[MASS]
CONSTRUCTION
CUSTOMIZATION
A NEW APPROACH IN SUSTAINABLE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT by ANNA KRAVEC
Supervisor: Johnny ร strand Aliaksandr Khadzyakou Examiner: Peter Siรถstrรถm
Sustainable Urban Design Master degree project Lund university, Sweden
Housing is closely intertwined with the overall fabric of any society therefore it is not only a physical structure but also a process that serves an important function in the lives of individuals. (John F.C. Turner, 1972) 2
3
4
ACKNOWLEDGMENT It gives me great pleasure in acknowledging the support of all people who played an important role in my thesis journey. I would like to thank my supervisor Johnny Ă…strand for his patience and valuable comments that helped me to put my ideas in the coherent way. I would also like to thank Aliaksandr Khadzyakou for his crucial guidelines during the first part of the thesis as well as Yana Golubeva and Dimitrij Zadorin for sharing their valuable thoughts and knowledge with me. I am extremely grateful for my SUDes friends who I could share this journey with by spending long hours in the studio together. A very special thanks goes to Suzanna Rubino who contributed both spiritually and practically at various moments of this work. I owe my deepest gratitude to my parents, sister and particularly to my dear husband, Maros Kravec, who shared all my worries and concerns but never stopped believing in me. In conclusion, I recognize that this work would not have been possible without the support of Swedish Institute and awarded Visby Programme Scholarship. I express my gratitude to this agency for the opportunity to study in Sweden.
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6
CONTENT STATEMENT OF INTENT
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THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Methodology Microdistrict Housing evolution Current housing trend Sustainable neighbourhood definition Mass production vs. customization
11 12 14 16 36 42 44
SITE ANALYSIS DISTRICT SCALE Position of the area What was there What is there now What is the city plan
49
MICRODISTRICT SCALE Position of the area Morphology Parking problem Solar analysis DESIGN PROPOSAL DISTRICT STRATEGY From monotony to diverse urban space Concept rules Masterplan PARTIAL CUSTOMIZATION PROPOSAL FULL CUSTOMIZATION PROPOSAL
50 52 54 60
64 66 68 70 72 74 76 82 84 106
CONCLUSION
134
REFERENCES
136 7
STATEMENT OF INTENT Belarus still follows the soviet principles of urban planning that resulted in creation of mass constructed monofunctional residential microdistricts with generic architecture and underdeveloped public spaces. Thus this thesis project aims to rethink the soviet concept of mass housing development in order to enhance quality of living in microdistricts and fulfil people’s current demand for more sustainable lifestyle. According to the main idea, “mass� customization of residential neighbourhoods shall take place promoting more diversity and individuality in urban design.
8
A typical suburban area on the outskirts of Minsk is chosen as a study site. As the area will be soon under construction, a microdistrict plan will be analyzed and the alternative proposal will be made taking into consideration characteristics of sustainable neighbourhood. The proposal will include two levels of customization: 1. PARTIAL CUSTOMIZATION: the proposal will demonstrate the design ideas to improve the plan for mass constructed microdistrict. The design proposal will mainly improve spatial program of the neighbourhood without changing its physical structure. As a high percentage of housing stock in Belarus is mass constructed districts, “PARTIAL CUSTOMIZATION� will be a pilot project for further regenerations. 2. FULL CUSTOMIZATION: the proposal will show the alternative design solution for new sustainable neighbourhood where advantages of mass construction will be combined with customized design solutions. This proposal will try out a different spatial configuration that aims at creating human scale and more diverse living environment. Due to the lack of new approaches in residential development the project can become a guideline for new construction. The result of two proposals will be a toolbox with design principles. It will become an instrument that can be applied for further residential developments and transformations. The overall idea of this thesis is to encourage diverse urban structures and site specific solutions for residential development in Belarus promoting sustainability yet keeping it economically efficient.
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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 12 14 16 36 42 44
METHODOLOGY MICRODISTRICT HOUSING EVOLUTION CURRENT HOUSING TREND SUSTAINABLE NEIGHBOURHOOD DEFINITION MASS PRODUCTION VS. CUSTOMIZATION
11
Theoretical framework/METHODOLOGY
METHODOLOGY
SITE VISIT The aim of the site visit is to collect more specific knowledge about the study area, its current challenges and potentials. The existing landscape elements, topography and current construction sites are analyzed to provide more detailed information that is important at local level.
HOUSING EVOLUTION RESEARCH An exploration of soviet and post soviet union times takes place as a part of the research in order to establish a historical context for the current residential development and recognize the processes that affected microdistrict evolution.
LITERATURE REVIEW AND CASE STUDIES In order to establish theoretical framework regarding residential development, literature review is made. In addition, by analyzing study cases from Western Europe and worldwide, successful practices of housing estate and urban space are collected to be an inspiration for the project.
12
STATISTICS, HOUSEHOLDS AND ESTATE MARKET TRENDS Estate market trends and statistical data are analyzed to show the demand for housing that determines the reason for a new approach in residential development. Household data in Minsk regarding the size of the family unit and regulated number of parking plots are also used to be compared with the data in other cities.
MAPPING AND ANALYSIS OF CITY PLANS Mapping is used as an instrument to find spatial relationships between different elements of the city structure. Buildings typology, green spaces and transportation systems of the study area are marked on the maps. It provides a perspective vision on future development of the study area and shapes the proposal. In turn, analysis of city development plan gives me an understanding of government priorities and city demand. On this basis, the suggestion of improvements are made to integrate the design strategy into the existing conditions.
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Theoretical framework/MICRODISTRICT
Microdistrict “Vostok-1” Minsk, 1966
14
MICRODISTRICT Microdistrict is a basic urban planning unit in the soviet and post-soviet cities . It is defined by major roads with the developed system of inner driveways. It consist of the standard mass produced buildings arranged according to the compositional idea. Typical public service structures mainly include schools, kindergartens and grocery stores. In theory, the idea of mass constructed microdistrict works very good. The inner space was initially meant to be a pedestrian realm supported by the spacious green area, where car access was a secondary role. Microdistrict was also supposed to provides a system of public services to satisfy daily needs of residents. A number of outdoor facilities such as children playground, recreation and socialization places were planned in the courtyards. In general, the living environment should have supported a happy comfortable daily life. However not everything intended was actually implemented. In fact, today microdistrict gradually becomes a bedroom community where there is nothing else to do, except sleeping. Fragmented social infrastructure, monotonous architecture and weak public spaces are main characteristics for such neighbourhoods. Besides, not only the existing units lack any attractively but also no positive changes can be noticed in new development. Hence the question how the initial idea of microdistrict has been transformed into contemporary reality shall be investigated.
15
Theoretical framework/HOUSING EVOLUTION
HOUSING EVOLUTION The research starts with an exploration of soviet and post soviet union times in order to establish a historical context for the current residential development and recognize the processes that affected microdistrict evolution. For the starting point, the end of II World War was chosen as a time of urban renewal and the beginning of housing boom.
STALIN ERA
16
1
KHRUSHCHEV ERA
FUTURE
?
