Magical Salt Cities by Anna Kusyschyn

DETLEF KURTH ANNA KUZYSHYN (ED.)

MAGICAL SALT

The project was implemented within the “MEET UP! German-Ukrainian Youth Encounters” programme with support from the Foundation “Remembrance, Responsibility and Future” (EVZ). The opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of the Foundation EVZ. The author is solely responsible for the content.

MAGICAL SALT CITIES REGENERATION OF THE SALT PLANTS IN GERMANY AND IN DROHOBYCH/UKRAINE AS PART OF A URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Kaiserslautern 2021

Imprint Editors: Prof. Dr. Detlef Kurth Anna Kuzyshyn M.Sc. Chair of urban planning TU Kaiserslautern 67663 Kaiserslautern www.ru.uni-kl.de/stadtplanung/ startseite/ Editorial office: Anna Kuzyshyn M.Sc. Layout: Yulija Rusylo Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine https://www.metalab.space/ Translator: Ostap Dzondza Drohobych, Ukraine

Table of co n ten ts

INTRODUCTION FROM PARTNERS 7

Preface Technical University Kaiserslautern

Prefaces University Lviv Polytechnic

Preface Drohobych Youth Space

◊ 0 1

CONCEPT OF THE PROJECT «MAGICAL SALT CITIES»

Goals, Progress, and Cooperation Partners

Meaning of Salt Cities

Field studies and workshops

◊ 0 2

ART INSTALLATION FOR THE MAGICAL CITY DROHOBYCH

Concept of art residency

Open call and selection

Impressions of artresidency

Results of the artists

Realisation of the winner project

◊ 0 3

INFLUENCE OF SALT ON THE CITY DEVELOPMENTS

Salt cities and trade routes.

Transformation of salt cities: Halle

58 64

Salt production: - Luisenhall - Bad Friedrichshall

70 76 82

Salt for wellness: - Salt and its Health Relevance for Spa Towns - Bad Kreuznach - Bad Dürckheim

Salt indus trial objects in Ukraine

Examples of industrial facilities renovation in Ukraine

105

◊ 04

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

106

History of Drohobych and Drohobych District

112

Drohobych Saltworks History

118

The artistic heritage of Bruno Schulz

127

◊ 05

FUTURE SCENARIOS AND CONCEPTS

128

Regional concept

142

Production

156

Culture

166

Wellness

179

◊ 06

CONCLUSIONS

Prefa ce Tec h n i ca l U n i ve rs i t y Ka isers l a u ter n ◊ Detlef K ur t h Doctor in Urban Planning, Professor at chair of Urban Planning, Technical University Kaiserslautern

In this publication you’ll find the results of the collaboration “Magical Salt Cities” between young Ukraine and German artists and students. Salt had been a connecting element between East and West for centuries. Along ancient trade routes like Via Regia the salt had been not only a good, but also an important reason to develop a cultural understanding for each other. Salt had been a mystical product not only for cooking, but also for health, cure, disinfection. The ancient salt route connected our partner cities of Drohobych, Lviv and Kaiserslautern, crossing cities like Wroclaw and Halle. With our project we wanted to reactivate the exchange between our regions, transforming the mystic of salt to cultural, health and touristic meanings for the future. There are only few historical salt works maintained, which are still producing salt in a high quality, like in Drohobych or in Goettingen. In some cities like Bad Duerkheim salt works are now used for health cures, in others like Halle it is celebrated as a part of the cultural identity. We planned to visit all these interesting locations in Germany and Ukraine and to design future concepts on different common workshops in 2020. But the pandemic of Covid 19 didn’t allow us to travel anyway. So we started our workshops in our hometowns and organized different meetings as video conferences. The students worked virtual in mixed groups and created concepts for the transformation of the salt work in Drohobych. Also, different artists started to create art installations about the meaning of salt for the city of Drohobych, and the winner concept is realized now. Although we hadn’t be able to visit each other and couldn’t travel to our case studies, we started a deep collaboration between our countries – which have a fruitful cultural interaction since medieval times, too often interrupted because of wars and hostility. Students and artists worked together on future ideas, virtual but serious, getting a common understanding of urban development and industrial transformation, in the context of magical stories like from Bruno Schulz. We like to thank very much our project partners Oleg Dukas from NGO Drohobych and Prof. Dr. Bogdan Cherkes and Prof. Dr. Victor Proskuriakov Lviv Politechnic National University, for this fruitful collaboration. And also, we like to thank our different partners in the city administrations and cultural institutions. And many thanks to the students and artists, who had been engaged so much for this project. And we are very grateful that MeetUp from EVZ enabled our exchange and this publication. We are looking forward for a peaceful and free-minded exchange between our countries, based on historical connections like salt, developing a common future in a united Europe.

P refa ces U n i vers i ty Lv i v Poly techni c ◊ Bo hdan Ch e r ke s Doctor of Architecture, Director of the Institute for Architecture and Design, Professor at the Chair of Design and Fundamentals of Architecture at the National University „Lviv Polytechnic”.

The „Salt of rhe Earth” and the „Salt of urbanistics” — It is difficult to imagine modern-day Europe without salt cities and salt routes. Its cities and its culture — including urbanistic culture — has been actively shaped in the Middle Ages, and salt, grain, and other kind of trade routes, were linking and „sewing” together the continent of Europe, its population, and infrastructure. These integration processes set up a basis for the modern-day European Union. That is why, the initiative to conduct a joint workshop between Technical University of Kaiserslautern and the National University „Lviv Polytechnic” dedicated to the shaping, development, and revitalisation of salt cities and their salt-producing neighbourhoods has right away attracted great interest and support from both universities. I am incredibly impressed with the positive results brought about through this workshop, and would like to extend my thanks to all of the students, professors, as well as to all individuals and organisations — particularly, to „Meet-up” — who supported the implementation of this initiative in the challenging conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, and who — all difficulties notwithstanding — continue „sewing together” and developing European unity.

◊ Viktor Pro s k ur i a kov Doctor of Architecture, Professor at the Institute for Architecture and Design, Head of the Chair of Design of Architectural Environment at the National University „Lviv Polytechnic”.

One should not think that the design and educational seminar entitled „Magical Salt Cities” held in Drohobych, Lviv, and other cities of the Western Ukraine only focused upon resolution of architectural, spatial, and environmental issues of Drohobych Salt Factory. Not at all! First and foremost, we—teachers at the architectural schools of Lviv and Kaiserslautern—undertook to teach Ukrainian and German students how to conduct audacious architectural investigations, as a result of an analysis of complex realia of a problematic historical site, in order to find ways to its contemporary functional, environmental, plastic beauty. To teach students that one cannot keep accepting compromises in the historical environment—as practical-minded architects tend to do, who are forced to design, considering restrictions, thus reaching pragmatic decisions—when indeed solutions must vary, depending upon what the assignment of each new design is. After all, architecture of the 21st century is based upon eternal principles and laws of equilibrium and harmony—and it can therefore breathe life into new plastic forms in the historical environment that are developing from the past towards the future.

Prefa ce D ro h o byc h Yo ut h S pa ce ◊ Oleh Du ka s Molodizhnyi Prostir Drohobycha (Drohobych Youth Space) NGO)

Drohobych Salt Factory — unlike a dozen similar salt-producing enterprises of the Pre-Carpathian region — was lucky@ after all, notwithstanding the unsatisfactory condition of most of its buildings, it nonetheless continues operating and extracting salt according to the ancient technology. As of today, out of the 9 buildings within the saltworks compound — which are all listed architectural monuments — only two are in satisfactory condition. If we fail to take immediate measures to save them, we can simply lose a unique object very soon. That is why, in the past three years, NGOs in the city of Drohobych teamed up with local authorities to engage in active work on the concept of revitalisation of the saltworks and development of a strategy for the development of the enterprise. The “Magical Salt Cities” project has, in turn, created an opportunity to bring promotion of the salt heritage onto a new level. Thanks to the art residence within the project, the city has acquired a superb art object in its central square, which will attract attention of tourists and will remind local citizens of how essential it is to restore the saltworks. Thanks to a multi-language website, Drohobych Saltworks will be able to establish communication with the world and seek potential benefactors and investors. At the same time, joint work of Ukrainian and German students as well as representatives of Drohobych Youth Space NGO has allowed to produce plenty of new ideas with respect to revitalisation of the enterprise. That is why, this project is one of the first important steps towards elaboration of plans for revitalisation of the enterprise and its active promotion. We expect it to evolve into the creation of a full-blown concept for enterprise revitalisation and development strategy, including fund-raising initiatives that are to be launched to the benefit of restoration of enterprise’s facilities.

CONCEPT OF THE PROJECT “MAGICAL SALT CITIES”

◊ G oa l s , P rog ress, an d C oop era t i on Pa r t n ers ◊ M ean i n g of S a lt C i t i es ◊ F i eld st u d i es an d wor ks h op s

C oncept o f th e pro j ec t “ Ma g ica l Sa l t C i ti es”

GOALS, PROGRESS, AND COOPERATION PARTNERS ◊ De tle f K u rt h Doctor in Urban Planning, Professor at chair of Urban Planning, Technical University Kaiserslautern

Transformation of industrial cities is one of the greatest challenges faced by Ukraine, whose decades-long planned economy is still being transformed into a social-oriented market economy functioning in a democratic society . Plenty of industrial structures have fallen into disuse or have become downright dilapidated. At the same time, historical heritage dating back to miscellaneous periods of history is increasingly being appreciated.

