. System: Radiant ceiling. ADMINISTRATION ROOM

LAUNDRY ROOM The laundry room requires no air conditioning to maintain comfort to stay but the washing and drying machines produce huge loads of heat and humidity which needs to be lead away. Requirements: non for space conditioning. System: a heat exchanger will warm intake air for the VAV system which supplies the complex.

164

The administration room is continuously inhabited by the facility manager of the complex and therefore conditioned. Requirements: Heating, cooling and ventilation. System: Variable Air Volume (VAV)

Thermal Buffer Zone Increased Climatic Conditions Basic Climatic Conditions

165

FIRST FLOOR (+ 3,30 M / + 5,30 M)

BOOK SHOP The book shop and the exhibition space in the first floor are thermally treated as one component and conditioned to maintain high quality indoor climate. Requirements: Heating, cooling and ventilation. System: Variable Air Volume (VAV) STAIRCASE The staircase is open towards the courtyard in the ground floor and first floor, while it is closed in the second floor (where wind is stronger) The semi open space in the staircase serves as buffer space for the adjacent rooms due to reduced air circulation. Requirements: none System: none

WORKSHOP / TAILORING ROOM Workshops and tailoring rooms require high thermal comfort because people spend much time there. Bathroom, elevators and stairs need less optimized air conditioning. The shaded area in the arcade in front of the workshops will serve as thermal buffer during cooling season. Requirements: Heating, cooling and ventilation System: Variable Air Volume (VAV). This system allows to ventilate and temperate the rooms with one solution and creates a slight over pressure within the conditioned spaces to keep outdoor air from infiltrating though openings.

166

Thermal Buffer Zone Increased Climatic Conditions Basic Climatic Conditions

167

SECOND FLOOR (7,30 M / 7,80 M)

EMPOWERMENT! The spaces for the EMPOWERMENT! center and the library in the second floor require most sophisticated daylighting and climate conditions. People will stay there for long time with little movement. It is therefore necessary that satisfactory air conditioning is provided. Bathroom and entrance space to the library serve as thermal buffer to minimize variation in indoor climate when opening the doors, thus improving the energetic efficiency. Requirements: Heating, cooling and ventilation is required throughout the full year. System: Variable Air Volume to condition the air tight spaces within the complex. GREEK HOUSE CAFE The cafe in the second floor of the Greek house invites for long stay to chat and read. However, it is part of the ramp which loops around the building. Therefore people are expected to come and enter frequently. Airtight doors are required towards the exits to the ramp. The cafe itself is conditioned by the Variable Air Volume System which serves the lower floors of the Greek house and the exhibition space. Warm air will rise through the staircase up towards the cafe.

168

Thermal Buffer Zone Increased Climatic Conditions Basic Climatic Conditions

169

ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE SHOPS -BASIC CLIMATE CONDITIONS Start time of conditioning: 8:00 o’clock End time of conditioning: 18:00 o’clock

The shops in the east wing of the complex have Basic Climatic Conditions (BCC) assigned, since indoor climate is frequently disturbed through incoming customers.

Maintained climate according BCC: Heating Season: 18 °C, RH not specified

The U-Values of the envelop are: U-ValueShop ceiling: 0,25 kW/m2/h U-ValueShop wall: 0,22 kW/m2/h U-ValueShop floor: 0,27 kW/m2/h

In order to have reference values at hand, different HVAC systems with the same settings were compared. We thereby gain understanding of the system’s influence on the energy balance. Shops

Shop Version 1

Chosen System Radiant Floor

EIU Equipment Equipment Lighting [kWh/m2/a] [%] [kWh/m2/a] [%]

Lighting Heating [kWh/m2/a] [%]

Heating Fans Fans [kWh/m2/a] [%] [kWh/m2/a]

116

51.9

20.8

13.5

13.6

Version 1’1

Radiant Floor with nat. ventilation

Version 2

Active Chilld beams

120.6

51.9

20.8

16.7

13.6

Version 3

Passive Chilled beams

130.9

51.9

20.8

28.7

13.6

Version 4

Heating and Ventilation only

98.0

51.9

20.8

11,7

13.6

Heating and Ventilation only with nat. ventilation

83.9

51.9

20.8

11.2

Version 4’1

In order to compare the energy consumption of different systems effectively, we looked at the single posts of the energy balance. The absolute amount of certain posts remained the same throughout all analysis and therefore was not a relevant parameter. Further, the information distorts the perception of the important energetic data which is the energy spent for heating and fans in kWh/m2/a. As shown in the table, ‘Equipment’ and ‘Lighting’ together sum up to 70 % - 80 % percent of the energy consumption, thus overshadowing the influence of the heating systems on the energy balance. The actual energy required for space heating at Basic Climate Conditions sums to less than 12 kWh/ m2/a, which is similar to passive house standards in central Europe (< 15 kWh/m2/a for space conditioning). I must be noted that Passive Houses need to sustain higher indoor climate conditions. The comparison is solely made to give an order of magnitude for the energy consumption of the shops.

170

Subsequently, different working times for the system were calculated and compared to each other. The duration of the working time of the system remained constant, but started later and finished later for different versions. It was found that the shift two (from 9:00 -19:00 o’clock) requires least energy per square meter and year compared to earlier and later shifts. The variation ranges between 11.2 and 9.4 kWh/ m2/a which sums to a relative decrease in energy consumption of 16.4 %. We trace the reduced energy consumption back to the longer time in which the shops are benefiting from incoming solar radiation from in the late afternoon through the huge glazing towards the courtyard. It is therefore suggested to the administration of the complex to regulate the opening hours of the market accordingly. (Table with calculated shifts on bottom of the following page)

ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE LIBRARY - ADVANCED CLIMATE CONDITIONSThe library in the south wing of the complex have Advanced Climatic Conditions (ACC) assigned, since indoor climate is not frequently disturbed and the functions requires high thermal comfort. The library is planned with high emphasis on air tightness and encompassed with a higher performing envelop than the market. The U-Values of the envelop are: U-ValueLibrary ceiling: 0,181 kW/m2/h U-ValueLibrary wall: 0,21 kW/m2/h U-ValueLibrary floor: 0,176 kW/m2/h Library

Chosen System

Start time of conditioning: 10:00 o’clock End time of conditioning: 20:00 o’clock Maintained climate according ACC: Heating Season: 20 °C, 50 % RH Cooling Season: 24 °C, 60 % RH In order to have reference values at hand, different HVAC systems with the same settings were compared. We thereby gain understanding of the system’s influence on the energy balance.

Library

EIU Heating Heating Fans Fans [kWh/m2/a] [%] [kWh/m2/a] [%] [kWh/m2/a]

Cooling [%]

Cooling Equipment Equipment Lighting Lighting [kWh/m2/a] [%] [kWh/m2/a] [%] [kWh/m2/a]

Version 1

Fan Coil Units and Central Plant

119.9

15.1

15.2

13.4

51.9

20.8

Version 2

VAV - Return Air Central Plant

123.7

21.1

10.8

14.4

51.9

20.8

Version 3

VAV - 100% OA Central Plant

122.8

15.9

10.7

14.9

51.9

20.8

Version 4

CAV - Return Air Central AHU

154

15.7

45.9

19.5

51.9

20.8

Version 5

VAV - Return Air Package

122.2

21.1

10.6

17.7

51.9

20.8

In order to compare the energy consumption of different systems effectively, we looked at the single posts of the energy balance. As shown in the table, ‘Equipment’ and ‘Lighting’ together sum up to approximately 60 % percent of the energy consumption, thus overshadowing the influence of the heating systems on the energy balance. The chosen system is Version 5 - VAV - Return Air Package. It provides the second best energy performance after the Fan Coil Unit (Version1) which requires a more complicated system due to the heatpump needed. Using a VAV allows to utilize a heat exchanger to preheat air through heat generated in the laundry room. Shop

Chosen System

Shift 1

The actual energy required for space heating and cooling at Advanced Climate Conditions sums up to: Heating: Fans: Cooling: Total:

21.1 kWh/m2/a 10,6 kWh/m2/a 17,7 kWh/m2/a 49,4 kWh/m2/a

Though better insulated, the library requires more than four times more energy for space conditioning than the shops. Shops

Start time

End time

Duration [h]

EIU Heating Heating Equipment Equipment Lighting Lighting [kWh/m2/a] [%] [kWh/m2/a] [%] [kWh/m2/a] [%] [kWh/m2/a]