1970-90s
MODERN TIMES
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Theoretical framework/HOUSING EVOLUTION
STALIN ERA Production cost Population density Public services Public space quality Aesthetic Diversity
The main focus after WWII was rebuilding war damage since most of the city was demolished. During that time the most famous ensembles were created such as Nezalezhnastci Avenue, Pryvakzalnaya Square and others. It was mainly high-class apartment buildings in neoclassical style, masonry constructed with richly decorated exterior. All these features necessitated high cost investments while rapid industrialization required more effective solutions due to overcrowding and housing shortages. 18
Stalinist buildings in front of Pryvakzalnaya Square, Minsk, 1952
19
Theoretical framework/HOUSING EVOLUTION
Stalinist mass produced houses, Minsk
Thus, a standardized building type began to develop, typically being 2-3-4 storey high with the spacious layout. However, due to time consuming and labour intensive technologies, it could not fulfill the demand for housing. As the residential development was also seen as an opportunity to build a collective society, a new form of collective living emerged - communal apartments or “kommunalka�. Each family had its own room while kitchen area and bathroom were shared among other residents. The idea of shared housing could have been a solution for housing shortage however sometime with more than 5 families in one flat the quality of living was dramatically poor.
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Development plan for Sovetskaya street Minsk
The idea of microrayon had already existed after WWII however it was losing its popularity due to the fact of closeness to western concepts. (Microrayon Factbook Wiki, n.d.) Therefore the majority of new construction was built in “ribbon like� method along the existing highways and streets. In this way, buildings played a role of barriers, protecting the inner area from the street. In regards to planning regulations, according to Osmolovski (1952), building orientation and maximum insolation at that time had to be strictly followed. Moreover, building density in multi-storeys housing areas was also regulated with no more than 30% allowance. Unfortunately, very limited attention was given to the design of the inner space which were quite formal. 21
Theoretical framework/HOUSING EVOLUTION
KHRUSHCHEV ERA Production cost Population density Public services Public space quality Aesthetic Diversity
22
The period when Khrushchev came to rule the country, became crucial in the history of soviet housing development. Towards 1960s the Soviet Union changed its policy and started extensive programs for the construction of new apartment buildings. Since stalinist principles of urban planning were mainly criticized, microdistrict concept was taken back into consideration. Residential areas of 6 to 12 hectares with houses built mostly around the perimeter became the basic structure of city development.
Typical khrushchev microrayon, Rozy Luksemburg street Minsk, 1967
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Theoretical framework/HOUSING EVOLUTION
As a new leader, Nikita Khrushchev, “emphasized the need to address the problem of overcrowding and housing shortages”, mass production of apartment buildings was introduced into construction industry. (Robinson, 2009) Standardized precast concrete panel blocks became widespread promoting a new type of residential building - “khrushchyovka”. Typically it was five stories high and rectangular-block building. While standardization allowed fast construction and reduced costs, the quality of living was seriously sacrificed. Even though every family lived separately, the apartment had a tiny size and uncomfortable layout. In addition, due to the new policy “About excesses in architecture” any initiative even to improve the building appearance was considered as over costly and inappropriate. As a result, overall impression of the place was affected by the image of gray generic buildings with the lack of diversity in architecture and public services. Initially, the basic service facilities, such as schools, kindergartens and grocery shops were in the design project of microdistrict. However they were often delayed for months and years causing a lot of discomfort for residents. Nevertheless some weaknesses in microdistrict planning at that time, there were some positive characteristics in the public space such as human scale and quantity of green areas. The short distance between building due to their 5 storey height also created a nice feeling of the local neighbourhood. At the same time, the norms of insolation for the buildings and public spaces were strictly observed for comfortable living. In general, it can be said that the goal was achieved - in 20 years since 1954, 60 million people were moved to new homes however the problem of improvement of living conditions still needed considerable attention.
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1 - school 2 - kindergarten 3 - built-in services
The project for “Zolotaya gorka�district Minsk, 1960s
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Theoretical framework/HOUSING EVOLUTION
1970-1990 Production cost Population density Public services Public space quality Aesthetic Diversity
After the majority of soviet people improved their basic living condition, it was a time to pay more attention to the quality of architecture and public space within economic benefits. So while residential buildings became taller, it brought also a diversity into monotonous and inexpressiveness of Khrushchev architecture. The layout of the apartments also became more flexible within the bigger premises. 26
Golubeva street Minsk, 1980s
27
Theoretical framework/HOUSING EVOLUTION
Microrayon “Yugo-Zapad-1” Minsk, 1980s
28
In term of space planning, there was an afford to increase the flexibility in uniform masterplans of microdistricts. More diverse spatial organization appeared in the new residential areas, allowing various solutions for public space design and better looking environment. However, these opportunities to design something better were not used therefore the overall image of the microdistricts was not improved much. Indeed, the appearance of the mass architecture became better and more diverse. However, since the number of floors increased, the microdistricts lost its human scale without benefiting public space. Most of the yards did not have any distinctive features except of poor playgrounds and few parking lots. (Microrayon Factbook Wiki, n.d.) Meanwhile, the problem of fragmented social infrastructure and its delay to compare with the speed of residential construction also remained, creating week and inactive communities. Due to this fact, such neighbourhoods were given a name, so called “sleeping districts�, where was nothing to do except sleeping.
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Theoretical framework/HOUSING EVOLUTION
MODERN TIME Production cost Population density Public services Public space quality Aesthetic Diversity
Since soviet union times many positive changes took place in the housing industry in Belarus. More and more people are getting affordable accommodation, however the major problems remain the same.
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Microrayon “Kamennaya gorka” Minsk, 2012
31
Masterplan for the district “Kamennaya gorka� Minsk, 2012
32
It can be said that today’s technologies and design possibilities can offer the unlimited opportunities in residential architecture. The reality is that the majority of mass constructed microrayons are built with the same technologies and with the same regulations as 20 years ago. “Mapid”, the largest construction company in Belarus, every year produces .... numbers or tones of large concrete panels for expressionless housing with poor variety of configurations. Indeed, the final product is standard, cheap and less time consuming, however identical regardless of climate and personal conditions. Talking about the space in between, the design of residential yards in microrayons is usually represented by few playgrounds and some randomly planted greenery. Since the number of car owners is growing, the problem of parking space is also fully opened. In addition, the lack of space hierarchy, poor diversity of the building types and non-human scale environment give a sad picture to imagine the everyday life in mircorayon. The availability of services and educational institutions in the sleeping districts has increased since soviet times however the differences in services in the periphery and centre are still huge. In turn, it is directly related to the transport problem for the remote districts. People without an access to the public services usually have to use their car to reach the better public life in the city centre. From the all mentioned above, there is a challenge to change already established ways of housing production and microrayon planning. However, the fact, that old soviet concepts do not work any more, can’t be overlooked. Therefore, the obvious need for improvements allow me to argue for more sustainable urban design solutions. 33
Theoretical framework/HOUSING EVOLUTION
STALIN ERA
KHRUSHCHEV ERA
Rapid industrialization
BOOM OF CHEAP MASS PRODUCED HOUSING
MODERN TIMES
1970-90s
THE
DEMAND FOR MASS HOUSING AS WELL AS ITS CONSTRUCTION WERE CONSTANTLY GROWING
Industralized and prefabricated buildings
Housing shortage SOLUTION!