The Project commenced with a juxtaposition of Salt Cities in Germany and Ukraine, with a view to comprehend the European Network of Salt Cities better and to enhance the exchange of knowledge and experience between students and special◊ Anna K u z ys hy n ists of both countries. Numerous historical Salt Cities have been analysed: those M.Sc. of Architecture and Urban still in operation, as they are producing luxury products, as well as those functionPlanning, scientific assistant ing as museums or rest and recreation sites. Within the framework of workshops at the at chair of Urban held in TU Kaiserslautern, Lviv Polytechnic, and in the City of Drohobych, concepts Planning, Technical University have been elaborated as to how Salt Cities may be upgraded and readjusted to Kaiserslautern modern times, facilitating their integration in the broader urban development. The goal of the exchange was to take the opportunity of the joint workshops to develop strategies for the Drohobych Saltworks which, as of the present time, are still in operation . The saltworks facilities should be upgraded and preserved, but at the same time adapted for tourism purposes and more closely linked to the city centre. That said, Bruno Schulz’s ideas of a „magic city“ should also become a contribution into the general Concept. We have therefore worked closely on the matter, together with the representatives of Youth Space NGO, with groups of city residents, and with the city administration. The umbrella goal behind these activities was to promote mutual understanding of the Central European history, of the system of governance, and of planning instruments, as well as the culture of urban development. The Project Goal therefore consisted in bringing together students, municipal officials, and artists from miscellaneous institutions in Ukraine and in Germany. Meetup projects featured the following cooperation partners in particular: ˛ TU Kaiserslautern, Department of Spatial Planning ˛ Lviv Polytechnic, Institute of Architecture and Design ˛ Youth Space of Drohobych NGO In addition to the above, the following parties were also involved: ˛ City Administration of Drohobych, Department of Architecture ˛ Curator as well as artists selected for the subject art campaign The Project was most kindly supported by MeetUp!, German-Ukrainian Youth Meetings/ EVZ Foundation (Remembrance, Responsibility, and Future) and also with the own capital of both Universities.

Concept o f th e pro j ec t “Ma g ica l Sa l t C i ti es”

MEANING OF SALT CITIES

The historical importance of salt as one of the most important and most expensive commodities in Europe can hardly be overestimated. This precious commodity was shipped via „Salt Routes“ running from manufacturing sites to the low-salt regions of high demand. Other goods were also transported using the same Salt Routes, turning them into important corridors of commerce. Cities producing salt were therefore of great strategic and economic importance. Today, Salt is hardly a scarce commodity; it is being mass-produced in salt factories and is most affordable for everyone. But the adages of yore are not forgotten, say: „Salt is the White Gold“, „The Salt of the Earth“ or „The Salt in the Soup“. This magic significance is still being appreciated in certain former Salt Cities. The heritage of the historic salt industry is reflected in tourism and leisure activities — shaping, for instance, saltwater recreation sites with inhalation and bathing options, or attractive tourism sites, or spa towns for city residents.

◊ Salt Ci t y o f Drohobyc h

Case example of Drohobych is one of a city with a long and complicated history. The city had been already founded by the 12th century by the Principality of Galicia and Volhynia. Salt production became an important boost for the city’s rapid development. In the 14th century, it became a part of the Kingdom of Poland; in 1422, it received Magdeburg Rights. After 1772, the city belonged to the Kingdom of Galicia within the Austrian Empire; after 1919, it once again became a part of Poland. After the Second World War, in 1945, this region was annexed by the Soviet Union. Since 1991, Ukraine is an independent state, and Drohobych is a Ukrainian city. All of these alternating jurisdictions notwithstanding, the salt extraction industry has at all times been of paramount importance. It is also worth noting that Drohobych was the hometown of Bruno Schulz, a writer whose Cinnamon Shops and The Street of Crocodiles have been fascinating the readers’ community for decades past.

C oncept o f th e pro j ec t “ Ma g ica l Sa l t C i ti es”

FIELD STUDIES AND WORKSHOPS

Initial plans featured a field sightseeing trips with Partners from Lviv, Drohobych, and Kaiserslautern, visiting the following Saltworks and Salt Cities in Germany: Halle, Luisenhall Göttingen, Bad Friedrichshall, Bad Kreuznach, and Bad Dürckheim. These case examples were to be used to develop general strategies for the Salt Cities which were to be created within a workshop held at the TU Kaiserslautern. The abovementioned case examples are illustrative for miscellaneous strategies — for instance, to launch the manufacturing of refined salt products, to transform the historical production site into a museum, or to turn the site into a health and recreation site, or a spa. Next, the planning and structural conditions were to be analysed within a workshop held in Ukraine; these were to feature the following topics, specifically: ˛ The Planning System in Ukraine: Planning of Regions and Cities ˛ Stakeholders and the Culture of Participation: City Management Structure, the Network of Stakeholders, Citizen Participation ˛ History of the City and the Region ˛ History of the Saltworks in Drohobych ˛ Examples for the revitalisation projects already implemented in Ukraine ˛ Bruno Schulz’s Magic Stories The area was then to be analysed within a final workshop, focusing on the city fabric, mobility, infrastructure, industry, and analysis. The goals were then to be defined in a future workshop, so that the following concepts be elaborated: ˛ Structural Concept: connection with the ‘Old City’ (the historical city centre), renovation strategy, enhancement of the saltworks territory, further consolidation ˛ Conversion/Transformation Concepts for the Saltworks ˛ Tourism Concept for the Saltworks, an analysis of the tourism potential in the Region of Drohobych Due to the COVID Pandemic, the Field Sightseeing Trip had to be cancelled; online presentation reports were submitted in its stead. The Workshops were to take place in the autumn of 2020, in a virtual (online) mode; face-to-face exchange was, alas, not a possible option. Nonetheless, the students have intensively worked together on an online platform and have come up with interesting findings.

ART INSTALLATION FOR SALT CITY DROHOBYCH

◊ C on cep t of ar t res i d en c y ◊ O p en cal l an d s elec t i on ◊ Im p ress i on s of a r tres i d en c y ◊ Res u l ts of t h e ar t i sts ◊ Rea l i s at i on of th e w i n n er p roj ec t

Art in stal l a ti o n for Sa l t Ci ty D ro h o byc h

CONCEPT OF ART-RESIDENCY

◊ Pro jec t O bje c t i ve

In order to rediscover the long-forgotten history of the city of Drohobych, reload its local content and essence, display it in the modern-day context through art and culture, a decision was made to organise an open art competition to select the best art object to be placed in the public spaces of Drohobych. In order to gain a better insight into the context of the city, a week-long residence for artists was scheduled as the first stage of the competition.

◊ C o ntext

Drohobych: A City of Salt Drohobych is a city boasting colourful history spanning many centuries. Its most distinctive characteristic is the tradition of salt extraction. Drohobych has the oldest salt factory in Ukraine which is one of the oldest enterprises of the Eastern Europe still in operation. It is precisely extraction and distribution of salt that has boosted the city’s active development. Within the period from the 15th to the 17th century, two legendary wooden churches were erected: the Church of Saint George and the Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross; in conjunction with the Drohobych Saltworks, these three objects comprise the core of Zvarychi, one of the oldest districts of Drohobych. The city has gained a new impetus in the 19th century when petroleum was discovered in the nearby Boryslav. A great number of oil derrick owners were residing in Drohobych at the time. The Drohobych-Boryslav agglomeration was then dubbed “Galician California”. Streets in the central part of the city became filled with luxurious villas, mansions, and museums. Ivan Franko used to describe this “golden era” in his famous novel entitled Boryslav is Laughing. At the present time, Drohobych Salt Factory is still in operation; it is, however, dilapidated and in urgent need attention from the national authorities. Drohobych: A Magical City Drohobych is the native town of Bruno Schulz, a Polish-Jewish writer and painter. His literary heritage is commonly placed alongside that of Franz Kafka and Marcel Proust; his short stories written in the style of magic realism and published within two collections entitled Cinnamon Shops and The Sanatorium under the 18

A rt insta l l a ti o n for S a l t C i ty D ro h o byc h

Sign of the Hourglass have been translated in many languages and are popular even today. His futuristic fairytale-like texts reveal a broader and more profound essence of the urban life and are reflecting actual and imaginary deliberations and contemplations by the author. Bruno Schulz used to write on the topic of the Salt City extensively, picturing its residents in his quirky and peculiar manner. He remains a sort of a link bridging together the co-existence of various communities of the city, mapped onto modern-day vision. In addition to this legendary painter and writer, Drohobych is also well-known thanks to other important figures that have inhabited the city in different periods, such as Yurii Kotermak aka Yurii Drohobych, Maurycy Gottlieb, Ephraim Moses Lilien, Elisabeth Bergner, Ivan Franko, and Kazimierz Wierzyński. All of these individuals have contributed to the city’s local history which is obviously stretching beyond its provincial profile. Since the time it was founded, Drohobych has been a multi-cultural frontier city where miscellaneous cultures and peoples have been co-existing. Marian Hemar, a Polish satiricist and writer, used to refer to Drohobych as “a city and a half” — half-Polish, half-Ukrainian, and half-Jewish. Since 2014, this Triptych of multiculturality has been supplemented by Crimean Tatars who used to live in Galicia in the past and were the allies of the Sich Riflemen. Hence, the co-existence of the three cultures and religions is imprinted on the historical focus of the city, underscoring its substantiality and highlighting its essence into the modern days. The architectural heritage — as is the common case with numerous other Galician cities — is revealed through the accumulation of successive architectural styles. The Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Polish rule, and then the German and the Soviet occupations have all left behind a historically significant and motley background; they are all showing new cultural codes and concealed forms to us. ◊ C omp e t i t i o n L ayo u t and Re qu i re m e nts