Heating and nat. ventilation

8:00

18:00

83.9

11.2

51.9

20.8

Shift 2

Heating and nat. ventilation

9:00

19:00

82.1

9.4

51.9

20.8

Shift 3

Heating and nat. ventilation

10:00

20:00

82.9

10.2

20.8

Shift 4

Heating and nat. ventilation

11:00

21:00

83.9

11.2

51.9

20.8

Comparison of energy consumption of the shops according to different start and end times. 171

ENVELOP INTRODUCTION

ADVANCED ENVELOP

In order to reduce heat losses and keep thermal comfort as high as possible, special attention has to be payed on the design of the building envelop. The choice of the envelop has been done in accordance with the foreseen function and user pattern of the space. Parallel to the two classes of thermal comfort realized in the complex, two envelop systems are proposed. Each system is composed of solutions for wall, ceiling and floor. Spaces hosting functions assigned with Advanced Climate Conditions (ACC) are envelopd in better performing perimeter. (Advanced Envelop) Spaces with Basic Climate Conditions (BCC) have a more simple and cost efficient envelop. (Basic Envelop)

The advanced envelop is build on a wall of perforated brick, vapor retarder barrier and ETICS from ‘weber.therm’. The ETICS (External Thermal Insulation Compound System) provides thermal insulation and ensures the elements of the insulation to be compatible. The ETICS finishes with base coat and surface render. At specific places, the envelop is cladded with perforated aluminum panels or an opaque rain cladding system from Lapitec. Brackets fix the vertical substructure for the cladding to the concrete slabs of the building. The transparent elements of the Advanced Envelop are composed of a curtain wall stick system fixed externally to the slab and finishing in line with the ETICS. The brackets fixing the perforated aluminium panels are the same which support the curtain wall stick system and ‘pinch’ though the curtain wall.

BASIC ENVELOP The basic envelop is a internally insulated solution. Since the market is located above the parking space, insulating it externally is very challenging. The structural walls would act as thermal bridge and reduce the energy efficiency of the envelop. An external insulation would further more complicate the insulation of the roof and the nodes between ceiling and wall. Aligned with the intention to realize simple solutions, an internal insulation has been chosen. From outside to inside, the basic envelop is build on a wall of perforated brick, glass wool insulation (8 cm), a vapor retarder layer, and a final layer of glass wool. Towards inside, the envelop is closed with two layers of gypsum board mounted on aluminum C-profiles. The U-Values of the envelop are: U-ValueShop ceiling: 0,25 kW/m2/h U-ValueShop wall: 0,22 kW/m2/h U-ValueShop floor: 0,27 kW/m2/h

172

The U-Values of the envelop are: 0,181 kW/m2/h U-ValueLibrary ceiling: U-ValueLibrary wall: 0,21 kW/m2/h U-ValueLibrary floor: 0,176 kW/m2/h

Basic Envelop Advanced Envelop 173

INTERNAL INSULATION -BASIC ENVELOP

SHOP WALL STRATIGRAPHY

SHOP EXTERNAL WALL U-VALUE COMPOSITION layering from inside to outside Shop wall Layer name

Thickness [mm]

Thermal Conductivity Î» [W/mK]

Thermal Resistance R [m2K/W]

0,13

Plasterboard

12,5

0,25

0,05

Plasterboard

Thermal contact resistance

12,5

0,25

0,05

Glasswool

0,035

0,857

Homatherm vapour retarder layer

0,4

0,17

0,002

Glasswool

0,035

2,286

Lime render

0,87

0,011

Perforated Brick

120

0,30

0,4

Lime-gypsum render

0,7

0,011

0,04

Thermal contact resistance Whole Component U-Value [W/m K] 2

174

280,4

3,848 0,26

SHOP CEILING STRATIGRAPHY

SHOP FLOOR STRATIGRAPHY

SHOP CEILING U-VALUE COMPOSITION layering from inside to outside Shop roof Layer name

Thermal contact resistance

Thickness [mm]

Thermal Conductivity λ [W/mK]

SHOP FLOOR U-VALUE COMPOSITION Shop floor Layer name

Thermal Resistance R [m2K/W]

Thickness [mm]

Thermal Conductivity λ [W/mK]

Thermal Resistance R [m2K/W]

0,13

Thermal contact resistance

0,13

Plasterboard

12,5

0,25

0,05

Cement Screed

1,4

0,043

Homatherm vapour retarder layer

0,4

0,17

0,002

Homatherm vapour retarder layer

0,4

0,17

0,002

Polystyrene

0,035

1,714

PUR foam panel

100

0,03

3,333

230

2,00

0,115

0,04

Air cavity

0,2

0,175

Concrete

200

0,100

FOAMGLAS plate

0,046

1,739

Thermal contact resistance

PE foil

0,2

0,001

Gravel

100

Paving

Thermal contact resistance Whole Component U-Value [W/m2K]

Whole Component U-Value [W/m K] 2

390,4

3,75 0,27

0,04

478,3

3,951 0,25

175

EXTERNAL ENVELOP -ADVANCED ENVELOP

Library external wall stratigraphy; including cladding

Library wall Layer name

Thickness [mm]

Thermal Conductivity Îť [W/mK]

Thermal Resistance R [m2K/W]

0,13

Gypsum Fireboard

12,5

0,35

0,029

Perforated Brick

120

0,30

0,4

Homatherm vapour retarder layer

0,4

0,17

0,002

Homatherm Adhesive plaster

2,00

0,003

Polystyrene EPS (035)

140

0,035

4,00

Homatherm Undercoat with Ă&#x17E;bre enforcement mesh

2,00

0,004

Silicone Resin Plaster

0,7

0,014

Thermal contact resistance

0,04

Thermal contact resistance

Library external wall stratigraphy,without cladding

Library external wall U-Value composition layering from inside to outside 176

Whole Component U-Value [W/m K] 2

287,9

3,848 0,216

Library ceiling stratigraphy

Library floor stratigraphy

Library ceiling U-Value composition

Library floor U-Value composition Library Floor

layering from inside to outsideLibrary roof Layer name

Layer name

Thickness Thermal [mm] Conductivity Îť [W/mK]

Thermal Resistance R [m2K/W]

Thickness [mm]

Thermal Conductivity Îť [W/mK]

Thermal Resistance R [m2K/W]

0,13

Thermal contact resistance

0,13

12,5

0,25

0,05

Cement Screed

1,4

0,036

Rockwool insulation

0,035

0,857

Homatherm vapour retarder layer

0,4

0,17

0,002

Air cavity

250

0,134

0,175

PUR foam panel

0,03

1,667

Homatherm vapour retarder layer

0,4

0,17

0,002

Concrete

200

2,00

0,1

EPS

0,035

1,714

EPS

0,035

1,714

Thermal contact resistance Plasterboard

Polystyrene

0,035

1,714

Concrete

200

0,100

FOAMGLAS plate

100

0,046

1,739

PE foil

0,2

0,001

0,04

Thermal contact resistance Whole Component U-Value [W/m2K]

653,1

Cavity

0,134

0,179

Plasterboard

12,5

0,25

0,05

Plasterboard

12,5

0,25

0,05

0,04

Thermal contact resistance

4,808

Whole Component 0,181

U-Value [W/m K] 2

475,4

5,682 0,176

177

Parking floor stratigraphy

Internal wall stratigraphy

178

Structural wall stratigraphy

179

NODES AND SECTIONS BASIC ENVELOP SCALE 1/50 (enlarged plots in scale 1/30 in appendix)

180

181

182

183

ADVANCED ENVELOP SCALE 1/60 (enlarged plots in scale 1/30 in appendix)

184

185

186

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187

188

X STRUCTURAL DESIGN

189

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190

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

INTRODUCTION The following chapter introduces the design of the structural elements for the Community Market. It explains the chosen construction method and principles of its design briefly. Single elements are calculated exemplary to verify the feasibility of the assumed dimensions. Calculations follow the specifications in the Euro Code for reinforced concrete structures. Detailed structural plans and calculations are added in the appendix.

CHOICE OF MATERIAL AND STRUCTURAL SYSTEM The structural elements of the Kumkapi Community Market are executed in reinforced concrete, cast on site. The elements are designed to withstand the stress imposed on the structure by the building’s self weight and variable life loads. Furthermore it has to withstand extraordinary stress situations due to earthquakes. The structure is composed of slabs to accumulating loads and distribute them on beams resting on columns or structural walls. These columns and walls transfer the stress into stripe- and point foundations which ensure the building’s stability. Structural walls and a stiff stair case serve as shear bracing. The size of structural elements are relatively small and within common dimensions (beams spanning up to max 7,2 m per field; mono dimensional slab spanning over 5,0 m per field; column height around 4,0 m, exception reported below). Reinforced concrete is the primary building method in today’s Turkey and craftsmen and builder are familiar with the required techniques. Materials, tools and equipment are widely available. Reinforced concrete allows to erect structures relatively cheap and in a timely manner. Tolerances for concrete structures on site are higher than the ones for steel structures and executive solutions generally less sophisticated.

