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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THIS THESIS IS A RESULT OF AN AMAZING TEAM EFFORT WHICH GAVE US EMOTIONAL, INTELLECTUAL AND PHYSICAL SUPPORT. SPECIAL THANKS TO: Our SLOCUM friends: Umut, Andres, Tirta, Isabella, Razan, Emily, Sachio, Heber, Nengi, Anu, Tanvi. Bahar and Burcu, who gave us an amazing guided tour in Los Angeles and made the trip a highlight of Spring 2020. Umut and Eren for endless moral support, cooking and helping to refine our final verbal presentation. Our advisers Britt Eversole, Julie Larsen and Sinead Mac Namara and many other professors who guided and helped us throughout these years. Friends from our AG: Natasha, Wendy, Camila, Daniela, Adi, Kyle, Peter, Kevin, Tommy. Faculty and stuff in Syracuse Architecture.
Our families: Sultan, Turan, Doruk, Zipir, Olga, Andrew, Sergey, Artem, Antonina.
THESIS 2020
3
THESIS DOCUMENT
ANNA KORNEEVA & IRMAK TURANLI
THESIS ADVISORS: PROF. BRITT EVERSOLE PROF. JULIE MAY LARSEN PROF. SINEAD MAC NAMARA
SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE CLASS OF 2020 4
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
CONTENT THESIS CLAIMS
6
THESIS PREP
8
CATALOG
10
ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL TYPES
22
EXAMINED INDUSTRIAL SITES
34
THESIS
50
SITE RESEARCH | INGLEWOOD OIL FIELD
52
FINAL CONTENT
70
PROJECTION: YEAR 2025
90
PROJECTION: YEAR 2030
98
PROJECTION: YEAR 2040
106
PROJECTION: YEAR 2060
114
PROJECTION: YEAR 2080
122
CONCLUSION
128
CRITERIA OF EVALUATION
130
BIBLIOGRAPHY
132 THESIS 2020
5
THESIS CLAIMS
Earth Choreographer is a design methodology t the landscape of an obsolete oil field by constant through human and non-human agencies in coord occupiers.
This thesis explores the imperatives and op obsolete industrial sites. The primary goal is be obsolete oil field in Los Angeles, that demon and reprogramming over a period of decades. Ear recognizes the ruination of the ground and the
By acknowledging the evolving technologies resources, this thesis raises the following que - What happens when a landscape that is produc and recreated? - The reconfiguration of the landscape by mach the spaces that the human and non-human occupy constantly reconfigured? - What does a site that constantly erases and r
6
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that focuses on choreographing and reconfiguring tly scoring, manipulating, and deterritorializing dination and conjunction with the needs of its
pportunities in remediation and repurposing of to choreograph possible scenarios in a soon to nstrates the potential of radically remediating rth Choreographer explores a design process that landscape.
and ever-increasing preoccupation with natural estions: ctive is sought to be both partially preserved
hines will constantly change the boundaries of y. How do we represent a ground plane that is
reconstructs itself look like?
THESIS 2020
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8
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THESIS PREP
THESIS 2020
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CATALOG
10
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
With evolving technologies, more complex regulatory and environmental policies and ever-increasing preoccupation with natural resources, architects have designed new lives for obsolete post industrial sites. In thesis prep, we have researched industrial types that are not used for their original purpose once they reach the end of their intended life cycle. Later, we produced a catalog of obsolete industrial types to show the new programs deployed at post-industrial sites. The catalog of sites included water towers, gasometers, underground coal tunnels, air raid shelters, former Olympic game venues and more. Through our research, we observed that most were repurposed for recreation and pleasure purposes and we believe such uses fail to embrace contemporary environmental and sustainable design ethics.