KOMMU NALKA
Solution 1
-
COMMUNAL APARTMENT Spacious layout, but up to 7 families in one flat
“Ribbon like” construction along the the existing streets
Human-scale envirinment, however formal inner space
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KHRUSHCHEV BUILDINGS Standardized construction Precast concrete panel blocks Fast construction and reduce cost Generic facades
critisized therefore...
HIGH-RISE BUILDIGNS ALLOW FOR: - Reduction of buildign cost - Faster construction - more housing - Attempt to increase diversity
Solution 2
FIRST STANDARTIZED BUILDINGS - Masonry construction - 2-4 storeys high - time consuming and labour intensive technologies
HIGH-RISE URBAN LANDSCAPE APPEARED
have been
Five storey buildings
KHRUSHCHEVKA Individual, but tiny, apartment for every family
APARTMENTS 1970-90s Bigger premises with more variety of the layout
Rigid construction with the buildings placed in a row
More diverse spatial organization
Human-scale envirinment Green yards
Distance between buildign increased
MAPID SECTIONS Improved layout
Semi-closed block structure
DISTANCE BETWEEN BUILDINGS INCREASED Non-human scale environment Poor ourdoor space
CONCLUSION Mass production was developed due to the strong HOUSING SHORTAGE. Currently Belarus is under extensive residential development to fulfill the demand for housing however mass constructed microdistricts don’t meet the requirements of present people needs. There were many changes (also positive) in architecture and urban space of microdistricts, however the effective STRATEGY was not found. Some positive aspects of mass constructed microdistricts from the different periods can serve as the GUIDELINES for new approach in residential development - quality of design (Stalin era) - human scale and green environment (Khruschev period) - diverse urban typologies (1970-90ss) - national economy support (modern times)
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Theoretical framework/CURRENT HOUSING TREND
CURRENT HOUSING TREND
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Since the mid-1990s residential development in Minsk has increased on 55% that allowed for achieving a higher level of housing provision in the capital. Nevertheless positive tendency, residential development is one of the most urgent questions in the city plan for 2030. The reason to give a priority to this question is that currently about 250 000 citizens are in the queue to improve their housing condition. Moreover, according to the Committee of Architecture and Urban Planning, the average space floor area per capita in Minsk is 75% lower than in the majority of western European capitals. (Minsk executive committee, 2013)
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Theoretical framework/CURRENT HOUSING TREND
65 M2/
DENMARK
55 M2/
43 M2/
GERMANY
FRANCE
40 M2/
33 M2/
25 M2/
SWEDEN
UK
BELARUS
19 M2/ MINSK
Average floor space area per capita
In regards to the city strategy for sustainable development, housing stock should achieve 62 millions square meters in 2030. It means that every year from now minimum 1.2 millions square meters will be built that can be considered a huge amount. However, high speed of residential development raises concerns about quality of the final product. Unfortunately, the situation is that quality of architecture and urban design in mass constructed microdistricts is usually sacrificed in order to built cheaper and even more faster. This thesis project argues that it should be another approach to fulfill the demand for housing that will combine advantages of mass construction together with aesthetic qualitative long lasting design solutions. 62.0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2030
2005
2015
2004
2014
2003
38
2013
2002
Housing stock data for Minsk
2012
34.8
2011
33.7
44.9
40.5
43.5
39.2
42.0
38.0
2010
33.4
2001
1995
32.4
35.8
31.5
31.9
35.1
31.3
2000
28.1
36.8
Nevertheless housing shortage, nowadays people start paying attention more on the quality of real estate rather just be happy with purchasing any apartment. They are concerned about the location of their future home, public services around, the proximity of public transportation, architecture and outdoor environment. The problem is that the type of housing which a bit stand out from mass constructed microdistricts , costs much more that typical apartment. It is usually overpriced and therefore unaffordable for the majority of people even though the demand for better quality housing is growing. I believe that sustainability principles in residential development should be not only essential but also affordable solutions. Therefore the project would like to draw attention of all stakeholders, that are involved in planning and construction process, to work in cooperation in order to provide qualitative housing for residents but keep its affordability.
CITY DEVELOPMENT
IN ORDER TO FULFILL A , MORE THAN HOUSING WILL BE BUILT EVERY
PLAN
1.2
MILLIONS OF
1.2 MILLIONS SQR.M
OF
YEAR
GENERIC MASS HOUSING??
NO!!! WE NEED A NEW APPROACH IN RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT! 39
Theoretical framework/CURRENT HOUSING TREND
No doubts, it will take some time to change the approach of residential development from “mass construction to mass customization� therefore the effective strategy for redevelopment of existing microdistricts should be found. From 2011 almost 4 millions sqr m of new housing were built in Minsk, the majority of it - mass produced typical blocks. In my opinion, it is impossible to promote sustainable residential development without improving living conditions in the existing microdistricts. Hence, together with the focus on new development, the thesis will also demonstrate an example of sustainable urban design in the typical microdistrict.