Reinforced concrete therefore stands in line with the idea of building a simple structure for a poor neighbourhood in Istanbul, favouring the feasibility of the project. The Community Roof, sheltering the market, is realised as galvanised steel structure. This solution was chosen to create a slender and elegant structure. Dimensions of structural elements are within usual scale (primary beam 9,5m, columns 5,0 m; field span between steel frames 5,0 m). The steel columns rest on the central market place, following the grid system which coordinates the building. Their loads are transferred to the columns in the ground floor which hand them over to the foundation.

CONSIDERATIONS ON EARTHQUAKE DESIGN Istanbul lies in an earthquake prone zone, creating special challenges for its structures. The Kumkapi community market is one of the few modern buildings in a neighbourhood in which an expected earthquake (chance for earthquake in Istanbul with magnitude < 6.0 till 2030 above 60%) will have devastating consequences. The market shall offer a safe place for escape for the immediate vicinity. Reinforced concrete is the most favourable building technique to realise earthquake proof buildings. Other strategies have been adopted to increase the building’s resistance. A general and simple advantage of the community market is it’s small height of maximum 11,8 meters over three floors. Vertical structural walls and stiffening elements (elevator shaft and staircase) are placed to have the centre of stiffness of the structure coinciding as much as possible with the centre of gravity. The two volumes adjacent to neighbouring buildings keep a cavity of 20 cm, filled with deformable polystyrene towards the walls to ensure flexibility in case of swaying structures during an earthquake.

191

SLAB

The calculated slab is located in the first floor, along the inclined ramp. It spans mono dimensionally and symmetrically over two fields: The edge support at grid line D is a structural wall, while mid- and edge support at grid line E and F are beams. The calculation are done for a 1 meter segment of the slab, being treated as continuous beam over two fields.

192

MATERIALS Unless stated differently, the materials and coefficients assumed are the following: Concrete C25/30 Yc = 1.5 fck = 25 N/mm2 acc = 0.85 fcd = (acc * fck)/Yc = (0.85*25)/1.5 = 14.2 N/mm2 fctm = 1.8 N/mm2

partial safety coefficient concrete characteristic compressive strength (28d) coefficient considering creep of concrete design compressive strength (28d) mean value of axial tensile strength in concrete

Steel reinforcement type: B 500 Ys = 1.15 fyc = 500 N/mm2 fyd = 500/1.15 = 434.8 N/mm2

partial safety coefficient steel characteristic cield strength steel design yield strength steel

Statical system of the slab

193

LOADS: Qd = qk * Yq = 7.5 * 1.5 = 11.25 kN/run m Gd = gk * Yg = 6.2 * 1.35 = 8.37 KN/run m

life load, EC Load cat E1, industrial use; qk = 7.5 kN/m2 dead load of slab according load assumptions; gk = 6.2 kN/m2

LOAD COMBINATION: Combination of load case 1 or load case 2 with dead load provide maximum stress resultants in field and at the mid support Load Case 1 life load at left/right span

Load Case 2 life load over both span

Constant Load

Stress resultant maxima for defining load combinations Load Combination 1 + Constant Load - max. field moment field - min. field moment filed - max. edge support shear Load Combination 2 + Constant Load 194

- max. mid support shear - min. mid support moment

1 2

41,65 - 19,32 40,33

kNm kNm kN

61,32 - 52,12

kN kNm

Maximum moment envelop through combination of load case 1 and load case 2. The envelop is mirrored on the central axis since the variable load of case 1 can also appear on the right span.

Maximum shear envelop through combination of load case 1 and load case 2. The envelop is mirrored on the central axis since the variable load of case 1 can also appear on the right span. 195

SCHEMATIC DISPLAY OF REINFORCEMENT CAPACITY ENCOMPASSING THE MOMENT Envelop

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ⴀ㐀㈀Ⰰ 欀一洀

㐀㄀Ⰰ㘀㔀欀一洀

㐀㈀Ⰰ 欀一洀

ⴀ㠀㐀Ⰰ ㄀㔀欀一 ⴀ㘀㄀Ⰰ㌀㈀欀一 ⴀ 㐀 Ⰰ㐀㐀欀一

㐀 Ⰰ㌀㌀欀一㘀㄀Ⰰ㌀㈀欀一㠀㐀Ⰰ ㄀㔀欀一

Upper reinforcement to withstand clumping moment. Ø 10 mm - 13 cm as = 6,04 cm2/run m

Upper reinforcement for negative moment on support Ø 10 mm - 10 cm as = 7,85 cm2/run m

Reinforcement for field moments leading through the full span. Ø 10 mm - 13 cm as = 6,04 cm2/run m

196

DETAILED SECTION OF THREE SLABS IN SCALE 1/10 (Longitudinal Slab section in the appendix)

End support Ø 10 mm - 13 cm

Ø 10 mm - 13 cm

MEd :calculatory no momentum* MRd :-42,00 kNm VEd :40,33 kN VRd :84,10 kN *reinforcement assigned to withstand moment due to clumping of the slab through structural wall

Midfield

Ø 10 mm - 13 cm

MEd :41,65 kNm MRd :42,00 kNm VEd : ≈0 kN VRd :84,10 kN

Mid support Ø 10 mm - 10 cm MEd :-52,12 kNm MRd :-53,8 kNm VEd :61,32 kN VRd :84,10 kN

Ø 10 mm - 13 cm

197

BEAM

The calculated beam is located in the ground floor, supporting the market in the central courtyard of the complex. It spans over five fields (B3-G3): four of them regular (B3-F3, 5.0 m each field) while the last span (F3-G3) stretches 5.5 m. To avoid mistakes in the fabrication of the reinforcement such as mixing the first and the last span due to the seemingly symmetrical layout of the beam, the first and the last span are treated as if they would both span over 5.5 m. Therefore slightly higher stress resultants are assigned to the first span, compared to the actual situation. This creates a symmetrical system (mirrored in the middle of the third beam and makes sure that field 5 is not left with too little reinforcement in case the directions are mixed on building site. Statical system of the beam LOADS: qk = 7.5* 5 (influencing width 5 m ) = 37.5 kN/m2 (life load, EC Load category E1, industrial use) gk = 30 kN/m2 (dead load of slab and beam according to load assumptions) Qd = qk * Yq = 37.5 *1.5 = 56.25 kN/run m Gd = gk * Yg = 30 * 1.35 = 40.5 KN/run m

198

199

LOAD COMBINATION: Combination of load case 1, 2, 3 or 4 with dead load provide maximum stress resultants in fields and at mid support.

Load Case 1 Load Case 2 Load Case 3 Load Case 4 Constant Load System Support Field

C 1

E 3

Load Combination 1 + Constant Load - max. field moment field 2,4 - min. field moment filed 3 Load Combination 2 + Constant Load

144,5 - 8,6

kNm kNm

524,5 - 257,0 / 267,5 - 234,1

kN kN kNm

601,3 - 326,6 / 274,7 - 303,3

kN kN kNm

226,3 226,3 269,6 167,5 - 42,8

kN kN kNm kNm kNm

- max. support E,D - max. shear E,D - max. support moment E,D

Load Combination 3 + Constant Load

- max. support F,C - max. shear F,C - max. support moment F,C

Load Combination 4 + Constant Load

200

- max. support B,G - max. shear B,G - max. field moment 1,5 - max. field moment 3 - min. field moment 2,4

226,3 kN

269,6 kNm

274,7 kN

-326,6 kN

-303,3 kNm

144,5 kNm

-42,8 kNm

267,5 kN

-257,0 kN

-234,1 kNm

167,5 kNm

-8,6 kNm

257,7 kN

-267,5 kN

-234,1 kNm

144,5 kNm

-42,8 kNm

326,6 kN

-274,7 kN

-303,3 kNm

269,6 kNm

-226,3 kN

MAXIMUM VALUES OF MOMENT AND SHEAR: Superposition of four load cases for moment and shear to reach values determining the design.