THESIS 2020
11
CATALOG OF THE OBSOLETE INDUSTRIAL TYPES
12
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THESIS 2020
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CATALOG OF THE OBSOLETE INDUSTRIAL TYPES
Type | Indus
14
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strial Sites
THESIS 2020
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CATALOG OF THE OBSOLETE INDUSTRIAL TYPES
16
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
THESIS 2020
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CATALOG OF THE OBSOLETE INDUSTRIAL TYPES
18
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THESIS 2020
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CATALOG OF OBSOLETE INDUSTRIAL OBJECTS
20
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THESIS 2020
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ANALYSING INDUSTRIAL TYPES
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“Adaptation, appropriation, and flexibility became the hallmarks of “successful” systems, as it is through ecosystems’ ability to respond to changing environmental conditions that they persist.” “Stan Allen identifies the new ecology along with engineering systems as important examples of “material practices,” which focuses not so much on “what things look like” but more on “what they can do.” “Most broadly, ecology can be a generating force, an active though elusive agent, in the structuring of the city and in the playing out of civic life—an agent that physically, mechanically, and constructively engages the various advanced technologies, public policies, and social and cultural dynamics in play.” -Chris Reed
THESIS 2020
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THESIS 2020
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THESIS 2020
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28
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THESIS 2020
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30
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THESIS 2020
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32
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THESIS 2020
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EXAMINED INDUSTRIAL SITES
34
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Claude Monet, Impression: Sun Rising, 1873. Musée Marmottan. Photo credit: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY.
“There is no modern Western painting more widely reproduced and taught than Claude Monet’s 1873 Impression: Sun Rising (see fig. 1). In supplementary addition to the standard appreciation of Monet’s handling of color and light, I want to stress here that this is a painting that at once reveals and aestheticizes anthropogenic environmental destruction.” “Like all forms of countervisuality, contesting Anthropocene visuality is a decolonial politics that claims the right to see what there is to be seen and name it as such: a planetary destabilization of the conditions supportive of life, requiring a decolonization of the biosphere itself in order to create a new sustainable and democratic way of life that has been prepared for by centuries of resistance.” -Nicholas Mirzoeff
THESIS 2020
35
GULF OF MEXICO | OIL EXTRACTION
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BP’s Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Encyclopedia Brittanica, US Coast Guard - Reuters/Landov
Oil is one of the most valuable resources in the contemporary world and its extraction is very complicated. Offshore extraction is one of the common ways to get to the oil and gas deposits. In 2010 the largest marine oil spill in history has occurred in the Gulf of Mexico and more than 4.9 million barrels has been discharged into the Atlantic ocean (210 million US gal; 780,000 m3).Only about 25% of the released oil was collected while about 75% of it remained in the environment. This disaster had devastating effects on the lives of many living close to the shore and the entire marine life that inhabit the Gulf of Mexico. Marine life continues to die in record numbers with infant dolphins dying at six times the normal rate. Kemp’s ridley sea turtles have been stranded at five times the rate Before the spill. The oil spill has heavily decreased the health quality of those living close to the area of oil discharge, resulting in high asthma rates, miscarriages and other severe health problems.
THESIS 2020
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IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
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OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION
THESIS 2020
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Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Gulf of Mexico
100 miles
100 miles
Deepwater horizon Oil Spill in Gulf of Mexico
Diagram representing deaths of dolphins and sea turtles after the disaster
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Increase in asthma rates in the Gulf of Mexico after the oil spill
Diagram representing the oil discharge on the shores close to the oil rig explosion THESIS 2020
41
CALIFORNIA | OIL EXTRACTION
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By 1930, California was producing nearly one quarter of the world’s oil output, and its population had grown to 1.2 million. In the decades that followed, many wells closed, but even more opened, surrounded by urban and suburban growth. Although California used to be one of the biggest oil producers in the US, its oil industry has been in decline. “California oil production has fallen nearly 60% from its peak in 1985, in part because the state’s deposits of heavy crude can’t compete in a world that prefers cheaper natural gas.” As a result, the number of idle wells is exponentially increasing. “Of particular concern are about 35,000 wells sitting idle, with production suspended, half of them for more than a decade.” “Across much of California, fossil fuel companies are leaving thousands of oil and gas wells unplugged and idle, potentially threatening the health of people living nearby and handing taxpayers a multi-billion-dollar bill for the environmental cleanup.” - Mark Olalde and Ryan Menezez Los Angeles Times THESIS 2020
43
OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION
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OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION
THESIS 2020
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Distribution of the wells in Lost Hills
photo from Los Angeles Times
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Distribution of the wells in between Derby Acres and McKittrick
phot by Aera Energy THESIS 2020
47
PUMPJACKS IN THE URBAN FABRIC OF LOS ANGELES
SOUTH LOS ANGELES
48
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SOUTH LOS ANGELES
THESIS 2020
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THESIS
THESIS 2020
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SITE RESEARCH| INGLEWOOD OIL FIELD
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In the 1890s, the small town of Los Angeles with the population of 50,000 began a transformation driven by the discovery and drilling of some of the most productive oil fields in history. After investigating various obsolete precedents, we identified a huge urban oil extraction site located in the center of Los Angeles. Inglewood Oil Field, located in Kenneth Hahn State Park near Culver City has an unusual site in urban Los Angeles. It is entirely open to view and is developed in the traditional manner of individual pumpjacks on drilling pads. There are many homes, schools and recreation parks right adjacent to the oil field. Today, the oil field’s boundary covers approximately 1,000 acres making it one of the largest contiguous urban oil fields in the United States. Discovered in 1924 and in continuous production ever since, it has produced almost 400 million barrels of oil.