Stage One: Evaluation of portfolios and motivation letters helped us select five residents who have received the stipend for a week-long art residence in the city of Drohobych. St a g e Tw o: Sketch projects submitted by five residents have been evaluated by an independent jury. The winner was awarded funding towards the implementation of their project in Drohobych. Eligible Applicants Proposals were submitted by artists working in the realm of contemporary arts as well as urbanist painters, visual artists, sculptors, architects, and creative individuals working in other areas of art, regardless of the place of residence, age, or prior experience in the field. Procedure for Selection of Proposals Proposals were evaluated by an interdisciplinary Evaluation Board of adjudicators comprised of representatives of partner organisations and experts engaged.

Art in stal l a ti o n for Sa l t Ci ty D ro h o byc h

OPEN CALL AND SELECTION

The Competition for the Magical Salt Cities residence in Drohobych was announced on the 8th of September, 2020 through social networks (Facebook); in addition to that, information on the art residence was disseminated through local and nationwide Ukrainian mass media outlets. Within weeks from the date the Open Call was posted, 42 applications were received from applicants. The geography of all of the individuals expressing a desire to participate in the Magical Salt Cities was very diverse. Applicants hailed from all parts of Ukraine: Lviv, Kharkiv, Uzhhorod, Dnipro, Kyiv, Zaporizhia, Odesa, Drohobych, as well as from other cities. Applicants submitted a motley variety of ideas and proposals on the matter of future art objects to be created: ranging from contemporary visual art to classical painting. These included photo and video artists. In addition to visual projects and ideas, a lot of paintings were presented, as well as creative works in the realm of urban planning, architecture, sculpture, and street performance. The Evaluation Board selecting the participants of the Magical Salt Cities in Drohobych was comprised of experts from miscellaneous areas of activities. These were, specifically: Anna Potiomkina, an art historian and the curator of the Asortymentna Kimnata Gallery of Modern Art in the city of Ivano-Frankivsk, Anna Dobrova and Anna Pashynska, representatives of MetaLab urban laboratory in the city of Ivano-Frankivsk, Olena Melenchuk, a representative of the Drohobych City Department of Architecture, Olena Yurkevych, a representative of Youth Space NGO, Oleksandr Maksymov, an artist, a painter, and the curator of the Magical Salt Cities residence as well as a co-organiser of the DRO.ART initiative of creative artists. And, finally, students from the Chair of Spatial Planning at the Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Germany. On the 29th of September, 2020, winners of the competition were finally announced; the winners—who were awarded the highest evaluation points—were then to participate in the Magical Salt Cities residence. These included: Pavlo Kovach, Serhii Radkevych, Valentyna Biero, Taras Popovych, and Yurii Cherniavskyi.

Concise information on Residents ◊ PAVLO KOVACH J r.

Uzhhorod, Ukraine (1987) Graduated from Uzhhorod Art College named after Аdalbert Erdeli in 2005; next, graduated, from Lviv National Academy of Arts (2011). In 2012, he was awarded Gaude Polonia, a scholarship from the Polish Minister of Culture and National Heritage. Winner of MUKhi (Young Ukrainian Artists) Competition’2012 (2nd place) and of the IN-OUT Festival’2018 in Gdańsk, Poland (2nd place). Co-founder of Yefremova 26 Gallery in Lviv (2013) and Detenpyla gallery in Lviv (2011). Since 2012, he is a founder and a participant of the Vidkryta Hrupa (An Open Group). A participant of a number of residences and festivals of contemporary art, both in Ukraine and abroad. He lives and works in Lviv.

A rt insta l l a ti o n for S a l t C i ty D ro h o byc h ◊ SERHI I R A DK EV YCH

Lutsk, Ukraine (1987) Graduated from Lviv National Academy of Arts, Department of Monumental Painting, workshop class of Liubomyr Medvid. Focusing, in particular, on monumental painting, religious icons, street art, visual arts. Awardee of the Second Special Pinchuk Art Centre Prize’2011. Member of the Pinchuk Art Centre Prize’2018 short list. One of the organisers of the BLACK CIRCLE FESTIVAL street art festival and GRANNY HALL residence (the village of Samiilychi in Volyn Oblast/Region). He lives and works in Lviv.

◊ VALEN T YN A B I ERO

Donetsk, Ukraine (1987) Graduated from Lviv National Academy of Arts in 2012. Member of the Ukrainian National Union of Artists since 2012; member of Kryla (‘Wings’) Union of Young Artists since 2012, sponsored by the Tovarystvo Potsinovuvatchiw Mystetstwa (‘An Association of Art Aficionados’) based in Lviv. Her works are stored in repositories of Ukraine, Bulgaria, Belarus, Poland, Montenegro, Slovakia, Switzerland, Cyprus, China, and Japan. Valentyna, by and large, works in the realms of ceramics, sculpture, textile, blended (vat) paper, painting and visual arts. She lives and works in Lviv.

◊ YUR I I CH ER N I AV SKY I

Lviv, Ukraine (1990) Sculptor, art conservation professional, and a 3D visual artist. He studied at the Warsaw Academy of Arts within the framework of Gaude Polonia, a scholarship from the Polish Minister of Culture and National Heritage. His project, entitled Restoration of Concrete Sculptures, Modernist and Brutalist Architectural Objects was implemented under tutorship of Professor Janusz Smaza. In 2013, he graduated from Lviv National Academy of Arts. Since 2012, he has been working as an art conservation and restoration specialist and as a sculptor. In 2020, he was the curator of the Forma Seredovyshcha (‘The Shape of the Environment’) exhibition within the framework of a parallel opening programme of 3020, the first park of sculpture opened in Ukraine. Yurii lives and works in Lviv and Kyiv.

◊ TAR AS PO POV YCH

Lviv, Ukraine (1991) Studied in Lviv, Kyiv, and Kaiserslautern (Germany): faculties of sculpture, art theory, entrepreneurship and innovation. Earned a Master’s Degree upon having graduated from the Faculty of Monumental Sculpture at Lviv National Academy of Arts) and then proceeded to postgraduate studies. Since 2012, Taras has been a participant and organiser of over 40 art projects, having been engaged in art studies, creation of art objects, art expositions, including personal sculpture expositions in Ukraine, EU, and Turkey. He works in the realm of sculpture, design, entrepreneurship, and innovations. 21

IMPRESSIONS OF ART-RESIDENCY ◊ Day On e

On the very first day of the Magical Salt Cities residence — the 6th of October, 2020 — participants were accommodated in the Dim Samarianyna hotel in Kozlovskoho street; at 12pm, they convened to get acquainted with each other in Lokal na Panskii, a cosy restaurant in Drohobych; next was a short sightseeing promenade across the city: all of the participants ascended the Town Hall Tower and had the opportunity to get a bird’s-eye view of the city and then visited the Drohobychchyna Museum of Local History, with a comprehensive tour from Olha Bunda, an employee of the Museum. Finally, they met with Oleksandr Maksymov, the curator of the Magical Salt Cities residence, at the Molodizhnyi Prostir (‘Youth Space’) headquarters, where Oleksandr presented the Dro.Art creative initiative, had a conversation with all of the residents, and have outlined further plans and activities for the period of the participants’ stay in Drohobych.

◊ Day Two

On the next day — the 7th of October — the participants proceeded with the sightseeing tour of the city, as they have got familiarised with the Drohobych Mystetskyi whereby Oleh Stetsiuk, a renowned local historian, conducted an art-focused sightseeing tour of the city. In the afternoon, the participants gathered at the Youth Space HQ to revisit and summarise the preceding two days they had spent in Drohobych.

◊ Day Thre e

On the 8th of October, all of the participants had a chance to see the Great Choral Synagogue of Drohobych where Leonid Golberg, a famous journalist, conducted a tour of the Jewish temple. Next, the participants of the residence proceeded to see the legendary Church of St George which is a tangible UNESCO cultural heritage site.

◊ Day Fo ur

On the 9th of October, Oleh Stetsiuk proceeded with giving the Drohobych Mystetskyi sightseeing tour to the participants; in addition to that, the participants also visited the Bruno Schulz Chamber Museum which is hosted by the main building of the Ivan Franko University of Drohobych where Ms Vira Meniok, the Director of the International Bruno Schulz Festival in Drohobych conducted a lecture session, recounting the life and heritage of the famous Drohobych-born writer and graphic artist, Bruno Schulz.