201

Schematic display of reinforcement capacity 335,3 kNm

335,3 kNm

182,1 kNm

237,7 kNm 297,1 kNm -346,6 kN

-346,6 kN

-168 kN

168 kN

346,6 kN

As = 6,29 cm2

As = 12,57 cm

Ø 8 mm - 15 cm

2 Ø 20 mm As = 6,29 cm2

As = 6,5 cm2/run m

As = 12,57 cm2

2 Ø 20 mm As = 6,29 cm2 Ø 8 mm - 28 cm As = 3,3 cm2/run m

4 Ø 16 mm As = 8,04 cm2

202

346,6 kN

4 Ø 20 mm

4 Ø 20 mm 2 Ø 20 mm

168 kN

5 Ø 16 mm As = 10,05 cm2

Detailed beam section in scale 1/30 (Longitudinal Slab section in the appendix)

2 Ø 20 mm

Field 1,5 Ø 8 mm stirrup

5 Ø 16 mm

Cross section verification

MEd :269,6 kNm MRd :297,1kNm VEd :157,6 kN VRd :168,0 kN

2 Ø 20 mm

Field 2,4 Ø 8 mm stirrup

4 Ø 16 mm

MEd :144,5 kNm MRd :237,7 kNm VEd :143,4 kN VRd :168,0 kN

2 Ø 20 mm

Field 3 Ø 8 mm stirrup

4 Ø 16 mm

MEd :167,5 kNm MRd :237,7 kNm VEd :156,6 kN VRd :168,0 kN

4 Ø 20 mm

Support C,F Ø 8 mm stirrup

4 Ø 16 mm

MEd :-303,3 kNm MRd :-335,3 kNm VEd :-326,6 kN VRd :-346,6 kN

4 Ø 20 mm

Support D,E Ø 8 mm stirrup

4 Ø 16 mm

MEd :-303,3 kNm MRd :-335,3 kNm VEd :-234,1 kN VRd :-346,6 kN

Stirrup

203

COLUMN

The calculated column supports the elevated ramp, which spans between the Greek house and the covered market. It is footed in an singular foundation with dimensions 1,3*1,3*0,4 m and rises 7,4 m up. The column has a cubic section of 30 cm * 30 cm. The load which needs to be carried by the column is rather small; the column is challenged by stability due to its slenderness though.

LOADS: gk = 9,77 kN/run m q1k = 4,5 kN/m2 q2k = 1,8 kN/m2 q3k = 1,5 kN/m2

(slab, parapet, beam, according to load assumptions) (life load Category C1, area where people can accumulate) (snow load, Ψ0 = 0,6) (wind load, Ψ3 = 1,5)

Ed = Σgk*Yg + [q1k*Yq1+q3*Yq3+Ψ0*q2k*Yq2] * 1,5 m Ed = 9,77kN/m * 1,35 + (4,5 kN/m2*1,5+1,5 kN/m2*1,5 + 0,6*1,8 kN/m2*1,5)*1,5m Ed = 29,12 kN/m (per running meter of slab) = 30 kN/run m Ed = 30 kN/run m *4,2 m * 1,25 = 157,5 kN Classification of the calculation approach: l0 = 7,4 m λ= l0/i = 7,4m/0,117 = 63,25 i = √(I/A) = 0,289*b for rectangular section = 0,289*0,3 m = 0,117 m λlim = >(16/ √(nEd)) or >25 = 16/ √0,105 = 49,4 nEd = NEd/Ac*fcd = 157 kN / (30 cm * 30 cm *1,42 kN/cm2) = 0,105 λlim = 49,4 < λ = 63,25 => slender pressure element; calculation according theory of second order. Following EC, eccentric load introduction and initial deflection were assumed and the cross section reinforced to withstand the resulting moment. Subsequently, the cross section has been proved for failure along the axis. (Detailed calculation in the appendix.)

The column highlighted in red is subject to the calculations 204

STRUCTURAL PLAN, (SCALE 1/100 FULL PLAN IN APPENDIX)

+ 157 kN

7,4 m

+ 7,3 m

Statical system of the column

205

COLUMN

FOUNDATION

STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS Detailed longitudinal and vertical section of the column. Scale 1/20 Drawing in bigger scale attached in the appendix.

STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS Detailed section of structural element foundation. Scale 1/20 Drawing in bigger scale attached in the appendix.

4 Ø 20 mm

Ø 8 mm stirrup - 24 cm 5,96 m / 25 stirrups

Ø 8 mm stirrup - 12 cm 0,72 m / 6 stirrups

Verification of the cross section for normal force: Rd = 1278 kN << Ed = 157 kN R 335 A reinforcement, welded wire mesh*

Ø 10 mm connection Reinforcement for

Ø 20 mm

Ø 8 mm stirrup

Ø 8 mm - 15 cm

Ø 8 mm stirrup - 12 cm 0,72 m / 6 stirrups

Ø 8 mm stirrup

206

*The structural perimeter wall has not been subject to detailed calculations. It serves to homogeneously distribute the punctual loads induced by the columns and brace them to a stiff entity to withstand potential earthquakes.

FOUNDATION

The calculated foundation is designed to transfer self weight and life loads of the shops into the ground. Settings of the structure are not expected due to the structures comparatively low weight (two build up floors) and the continuous history of settlement which has compressed the soil. The bedrock of Istanbul consists of many types of rock: sandstone, limestone and quartz from Palaeozoic, Cenozoic age. The higher layers closer to the surface are composed of coarse clay with sand. Information on the height of the groundwater table was not available. However the site lays approximately 11 m above the sea level. In order to avoid archaeological findings and complications due to it, the complex is lowered for only the half of a floor hight to -1,5m (indoor surface of the car parking), -2,5 m maximum depth for excavation. Due to the low depth of the structure, no infliction with ground water (lift up) is expected. The calculated section is part of the stripe foundation which runs along the perimeter of the underground parking with a width of 1 m.

5,30 m

1,80 m

0,00 m

-1,50 m -1,80 m -2,20 m 1,00 m

Although the loads from the roof are brought down through column along, it is assumed that the structural perimeter wall in the ground floor distributes the loads and creates a homogeneous pressure in the ground. Coarse clay with sand: Y = 17 kN7m3 φ’ = 22,5° c’ = 20 kN/m2 equally distributed earth stiffness assumed. Load from self weight and life loads of influence area: Ed = 213 kN/run m Resistance from soil: Rd = 398,8 kN/run m Details on previous page, calculations in the appendix. Structural plan with indication of the location of the 1 m segment calculated. 207

STEEL STRUCTURE The following chapter briefly describes the statical concept for the Community Roof above the market. The roof made of steel shelters the market from sun and rain. Main challenge for the design is the wide span of the elements. In order not to hinder the business on the ground, the roof is supported by slender columns. The chosen solution consists of four frames which are connected through purlins. To withstand corrosion, the steel elements are hotdip galvanized. All connections are executed through bolts in order to avoid the difficulties of welding on site. The chosen statical frame system consists of two clumped steel columns and a beam connected with joints. The solution with joints allows for a more simple connection at the frame corner because no moment is transferred there. Further, the jointed execution of the beamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s connection will react flexibly on deformation or irregular movement of a column due to an eventual earthquake.

HEA 180

Statical system of the frame

The dimensioning follows the example of a standardized steel hall which spans wider than required for the Community Market in Kumkapi. The perimeter of the initial hall is closed and therefore subject to wind loads, which again challenge the structure more than in the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s case. The structural elements are: Beam: IPE 400 Purlins: HEA 180 Column HEA 180

208

Conceptual structural plans for the Community Roof Scale 1/100

IPE 400

HEA 180

STABILITY The statical system is in theory determined through the clumped feet and jointed beam. Therefore it would not require bracing in x,y or z plane. However, realizing clumped feed for steel columns is difficult, without massive foundation. Therefore bracing elements have been placed in x, y and z plane. In order not to obstruct the market below, the bracing between E 3 and E 5 (in the frame plane) does not span between the diagonal corners but rises steeper. The bracing orthogonal to them span diagonally. Horizontal bracing is placed between the purlins. The panels for the coverage of the roof are placed on the purlins which transfer their load into the primary beams and thereby into the column.

209

CONSTRUCTIVE SOLUTIONS

The main components of the steel structure have been conceptually designed to bear the expected forces. The jointed corners of the frames donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t transfer moments and are therefore executed as flexible connection through bolted steel angles which connect the flange of the HEA 180 to the web of the IPE 400 hot rolled profiles. The connection can be realized on site. Wind induces horizontal forces of considerable magnitude and challenges the clumping of the column feed as moments. Therefore high tension steel anchors are placed in the RC beams which support the slabs. The RC columns in the ground floor (which directly support the steel columns) have small dimensions (30*30 cm). In order to create a lever arm (between center line of the column and the steel anchors) for the compensation of the induced moments, the steel anchors are set off into the beams. This solution is not optimal (placing the anchors in the corners of the food plate would be preferably) but seems necessary because anchors cant be placed in the thin concrete slab. The chosen solution for the column feed consists of a 2 cm welded food plate with holes to welcome anchors. The food plate rests on a bedding of high pressure cement. Vertical steel plates are welded as connection between column and food plate. These plates further connect the bracing cables to the structure.