THESIS 2020
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GAS CONSERVATION MEASURE P
CALIFORNIA OIL PRODUCTION M BARRELS PER MBBL / Y YEAR
BALDWIN HILL DAM
450
GREAT DEPRESSION, FEDERAL OIL PRODUCTION CONSTRO
400
350
FIRST USE OF THERMAL RECOVERY, KERN RIVER FIELD
INGLEWOOD OIL FIELD DISCOVERED
300
250
200
KERN RIVER FIELD DISCOVERED
150 OIL DISCOVERED IN LOS ANGELES 100
50
1862
1872
1882
1892
1902
1912
1922
1932
1
MINERAL LEASING ACT PASSES, ENDING UNCERTAINTY FIRST USE OF DRILLING RIG (CABLE TOOL) FIRST REFINERY IN CALIFORNIA PRODUCTION FROM TARPITS AND MINES
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PASSED
M DISASTER DUE TO INGLEWOOD OIL FIELD OPERATIONS THE DECLINE OF CALIFORNIA’S OIL INDUSTRY BEGINS
METHANE RELEASE FROM INGLEWOOD OIL FIELD
OLS UNDER NIRA
D
1942
1952
1962
1972
1982
1992
2002
2012
2022
Y ABOUT DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS
THESIS 2020
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CALIFORNIA’S WITHERING OIL INDUSTRY
AS THE STATE EXTRACTS LESS OIL, MORE AND MORE WELSS SIT UNUSED.
OIL PRODUCED
WELLS IDLE FOR 8 YEARS OR MORE
(MILLIONS OF BARRELS)
375
18,000
325
16,000
275
14,000
225
12,000
175
10,000 1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
CALIFORNIA GEOLEGIC ENERGY MANAGEMENT DVISION, TIMES / PUBLIC INTEGRITY ANALYSIS
56
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Although California used to be one of the biggest oil producers in the US, its oil industry has been in decline. At Ingelwood oil field, There are a total of 1600 wells and 700 of those are still active. But, the field which has been active since 1924 is now reaching the end of its lifetime. As a result, the number of obsolete industrial sites will increase and our thesis will act as a prototype for their remediation by addressing climate change and depletion of resources.
THESIS 2020
57
400
1,100
million
50,000
acres field
barrels of oil has been produced since 1924.
households
making it the largest urban oil field in the us.
1893
sit immediately adjacent
1897
1924
OIL DISCOVERED IN LOS ANGELES.
DISCOVERY OF INGLEWOOD OIL FIELD
EDWARD DOHENY DISCOVERS OIL AT “GREASY GULCH,“ NEAR WESTLAKE PARK. SOON OIL IS DISCOVERED ALL OVER THE LOS ANGELES AREA.