Residential development areas in Minsk 2011-2015
FROM MASS PRODUCTION... 40
...TO MASS CUSTOMIZATION
“Sustainability is passing by” Original photo “Happiness is passing by”, 1983
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Theoretical framework/SUSTAINABLE NEIGHBOURHOOD DEFINITION
SUSTAINABLE NEIGHBOURHOOD DEFINITION
M O
M I U X
L A IC
GR
SOCIAL
N EE
DOOR PROGRAM OUT
TY TI
N VIRO MENT AL EN
SAVE RESOURCES
COMMUNITY CENTRE
E C O N
ITY IV CT
ED SE
CO NN E
VARIOUS
SING TYPES HOU
ID EN
DIVERSE
In these days, the conventional urban development is facing many problems that have significant negative impacts on neighbourhood efficiency and quality of life. Typical mass constructed microdistricts do not longer satisfy personal and social requirements of its residents. Therefore, the importance of changing the existing approach should be recognized in order to make a step towards more sustainable residential development. The aim of the thesis is to develop residential area that will more successfully serve people’s needs. Besides, it should also consider environmental and economic aspects of sustainability. As a starting point, sustainable neighbourhood characteristics should be firstly defined that can be used as guidelines for further design. 42
By analysing publications on the topic of sustainability (Erie Citizen Planner, 2014 cited in Golubeva, 2012, p. 2; Falk, Carley, 2012, p.12), a list of established design principles for sustainable neighbourhood is created: • a sustainable neighbourhood is a place with IDENTITY, it can be easily distinguished from the surroundings, it has a more or less perceptible physical edge, but also clear mental image; • a sustainable neighbourhood has a WIDE CHOICE OF HOUSING TYPES which are accessible to a diversity of users (e.g. children, youth, seniors, high-income, low-income, etc.); • a sustainable neighbourhood has DIVERSE OUTDOOR PROGRAM encouraging people spend more time outside and interact with each other; • a sustainable neighbourhood is designed to and ensure that neighbourhood is well looked after, and do not ‘cost the earth’. Climate smart development includes measures to SAVE ENERGY, water reduce environmental impact; • a sustainable neighbourhood is WELL CONNECTED services by foot and bike as well as by other modes in order to cut travel time and costs. By creating people become less dependent on their cars and a active;
to jobs and of transport connectivity economically
• a sustainable neighbourhood is MIXED USE to ensure long-term value and to create a balanced community over time. • a sustainable neighbourhood has a CENTRE, a common public space that is supported with public services buildings and unites all community members; • a sustainable neighbourhood is GREEN enhancing biodiversity and securing healthy natural systems. A green neighbourhood also provides social benefits for community making environment attractive and increasing well being. 43
Theoretical framework/MASS PRODUCTION VS CUSTOMIZATION
44
MASS PRODUCTION vs CUSTOMIZATION
No doubts, customized design solutions have many benefits against mass constructed housing. By diversifying and improving aesthetic characteristics of architecture, customized design makes more attractive environment for living, bring identity to the place and creates its unique character. Besides, it allows for developing a residential area for the particular location, making it site specific and integrated into environment. In addition, passive design solutions can be successfully applied in customized residential projects that will help to enhance building performance and decrease operation cost. From the economical perspective, mass housing seems to take an advantage on the production stage. According to Goldhoorn (2009, p.83), the main reason of mass housing proliferation is that “standard design radically reduce the time needed for planning, design and approvals and ... leads to a predictable result and offers ample possibilities for streamlining the construction process.� It simply means that mass production allows for saving time and therefore money. However, the existing way of mass production is experiencing significant losses of quality therefore it is difficult to consider this approach of saving money beneficial. 45
Theoretical framework/MASS PRODUCTION VS CUSTOMIZATION
Meanwhile, it can be argued, that customized design has a great possibility to be more competitive here. The economical efficiency can be achieved in several ways. Firstly, the advantages of industrialized construction process can be used to prefabricate wider range of building modules and detailed including small and specific parts. The more variety of details are available, the more housing configurations can be created. So, while conventional prefabrication of building parts will make possible to decrease the production cost, a wide choice of details and flexibility of their installation will help to develop individual looking customized projects.
MASS PRODUCTION
CUSTOMIZATION
VS
GENERIC AND FACELESS ARCHITECTURE INDIFFERENT TO THE CONTEXT POOR BUILDING PERFORMANCE NO BELONGING TO THE PLACE NO IDENTITY
DIVERSE AESTHETIC ARCHITECTURE SITE SPECIFIC IMPROVED BUILDING PERFORMANCE COMMUNITY FEELING CREATE CHARACTER
COST PRODUCTION OPERATING MAINTENANCE
TOTAL > 46
Level of investments
OPERATION
OPERATION
Time frame
Secondly, even though the production cost of taylor-made buildings might still be higher than in mass constructed housing, due to the more thorough and qualitative design , the operation and maintenance cost of the customized buildings will be reduced. It will make the design more economically sustainable from the long term investment perspective. When the need for renovation arises it might require more funds for renovate mass constructed buildings with low production cost since the quality of cheaper materials will not last long. Moreover, the situation in Belarus is that buildings are not maintained sufficiently for many years due to the lack of clear division in maintenance responsibilities or a lack of funds in local budget. From this perspective, the problems can be accumulated, at the end causing higher cost for renovation. Therefore, nevertheless the higher production cost of customized project, it will be more economically efficient when operation and maintenance cost will be minimized and will balance overall investment. Thirdly, the proposed design ideas, if successful , can be applied in other residential development as ready-made solutions. It will make a planning process faster and cheaper since all project documentation, drawings and calculations would have been already completed and can be shared. So, in regards to economical efficiency, the aim of the project is not to propose the cheapest design on the production stage, but find the sustainable solutions that will include all aspect of economical sustainability in time perspective. 47
48
SITE ANALYSIS DISTRICT ANALYSIS 50 52 54 60
Position of the area What was there What is there now What city is going to do
64 66 68 70
MICRODISTRICT ANALYSIS Position of the area Morphology Parking problem Solar analysis
49
Site analysis/District analysis/POSITION OF THE AREA
DISTRICT ANALYSIS
The area is situated in the north-east planning sector of the city. Being a territorial unit of Minsk district, it lies very close to the city border thus it is considered as a potential zone of city expansion. Nevertheless peripherality of the area, it has a good connection with the city. There is Logoyskii highway on the west of the area that crosses the city ring and leads to the city centre . On the south, through Shafarnyanskaya street the area is connected with the main avenue and metro. Besides vast forest located from the both sides of the area, it is neighbouring with a few residential areas: single house village on the top and typical microdistrict on the bottom. 50
“Kopische” district, Minsk
51
Site analysis/District analysis/WHAT WAS THERE...
WHAT WAS THERE...
Historical map, 1933
Looking at the historical map 1933, some changes can be noticed in the spatial and landscape characteristics. Two villages Kopische-1 and Kopische-2 have grown from that times into linear settlement having about 105 households nowadays. Some of the houses are very old, however many of them have been rebuilt giving a new life to the village.
52
Current conditions, 2014
It is used to be a marsh area on the eastern part of the district however now it almost disappeared due to the extensive urbanization. Some water features are preserved in the local parks, that become a part of Stepyanka water system. There is a small pond near the village however it does not have any visible purpose, looked more like a puddle.
53
Site analysis/District analysis/WHAT IS THERE NOW...
WHAT IS THERE NOW... The development in the area has already started with the erection of few residential buildings between Kopische village and forest. It is mainly 9 and 16 storey height typical panel buildings, that will be a part of NEW MICRODISTRICT. Such an urban landscape contrasts with the existing surroundings making the area look like any other mass constructed district in Minsk. The AEROCLUB DOSAAF, one of the oldest clubs in Belarus, was founded in 1934. Currently it provides services for skydiving, training parachutists and aircrew specialists. In addition, a part of it is given for an aviation museum with the collection of more than 30 airplanes and helicopters. From the first view the whole complex seems rather neglected. There is an old STADIUM “Zarya� located in the area. Nowadays it is in the poor conditions so it needs some refurbishment. Sometimes it is used for car racing as it has few driving schools nearby. On the north the study area is occupied by a number of GARAGES - individual car storages for residents. Some of them are located on the fringe of the area without sufficient impact, however others serve as a border between residential areas creating fragmented urban fabric.
The main landscape feature of the area is FOREST located on the both side of the district. While it serves as a rich habitat for many species being a part of the city ecosystem, it also has a huge potential for amenity and recreation. There is a huge GREEN FIELD in the middle of the area that does not have certain function. Only seasonally some parts of it serve as a event platform for different festivals and air shows. 54
55
Site analysis/District analysis/WHAT IS THERE NOW...
56
Kopische village http://www.panoramio.com/
57
Site analysis/District analysis/WHAT IS THERE NOW...
58
LAND USES
Mass constructed microdistricts Single family houses Forest Parks Greens without function Garages Public buildings Cultural objects
59
Site analysis/District analysis/WHAT CITY IS GOIG TO DO...