◊ Day Five

On the 10th of October, another important sightseeing tour took place within the framework of the Magical Salt Cities residence: a tour to the Drohobych Saltworks where Oksana Bunda, an employee of the Saltworks and a tour guide, presented the history of the Saltworks to the attention of the visiting participants. In the afternoon on the same day, all of the participants convened in the Youth Space HQ to discuss and summarise the day.

On the 11th of October (on a Sunday), the participants visited the village of Nahuievychi, where they had an opportunity to see the birthplace of Ivan Franko, a famous Ukrainian writer, visit the Ivan Franko Museum and see the house he was born and grew up in. After that, the participants of the residence headed home where they proceeded with elaborating their applications for the competition.

◊ Day Six

A rt insta l l a ti o n for S a l t C i ty D ro h o byc h

Curator of the Residence ◊ OLEKSANDR MAKSYMOV

Drohobych, Ukraine (1982) Oleksandr Maksymov is an interdisciplinary artist, a painter, a performer, and a culture manager. Born and grew up in Drohobych; studied at the Department of Philosophy of the University of Drohobych. Co-organiser and curator of the DRO. ART art initiative and the Dro.Art.Days Festival of Contemporary Art. Oleksandr participated in numerous festivals of contemporary art, both in Ukraine and abroad. In 2013, he participated in Gaude Polonia, a scholarship programme from the Minister of Culture and National Heritage of Poland, having implemented his project in Kraków; In 2019, he attended the La Cité des arts de la rue, an Art Residence in Marseilles, France; In 2012, he was a participant of the Art Residence at the Zamek Ujazdowski Centre of Contemporary Art; He is also involved in the organisation of the Jazz Bez festival and in the popularisation of jazz in Drohobych. In his art practice, he applies miscellaneous techniques of contemporary performance art, including situation practice and action, time and space performance. In his collages, he frequently applies the concept of the Idea of a Passed Generation (which he uses as a fixation) in conjunction with deliberations on this concept.

Art in stal l a ti o n for Sa l t Ci ty D ro h o byc h

RESULTS OF THE ARTISTS

After a week-long residence in Drohobych, the participants had an additional ten additional days (give or take) to complete the elaboration of their applications for the competition. The project applications included the following:

◊ Valenty n a B i e ro

Conser vation of Time: A Reflection The artist has dedicated her sculpture to the workers of the Salt Factory as well as to the residents of the Magical Salt City. The silhouette of the building is an embodiment of the urban spirit—therefore, selecting a female image to depict and denote urban dwellers was not a coincidence. Valentyna Biero was partially inspired by the creative works of Bruno Schulz, whose creative heritage, as she asserts, is focused on the topic of women. “This was in tune with what I had experienced and felt during my stay within the framework of the art residence, me being its only female participant. For me, the matter of gender equality is an ever-present topic, both professionally and in a broader, society-wide context. Usually, this is something I am experiencing non-verbally and internally—but this particular residence has become an impetus helping me feel it more distinctively and enabling me to convey this via my creative works”, Valentyna says. Referring to the topic of salt which she employs as a foundation to conserve the moment, elements of portrait art may be detected in Valentyna Biero’s sculpture. In order to elucidate the topic of salt, she channels her message through a visual hint: the stainless steel. Location of the object: Ploshcha Rynok / Rynok Square.

A rt insta l l a ti o n for S a l t C i ty D ro h o byc h

Art in stal l a ti o n for Sa l t Ci ty D ro h o byc h ◊ Pav lo Kova c h

Once upon a time, a Jew, a Pole, and a Ukrainian... As he was working on his project, Pavlo was interested in several topics, of which he has selected one to focus on. Through an already created image of the Restorer* (An image that is not only restoring material items but also filling in historical gaps, by operating in a delicate, minimalist fashion, and within a socially critical discourse) After a long pause in his creative activities, the Restorer is creating a minimalist sculpture (installation); building upon his prior difficult experience that was related to racism, he commences an investigation into this issue, thus reaching the level of everyday life — particularly, anecdotes (jokes) as a folk genre* (French Anecdote — a short story about a curious occurrence; Etymology: Greek: Τὸ α νέκδοτоν - the non-published or (more literally), “The Non-Issued”). One interesting characteristic of an anecdote is the fact that it is extremely difficult to track their authors, as they are commonly relayed by word of mouth — thus making the entire folk their Author. Anecdotes, nonetheless, are that kind of “invisible whisper” which helps fuel inter-ethnic conflicts; it is the case, as a rule, that an anthropocentric anecdote features a laudation of one ethnic group and a humiliation of another one; as the narrator changes, roles are reversed. The title of the work is the same as a beginning of a generic joke (anecdote): “Once upon a time, a Jew, a Pole, and a Ukrainian...” The work is comprised of three identical metallic pillars; every pillar is filled with salt from the middle up to the very top. Salt is a reference to the memories of the olden days, to the sweat that has dried up, to the ‘salt rubbed in the wounds’, to the pain which is gradually eating these pillars from the inside. This is the beginning of the joke, where no one knows which one of the heroes corresponds to which particular pillar (thus preventing from any possibility of a race-based vandalism). Only salt accelerates the process of the corrosion — which we cannot impact, nor can we see; we can only imagine it. Why ‘a Jew, a Pole, and a Ukrainian’ in particular? Before 1938, the population of Drohobych was mostly comprised of the abovementioned three ethnic group; this also refers to Bruno Schulz — who was a Jew, who wrote in Polish, and who lived among Ukrainians — and to never-ceasing attempts to attribute Bruno Schulz to a single ethnic group and heritage. Three dots at the end of the project title (“Once upon a time, a Jew, a Pole, and a Ukrainian...”) denote the aforementioned three pillars, scaled up and volumised. Location of the object: The park next to the Monument to Yurii Drohobych.

A rt insta l l a ti o n for S a l t C i ty D ro h o byc h

Art in stal l a ti o n for Sa l t Ci ty D ro h o byc h ◊ Se rhii Ra d kev yc h

Ci t y ’s C o mp l i c ate d Cir c um s t a n ce s ( A V i s u al S h o r th a n d Repor t on the City) This wall painting is a visual work created in the format of an informative object. The image contains narrative elements related to the city of Drohobych, its complicated and dramatic history. Fragments are not always readable right away; on the contrary, they undergo destruction which is common to history and to a space that are comprised of multiple patterns of history. One important constructive thing is to refrain from pinpointing the easily recognisable symbols of the city (ones that are representative of the city in a pithy context) but, in its stead, to provide but a hint to certain fragments of history. The main idea is to create a “complicated” wall painting, and make the ‘reader’ sweat as he is deciphering it. A visual work must contain some kind of mystification and tone-colour lightness — akin to the one we encounter in the topographies of Egypt and Mesopotamia. The graphical object was supposed to be located on the façade of the Community Hall named after Ivan Franko; address: Ivan Franko Street, building 20, city of Drohobych.

Art in stal l a ti o n for Sa l t Ci ty D ro h o byc h ◊ Taras Po pov yc h

T h e S m o k y P a t h : A B i t o f H i s t o r y, A B i t o f Te c h n o l o g y, A Bit of Magic An art object comprised of curved screens that are live-broadcasting the boiling tank where brine is being boiled and salt is being produced. This would be a promotion vehicle for the salt factory, showcasing its history and technologies. How would this work? A protected camera would be installed atop of the boiling tank and the drying tank in the factory shops where salt is produced; the camera would film video full size of the tanks. The camera would be connected to a 3G modem with a SIM card of the local mobile operator. Using the modem, the video thus captured would then be transmitted to a selected location on the network. The software installed on a PC would correct/adjust the image and the view to fit the size of the screens and would be displayed in the locations where the art object is being presented to the attention of the viewers. How does this look? In a horizontal position, the installation is being presented as a path; in a vertical position, it would be a towering plume of smoke. The architectonics and the aesthetics built upon the snarl of smoke and factory chimneys. The process of salt boiling and crystallisation is accompanied with constant steaming. It takes two to three hours for salt to crystallise in a 2m x 3m tank which is filled with brine to a 30cm level. This would be a mobile exposition comprised of two parts: recording and transmitting a video from Drohobych Saltworks plus an installation made of curved screens. The idea is to draw attention to the processes that are taking place inside it. Location of the object: A mobile pavilion, a museum chamber.