SINCE 1924 IT HAS PRODUCED ALMOST 400 MILLION BARRELS OF OIL. SURROUNDED BY LOS ANGELES AND ITS SUBURBS, AND HAVING OVER ONE MILLION PEOPLE LIVING WITHIN FIVE MILES OF ITS BOUNDARY, IT IS THE LARGEST URBAN OIL FIELD IN THE UNITED STATES
POPULATION: 50,000
POPULATION: 1 MILLION
500 OIL WELLS ARE OPERATING WITHIN LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA IS THE THIRD-LARGEST OIL-PRODUCING STATE IN AMERICA.
POPULATION: 102,479
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THE DECL OIL
STE GAS
POPUL
INGLEWOOD OIL FIELD / LOS ANGELES, TIMELINE
1985
2006
2020
METHANE RELEASE FROM THE FIELD THERE HAS BEEN TWO METHANE GAS RELEASE FROM THE INGLEWOOD OIL FIELD WHICH HAVE OCCURRED IN TWO MONTHS, FORCING 500 FAMILIES TO EVACUATE THEIR HOMES. THIS EVENT HAS OUTRAGED AREA RESIDENTS.
POPULATION: 3.9 MILLION
LINE OF CALIFORNIA’S INDUSTRY BEGINS
DEPLETION OF OIL # ACTIVE WELLS :696 # IDLE WELLS: 211 #PLUGGED WELLS: 694
EAM INJECTION MOVES TO S POWERED CO-GENERATION
POPULATION: 3.9 MILLION
LATION: 3.1 MILLION THESIS 2020
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SITE VISIT | OIL EXTRACTION
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THESIS 2020
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SITE VISIT | OIL REFINERY
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THESIS 2020
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SITE VISIT | BOUNDARY WITH URBAN FABRIC
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THESIS 2020
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SITE VISIT | SIGNAGE
66
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THESIS 2020
67
SITE VISIT | GROUND
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THESIS 2020
69
FINAL CONTENT
70
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Our thesis proposes a remediation of the Inglewood Oil Field located in central Los Angeles. Earth choreographer is a type of framework plan that is constantly in flux, changing over time-based on needs and interests in large scale production. “The conceptual and practical challenges of choreography seem to reflect many of the theoretical challenges and debates facing geographers thenand now; enabling ... to explore an array of questions: how (and to what extent) are human agents’ actions and movements choreographed, codified, entrained or constrained by ‘out-side’ agents, structures, architectures and discursive regimes? Do human and non-human agents possess an enduring capacity to live, move and resist in inventive, creative, unstructured and un-thought ways? What are the power relations and disciplinary and subjectifying forces which affectsuch actions and movements?” -Peter Merriman
THESIS 2020
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IDLE WELLS – 2,948 PLUGGED WELLS – 13,662 ACTIVE WELLS – 4,155
THESIS 2020
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IDLE WELLS – 211 PLUGGED WELLS – 694 ACTIVE WELLS – 696
THESIS 2020
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CURRENT STATE
PHASE 1
PHASE 3
PHASE 4
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This thesis proposes a constant reconfiguration of the oil field’s landscape which will be reclaimed parcel by parcel as it becomes available and it will continue growing and extending in phases over the coming decades. PHASE 2
Therefore, the Earth Choreographer exemplifies a temporal-situational design methodology to simulate a kinetic response to obsolete sites. It investigates the ideas of continuous reformatting through a site under permanent construction, reconfiguration and deterritorialization of the ground by human and non-human agencies.
FULL SITE
THESIS 2020
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TOXICITY 78
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Y DIGRAM THESIS 2020
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SOIL REMEDIATION STRATEG 80
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GY AND PRODUCTION METHODS THESIS 2020
81
RAMMED EARTH LIFE CYCLE 82
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An important goal of Earth Choreographer is to acknowledge the finite supply of the earth’s resources in terms of both extracted and raw materials. We, therefore, use already extracted soil on the site and convert it into rammed earth which will be our primary construction material. Earth Choreographer deploys the “cut and fill” construction method. Instead of bringing the construction material from somewhere else, it will reutilize the excess soil that’s been extracted while drilling the oil wells and will turn it into rammed earth.