WHAT CITY IS GOING TO DO...
Due to the strong housing shortage, the city is considering new areas for residential developments. According to the city plan, the whole Kopische area should become a high density multistorey residential area with public and social services. The good news is that the village will be preserved and even will grow in size. It is very unusual case for current development when maximum area is occupied by multi-storey buildings for maximum profit. So, Kopische district will not loose its identity and historical references will be kept. However, the way how new development is integrated into existing environment cannot be excepted. According to the plan, nothing new is going to be built here but typical mass constructed buildings that will bring a lot of pressure on the area with its massive scale. It will convert Kopische in one more generic district where all existing qualities will be lost. The design concept ideally should include medium scale buildings that will enhance the character of existing settlement and fit the location of the area.
60
61
Site analysis/District analysis/WHAT CITY IS GOIG TO DO...
...FRAGMENTED GREEN AREAS
...PUBLIC FUNCTIONS AS A BARRIER
The southern part of the area is given for utilitarian functions such as trolleybus station and multi-storey parking buildings. This monofunctional zone creates a negative impact on the residential environment, separating new residential area from existing and making territories of weak control. Green alleys are introduced into the area going though several microdistricts. I like the idea of bringing recreational space into the neighbourhood and creating a attractive environment for living. However, the current proposal does not create a single green network that would connect all landscape elements together. Green alleys seem fragmented and celebrate multi-storey parkings that they currently lead to.
00 40 m
M
Infrastructure
62
Public transport
Metro proximity
M
Bicycle paths
...VAST PARKING ZONES
... WEAK CYCLING NETWORK
The location of public functions is also questionable. The intention is to refurbish the buildings of existing aeroclub and sport complex and support them with other public facilities. In my opinion, it will create a solid public zone that will block the access to the forest and discourage residents to use it for recreational activities. Other public areas are places a bit chaotic so together with monotonic residential architecture it makes the area very difficult to orient in. Nevertheless lack of hierarchy in the area organization, level of connectivity and public transportation were carefully arranged here. The network of roads covers the whole area creating a coherent infrastructure and increasing accessibility of the area in general. According to the analysis, bus stops will be located within the walkable distance of less than 400m, that makes public transport attractive for everyday use. A metro station is located within 4000m that allows residents rich it by bike. There is a cycling network planned for the area, however it needs some improvement to be good enough in order to encourage people to bike instead of using their cars.
63
Site analysis/Mirodistrict analysis/POSITION OF THE AREA
MICRODISTRICT ANALYSIS
MICRODISTRICT N09 AREA - 7.16 ha POPULATION DENSITY - 2900 residents The thesis will analyse a plan for microdistrict N9 that will be located in the middle of the study area between “Zarya” stadium and Kopische village. The microdistrict includes large scale high density apartment buildings mainly 9 storey height but also a few 16 storey buildings. TYPICAL RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS produced by “Mapid” from standardized precast concrete panels create the same monotonic environment as in any other mass microdistrict in the city. Urban blocks are overscaled, dominant and lack individual architectural design. 64
65
Site analysis/Mirodistrict analysis/MORPHOLOGY
Besides residential function, there is a local commercial centre on the edge on the site with shops and pharmacy. The community value of this centre is doubtful due it its single retail function. In addition, since it has a remote location, it is not fully accessible for all residents in microdistrict. Other PUBLIC SERVICES are located on the ground floor of the residential buildings creating the active street facade. The overall problem is there is no a rational network of community services neither any regulations in local legislation to control the range of public functions in residential areas and its location. Only children facilities (school and kindergartens) and health institutes are controlled by planning standards. So according to the project the site is provided with a built-in kindergarten for 190 places. The site also suffers from the lack of SPACE HIERARCHY. A lot of space is given only for transit being too exposed and uncomfortable to stay. The building configuration hardly improves the situation. In this case, stand along buildings are the worst. While semi closed buildings bring some hierarchy creating more or less semi-public courtyards, free standing buildings generate a lot of wasteland around without any space division. In terms of CONNECTIVITY, the area seems to be well connected with the surroundings. It has several informal public entrances that leads to bus stops, public functions and link the site with neighbouring microdistricts.
PEDESTRIAN NETWORK
is designed a bit chaotic and, due to the car dominant environment, lacks hierarchy and coherency. Thus, in many cases, pedestrian paths are interrupted by inner car roads and car parking that makes pedestrian movement difficult and disadvantaged. The analysis identifies conflicting zones in order to prevent the negative overlap of two networks in the design proposal.
66
HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
PUBLIC SPACE SEMI-PUBIC SPACE
PEDESTRIAN ROUTES
CAR ACCESS
67
Site analysis/Mirodistrict analysis/PARKING PROBLEM
IN TOTAL, 1043 PARKING LOTS ARE REQUIRED
1.87 ha
68
IN TO LOTS If to place all parking
1.8
The amount of parking lots now
469
outside the area
424
inside the area
150
469 outside the area 469 underground
outside the area
424 the area Nowadays due to the growth in privateinside 424car inside the area ownership, microdistricts became CAR ORIENTED. A car infrastructure is dominant in the area taking 30% of the total land use. Taking into 150 underground consideration, that all this surface will 150 be underground unpermeable, covered with asphalt and unpleasant to walk on, it will affect the area in a negative way also creating unsafe environment .
The parking problem is the most visible in the area. With the regulation of 1,08 car per household, study site requires 1043 parking places. If somebody is willing to solve the parking problem for every household, it would require 1,87 ha of the area that is almost 26%of the total land. In comparison with Swedish regulations, Hammarby area in Stockholm has 0.65 car per household that is almost twice less than in the study area. 69
Site analysis/Mirodistrict analysis/SOLAR ANALYSIS
The number is huge, therefore, according to the project, only 424 parking lots are placed in the area, 150 from them are underground parking places. However , here is two problems with this “solution�. First of all, the rest parking places will be placed outside the area that means moving the problem away if no additional measures are taken. Secondly, even the current number of outdoor parking inside the area takes a lot of valuable space that could be used more effectively and beneficiary for the residents.
SUMMER
70
Analysing the microdistrict, it can be seen that car parking cut off pedestrian paths, block the view and, in some cases, even occupy the whole yards without any chance for placing outdoor activities. In addition, by measuring solar insolation in the area, it can be concluded, that surprisingly parking lots occupy most of the sunny places. Since Belarusians enjoy sun as much as Swedish people do, it is unacceptable in the country with moderate climate give the best outdoor space for cars.
WINTER
71
72
DESIGN PROPOSAL DISTRICT STRATEGY 74 76 82 84 106
From monotony to diverse urban space Concept rules Masterplan
“PARTIAL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL “FULL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
73
Design proposal/District strategy/FROM MONOTONY TO DIVERSE URBAN SPACE
DISTRICT STRATEGY In order to design customized residential microdistrict, it is important to start with the vision for the area it belong to. It can be seen as a first step toward customization - not to copy and paste identical structures but develop a unique sitespecific strategy that will shape the area and create a basis for detailed design . As the city has already made a plan for the area development and started implementing it, in my project I decided to come up with suggestions of improvement rather than radically different design. In such a way the design strategy can be integrated into the existing plan that makes it more likely to be taken into consideration by city planning office.