A rt insta l l a ti o n for S a l t C i ty D ro h o byc h

Art in stal l a ti o n for Sa l t Ci ty D ro h o byc h ◊ Yurii Ch e r n i a vs k y i

In C ase of Emer genc y, Please Break the Gl as s Materials used: a glass case made from heavy duty glass (details are presented in the materials chart); salt that is extracted and shaped within the facilities of Drohobych Saltworks which boasts centuries-old history and is rightfully being considered one of the symbols of Drohobych. The city of Drohobych actually owes its development to salt. As of today, the fame of Drohobych Saltworks is being popularised thanks to local enthusiasts and several employees of the enterprise. That said, if one walks through the central square of the city, one would fail to find any reference to salt or to its production. A proposal submitted within the framework of the Magical Salt Cities competition consisted in creating a symbolic backup reserve of salt, to be placed inside the central square of the city. Yurii Cherniavskyi suggested that a fragment of the square be transformed into an underground museum exhibition. Such show windows are oftentimes placed in locations where archaeological excavations are underway and historical/cultural layers of the location are thus revealed. The show window contains bars of salt that are shaped in the same manner souvenir salt is being compressed — and in the same shape as they are depicted on the city’s coat of arms. The idea is to ‘contain’ the existing symbol of the city, on the one hand, and to draw attention to the symbol’s fragility, to the fact that it can so easily vanish into oblivion. The city was indeed built owing to salt; there exists, however, a risk that the production might fall into disrepair, slow down, and fade. The title and the form of the work is supposed to be a warning, cautioning of the fact that the deposits may be depleted and finally, one would have to reach for this last backup repository — which may become the only place one can get salt for everyday needs. In visualisation terms, the rhythms of the bars of salt are akin to the rhythms of the cobblestone pavement surrounding it — therefore, the project would be non-aggressively, smoothly embedded into the environment it will be located in. The glass used to produce the covering would be a special kind of glass, resistant to physical and atmospheric impact. Location of the object: Ploshcha Rynok / Rynok Square. Scheme of materials:

Brass profile LED lighting

Іide walls and bottom of the structure stainless steel 2 mm Shaped Drohobych salt 38

top of the structure tempered glass, triplex 25 mm

A rt insta l l a ti o n for S a l t C i ty D ro h o byc h

Art in stal l a ti o n for Sa l t Ci ty D ro h o byc h ◊ Winne r

Upon having examined the projects by all five participants, the Evaluation Board jointly selected the project by Yurii Cherniavskyi, who got the largest number of votes.

REALISATION OF THE WINNER PROJECT

On the 12th of November, the winner — Yurii Cherniavskyi — joined the curator, Oleksandr Maksymov, to discuss the matter with the City’s Department of Architecture and clarify issues related to the implementation of the In Case of Emergency, Please Break the Glass project. Olena Melenchuk, an artist and a representative of the Department of Architecture, has examined the Rynok Square to decide on the exact location of the future object. On the 26th of November, the next meeting took place with the representatives of the Department of Architecture of the City of Drohobych; within this meeting, Yurii Cherniavskyi presented the final draft of the project. Following the results of an open vote, the city approved the idea of the project and its location. The object will be implemented and embedded into the city’s environment in the spring of 2021.

A rt insta l l a ti o n for S a l t C i ty D ro h o byc h

INFLUENCE OF SALT ON THE CITY DEVELOPMENT

◊ Salt cities and trade routes. ◊ Tra n s for m at i on o f s a l t c i t i es : Halle ( S aa le) ◊ S al t p rod u c t i on : - Lu i s en h al l - B a d Fr i ed r i c hsh a ll ◊ S al t for wel l n e ss: - S al t a n d i ts He a lth Releva n ce for S p a Tow n s - B a d K reu z n a ch - B a d D ü rc kh ei m ◊ S al t i n d u st r i a l ob j ec ts i n U krai n e ◊ E xam p les of i n d u st r i al fac i li ti e s ren ova t i on i n U kra i n e

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

SALT CITIES AND TRADE ROUTES

TU Kaiserslautern

Daniel Thress

◊ Table of co nte nts

◊ C el t i c S a l t P rodu cti o n ◊ T h e Rom an s ◊ T h e M i d d le A g es ◊ S ea S al t P rod u cti o n ◊ S a l t Trad i n g i n Eu ro p e a rou n d t h e yea r 1 5 0 0 ◊ V i a Reg i a ◊ V i a S al a r i a ◊ Lu n eb u rg ◊ T h e E n d of Tra d i ti o n a l S a lt Trad i n g ◊ C on c l u s i on ◊ S ou rces

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t ◊ C eltic Sa l t P ro d u c t i on Sources: https://www.salzwelten.at/de/hallstatt/ bergwerk/geschichte/, 14.11.2020; https://www.bad-nauheim.de/de/gesund/ erholungsorte-kuranlagen/heilquellen, 14.11.2020; https://www.planet-wissen.de/gesellschaft/ lebensmittel/salz/index.html, 14.11.2020

˛ Several Celtic sites of salt production have been discovered in Europe ˛ One of the most important locations of these is Hallstatt in Austria - The mine in Hallstatt is the oldest known salt mine in the world - The prime time of Celtic salt production there is referred to as „Hallstattage“ which lasted from 800 to 100 B.C. - Despite using primitive mining technologies — as compared to modern times — Celts managed to create mines up to 200 meters deep into the mountains - The salt from Hallstatt was exported to Germany, Italy and the Balkans ˛ An other location of Celtic salt production used to be Bad Nauheim in Germany - The situation for salt production was very advantageous in Bad Nauheim because of multiple natural brine springs - Archaeologists discovered finds of prehistoric salines - Today 9 state-approved healing springs exist in Bad Nauheim ˛ Schwäbisch Hall (Germany) held an important salt trading position - Evidence of Celtic salines has been found which can be dated between 500 to 100 B.C. - The salt was exported to Bavaria, Bohemia, Switzerland and France

◊ The Ro m a ns Sources: https://www.felsenmeerdrachen.de/ das-felsenmeer/felsenmeer-geschichte/dieroemer-im-odenwald/die-ro emer-und-das-salz, 14.11.2020; https://www.planet-wissen.de/gesellschaft/ lebensmittel/salz/index.html, 14.11.2020

˛ The Romans mainly produced sea-salt at the coast of the Mediterranean Sea ˛ They are known for creating a dense network of trading routes across their Empire ˛ The most significant salt trading route was called „Via Salia“ (=salt road) which connected the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Sea ˛ The Founding of Rome took place at the crossing of the river Tiber and the salt roads ˛ Roman soldiers were partially paid in salt ˛ The trading of salt was under rigorous state control - Salt had to be transported for long distances across the Roman Empire which increased the price - By subsidizing salt, the state made it more affordable ˛ „salis“ is the Latin word for salt - This is the origin of diverse words that are still be used today like: salary, soldier , salad , salami , …

◊ The M i d d le A g e s Sources: https://www.planet-wissen.de/ gesellschaft/lebensmittel/salz/index.html, 14.11.2020

˛ In the Middle Ages, a new production method was used: boiling the brine - This method marks the end of the dependence on natural brine springs - Salt was produced by drilling holes in salt rocks filled with water - This created an artificial brine which was boiled in salines so that water 45

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

evaporated and salt sedimented - The new production method resulted in a higher efficiency and a larger output ˛ The most significant mediaeval salt production locations in Germany were Bad Reichenhall , Luneburg, and Halle ˛ All the technical innovations notwithstanding, salt was still considered to be a highly valuable product ˛ The nobility and the monasteries controlled the salt trading through duties and taxes ˛ Salt production and trading was a source of great prosperity for salt cities ◊ Se a Sa l t P ro d u c t i o n Sources: https://www.leguerandais.fr/de/das-salzaus-gu%C3%A9rande/die-geschichte-des-salzesausgu%C3%A9rande, 14.11.2020

˛ Sea-salt in Europe was produced mostly at the coasts of Italy, Spain and France ˛ One of the largest production locations used to be on Mallorca in a small town called „Ses Salines“ - Salt production there has a long tradition, dating back to Roman times - Sea salt was produced by creating artificial salt lagoons, which used to cover an area of 300 hectares - Today, there are only 130 hectares of lagoons left, producing 8,000 metric tonnes yearly ˛ Another important location was Guerande in the France’s Brittany region - Salt harvesting there has been practised since the 3 rd century - Today, salt farmers are still applying traditional methods - Guerande is famous for its precious „Fleur de Sel“ (= flower of salt), which is the most expensive salt in the world because of the labour-intensive production and also due to its unique flavour profile

◊ Se a Sa l t P ro d u c t i o n

Map 1 Source: http://salz.perfect.bio/2016/08/12/ geschichte_der_ salzherstellung_und_des_ salzhandels/

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t Sources: https://www.planetwissen.de/ gesellschaft/lebensmittel/salz/index.html, 14.11.2020

˛ In the late Middle Ages, trade routes for salt existed all across Europe ˛ Salt production of this time can be classified into two main methods - On the inland, salt was produced with salines - Sea salt production has been the predominant method on the coasts of Italy, Spain and France ˛ The „salt roads“ connected the salt cities by intertwining production and trading locations ˛ Shipping was increasingly used due to the fact that ships with a larger capacity enabled international shipments ˛ The Hanseatic League (= a mediaeval trading organisation) controlled salt trading in Northern Europe - Lübeck — which was the capital of the Hanseatic League — used to be a significant salt city, not due to salt production but due to trading in salt

◊ Via Reg i a Sources: https://www.via-regia.org/, 18.11.2020

Map 2 Source: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Regia#/ media/Datei:Via_Imperii_und_Via_Regia.png

˛ The Via Regia is considered to be the most important West-East trading route in the Middle Ages ˛ The route had a high economic importance, particularly for supraregional and international trading ˛ Via Regia was used to ship the most precious products of every region was into international markets - The most valuable goods were cloth from the Flanders, mining products from Saxony, and wood, furs, honey, and wax from eastern Europe - Salt was traded across the Via Regia as well ˛ The Via Regia connected the main expo centres: Frankfurt and Leipzig ˛ The Route also used to be a military route for armed forces through history ˛ The Via Regia was also a Pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain ◊ Via Sa l a ri a Sources: http://salz.perfect.bio/2016/08/12/ geschichte_der_salzherstellung_und_des_ salzhandels/,14.11.2020