210

Jointed beam edge Scale 1/20

Horizontal section of the food plate with offset anchors Scale 1/20

Vertical section of the food plate with offset anchors Scale 1/20

211

212

XI APPENDIX

213

710

800

700

427

660

1557

720

lvl +0.0

Ground floor structural plan (+1.8m) Scale 1:200

A 635

B 280

214

STRUCTURAL PLAN +1.8M MARKET

C 500

500

380

440

550

450

500

450

500

lvl +1.8

500

720

1 E

D 500

F 500

550

215

710

800

700

427

lvl +3.80m

660

1557

3.80 m - 4.80

720

3.30 m - 3.80 m

lvl +3.30m

lvl +3.80m

First floor structural plan Scale 1:200 216

a 635

B 280

C 500

STRUCTURAL PLAN FIRST FLOOR WITH RAMP

500

380

440

550

450

500

lvl +7.30m

450

500

lvl +6.30m

500

720

4.80 m - 5.30 m

lvl +4.80m

lvl +5.30m

1 E

D 500

F 500

550

217

500

C 500

STRUCTURAL PLAN -1.5M BASEMENT

310

500

E 500

140

550

100

450 500 500

218 720

Basement floor structural plan (-1.5m) Scale 1:200 140 30

Second floor structural plan (+7.8m) Scale 1:200

219

500

635

A 280

B 500

STRUCTURAL PLAN SECOND FLOOR +7.8M

500

STRUCTURAL PLAN -1.5M BASEMENT

500

lvl +7.80m

500

550

500

720

Ø 10 mm - 13 cm Ø 10 mm - 13 cm

Ø 10 mm - 10 cm Ø 10 mm - 10 cm

Ø 10 mm - 13 cm Ø 10 mm - 13 cm

500

Slab structural detail Scale 1:20

Ø 10 mm - 10

Ø -8 Ø 10 mm

Ø 10 mm - 13 cm

Ø 10

Ø 10 mm - 13 cm Ø 8 mm reinforcement stabilisation - 30 cm

Ø Ø 8 mm reinforcement st

Ø 8 mm reinforcement stabilisation - 30 cm

Ø 8 mm reinforcemen

SLAB AT SUPPORT AT EDGES

SLAB AT SUPPORT AT MID

SLAB AT SUPPORT AT EDGES

SLAB AT SUPPORT AT M

Slab structural detail Scale 1:10 220

Ø 10 mm - 13 cm Ø 10 mm - 13 cm

500

0 cm

mm -810 cmspacer

Ø 8 mm spacer

mm - 13 cm

10 mm - 13 cm tabilisation - 30 cm

nt stabilisation - 30 cm

DFIELD

MIDFIELD

Ø 10 mm - 13 cm

Ø 10 mm - 13 cm Ø 8 mm reinforcement stabilisation - 30 cm Ø 8 mm reinforcement stabilisation - 30 cm

SLAB AT MIDFIELD

SLAB AT MIDFIELD 221

Beam structural detail Scale 1:70, 1:20 222

223

Ø 8 mm stirrup 12 cm

Ø 8 mm stirrup

740

Ø 8 mm stirrup 12 cm

Ø 8 mm stirrup - 24 cm

2 Ø 20 mm

Column structural detail Scale 1:20 224

Column structural detail Scale 1:10

225

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CALCULATIONS

SLAB

Unless stated differently, the materials and coefficients assumed are the following:

Stress resultants were calculated with Winkler-coefficients, which allow to approximate the stress resultants for various loads on continuous beams over several span. Different load combinations have been considered and superimposed to create the maximum appearing stress within a structural element.

Concrete C25/30 Yc = 1.5 fck = 25 N/mm2 acc = 0.85 fcd = (acc * fck)/Yc = (0.85*25)/1.5 = 14.2 N/mm2 fctm = 1.8 N/mm2 Steel reinforcement type: B 500 Ys = 1.15 fyc = 500 N/mm2 fyd = 500/1.15 = 434.8 N/mm2

LOADS Qd=qk*Yq= 7.5*1.5 = 11.25 kN/run m Gd=gk*Yg=6.2*1.35 = 8.37 kN/run m STRESS RESULTANTS M1,max,Qd= 0.09*52*11.25 = 27 kNm M1,max,Gd= 0.07+52*8.37 = 14,65 kNm M1,max = 41.65 kNm Amax,Qd = 0.438*5*11.25 = 24.64 kN Amax,Gd = 0.375*5*8.37 = 15.69 kN Amax = 40.33 kN Bmax,Qd = 1.25*5*11.25 = 70.31 kN Bmax,Gd = 1.25*5*8.37 = 52.31 kN Bmax = 122 kN Mb,min,Qd = -0.125*52*11.25 = -35.16 kNm Mb,min,Gd = -0.125*52*8.37 = -26.16 kNm Mb,min = -61.32 kNm Vb,max = Bmax/2 = ± 61.32 kN Decrease of moment at monolithic mid-support IMEdI-IVEdI*t/2 = 61.32-61.32*0.15 = 52.12 kNm

ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE statical height plate cv > cmin,dur * cdev = 20 mm > øsl + 10 mm = 20 mm (10 mm longitudinal reinf. assumed) > α - øsl/2 = 30 - 10/2 = 25 mm ds = df = hslab - cv - øsl/2 = 20-2.5-0.5 = 17 cm

226

Calculation of the required amount of reinforcement has been done according to kd tables: Field: kd = d[cm]/ √(Med[kN]/b[m]) = 17/ √(41.65) = 2.63 => ks= 2.45 As = [cm2] = 2.45*41.65/17 = 6 cm2/run m ø10 - 13 cm => as = 6.04 cm2/run m Support: kd = d[cm]/ √(Med[kN]/b[m]) = 17/ √(52.12) = 2.35 => ks= 2.48 As = [cm2] = 2.48*52.12/17 = 7.6 cm2/run m ø10 - 10 cm => as = 7.85 cm2/run m MIN. REINF. TO ENSURE DUCTILE BEHAVIOUR AS,min = (fctm*w)/(z*fyk) w = I/z fctm = 2.6 z = 0.9 * d = 0.9 * 17 15.3 cm w = (b*h3)/(6*z) = (1*0.22)/6 = 0.0066 m3 as,min = (2.6 N/mm2 0.0066 m3)/(0.153m*500N/mm2) = 2.24 cm2 < 6.04 cm2 < 7.85 cm2 SHEAR It is proved that the unreinforced shear resistance of the slab is sufficient to bear the appearing loads. VRd,c =[crde*k+(100* φl*fck)1/3+0.12* σcp]*bw*d > VRd,min CRde = 0.15/Y = 0.1 k = 1 + (200/d)0.5 < 2 k = 1 + (200/170)0.5 = 2.08 => 2 bw = 1 m φl = asl/bwd = 6.04 / (100*17) = 0.0035 fck = 25 N/mm2 VRd,min = 0.49*1000*170 = 84145 N = 84 kN/rm Vmin = K1/Yc *(k3*fck)0.5 = 0.0525 / 1.5 * (23*25)0.5 = 0.49 kN/rm VRd,c = 0.1*2*(100*0.0035*25)1/3*100*17 = 700 kN/rm VEd = 61.32 kN/rm <84 kN/rm <700 kN/rm

SERVICABILITY LIMIT STATE No proof of crack width required for slab < 20 cm LIMITATION OF DEFLECTION l/d<k*[11+1.5*√fck*(φ 0/φ)+3.2*√fck*((φ 0/φ)-1)] 2/3 <(l/d)max k = 1.3 l = 5.00 m fck = 25 N/mm2 φ0 = fck0.5 * 10-3 = 0.005 N/mm2 b = 100 cm d = 17 cm φl = 0.0035 (φ0 >φ) 5/0.17 < 1.3*[11 + 1.5 * √25 * (0.005/0.0035) + 3.2 * √25 * ((0.005/0.0035) - 1)3/2] 92.42 < 34.06 => proved (l/d)max < k * 35 = 1.3*35 = 45.5 < k2 * 150/l 50.7 LENGTH OF ANCHORAGE lb,req = (ø*σsd)/4fbd = (As,req * fyd)/(As,ex * fbd) fbd = 1.89 N/mm2 (poor adhesion condition) ø 10 mm fyd = fyk/Ys = 500/1.15 = 434.8 N/mm2 longitudinal reinforcement FEd = max of the following two -> VEd*d/2 40.33*0.17/(0.9*0.17) = 44.81 -> VEd / 2 = 40.33/2 = 20.17 as,req = FEd/fyd = 44.81/43.48 = 1.03 cm2 lb,req = (10*1.03434.8)/(4*6.04*1.98) = 98.07 mm lb,min = max of the following two -> 0.3* α1 *α4 *lb,req = 0.3 * 1 * 0.7 * 98.07 -> 10* ø = 100 mm chosen: 200 mm over edge of support, because reinforcement needs to extend over centreline of support.