EMPHASIZE
CHARACTER CREATE
IDENTITY
IMPROVE
ORIENTATION
74
FROM MONOTONY TO DIVERSE URBAN SPACE The main problem of the majority of districts, including project area, is lack of hierarchy and character of the place in general. Generic architecture of residential buildings together with uncertain infrastructure create a negative atmosphere and decrease the attractiveness of the neighbourhood. According to the analysis, the current city plan does not fully take into consideration this aspect. So the project proposes to improve orientation in the area and give it identity by firstly defining different street character according to their position on the site as well as pedestrian and vehicle load. Thus the main streets with transportation will be supported with commercial functions, active street facade and larger typologies along them creating an urban core of the area. In order to avoid a status of “sleeping district�, these streets should attract and sustain economic activities, providing a template for a combination of different services. In turn, smaller, more local streets should be introduced that will have a linear park along it with the range of outdoor activities. Green belts will go through the whole area integrated with surrounding landscape - forest from the one edge and park from the another. So the network of natural assets will have a strategic importance for the quality of life in the area in many ways.
75
Design proposal/District strategy/CONCEPT RULES
CONCEPT RULES MIXED USE A new urban core needs mix of uses to create urban vitality and attractiveness. Mixed use neighbourhoods will allow for the effective functioning of all types of business, social and cultural activities with very low inputs of energy for transportation and logistics, thus increasing the resilience of these neighbourhoods. Areas with concentration of mixed use buildings should be located along the main transport axes and important nodes to create well-defined public realms and be fully accessible.
Concentration of mixed use buildings on the junctions
Mixed use functions
76
VARIETY IN DENSITY AND TYPOLOGY The project would like to promote social integration by providing a broad range of housing types, tenure types and prices levels so it will be accessible for a diversity of users and fulfill different needs ((e.g. families with children, youth, seniors, high-income, low-income, etc.) Densest typologies should be located along urban core while smaller housing will appear closer to the green belts.
Concentration of higher buildings on the junctions
Various typology
77
Design proposal/District strategy/CONCEPT RULES
GREEN NETWORK Due to the fact that any extensive development affects local ecological systems on the certain level, the aim of the project is to balance built interventions with natural landscape elements. Thus, in order to maintain the connections between forest areas, a green alleys should be established. They will become a part of the green network that will connect new and existing natural assets together as well as maintain biodiversity. Besides environmental and ecological services, the landscape elements network will give important social and psychological benefits for residents. A fine network of interconnecting green axes will allow for a good access to natural amenities and encourage walking. A range of outdoor activities will be crated along the linear parks providing residents with qualitative public spaces so they will be attracted to spend more time outside and enjoy natural amenities.
Green network for healthy community
78
URBAN CENTRALITIES It is important to locate public functions along the urban core that will be distributed in the area instead of creating monofunctional zones. It will help a equal access for all residents to this activities while keeping their connected in a network. New centralities should have a strong character and form cluster of activities that would compliment each other.
Urban centralities to support public life
79
Design proposal/District strategy/CONCEPT RULES
SAFE ENVIRONMENT The aim of the project is to decrease the number of cars inside the microdistrict by proposing multi storey parking buildings. It will help to create more pedestrian friendly environment inside the microdistrict and let children safely play outside. However, instead of clustering parking in one monofunctional zone, as proposed in the city plan, it is logical to distribute them within the neighbourhood. It will ensure a good access and encourage residents to use them. In addition, parking buildings should be built as an adaptable structure. With time, when the popularity of using car will be decreased, multi storey parkings will be transformed in any other function that will bring more benefits to community life.
Multi storey parkings adaptable for future changes
80
BIKABILITY Reducing car-dependency is a key objective on the way to solve parking problem. It is not right just to remove parkings from the street because as far as people use cars they will find a place to park them anywhere. So the solution should implement other measures that will improve mobility of residents. One of them is to create a coherent cycling network that will conveniently connect all local facilities. As it is important to provide a good environment to bike, the main bike routes should go through linear parks ensuring safe ride and pleasant experience. Overall, the alternative modes of transportation such as cycling will result in more sustainable urban environment, healthier lifestyle and in an improved quality of life.
Coherent cycling network for better commuting
M
81
Design proposal/District strategy/MASTERPLAN
By using above mention principles I propose site specific design strategy for the district that will become an effective base for microdistrict customization. It successfully uses existing qualities and introduces new to create a balanced system of natural elements and urban development.
82
83
Design proposal/”PARTIAL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
“PARTIAL CUSTOMIZATION”
The aim of this proposal is to address the issue of microdistrict open space that is shaped by typical building configuration. I would like to investigate how customized design solutions can create better outdoor environment even though built structures remain monotonous and overscaled. My research question here is to what extend quality of life can be improved in the microdistrict and whether “Partial customization” project can be considered as successful in term of sustainable neighborhood criteria. The fact, that the study microdistrict exists only on the paper, can give me more freedom in my design approach, however I would like to keep the proposal simple but efficient so it can be relevant for transformation of existing microdistricts into attractive lively communities. 84
MICRODISTRICT AS A PART OF THE WHOLE URBAN AXIS The urban axis is formed by supporting commerce and social interaction along the street. The main public transport link will be located here connecting residents to destinations.
LINEAR PARK A street of the other side of the area will have more local character. While traffic here will be encouraged to slow down linear park along it will bring natural landscape elements into the microdistrict.
PEDESTRIAN ALLEY Pedestrian alley is designed to establish connections of microdistric with the surroundings. It creates new pedestrian realms emphasizing walking as a fundamental activity in the sustainable neighbourhood.
85
Design proposal/”PARTIAL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
TOOLBOX
Urban space customization As a part of the “Partial customization” proposal, the toolbox is developed with the collection of design principles to personalize and diverse outdoor space in the microdistrict. The toolbox is addressing the particular issues in the microdistrict plan. However, due to the fact of generic nature of mass constructed microdistricts, it can be applicable in other residential regeneration projects that deal with the space between buildings. At the same time it is obvious that every project is unique and approach of working with it should be site-specific. Therefore the design principles here should be treated as an instrument that needs to be adjusted to every situation.
86
87
Design proposal/”PARTIAL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
TOOLBOX
Urban space customization
MORE SPACE FOR PEDESTRIANS AND BIKES T1. REORGANIZE PARKINGS To give pedestrians and bike the priority, a part of the planned parkings should be moved in the multi storey indoor parking. The rest will be rearranged into the small parking lots that will not intrude pedestrian movement.
BEFORE
88
AFTER
T2. INTRODUCE SHARED SPACE Shared space is the idea where pedestrians, bicycles and cars can all navigate together in the same space. It reduces the dominance of motor vehicles, encourage them to slow down thus improving safety of the inner roads in the microdistrict.