˛ The Via Salaria is known as the „old salt road“ ˛ The southern end marks the Sicilian city of Trapani , where the sea-salt 47

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛

production can be dated back to 1000 BC Venice held a powerful trade position in the Mediterranean Sea, with a monopoly on salt In the inland region, the preferred shipment method was inland river shipping . Significant trading cities were Salzburg and Passau , where up to 2,500 shiploads were transported every year The city Luneburg held the salt monopoly in Northern Europe, which was given and protected by the king Lübeck , as the capital of the Hanseatic League, used to be an important trading location and a steady salt supply was necessary to preserve fish caught in the Baltic Sea

Map 3 Source: https://www.alte-salzstrasse.de/

◊ Lunebu rg Sources: https://www.planet-wissen.de/ gesellschaft/lebensmittel/salz/index.html, 14.11.2020; http://salz.perfect.bio/2016/08/12/geschichte_der_ salzherstellung_und_des_salzhandels/, 14.11.2020

˛ Due to its grip on the salt monopoly in Northern Europe since 1100, Luneburg was one of the most considerable salt cities in mediaeval times ˛ The salines of Luneburg used to employ 300 workers and produced 20,000 metric tonnes of salt per year, which was a huge business for the city ˛ In order to boil the brine, fires hat to be on all year round; this required a lot of firewood - To meet this high demand, woods surrounding Luneburg were felled, and as a result of this, the famous Luneburger Heath appeared ˛ Luneburg Salt was transported to Lübeck through the Stecknitz-Canal and then traded further on by the Hanseatic League

◊ The En d o f Tra di t i o n a l S al t Trading Sources: https://www.planet-wissen.de/ sendungen/salz-114.html, 14.11.2020

˛ By the 19 th century, new technical methods were invented, making it possible to tap into formerly undiscovered salt deposits

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t

- These new methods included modern drilling technologies and professional mining of rock salt ˛ At the beginning of the 20th century, Germany possessed 70 salines and 20 salt mines, making the country one of the biggest salt producers in the world ˛ Modern dismantling methods are highly technical - For instance, one computer controlled blasting is able to produce 2,000 metric tonnes of salt ˛ Due to the progressing industrialisation the salt supply became continuously easier to manage ◊ C onc l us i o n

˛ Salt trading and production has a long and diverse history ˛ Salt used to be a highly precious product known as „white gold“ and was shipped to faraway locations ˛ Salt played an essential role as a preservative in the past—at the times when cooling technologies did not yet exist ˛ Salt was an instrument of power used by rulers due to duties and taxes imposed upon salt trade, and this resulted in an increase of wealth of salt cities ˛ Today, salt is considered to be an inexpensive and ordinary product ˛ But the legacy of historical salt trading is still present - Several trade routes are still being used as roads, highways or shipping routes - The prosperity of the olden days can be seen in the architecture of many salt cities - Some salt cities use their salt history as a showcase, attracting tourism and improving their image and financial situation

◊ Source s

https://www.salzwelten.at/de/hallstatt/bergwerk/geschichte/, 14.11.2020; https://www.bad-nauheim.de/de/gesund/erholungsorte-kuranlagen/heilquellen, 14.11.2020; https://www.planet-wissen.de/gesellschaft/lebensmittel/salz/index.html, 14.11.2020 https://www.felsenmeerdrachen.de/das-felsenmeer/felsenmeer-geschichte/die-roemer-im-odenwald/die-roemer-und-dassalz, 14.11.2020; https://www.planet-wissen.de/gesellschaft/lebensmittel/salz/index.html, 14.11.2020 https://www.planet-wissen.de/gesellschaft/lebensmittel/salz/index.html, 14.11.2020 https://www.leguerandais.fr/de/das-salz-aus-gu%C3%A9rande/die-geschichte-des-salzes-ausgu%C3%A9rande, 14.11.2020 http://salz.perfect.bio/2016/08/12geschichte_der_salzherstellung_und_des_salzhandels/ https://www.planetwissen.de/gesellschaft/lebensmittel/salz/index.html, 14.11.2020 https://www.via-regia.org/, 18.11.2020 https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Regia#/media/Datei:Via_Imperii_und_Via_Regia.png http://salz.perfect.bio/2016/08/12/geschichte_der_salzherstellung_und_des_salzhandels/,14.11.2020 https://www.alte-salzstrasse.de/ https://www.planet-wissen.de/gesellschaft/lebensmittel/salz/index.html, 14.11.2020; http://salz.perfect.bio/2016/08/12/geschichte_der_salzherstellung_und_des_salzhandels/, 14.11.2020

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

TRANSFORMATION OF SALT CITIES: HALLE (SAALE)

TU Kaiserslautern

Jonas Weinkauf

◊ Table of co nte nts

◊ In t rod u c t i on ◊ Hi stor y ◊ 2 0 t h cen t u r y ◊ G eolog y ◊ O r i g i n s of S al t Pro d u cti o n ◊ T h e M u s eu m ◊ P ros p ec ts

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t ◊ I ntrod u c t i o n

This abstract is about the city Halle an der Saale. It will point out basic facts about the city’s origin, the history and the important influence through the salt-industry and also about present planning and associations. The 113-kilometre-long river Halle is crossing the city with around 240.000 habitants

Picture 1 Source: https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/ studie/322685/umfrage/entwicklung-dergesamtbevoelkerung-in-halle-saale/

in wide turns (Pic 1). From the spring next to "Saaldorf" it is crossing Saalfeld, Jena, Merseburg, Halle and for example Bernburg. It is ending in the river Elbe and was very important for cargo-shipping in former times. In the Saale valley there are a lot of cities related to salt and healthcare. Halle is of special interest in the Saale valley in my opinion because it is one of the oldest cities with a huge load of history. Today, it is one of the biggest cities of that region and — together with Leipzig — the two cities build the metro area of “Leipzig-Halle”. The focus is set more on industry and services than on tourism or health-care right now. 51

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

The picture shows a utopia, drawn around 1600 (Pic 2). The artist shows a rich and proud city next to the Saale river, strong enough to keep attackers away and set up with unique monuments. The utopia shows us the strong and powerful self-image that the habitants of Halle early became to. This self-image is set in relation to the salt-history of the city that seems to go back in to the bronze-time (which is around 800-2200 years before Christ). Anyhow: The first salt fountain is mentioned in 803, three years before the city of Halle itself is mentioned (806). This map shows the developed city Halle in the middle age (Pic_03). You can see the four historic brine-fountains that made the city rich. The salt extraction operated as a strong incubator for city development — earlier than in comparable salt-cities. The foundation of Frankesche Stiftungen in 1698 is a special happening for that time too. The cultural and historical archive of the Francke Foundations includes the tradition of 300 years

◊ Histo ry

Picture 2

Picture 3

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t

of history. Its holdings reflect the importance of the Halleschen Pietism — a Protestant reform movement established by August Hermann Francke (1663-1727) — as well as the multifaceted history of the foundation. With the founders engagement a large number of cultural, scientific, educational and social institutions where built. Education for everyone and fair living conditions — for example, for orphans — were the founders’ main goals. He was willing to create a better life for people that do not have good conditions to succeed in this time. The institutions and the availability of university education lead to an educated, humanistic and enlightened city-society. The city had more than 100,000 habitants in 1890. Halle has been referred to as a big city ever since. Today, the historic buildings are a globally unique example of social and educational functional architecture and it are also listed in the German UNESCO World Heritages (Pic 4). Picture 4

◊ 20th ce n t u ry Source: https://www.catalogus-professorumhalensis.de/liesertheodor.html)

In World-War II, the situation of the city of Halle also differed from other larger German cities. They had an antifascist association called “Lieser Gruppe” that was rather strong for that time. In the very last period of the war this association tricked the Hitler-government: while saying that they are defending the city as good as they could at the boundaries of the city, they in fact surrendered peacefully with white flags on the roofs and in the residents’ hands. The Lieser associations deal minimised the fights within the city and area-bombing of it. This instrument of surrender saved the historic buildings and the soul of Halle an der Saale. There are also a lot of inefficient and small parted districts left over that could not be renovated after the war. After WWII, some of these districts were demolished by the Soviet rulers. Some new buildings and industrial cities were planned on green fields outside the city, with a view to implement an industrial change. They had neither time nor money to restructure the houses in oldtown-districts. The salt-industry changed to chemical-industry — and so did the meaning of salt. Salt seemed unimportant in these times; industry is the new gold.

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

Why exactly did salt history of the city start that early? This is also due to certain geological features. The origin of the salt is an old primeval sea: usually, more than hundred metres under the ground. Through the “Hallesche Marktplatzverwerfung” tectonic fault, two earth-layer crashed and the salt-including one slides close to the ground. This tectonic fault runs between town hall, the Händel monument and the market church (Pic_06).