227

BEAM Stress resultants were calculated with Winkler-Coefficients, which allow to approximate the stress resultants for various loads on continuous beams over several span. Four different load combinations have been considered and superimposed to create the maximum appearing stress within the structural element. LOADS gks = 5m*0.23m*23kN/m3 = 26.45 kN/rm gkb = 0.3m*0.3m*23kN/m3 = 3.45 kN/rm gk = 30 kN/rm qk = 7.5 kN/m2 * 5 m = 37.5 kN/rm

slab beam life load

Qd=qk*Yq= 37*1.5 = 56.25 kN/run m Gd=gk*Yg=30*1.35 = 40.5 kN/run m STRESS RESULTANTS To avoid mistakes at reinforcement construction, the beam was assumed to be symmetric for the structural calculations. The first span (B-C) is reinforced as if it would span 5.5 m instead of the actual 5.0 m LOADS AT SUPPORT Self load: GGd = 0.395*40.5*5.5 = 88.0 kN FGd = 1.132*40.5*(5.5+5.0)/2 = 240.7 kN EGd = 0.974*40.5*5.0 = 197.24 kN Life load: GQd = 0.447*56.25*5.25 = 138.3 kN FQd = 1.218*56.25*5.25 = 359.7 kN EQd = 1.167*56.25*5.0 = 328.22 kN Total: B,G = 88.0 kN + 138.3 kN = 226.3 kN C,F = 240.7 kN + 359.7 kN = 600.4 kN D,E = 197.24 kN + 328.22 kN = 525.46 kN FIELD MOMENTS Self load: Field 1,5: M1,5 = 0.078*5.52*40.5 = 95.56 kNm Field 2,4: M2,4 = 0.033*5.02*40.5 = 33.4 kNm Field 3: M3 = 0.046*5.02*40.5 = 46.6 kNm

228

Life Load Field 1,5: M1,5 = 0.1*5.52*56.25 = 170 kNm Field 2,4: M2,4 = 0.079*5.02*56.25 = 111.1 kNm Field 3: M3 = 0.086*5.02*56.25 = 120.9 kNm Total: M1,5 = 99.56+170 = 269.6 kNm M2,4 = 33.4+111.1 = 144.5 kNm M3 = 46.6+120.9 = 167.5 kNm SUPPORT MOMENTS Self load: MC,F = -0.105*5.252*40.4 = -117.2 kNm MD,E = -0.079*5.02*40.5 = -78.0 kNm Life load: MC,F = -0.120*5.252*56.25 =-186.1 kNm MD,E = -0.111*5.02*56.25 = -156.1 kNm Total: MC,F = -117.2-186.1 = -303.3 kNm MD,F = -78.0-156.1 = -234.1 kNm SHEAR FORCES Self load: CV,leftFV,right = -0.605*40.5*5.5 = -134.8 kN CV,rightFV,left = 0.526*40.5*5.0 = 106.5 kN DV,leftEV,right = -0.474*40.5*5.0 = -95.0 kN DV,rightEV,left = 0.5*40.5*5.0 = 101.3 kN Life load: CV,leftFV,right = -0.62*5.5*56.25 = -191.8 kN CV,rightFV,left = 0.598*5.0*56.25 = 168.2 kN DV,leftEV,right = -0.576*5.0*56.25 = -162 kN DV,rightEV,left = 0.591*5.0*56.25 = 166.2 kN Total: CV,leftFV,right = -134.8-191.8 =-326.6 kN CV,rightFV,left = 106.5+168.2 =274.7 kN DV,leftEV,right = -95.0-162 = -257.0 kN DV,rightEV,left = 101.3 + 166.2 = 267.5 kN BV,rightGV,left = 226.3 kN

ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE fcd = fck/Yc = 25/1.5 = 16.6 N/mm2 fyd = fyk/Ys = 500/1.15 = 434.8 N/mm2 cv = 2.5 cm øl = 20 mm øsl = 8 mm dF = 73-cv-øl/2-øsw = 73-2.5-1-0.8 = 68.7 cm (Field) dS=73-cv-øsl-øsv-øsw= 73-2.5-1-1-0.8-1=66.7 (Support) Contributing width of slab beff = bw+ Σbeff,i beff,i = 0.2*bi+0.1*l0 <0.2*l0 <bi bi = (a-bw/2)/2 = (5.0-0.15)/2 = 2.435 = 2.4 m beff 1,5 = 0.3+2*0.905 = 2.11 m beffi,1,5 = 0.2*2.4+0.1*4.25 = 0.905 m l0 = 0.85*leff = 0.85*5.0 = 4.25 m (final field) beff 234 = 0.3+2*0.83 = 1.96 m beff,i,234 = 0.2*2.4+0.1*3.5 = 0.83 m l0 = 0.7*leff = 0.7*5.00 = 3.5 m (mid field) Calculation of the required amount of reinforcement has been done according to kd tables: Field 1,5: kd = d[cm]/ √(Med[kN]/b[m]) = 68.7/ √(268/2.11) = 6.08 => ks= 2.34 As,req = 2.34*269.6/68.7 = 9.18 cm2 Asl,1,5 = 5ø16 = 10.05 cm2 Field 2,4: kd = d[cm]/ √(Med[kN]/b[m]) = 68.7/ √(144/1.96) = 8.00 => ks= 2.34 As,req = 2.34*144.5/68.7 = 4.92 cm2 Asl,2,4 = 4ø16 = 8.04 cm2 Field 3: kd = d[cm]/ √(Med[kN]/b[m]) = 68.7/ √(167.5/1.96) = 7.43 => ks= 2.34 As,req = 2.34*167.5/68.7 = 5.71 cm2

Asl,3 = 4ø16 = 8.04 cm2 Min. field moment: kd = d[cm]/ √(Med[kN]/b[m]) = 66.7/ √(42.77/0.3) = 5.59 => ks= 2.34 As,req = 2.34*42.77/67.7 = 1.5 cm2 Asl,mid = 2ø20 = 6.28 cm2 (continuous longitudinal reinforcement for fixture of stirrups.) Reinforcement at support: Support C,F: kd = d[cm]/ √(Med[kN]/b[m]) = 66.7/ √(303.3/0.3) = 2.1 => ks= 2.54 As,req = 2.54*303.3/66.7 = 11.55 cm2 Asl,C;F = 4ø20 = 12.57 cm2 Support D,E: kd = d[cm]/ √(Med[kN]/b[m]) = 66.7/ √(234.1/0.3) = 2.39 => ks= 2.48 As,req = 2.48*234.1/66.7 = 10.05 cm2 Asl,C;F = 4ø20 = 12.57 cm2 Minimal reinforcement to ensure ductile behaviour of structural element: Support: min As = (fctm*w)/(z*fyk) w = Iy/zs = ((30*733)/12)/60 = 972543/60 = 16.21 cm3 z = 0.9*66.7 = 60.0 cm As,min = (2.6*16.21)/(60/500) = 1.4 cm2 1.4 cm2 < As,support = 12.57 cm2 Field 1,5: Atot = 23*211+30*50=4853+1500 = 6353 cm2 zs = Σ(Ai*zi)/Atot = (4853*11.5+1500*48) /6353 = 20.12 cm Iy = (211 * 233) / 12 + (30*503) / 12 + (4853 * (20.1111.5)2) + (1500 * (48 - 20.12)2) = 2052976 cm4 wy = Iy/z = 2052976 / (73 - 20.12) = 38823 cm3 As,min = (2.6 * 38823 / 61.8 * 500) = 3.27 cm2 < As,field,1,5 = 9.42 cm2 Calculated with smallest effective width beff,1,5 = 1.96 m

229

Field 2,3,4: Atot = 23 * 196 + 30 * 50 = 4508 + 1500 = 6008 cm2 zs = Σ(Ai*zi)/Atot = (4508 * 11.5 + 1500 * 48) /6008 = 20.6 cm Iy = (196 * 233) / 12 + (30 * 503) / 12 + (4508 *9.12) + (1500 * 27.42) = 2010675 cm4 wy = Iy/z = 2010675 / (73 - 20.6) = 38372 cm3 As,min = ( 2.6 * 38372 / 61.8 * 500) = 3.23 cm2 < As,field,2,3,4 = 6.16 cm2