T3. SUPPORT BIKING
Residents should be encouraged to bike not only by creating appropriate infrastructure but also by providing enough storages near the buildings entrances. 89
Design proposal/”PARTIAL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
TOOLBOX
Urban space customization
SPACE HIERARCHY - PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP T4. CLOSE THE COURTYARDS
90
Vegetation
Playground
The microdistrict lacks space hierarchy and clear definition what is public and private. In order to provide sufficient privacy, courtyards should be defined with the help of different physical elements. This tool will allow for creating more comfortable environment inside the courtyard and develop self belonging to the place where people live.
Workshop
Landscape features
Bicycle parking
91
Design proposal/”PARTIAL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
TOOLBOX
Urban space customization
SPACE HIERARCHY - PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
92
93
Design proposal/”PARTIAL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
TOOLBOX
Urban space customization
SPACE HIERARCHY - PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP T5. CREATE A COMMUNITY FEELING
94
In order to feel safe and comfortable in the microdistrict as well as develop common sense of belonging to the place residents should be familiar with each other. Interaction can be encouraged via organizing regular events and activities. Thus the suitable common place to unite all community members should be arranged. A community square is located on the intersection of the main pedestrian routes. It will ensure a good access to the square and it’s facilities. There is also a community centre that will provide different services including cafe, local library and youth centre.
Community meetings Post
Cafe
Grocery
Library
Youth centre
95
Design proposal/”PARTIAL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
TOOLBOX
Urban space customization
VIBRANT COMMUNITY T6. PROVIDE THE RANGE OF OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES Outdoor activities are a key towards healthy livable community therefore it is important to create a variety of places for all community members.
T7. DIVERSIFY DESIGN OF THE COURTYARDS Since architecture of the microdistrict does not have outstanding features, a diverse design of each courtyard will bring identity to monotonous environment.
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97
Design proposal/”PARTIAL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
TOOLBOX
Urban space customization
CLIMATE SMART URBAN DESIGN T8. APPLY CLIMATE SMART DESIGN PRINCIPLES While designing outdoor space it is necessary to consider climate characteristics such as wind, solar radiation, temperature conditions and thermal comfort. To make outdoor stay pleasant and comfortable, landscape elements should be carefully planned. In the moderate climate conditions sun is very appreciated, thus places for outdoor activities are located in a way to receive sufficient amount of sun but to be protected from wind. In turn, northern sides of the buildings are used to car parking.
98
INSOLATION ANALYSIS TOTAL RADIATION Value range: 420000- 900000 Ecotect v5
Wh 900000 791000 682000 573000 464000 4400000 355000
99
Design proposal/”PARTIAL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
100
A diverse outdoor environment was developed by applying “Spatial customization� toolbox. 101
Design proposal/”PARTIAL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
TIMELINE
From the time perspective, “Partial customization” is not a final step of the microdistrict development, if final step exists at all. However, for newly built mass neighbourhoods the option of radical structural intervention is not a cost effective solution. In turn, customization of the space between buildings is more relevant because less investments will be required. The question of architectural improvement might not be not as urgent as in older microdisticts that was built 2030 years ago. 102
Mass constructed neighbouthoods that was build long time ago have a stronger reason for structural intervention. With time building performance of mass architecture usually decreases as well as aesthetic appearance needs improvement. Thus this process can be combined with customized upgrade - for instance, the height of the buildings can be reduced while new typologies can provide sufficient density and contribute spatial organization.
103
Design proposal/”PARTIAL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
EVALUATION Coming back to the sustainable neighborhood definition, mentioned earlier, I would like to check how successfully “Partial customization” proposal fits the sustainable criteria. Due to the main focus on open space, the criteria of having qualitative green space, diverse outdoor program and social centre of the microdistrict were fully achieved. Identity of the microdistrict was also established using existing qualities and proposing new. However since I did not include built structures in my design, monotonous architecture remains the same having a negative impact on the perception of microdistrict. Therefore this required cannot be considered as fully fulfilled but some improvement took place here. The project created street hierarchy and established new connections within microdistrict. While it improved orientation and helped people reach their destinations easier, it also made microdistrict more opened and inviting. However the solutions were limited due to the established building configuration in the microdistrict. It can be seen, that not all criteria were achieved in current proposal thus it will be reasonable to develop “Full customization proposal” that can respond to the demand for sustainability more effectively.
104
105
Design proposal/”FULL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
“FULL CUSTOMIZATION”
2900 The result of “Partial cuztomization” proposal showed the improvement of urban environment and sustainability in general. However, to create a hign stantard of living in the microdistrict, open space improvement is not enough. In the “Full customization” proposal the alternative solution for microdistrict will be develop. It will propose a different spatial configuration of the buildings that is aimed at achieving more diverse and human scale environment in the microdistrict. To keep relevance of the proposal, the planned population density will remain as a constant condition and should be followed. In addition, cost efficiency of customized architecture will be discussed thus making the proposal competitive against mass constructed microdistricts.
106
MICRODISTRICT AS A PART OF THE WHOLE The overall principles of the Kopische district are followed so it provides a strong base for detailed design.
Urban axis
At the same time working with both architecture and urban space allow for more site specific approach therefore new different components can be found. Linear park
Pedestrian alleys
Community square
107
Design proposal/”FULL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
TOOLBOX
Architecture customization In the “Full customization” proposal the focus is given to architecture customization in order to diversify building types in the microdistrict as well as change spatial organization in a better way. After architectural design principles will be established, the proposal will combine them with the spatial toolbox from “Partial customization” proposal in order to develop a comprehensive masterplan.
108
109
Design proposal/”FULL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
TOOLBOX
Architecture customization
DIVERSE HOUSING TYPOLOGIES T1. CREATE HUMAN SCALE ENVIRONMENT Human scale environment can be achieved by reducing the height of the buildings while locating them closer to each other. This solution will allow for required density but contribute microdistrict perception.
T2. INTRODUCE BLOCK STRUCTURE It is easier to define space hierarchy with urban block structure the creates a natural border between public and private. While it shapes the inner courtyards giving it privacy, it also supports a street facade with public program. 110
T3. ENSURE SOCIAL MIX IN THE AREA In order to promote social integration in the microdistrict it is important to provide a broad range of housing types, tenure types and prices levels.
NS
DE Y
IT
Density exercise reveal the opportunity to fulfill the condition of population density in the microdistrict with different typologies. It shows that mix of building blocks of various scales is possible so the need for overscaled architecture loose its relevance. SE
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BLOCKBLOCK 45*40, 45*40, 4 STOREYS 4 STOREYS
M
M
R. SQ
R. SQ
BLOCKBLOCK 60X60, 60X60, 6 STOREYS 6 STOREYS 197 197 142 142 SQR.M SQR.M 6 3596 359
TOTAL TOTAL FLOOR FLOOR AREAAREA = = POPULATION POPULATION = =
128 128 884 884 SQR.M SQR.M 4 1574 157
TOTAL TOTAL FLOOR FLOOR AREAAREA = = POPULATION POPULATION = =
111 BLO
Design proposal/”FULL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
112
Due to the human scale building typology, outdoor space feels more pleasant and attractive to stay. 113
Design proposal/”FULL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
TOOLBOX
Architecture customization
T4. SUPPORT STREET HIERARCHY The idea is to protect inner area of the microdistrct from the urban axis by introducing larger typologies and support green corridor with smaller one. It will emphasize the character of the street and help orientation.