◊ Geolo g y

Picture 5: Geologisches Blockbild der Stadt Halle

So it was possible to get that high percentage brine from fountains that are only 50 metre deep. The strong brine has about 24% salt-concentration — which is stronger than somewhere else and which makes the salines unnecessary. The salines are for concentrating the brine before the next manufacturing step but in Halle you don’t need this step. The fountains were only 50 metre deep, which is easy to drill. The brown-coal they need for boiling the brine was locally available, which means low cost for cargo. Today, the mining area is getting recultivated which improves living quality (Pic 6). This has been a unique starting situation for the development of the whole region!

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t Picture 6

◊ Origins o f Sa l t Pro d u c t i on

In the Middle Ages, they used wet production technology in Halle. Water with a concentration of about 24% salt was in the primeval maritime salt-layer under the earth. Then, they pumped the brine through four fountains that were located around the Hallmarkt in the city. This location in the city was the easiest location to access the salt-layer. The brine had to rest in big flat racks first (Pic 7).

Picture 7

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

In a first mechanical drying step, people riddled the salt crystals from the top of the wet water-salt-surface. Afterwards, they cooked the pre-distilled brine in a flat and big copper basin while using local brown coal (Pic 8). After the water evaporated completely, they only had to clean the salt a little bit more before they sold it. Earlier, in the Halle valley, there was a workers’ cooperative which was organising the salt-industry. The workers cooperation needed no administration, nor government; they were self-aware, proud, and rich. Soon, the government expressed a desire to participate in the salt industry. To generate money through salt export, the government occupied the Saale island in 1721 and organised brine transportation with a small pipeline. At first, the government and the “pfännerschaftlich” organised salt-workers-cooperation competed with each other. As of the year 1836, the “Königlich-Preußische Saline” was the only business that was allowed to produce for the next three decades (Pic 9). Pictures 8, 9

In 1868, the salt-workers-cooperative was granted a permit to resume production. The final investment into the salt-industry was getting a new fountain in 1926 before they shut down the salt-industry in 1964. In the late 1960s, salt became a cheap product and e.g. chemical industry was considered to be more important for the development in of the German Democratic Republic. ◊ The Mu s e u m

Picture 10

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t

The museum is also on the Saale Island into the old industry buildings (Pic 11). One part is to show salt production — as it was 200 years ago — in the old salt factory. Members of one association — called Hallenser — work there and produce salt out of truck-delivered brine. The city was the owner of the museum until 2010 a registered charity “Hallesches Salinemuseum e.V.” took the sponsorship. Before 2010, the city was covering the expenses of the museum; now, they are sponsors of the Hallesches Salinemuseum e.V. The charity exclusively represents the museum in all business matters now but could not continue operating without the sponsoring of the city. While researching the page for “museum digital” was only filled by one item. Especially in Covid times, online access to museum input is a good option to get many — partly regional — people acquainted with the topic. The registered charity is the owner of the brand “Hallore – Siedesalz” but their website and method for selling seems old-fashioned. There are some more saltweb-shops to check which look more ‘in line with the time’. ◊ Prosp e c ts

Decades after the shut-down in the 1960s, a handful of associations tried to reactivate a brine fountain. The high-percentage brine (24%) is still available (Pic 11).

Picture 11

Compared to the Dead Sea 28% brine and the North Sea 3.5% brine, the fountains should deliver good quality. To reactivate the fountain, two basic things were missing: the certification for the brine as a consumer product and the lack of 140,000 Euro. On the other hand: The museum around the corner extracted the brine with trucks for the show-saline museum. Just around the corner, there is 1000m³ of brine a year available for free. Worst case scenario is that they want to use the brine in winter times and spray that on the street. Hopefully, NGOs were able to activate the brine fountain again. This is an environmentally friendly and locally produced product that is able to influence the image; a product that has been available for a long time. It has good impact on tourism, well-being, and healthy lifestyle.

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

Salt production

SALINE LUISENHALL

TU Kaiserslautern

Zoe Maria Röstel

◊ Table of co nte nts

◊ In t rod u c t i on to S a li n e Lu i s en h a l l ◊ T h e P rocess of P ro d u cti o n of t h e Lu i s en h a lle r S a lt ◊ Fu n c t i on s a n d U se o f th e Lu i s en h a l ler S a lt ◊ Relevan ce of S ali n e Lu i s en h a l l for Dro h o b ytsch ◊ Li st of S ou rces

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t

◊ I ntrod u c t i o n to Sa l i n e L uise nha l l

The saline Luisenhall is located in Göttingen in the center of Germany. Göttingen belongs to Lower Saxony and has a size of 116.9 square kilometers. The city has about 119,000 inhabitants. It is known for its historical architecture and buildings, just like the saline Luisenhall. The historical town hall, the frame houses and the assembly hall of the Georg-August-University belong to the important historical monuments of Göttingen. Kaiserslautern is 343 kilometers away from Göttingen and Drohobytsch 1.181 kilometers.

Figure 1: Location of Göttingen Source: own picture, Röstel 2020

Figure 2: Location of saline Luisenhall Source: own picture, Röstel 2020

The saline Luisenhall is located in the west of the city Göttingen in the Leinetal next to the river Leine. North of the saline is an industrial park, east and west are housing areas and in the south is again a small industrial park and a graveyard. There are also some fields, garden plots and sports facilities around. The saline Luisenhall is declared to be a historic monument. It consists of the drilling tower, the production facilities, an administrative building and the villa of the family Levin (Schilling 2013). Figure 3: Villa of family Levin Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/3/3f/Goe_SalineLuisenhall_Villa_2007. jpg

Figure 4: production facilites Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/thumb/e/e2/Saline_Luisenhall_6.jpg/3 00px-Saline_Luisenhall_6.jpg

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

In the year 1850 the geologist Philipp Rohns spotted special plants and salty soil in this area which had to be a sign for salt deep in the ground. This was nothing out of the ordinary because 300 hundred years before, other people also found salty soil in the area of the Leinetal. This is why there already have been two salines north of Göttingen, the saline Sülbeck and the saline Salzderhelden. Both salines used to unearth the salty brine and trade with it. Philipp Rohns and his two brothers-in-law founded the company „Philipp Rohns&Co.“ in 1850 and started to dig for the salt . They found a natural brine 462,12 meters deep in the ground underneath an eight meters thick rock salt formation. 250 million years ago there had been an ocean which had dried over the years and never had been polluted by any human or industrial impacts. As a result, the brine they found was and is still very clean and pure. In the year 1853 the company started to trade with the natural brine. Because the manufacturing costs were so high the business failed and after a pneumonia Philipp Rohns died in the year 1859. In 1863 the saline got its name „Luisenhall“ from two brothers who bought the company and named it after their mother who passed away very early. But these owners also weren’t successful with the business because the drill hole broke down and a new one had to be built. The costs were too big that’s why in conclusion the business failed again in the year 1872 and had to be sold. After this the saline had many different owners and none of them were successful with the production of salt. This changed when the family Levin took over in the year 1881. Hermann Barthold Levin renovated the saline over the years and built a railway to transport the salt directly to the consumers. He also repaired the first drill hole. The family business and good working conditions were really important to him. That is why he offered his workers sleeping places, social services and sickness benefits. After Hermann Barthold Levin’s death, his son and other relatives took over the ownership and operation of the saline it. Eventually, the business experienced its up and downs in the next hundred years. In some years it was very successful; in other times — for example during the great depression — it was genuinely struggling (SALINAS Salzgut GmbH o.J.). In the year 1995, Jörg Bethmann — the grandchild of Barthold Levin II — took over the saline and continued operating the family business until today. ◊ The Pro ce ss o f Pro d u c t i on of the L u i s e nha l le r S al t

The process of producing salt in the saline Luisenhall is thousand years old and is mostly the same as 200 years ago when Philipp Rohns started with it. It starts when the natural brine is unearthed with the drill hole and with the help of a pump. The machine is able to pump 140 liters per minute. In the next step the natural brine is cleaned with lime milk. This should reduce the gypsum in the brine. But it is the only thing which is put in the brine because it is already clean and pure. Also, no minerals are taken off from the brine. After that, the brine is stored in a huge reservoir out of wood. It can take up to 250.000 liters of liquid. It is very important that the reservoir is completely out of wood because the brine has a degree of salinity about 27 percent. Had any part been metallic, brine would have reacted and destroyed it.