THESIS 2020
83
OIL WELL ENCAPSULATION STRATEGY 84
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‘CUT AND FILL’ DESIGN STRATEGY THESIS 2020
85
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Earth Choreographer is intended to be an experimental testing ground targeted for future technology companies such as NASA, Tesla, and Autodesk which work on new technologies to replace the dependence on fossil fuels and resources in depletion. The testing grounds will be designed to include various programs such as makerspaces for fabrication and mock ups, simulation labs for air mobility and many more. This thesis is seen as a prototype of a testing ground for these companies, where we think they will be best utilized. The testing grounds will vary in scale and form depending on the type of space the companies need.
THESIS 2020
87
Both human and non human actors will work on the site. The actors and their tasks are choreographed accordinging to the specific tasks they are assigned to, however they will be working collaboratively towards constructing the testing grounds.
88
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ACTORS
FUNCTION
THESIS 2020
89
PROJECTION: YEAR 2025
90
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THESIS 2020
91
The order of the choreography will be presented chronologically choreographing the earth starts in 2025 which begins from the most p 92
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
to show the constant change of the site. The speculation for populated areas of capped wells, farthest from the active ones. THESIS 2020
93
As of 2020, there are a significant number of idle wells on the site that are not yet properly capped. As they might be emitting toxins to the soil, we will deploy a combination of physical, biological, and chemical strategies in order to decontaminate the soil and plug the well.
94
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THESIS 2020
95
The first frame starts with the original state of the site and s topographic, geographic and temporal mechanical information. With ea starting to play out in this process. 96
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
shows the progression of the landscape. The lines layer the ach phase new lines are introduced to represent the new actors THESIS 2020
97
PROJECTION: YEAR 2030
98
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
THESIS 2020
99
Even though ultimately the whole site will be reclaimed, some oi the end of their intended life cycle. One of the remediation strateg oreder to emphasize the juxtaposition between the past and the futur 100
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
il infrastructures will remain untouched even after they will reach gies is keeping some of the obsolete energy infrastructure, in re. THESIS 2020
101
Reclamation of the site can be achieved through radical technological juxtapositions without having to be nostalgic. The project seeks to reveal the traces that this obsolete oil infrastructure has left behind on the site.
102
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THESIS 2020
103
As the oil field is permanently choreographed fo drones and machines will contribute to this process. 104
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
or its changing occupiers, a variety of robots, . THESIS 2020
105
PROJECTION: YEAR 2040
106
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
THESIS 2020
107
This area depicts the existing recreational park on the right an Choreographer proposes a more sustainable energy production facility tension between old and new energy production facilities. 108
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
nd the productive landscape on the left hand side. Earth y placed adjacent to the existing oil infrastructure - creating a THESIS 2020
109
Above the ground, there is the juxtaposition between the active This leads us to investigate how to deal with the boundary of public project sustains a boundary between human and non human actors. 110
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
e recreational park and the heavy industrial construction site. c active spaces in close proximity to construction sites and how the THESIS 2020
111
The ground becomes the medium for negotiating the energy production below and above the ground. Above, we see the harnessing of solar energy and a gym that converts kinetic energy into electric power with stationary bikes, while below we see traces of the obsolete oil infrastructure. These traces of past and future energy sources collide and entangle at the surface of the Earth. This collision is exposed by revealing invisible infrastructure through the graphic representation used throughout this project.
112
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
THESIS 2020
113
PROJECTION: YEAR 2060
114
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
THESIS 2020
115
By the year of 2060, Earth Choreographer is expected to have les robotics and AI technologies, there will be a shift from physical hu human labor will be shifted towards maintaining drones and robots wh 116
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
ss people involved in the construction field. With the evolving uman labor to robotics in the construction industry. Most of the hich will be programmed to work in teams to build the structures. THESIS 2020
117
This shift of labor on the construction site, draws attention to industry and addresses the question of how the relationship between what are the new interactions among them? 118
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
o: the scarcity of humans in this project and in the construction human and non human is choreographed in this construction site and THESIS 2020
119
As the project grows around the properly capped wells, it will follow certain formal and material architectural strategies to avoid problems that might occur due to the close proximity of the existing wells. The oil well with a thick cover on its perimeter will thus start to act as a structural column.
120
Keeping the existing wells and bringing them into our project as functional elements is one of the architectural strategies Earth Choreographer deploys.