Min. reinforcement: As = ρw,min*bw*sin α = 0.7*10-3*1 = 2.1 cm2/rm ρw,min = 0.7 ‰ sin α = sin 90° = 1

Calculated with smallest effective width beff,2,3,4 = 1.96 m

Proof of VRd,s: VRd,s = qsw*fcwd*z* (cot θ + cot α) *sin α

SHEAR REINFORCEMENT VRd,cc = [c*0.48*fck(1/3)*(1-1.2*(σcd/fcd)]*bw*z C = 0.5 0.24*fck(1/3) = 0.7 for C25/30 => 0.48*fck(1/3) = 1.4 MN/m2 VRd,cc = 0.5 * 1.4 * 1 * 0.3 * 0.6 = 0.126 MN = 126 kN z = 0.9 * dF = 0.9 * 66.7 = 60 cm cot θ = 1.2/(1-(VRd,cc/VEd)) = 1.2 / (a - (126 / 326.6)) = 1.95 condition for cot θ: 0.58 < 1.95 < 3 proved VRd,max = (bw*z* ν1*fcd)/(cot θ + tan θ) = (0.3 * 0.6 * 10.6) / (1.95 + (1 / 1.95) = 0.775 MN = 775 kN ν1*fcd = 10.6 MN/m2 for C25/30 VRd,max = 775 kN > VEd,max = 326.6 kN Distance of stirrup: VEd/VRd,max = 326.6 kN / 775 kN = 0.42 0.3 < (Vzd/VRd,max) < 0.6 => sw = 0.5 h < 30 cm 0.5*0.73 = 36.5 cm => 30 cm

230

Choice of stirrup ø8 mm - 30 cm Asw = 3.3 cm2/rm A ø 8 mm = 0.5 cm2 ; Astirrup = 1 cm2 3.3*1 cm2 = 3.3cm2/rm

with asw = Asw/sw = VEd/fywd*z*cot θ) = (326.6 kN/mm2 ) / (0.434.8 N/mm2 * 0.6 m * 1.95) = 642.00 mm2/m = < 3.3 cm2/m => Adjustment of stirrup necessary VRd,s,min,reinf. = 3.3cm2/m * 43.48 kN/m2 * 0.6m * 1.95 = 168.0 kN Where shear force is below 168.0 kN => min. reinforcement ø 8 mm - 30 cm. Where shear force is above 168.0 kN sw = 100/6.42 = 15.57 cm chosen: ø8-15 cm Calculation of linear shear stress resultant line in first span: Δshearforce = 226.3 (at ‘B’) + 326.6 (at ‘C’) = 553 kN span of field 1 = 5.5 m => Δshearforce = 100kN/m 553-168 = 385 kN 326.6-168 = 158 kN 553/550 = 158/x x = (158*550)/553 = 157 cm => left and right of each supports: 11ø8 - 15 cm => between: ø8 - 30 cm *to achieve an equal distribution of stirrups along the spans, their width has been decreased to 27 cm.

COLUMN LOADS Slab and parapet: 23 kN/m3 * 0.2 m * 1.5 m + 0.8 kN/m = 7.7 kN/m Beam: 23 kN/m3 * 0.3 = 2.07 kN/m GK = 7.7 + 2.07 = 0.77 kN/rm Life loads: Q1k User (Cat. C1 EC): 3 kN/m2 * 1.5 m = 4.5 kN/m2 Q2k Snow; ψ0=0.6; YQ2= 1.5 1.2 kN/m2 *1.5 m = 1.8 kN/m2 Q3k Wind; ψ1 =1.0; YQ3 = 1.5 Ed = ΣGk*Yg+[Q1k*YQ1+Q3k*YQ3* ψ1+Q2k*YQk* ψ0] = 9.77 * 1.35 +[4.5*1.5+1.5*1.5*1+1.8*1.5*0.6] = 29.12 = 30 kN/rm of bridge length Weight at middle column calculated with coefficients of Winkler-tables for continuous beams. The bridge was assumed as continuous beam over two span. Normal force in the column: 30 kN/m*4.2m*1.25 = 157.5 kN Classification of the calculation approach: l0 = 7,4 m λ= l0/i = 7,4/0,117 = 63,25 i = √(I/A) = 0,289*b for rectangular section = 0,289 * 0,3 m = 0,117 m λlim = >(16/ √(nEd)) or >25 = 16/ √0,105 = 49,4 nEd = NEd/Ac*fcd= 157kN / (30cm*30cm*1,42kN/cm2) = 0,105 λlim = 49,4 < λ = 63,25 => slender pressure element; calculation according theory of second order. Following EC, eccentric load introduction and initial deflection were assumed and the cross section reinforced to withstand the resulting moment. REINFORCEMENT etot = e1+e2 e1 = e0+ei e0 = 0 => MEd = 0 ei = θi*l0/2 = 0.0037*740/2 = 1.37 θi = α/200 = 0.74/200 = 0.0037

α = 2/ √l = 2/ √7.4 = 0.74 e2 = K1*(1/r)*l02/c c = 10 (1/r) = Kr*K ρ*(r0) = 1*1*0.019 = 0.619 K1 = 1 because λ = 63.25 > 35 K ρ = 1 disregard of concrete creep Kr = 1 sage side (1/r0) = εyd/(0.45*d) = (2.174 *10-3)/(0.45*0.257) = 0.019/m εyd = fyd = fyd/Es = 2.174*10-3 d = h-ds = 30 - 4.3 = 25.7 cm ds= cv+ østirrup+ølong/2 = 2.5+0.8+1 = 4.3 cm e2 = (1*0.019*7.42)/10 = 0.104 m = 10 cm etot = e1+e2 = 1.37+10 = 11.37 cm Calculation through interaction diagram for rectangular cross section. ds/h = 4.3/30 = 0.143 MEd = INEdI*etot = I-157 kNI*0.1137 m = 17.9 kNm μEd = MEd/(b*h2*fcd) = 17.9/0.3*302*1.42 = 0.047 = 0.05 vEd = NEd/(b*h*fcd)=157/(30*30*1.42) = 0.123 from diagram: ωtot =0.3 As,tot = (ωtot*b*h)/(fyd/fcd) = 0.3*0.3*0.3/30.7 = 8.79 cm2 As,min = 0.15*(INEdI)/fyd = (0.15 * 157) / 43.48 = 1.62 cm2 As,max = 0.09*Ac=0.09*30*30 = 81cm2 As,tot, overlay = 17.58 cm2 < As,max= 81 cm2 chosen 4ø20 = 12.57 cm2 Stirrup østirrup= 8 mm max s stirrup = min of the following: - 12*dsl = 12*20 = 24 cm - b = h = 30 - 30 cm chosen: ø8 -24 cm Close to foundation and support: sw = 0.6*sw = 0.6*24 = 14.4 cm chosen: 6ø8 - 14 cm Resistence of section: Rd = fcd*A = 14.2 * 90000 = 1278 kN Rd >> Ed = 157.5 kN

231

FOUNDATION LOADS The calculated 1m stripe of the foundation below the perimeter wall transfers self weight and life loads of 13.75m2 into the ground. Slab: 3*13.75m2*0.25m*23kN/m3 = 237,2 kN Beam: 2*2.75*03*0.3m*23kN/m3 = 11.4 kN Perimeter: 5m*6.8m*0.2*23kN/m3 = 156.4 kN Foundation: 1m*5m*0.4m*23kN/m3 = 46 kN Gk = 237.2+11.4+156.4+46 = 450.6 kN Life loads assumed category E1, industrial storage Qk = 3*7.5kN/m2*13.75kN/m3 = 304 kN The above compiled weight is transferred into the ground continuously over 5 m. The calculation has been done for 1 m segment of the foundation. Gk = 450.6/5 = 90.12 kN/m Qk = 304/5 = 60.8 kN/m Gd = Gk*YG =90.12 kN/m * 1.35 = 122 kN/m Qd = Qk*YQ = 60.8 kN/m * 1.5 = 91.2 kN/m Nd = Gd+Qd = 122 + 91.2 = 213.2 kN/m Soil: Coarse clay with sand: Y = 17 kN/m3 ρ’ = 22.5° c’ = 20 kN/m3 Nb0 = 3.0 Nd0 = 8.2 Nc0 = 17.5 Rn,k = 1 rm*1m*(17kN/m3*1m*3.0+17kN/ m3*1.5*8.2+17kN/m3*17.5) Rn,d = Rn,k/YR,k = 557.6/1.4 = 398.8 kN/m 213 kN/m < 298.8 kN/m Calculation of necessary reinforcement: equally distributed earth stiffned is assumed Mx = N*bx/8 = 213.2kN/m2*1m/8 = 26.7 kN kd = d[cm]/ √(Med[kN]/b[m]) = 35/ √(26.7/1) = 6.74 => ks= 2.34 As = 2.34*27.6/35 = 1.74 cm2 chosen: ø8 - 15 cm = 3.35 cm2/m