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115
Design proposal/”FULL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
TOOLBOX
Architecture customization
DIVERSE HOUSING TYPOLOGIES T5. FLEXIBLE FACADE SOLUTIONS Current building industry produces only limited number of prefabricated elements that does not allow for variations in the facade appearance. The solution can be found in prefabrication of more diverse and specific parts that can be assembled on the building site. It will make it possible to develop customized architecture using advantages of industrialized construction process: low cost and short timeframe for construction.
BEFORE
116
AFTER
117
Design proposal/”FULL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
TOOLBOX
Architecture customization
DIVERSE HOUSING TYPOLOGIES T6. HIDE PARKINGS
118
In order to solve the parking problem in the microdistrict, in-built parking facilities are proposed. They can be located either in the basement of the building or on the ground floor depending of the number of residents and building structure. It will allow to design the courtyard free of cars therefore make outdoor environment safer and use the space more effectively for community needs.
119
Design proposal/�FULL CUSTOMIZATION� PROPOSAL
TOOLBOX
Architecture customization
CLIMATE SMART ARCHITECTURE T7. MINIMIZE ENERGY USE m 10 m 10 m 14 m 14
It is possible to decrease the usage of central heating by applying passive design principles. The height of the building block is reduced from the southern and western sides to allow more sun inside the courtyard as well as to provide enough light for the opposite facades. Another passive approach is to extend building dimension along north-south axis. Such an orientation is the most practical in this climate. In turn, sections along east-west axis should have double side orientation with maximum glazing on the south. In this way, thermal mass will serve for heating in winter. Excess solar heating in summer time will be prevented with shading system.
120
T8. SAVE NATURAL RESOURCES
In order to treat storm water in the sustainable way, green roofs should be implemented in buildings design. It will help to reduce stress on the sewer system while returning water into the atmosphere by letting it evaporates. The excess amount of water can be harvested to be reused for domestic purposes. Besides, green roofs will maintain biodiversity that will be heavily affected by urban development. Even smaller green areas can function as a transit zone facilitating birds and insects migration.
121
Design proposal/”FULL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
As the sustainable neighbourhood has a responsibility to save natural resources, water sensitive design will be implemented in this proposal. It might seem that I am applying additional design principles here just to make “Full customization” a better solution on purpose. However, in this particular case, water management is more economically efficient if applied in new microdistricts. It requires less investments and energy consumption therefore it’s relevance is confirmed. The project proposes an open drainage system that will passively filter storm water run off, provide temporary storage and improve water quality, while creating wetland habitats for wildlife. The surface run off from the microdistrict is running off in small open drainage canals along the buildings to be collected then in the central drainage corridors. Here stormwater will be infiltrated by planted wetland weeds along the swale. The central corridors are designed in a way to form a positive asset on the pedestrian alley while being visible also to carry educational function. After treatment water is discharged into the pond that is designed in the lowest point of the area next to the forest. It will serve as an important recreation place of the neighborhood giving an additional biologic value to the densely developed neighbourhood. 122
123
Design proposal/”FULL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
Water sensitive design
124
125
Design proposal/”FULL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
126
The alleys become valuable part of the neighborhood creating attractive pedestrian realms. 127
Design proposal/”FULL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
128
By combining the spatial and architectural toolboxes from two proposals, master plan is developed that reflects customized design approach and create identity. 129
Design proposal/”FULL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
EVALUATION Apart strengthening the criteria that were achieved in the previous proposal, “Full customization” accomplished other sustainable criteria. Various housing typologies were introduced to ensure social mix in the area and create more diverse microdistrict character. New development allows for planning mixed use buildings so their will provide a platform for local businesses and create vibrant community. For the same reason it was possible to apply passive architecture design principles and introduce water management so the use of natural resources could be reduced. Overall, this evaluation helped me to prove benefits of “Full customization” proposal. I am not saying that “Partial customization” proposal did not succeed. In fact, it is valuable as an integral part of full customization. However if spatial toolbox is applied along, it can be relevant only for improving existing microdistricts. So, in order to respond to the demand for more sustainable lifestyle it is necessary to consider more global changes in residential development as was presented in “Full customization” proposal.
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SING TYPES HOU
M I U X
L A IC
GR
SOCIAL
N EE
DOOR PROGRAM OUT
DIVERSE
TY TI
SAVE RESOURCES
N VIRO MENT AL EN
COMMUNITY CENTRE
E C O N
TY VI I CT
ED SE
CO NN E
VARIOUS
131
ID EN
Design proposal/”FULL CUSTOMIZATION” PROPOSAL
132
133
CONCLUSION As this thesis was intended to show benefits of customized design solutions against soviet urban planning principles, I believe that the main goal is achieved. Two levels of customization were proposed for residential development. While “Partial customization” proposal is more relevant for existing microdistricts, “Full customization” approach can contribute new construction. The most valuable result of this thesis I find in the toolbox of spatial and architectural design principles that can be applied in future customization proposals. The toolbox does not reveal all possibilities for microdistrict improvements however it gives a framework for approaching existing problems in residential development. As a complex process, sustainable residential development involves many stakeholders. Thus, the cooperation and partnership are necessary for successful shift from the idea of “mass customization” to its first steps of implementation.
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REFERENCES 1. Osmolovski, M.C, 1952. Minsk. Praktika sovetskogo gradostroitelstva. [online] Available at: <http://minchanin. esmasoft.com/books/osmolovsky/1952/index.html> [Accessed 19 January 2014] 2. Erie Citizen Planner, 2014. 11 Principles For Urban Neighborhood Planning [blog] December 9, 2011. Available at: <http://eriecitizenplanner.wordpress.com/2011/12/09/11principles-for-urban-neighborhood-planning> [Accessed 20 February 2014] 3. Falk, N., Carley, M., 2012. Sustainable urban neighbourhoods. Building communities that last. [pdf] York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Available at: <http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/ jrf/sustainable-urban-neighbourhoods-full.pdf> [Accessed 20 March 2014] 4. Microrayon Factbook Wiki, n.d. Microrayon (definition). [online] Available at: <http://microrayon.wikispaces.com/ Microrayon+(definition)> [Accessed 13 February 2014] 5. Microrayon Factbook Wiki, n.d. Sleeping district. [online] Available at: <http://microrayon.wikispaces.com/ Sleeping+district> [Accessed 13 February 2014] 6. Minsk executive committee, 2013. Prospects for urban development in Minsk. [online] Available at: < http://minsk. gov.by/ru/actual/view/209/2013/inf_material_2013_07_ gradostroit.shtml> [Accessed 15 March 2014]
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7. Robinson, J., 2009. The post-soviet city: identity and community development. Madrid: city futures 8. Golubeva Y, 2012. 48th ISOCARP Congress : From Traditional Soviet Microdistricts towards Lively Neighborhood. Perm, Russia, 10-13 September 2012. Minsk: BNTU.
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Anna Kravec anna.kravec21@gmail.com +447729953929