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
THESIS 2020
121
PROJECTION: YEAR 2080
122
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
THESIS 2020
123
The form of Earth Choreographer’s testing grounds follow the exi oil production industry The form of the building is designed to allo public, which allows those future technology companies to be transpa 124
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
isting topography which has been already altered and traced by the ow some parts of this testing ground to be partially exposed to the arent to a certain extent. THESIS 2020
125
Although Los Angeles remains as the largest urban oil field in the US, currently its oil industry has been in decline which will ultimately result in an abundance of obsolete sites. This thesis acts as a prototype for those sites by exemplifying new ways of inhabiting obsolete landscapes of the future.
126
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THESIS 2020
127
CONCLUSION
128
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
Earth choreographer is heavily influenced by a dynamic design methodology and acts as a prototype by constantly evolving and changing over time based on the needs and interests of its occupiers. By emphasizing a temporal-situational design methodology, Earth choreographer brings a kinetic response to obsolete sites. It becomes a pivotal speculation for radically remediating and reprogramming obsolete landscapes of the future.
THESIS 2020
129
CRITERIA OF EVALUATION
130
EARTH CHOREOGRAPHER
- Is earth choreographer successful in terms of exemplifying a temporal-situational design methodology which simulates a kinetic response to obsolete sites? - Are the new interactions among human and non-human agencies represented throughout the project? - Does the visualization technique reflect environmental issues and their consequences on the landscape? - Does the design methodology of the project provide a malleable design approach which will adapt to changing conditions? - Is there a tension between the existing infrastructure and the proposed future technologies? - Do the drawings and info graphics inform the public who are not really aware of the situation and does it increase the awareness about the subject? - How well do we reveal and aestheticizes anthropogenic environmental destruction?
THESIS 2020
131
BIBLIOGRAPHY ECOLOGY Reed, Chris. “The Agency of Ecology.” Ecological Urbanism. Raines, Anne Brownley. “Wandel Durch (Industrie) Kultur [Change through (Industrial) Culture]: Conservation and Renewal in the Ruhrgebiet.” Taylor & Francis. Lister, Nina-Marie. “Sustainable Large Parks: Ecological Design or Designer Ecology?” In: J. Czerniak & G. Hargreaves (eds.), Large Parks. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 31-51. Accessed October 16, 2019. Borasi, Giovanna, Adam Bobbette, and Harriet Russell. “Sorry, out of Gas: Architecture's Response to the 1973 Oil Crisis.” Amazon. Corraini Edizioni, 2007. https://www.amazon.com/Sorry-Out-Gas-Architectures-Response/ dp/0920785786.
ANTHROPOCENE Carruth, Allison, and Robert P. Marzec. “Environmental Visualization in the Anthropocene: Technologies, Aesthetics, Ethics.” Public Culture 26, no. 2 (2014): 205–11. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2392030. Mirzoeff, Nicholas. “Visualizing the Anthropocene.” Public Culture 26, no. 2 (2014): 213–32. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2392039. Costello, Anthony, et al. 2009. “Managing the Health Effects of Climate Change.” Lancet 373, no. 9676: 1693 – 1733. www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(09)60935-1/fulltext. Buck-Morss, Susan. 1992. “Aesthetics and Anaesthetics: Walter Benjamin’s Artwork Essay Reconsidered.” October, no. 62: 3 – 41. Tucker, Paul Hayes. 1995. Claude Monet: Life and Art. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Mirzoeff, Nicholas. 2009. “The Sea and the Land: Biopower and Visuality from Slavery to Katrina.” Culture, Theory and Critique 50, nos. 2 – 3: 289 – 305.