232

233

RESULTS OF DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS

FINAL VALUES OF THE COMPLEX Case

Table 1

area [m^2]

Underlit [%]

well lit [%]

over lit [%]

DF [%]

sDA [%]

ASE [%]

100

4,08

100

206

4,19

4,85

Exhibitions1

113

7,07

Exhibitions2

113

6,79

Exhibitions3

113

6,50

Exhibitions 4

113

6,55

Shops

133

3,33

Shops inclined

132

3,33

100

2,58

100

Administration Lib/Emp Bistro

Workshops

OPTIMIZATION OF EXHIBITION 1

Exhibition

Version

Under-lit [%]

Well-lit [%]

Over-lit [%]

Note

glazing bridge south [m2]

glazing bridge north [m2]

roof glazing [m2]

28,8

20,54

28,8

11,04

Sum of glazed area [m2]

Comment

Annual Energy Area [m2] Consumption [kWh/m2/a]

74,6

Try

138

189

66,34

Try

138

189

28,8

56,84

Try

137

189

11,04

28,8

60,84

Try

138

189

11,04

20,54

52,58

Try

137

189

139

189

11,04

20,54

21,7

70,28

Skylight, less windows for use as gallery

11,04

20,54

14,1

62,68

Skylight, skylight small

138

189

11,04

20,54

18,71

67,29

Skylight medium

138

189

11,04

20,54

13,5

62,08

Skylight indirect 1m

137

189

11,04

20,54

20,25

68,83

Skylight indirect 1,5m

137

189

10*

11,04

20,54

20,25

68,83

real conditions

135

189

135

189

real conditions updated

glased groudfloor, glazed staircase

138

189

shading at southern bridge

138

189

glazing in northern bridge reduced

138

189

shading over groudfloor glazing

138

189

in position

234

Area of glazing through window [m2]

OPTIMIZATION OF EXHIBITION 2 Version

sDA

ASE

Features

Screenshot name

Comment

1,76

2 running meters window north (spiral stairs) vertical stairs glazed

litstairs10,11

partially underlit but diffusive light in the exhibition room.

1,82

1 sqm on east wall

same as Version 1 +1 sqm of glazing through 4 small windows towards east

litstairs20,21

partially underlit but diffusive light in the exhibition room.

1,94

1 sqm on east wall 1 sqm on south wall

same as Version 2 + 1 sqm of glazing trough 4 small windows towards south

litstairs30,31

partially underlit but diffusive light in the exhibition room.

1,98

1 sqm on east wall 1 sqm on south wall 0,5 sqm on east wall

same as Version 3 + 0,5 sqm of glazing though 2 small windows towards east

litstairs40,41

partially underlit but diffusive light in the exhibition room.

litstairs50,51

slowly getting there though too much overlit However, incoming light will be reduced compared to Sefaira calculation because of perforated metal sheets on the facade.

Exhibition 4

2,49

sqm glazing

1 sqm on east wall 1 sqm on south wall 0,5 sqm on east wall 9 sqm glazing with shading to reflect the light coming though the bridge

Same as Version 4 + 9 sqm of glazing as single window with 9 sqm shading above and below to consider the slabs of the bridge.

OPTIMIZATION OF EXHIBITIONS 3 Case

Exhibition 1

Exhibition 2

Exhibition 3

Exhibition 4

3,6

2,8

2,0

2,4

Underlit [%]

Well lit [%]

Over lit [%]

7,07

6,79

6,50

6,55

spatial Daylight Autonomy [%]

Annual Sunlight Exposure [%]

m2 glazed rises

Daylight Factor [%]

235

OPTIMIZATION OF SHOPS Version

Under-lit [%]

Well-lit [%]

Over-lit [%]

Note

Comment

Annual Energy Consumption [kWh/m2/a]

Area [m2]

basic

154

152

simpliĂ&#x17E;ed

168

152

adjusted windows

169

151

169

151

separate shading apparently useless

adjusted windows + shading

above + internal walls

169

151

central shading device (in position)

166

151

Shops

+ 6

COMPARISON OF WINDOW TYPES FOR SHOPS Case

Winows tilted east

Windows facing south east

Underlit [%]

Well lit [%]

Over lit [%]

3,09

3,33

spatial Daylight Autonomy [%]

Annual Sunlight Exposure [%]

Daylight Factor [%]

236

OPTIMIZATION OF WORKSHOPS / FACILITIES Version

Under-lit [%]

Well-lit [%]

Over-lit [%]

Note

with Shading

Comment

shading has apparently no influence on the lighting

Annual Energy Area [m2] Consumption [kWh/m2/a] 149

402

149

402

150

402

150

402

without shading

bigger windows in Ă&#x17E;rst floor

without market building

enlarged windows

151

402

furthermore enlarged

151

402

window in middle level back

151

402

with shading device

151

402

in position

151

402

Workshops/ Facilities

market shades only very little

237

ANALYSIS GREEK HOUSE

Greek House

Version

Under-lit [%]

Well-lit [%]

Over-lit [%]

Note

Annual Energy Area [m2] Consumption [kWh/m2/a]

146

205

154

205

156

205

Version

Under-lit [%]

Well-lit [%]

Over-lit [%]

Version

Under-lit [%]

Well-lit [%]

Over-lit [%]

old house not yet improved

149

980

old house better

149

980

with adjusted museum

149

980

without ancient cube (because it cant be improved

149

947

in position

ANALYSIS OTTOMAN CUBE

Ottoman Cube

Note

Annual Area [m2] Energy Consumpti on [kWh/ m2/a]

ignore basement

158

175

OVERALL COMPLEX

Complete Complex

238

Note

Annual Energy Area [m2] Consumption [kWh/m2/a]

239

REFERENCES

http://www.ctrl-space.net/ Istanbul architecture competition Social Transformation and Migration: National and Local Experiences in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico and Australia-S. Castles, D. Ozkul, M. Cubas Public Space Public Life' study conducted by Gehl Architects for EMBARQ Turkey Handmade Urbanism-From Community Initiatives to Participatory Models Marcos L. Rosa / Ute E. Weiland (eds.) https://www.superpoool.org Open city Istanbul The Yenikapi Project, Istanbul - Peter Eisenman + Aytac Arch http://www.archdaily.com/803010/competition-winning-design-proposes-wood-housing-addition-to-fourth-century-aqueduct-in-istanbul DIY Initiative Group Urban Strategy project -Fabienne Blunden Bette Midler Community Gardens Personal communication with Yegena architects (previous winners of this competition) Maps provided by Professor Funda Atun Photographs from Liz Coghlan Photographs from Walking Han tour,Istanbul Market Square Cover Competition Entry / Michael Labory & Bertrand Schippan Artist's Colony Market / Atelier Architects Encants Flea Market, Barcelona – Fira de de Bellacaire Besançon Art Center and Cité de la Musique Besançon, France 12/2012 Art center – Kengo kuma Architects Max Dudler . The Museum of the 20th Century . Berlin Kolumba Museum in Cologne The inside and out of reverse brick veneer | http://aasarchitecture.com/2016/11/tokyo-pop-lab-nima-nian.html/tokyo-pop-lab-by-nima-nianJorge Badia, Can Framis Museum, Barcelona, 2008 Panorama window at Salt Galata, Istanbul 2014 240

Colour palette, http://color.romanuke.com Weather data, https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/istanbul_turkey_745044 Weather data, https://www.windfinder.com/windstatistics/istanbul Istanbul, residential are Beyoğlu, https://www.windfinder.com/windstatistics/istanbul Sharon Wohl , “The Grand Bazaar in Istanbul: The Emergent Unfolding of a Complex Adaptive System”, Delft Technical University and Iowa State University, 2015. Zeynep Gunay, Vedia Dokmeci, “Culture-led regeneration of Istanbul waterfront: Golden Horn Cultural Valley Project”, Istanbul technical university, 2011 Andrew Charleson, “Seismic design for architects. Outwitting the quake”, Elsevier, 2008. Envelop solution, https://www.homatherm.com/ Envelop solution, https://www.isover.it/prodotti/vario-km-duplex-uv Facade solution, https://www.lapitec.it/home/ Istanbul data base, http://www.istanbulurbandatabase.com/ Çiğdem Çörek Öztaş, Merve Akı, ”Istanbul Historic peninsula pdestrinization project”, EMBARQ Turkey, 2014

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