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REPURPOSING AND MEDIATING Orizaola, Germán. “The Chernobyl Exclusion Zone Has Become an Animal Refuge in the Absence of Humans.” Business Insider. Business Insider, May 8, 2019. https://www.businessinsider.com/chernobyl-exclusion-zone-animal-refuge-2019-5. McKenna, John. “Abandoned Mines Could Become the Farms of the Future.” World Economic Forum. Accessed January 10, 2020. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/abandoned-mines-could-become-the-farms-of-the-future/. Rosendo, Inma Gil. “Farming Underground in a Fight against Climate Change.” BBC News. BBC, June 15, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-44398472. “8 Facts About the Animals of Chernobyl.” Mental Floss, June 20, 2019. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/586059/chernobyl-animal-facts. Miley, Jessica. “The Plants And Animals of The Chernobyl Exclusion Zone.” Interesting Engineering. Interesting Engineering, November 18, 2018. https://interestingengineering.com/the-plants-and-animals-of-the-chernobylexclusion-zone. “Country Statistics.” PRIS. Accessed January 10, 2020. https://pris.iaea. org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/CountryStatisticsLandingPage.aspx. Merriman, Peter. “Architecture/Dance: Choreographing and Inhabiting Spaces with Anna and Lawrence Halprin.” Cultural Geographies 17, no. 4 (October
2010): 427–49. doi:10.1177/1474474010376011.
OIL AND GAS Better Meets Reality. “How Much Natural Gas Is Left In The World, & When Will We Run Out?” Better Meets Reality, March 11, 2019. https://www.bettermeetsreality.com/how-much-natural-gas-is-left-in-the-world-when-will-we-runout/. “Abandoned Wells.” American Geosciences Institute, June 18, 2019. https:// www.americangeosciences.org/geoscience-currents/abandoned-wells. “NaturalGas.org.” NaturalGasorg. Accessed January 10, 2020. http://naturalgas.org/naturalgas/extraction/. ArcGIS Web Application. Accessed January 10, 2020. https://certmapper. cr.usgs.gov/data/energyvision/index.html?config=config_Historical.json. “L.A. Underground.” Earth Island Journal. Accessed January 10, 2020. https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/magazine/entry/la_underground/. Taylor, Alan. “The Urban Oil Fields of Los Angeles.” The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, August 26, 2014. https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/08/ the-urban-oil-fields-of-los-angeles/100799/. THESIS 2020
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Onishi, Norimitsu. “A California Oil Field Yields Another Prized Commodity.” The New York Times. The New York Times, July 7, 2014. https://www.nytimes. com/2014/07/08/us/california-drought-chevron-oil-field-water-irrigation.
html.
Moskowitz, Peter. “The Hidden Leaks of Pennsylvania’s Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, September 18, 2014. https:// www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/sep/18/pennsylvania-abandoned-fracking-wells-methane-leaks-hidden. The Narwhal. “The Story of Alberta’s $100-Billion Well Liability Problem. How Did We Get Here?” The Narwhal, November 2, 2018. https://thenarwhal.ca/ the-story-of-albertas-100-billion-well-liability-problem-how-did-we-gethere/ earthisland.org/journal/index.php/magazine/entry/la_underground/. Taylor, Alan. “The Urban Oil Fields of Los Angeles.” The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, August 26, 2014. https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/08/ the-urban-oil-fields-of-los-angeles/100799/. Onishi, Norimitsu. “A California Oil Field Yields Another Prized Commodity.” The New York Times. The New York Times, July 7, 2014. https://www.nytimes. com/2014/07/08/us/california-drought-chevron-oil-field-water-irrigation. html. The Narwhal. “The Story of Alberta’s $100-Billion Well Liability Problem. How Did We Get Here?” The Narwhal, November 2, 2018. https://thenarwhal.ca/ the-story-of-albertas-100-billion-well-liability-problem-how-did-we-gethere/ “Must Reads: Will Newsom End Oil Drilling in California? Many Environmentalists Are Betting Yes.” Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, April 23, 2019. https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-gavin-newsom-fracking-oil-drilling-ban-20190423-story.html. “The Toxic Legacy of Old Oil Wells: California’s Multibillion-Dollar Problem.” Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, February 6, 2020. https://www. latimes.com/projects/california-oil-well-drilling-idle-cleanup/. Editor, Andy McGlashenAssociate. “Oil Market Woes Raise Concerns That More Wells Will Be ‘Orphaned’.” Audubon, April 14, 2020. https://www.audubon.org/ news/oil-market-woes-raise-concerns-more-wells-will-be-orphaned.
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