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t Figure 5: drilling tower Source: https://outlawkassel. de/files/themes/outlaw_standard/Bildergal erie/2019%20Betriebsausflug%20in%20Göttingen %2C%20Saline%20Luisenhall/IMG_5150.jpg

Figure 6: reservoir out of wood Source: https://c8.alamy.com/compde/f65d35/ reservoirder-saline-luisenhall-in-gottingendeutschlandf65d35.jpg

Now, the most important step follows. The brine is heated in one of the three huge pans out of iron. Each has a size of 160 square meters. Just like 200 hundred years ago the pans are heated with coal up to 70 degree Celsius. The liquid starts to evaporate and the process of creating salt starts. When the salt crystallises, it sinks down to the ground of the pan and after 24 hours, it can be taken off with shovels and suction machines. The production volume of one day is about eight tonnes of salt. But there are also salt flowers which swim at the top of the liquid. They taste a bit sweeter than normal salt and are rare. This is why they are a bit expensive. In the next step the salt has to be dried because it is still wet. This happens trough centrifugation. Now it can be sorted into fine and rough salt and then be packed. Now it is ready for selling. In one year, the saline produces around 3.700 tonnes of salt. Other modern factories produce this amount of salt in the first couple of hours in the morning of one day. So the main issue of the saline Luisenhall is to focus on a sustainable and high quality production so the brine doesn’t run empty in the next decades (Youtube video 2014). Figure 7: pan of iron Source: https://luisenhall.de/wpcontent/ uploads/2017/02/siedesalz_saline_03.jpg

Figure 8: salt flowers Source: https://www.monumenteonline. de/wAssets/img/ausgaben/2013/4/566/ weblication/wT humbnails/ni_goettingen_ saline_luisenhall_innen_fleur_de_sel _roland_ rossner_01_13_1_431x431-6b1d1ff40a2f665g7d92e 1b93d00073c.jpg

◊ Func t i o ns a nd Us e of t h e L uise nha l le r Sa l t

Because the brine is a natural product and was never contaminated the salt has a really good quality. Therefore it is liked by many good restaurants and in the region of Göttingen. But also the Swedish queen and the federal president of Germany prefer the Luisenhaller salt (Youtube video 2014). It is mostly used for cooking, 61

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

seasoning and as table salt. The saline Luisenhall produces about 2.200 tonnes a year for this use (Wikipedia o.J.). Anoher important trading partner is the German company „kneipp“. They buy about 1,200 tonnes a year of the mixed salt to produce high quality bath salts (Wikipedia o.J.). The Luisenhaller salt is suitable for the bath salts because the oils adhere to the salt in a very good way. But there is a very important third way to use the brine and the salt of Luisenhall. In the 1990s, a bath house was built next to the saline. There you can enjoy a brine hot bath and a brine steam bath, massages, inhalations und a sun shower. The hot bath has a degree of salinity of 18 percent and a temperature of 35 degree Celsius. It has healing functions for the musculature, circulation and metabolism. With the support of the brine, it can heal rheumatic and skin diseases as well as musculoskeletal disorders. The steam bath can help people with respiratory diseases like asthma. It cleans the respiratory systems and the skin and supports the blood circulation. In conclusion the Luisenhaller salt and brine has many good side effects to the health of their consumers (Saline Luisenhall GmbH, 2018). Figure 9: the brine hot bath Source: https://m.goettingertageblatt.de/var/ storage/images/gtet/nachrichten/goettingen/ dossiers/333-dinge/sich-treiben-lassen/162480161-ger-DE/Sich-treiben-lassen_master_reference. jpg

◊ Re leva n ce o f Sa l i n e Luisen h a l l fo r Dro ho b y ts c h

The saline Luisenhall is very comparable to the saline in Drohobytsch. Both are still working and are two of the last existing salines in Europe. So they are both important industrial establishments and monuments for the industrial history. It is important to keep these traditions and show them to visitors of the cities. Just like in Göttingen the saline in Drohobytsch could offer tours through the salines once or twice in a month to give people the opportunity to learn about the traditional way to produce salt and to make the saline more popular. But they should also keep their tradition and go on with producing salt. It is important to establish a sustainable production and to produce just as much salt as needed. So the precious brine is not wasted and not empty one day. Also the health aspect is very important to the owners of the saline Luisenhall. That is why their bath house is very popular and liked by visitors and inhabitants of the city. Drohobytsch could use this aspect as an example to use the salt in a different way for spa, wellness and health. These kinds of offers could attract more visitors and tourists and the city becomes more popular in the country and in Europe. Maybe the owners of the saline are able to find a trading partner in the spa business just like „kneipp“ in Germany. This would make the salt of Drohobytsch even more popular.

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t Figure 10: picture of Luisenhall (1) Source: https://luisenhall.de/wpcontent/ uploads/2017/02/BildSaline2.jpg

Figure 11: picture of Luisenhall (2) Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/d/dc/Saline_Luisenhall.jpg

◊ L ist o f So u rce s

Christiane Schilling (2013): Die Pfannensiederei Luisenhall in Göttingen-Grone - Das Salz der Saurier, https://www. monumente-online.de/de/ausgaben/2013/4/das-salz-der-saurier.php (accessed on the 27.11.2020). SALINAS Salzgut GmbH (o.J.): Geschichte der Saline Luisenhall, http://www.salinas-gorleben.de/main2.html?http://www.salinas-gorleben.de/kontor/saline/index.html (accessedon the 27.11.2020). Saline Luisenhall GmbH (2018), https://luisenhall.de (accessedon the 27.11.2020). Wikipedia (o.J.): Saline Luisenhall, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_Luisenhall (accessedon the 27.11.2020). Youtube Video (2014): Ein Rundgang durch die Saline Luisenhall, https://youtu.be/TE0tBnsByA0

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

Salt production

THE SALT CITY OF BAD FRIEDRICHSHALL

TU Kaiserslautern

Michelle Jendretzke

◊ Table of co nte nts

◊ Fac ts a n d locat io n d a ta ◊ T h e S al t m i n e ◊ C on cen t ra t i on ca mp m em or i al p l ace ◊ T h e s a l t a n d b r in e ci cle path ◊ C on c l u s i on ◊ S ou rce d i rec tor y

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t

Illustration 1 ◊ Fac ts a nd lo ca t i o n d ata

Bad Friedrichshall is a city in the district of Heilbronn in the northeast of Baden-Württemberg. It is part of the Heilbronn-Franken region and the Stuttgart European metropolitan region. The city has a population of 19,739 people and covers an area of 24.7 square kilometres (cf. Friedrichshall). It is located near Kaiserslautern and the distance of 150 km can be reached within one and a half hours by car. The distance to the Ukrainian city Drohobytsch amounts 1,039 kilometres (cf. Google Maps). Bad Friedrichshall is located in the northern district of Heilbronn, approx. 150m above sea level. It has a strategically optimal location, because Bad Friedrichshall is surrounded by the three rivers Kocher, Jagst and Neckar and, by and large, the location is an important recreation and health recuperation spot. Comparing the northern and southern parts of the city, it is noticeable that they differ greatly in character and structure. The southern part of the city is influenced by the metropolitan area of Stuttgart, which is a centre of industry. The densely populated area is characterized by trade and many international companies. The northern part is characterised by the harmoniously merging natural and cultural landscapes (cf. Friedrichshall 2020). Bad Friedrichshall consists of six districts. Kochendorf is the largest district and impresses with its historical core. Also, the salt mine is located here. The suburb Duttenberg is the highest situated and at the same time smallest district. Plattenwald is the youngest district, which was created in the course of the housing construction program of the state of Baden-Württemberg in the years 1992 to 1998. Jagstfeld is a former salt and fishing village where the brine drill started. The district of Untergriesheim is known as the "Pearl of the Jagst Valley" due to its location. The last suburb is Hagenbach, which is located at the edge of the core city and is a purely residential area (cf. Friedrichshall 2020a).

◊ The s a l t mi n e

The salt mine is located in the southern part of the city of Bad Friedrichshall, at a depth of about two hundred meters in the industrial park Salzbergwerk (cf. Salzwerke). Since the year 1994, there is no more salt produced (cf. Stimme). Today, the salt mine functions only as a show mine to teach visitors about the history of salt 65

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

mining. In addition to historical facts, the Bad Friedrichshall salt mine also presents the actual innovations in salt mining (cf. Salzwerke). The owner of the mine is the Südwestdeutsche Salzwerke AG (cf. Salzwerke 2020). Due to the production process of salt in the past there where cavities created. Nowadays, they use the hollow spaces to store things, such as uncontaminated materials like dust from filter systems or building rubble. Today, the cavities created by salt mining are an important component in solving pressing environmental problems responsibly through safe storage. The mining chambers near the shafts were converted into visitor mines (cf. Salzwerke). A unique selling proposition is the fact, that the mine is one of only four visitor mines in Germany and the only one in Baden-Württemberg on the subject of salt mining. The development of the mine started around two hundred million years ago. The area around Bad Friedrichshall was part of a vast inland shallow sea bordering a deep ocean. From here, saltwater flowed into this runoff-free inland sea. The inflow dried up and the water evaporated due to the desert-like climate, which increased the concentration of salt. In 1816, Bergrat Bilfinger drilled a solid rock salt deposit at a depth of 150 m for the first time in Central Europe in Jagstfeld. After the end of salt mining in Jagstfeld, the new shaft was sunk in Kochendorf in 1895 and completed in 1899, where the mine is based today (cf. Salzwerke). In general there are two dismantling methods for salt mining. On the one hand, there is the dry mining method. The salt rock is mined by drilling, blasting and cutting. During this process, salt resistances remain which secure the cavities, some of which are very large. The extracted salt is processed by mechanical crushing, flotation, sedimentation as well as dissolving and recrystallization process. On the other hand, there is the wet mining method. The extraction of salt by dissolving the salt with water is particularly economical. Formerly the wet mining was done by means of sinking works, today it is done by drilling fluid works. Salt is produced in the salt works from the brine obtained in this way. If the brine is not simply drained into surface waters, the salt is extracted in salt works. The large cavities created in the salt in this way can be used for gas or oil storage or for waste storage, like in the Bad Friedrichshall salt mine (cf. Wikipedia). Today's Bad Friedrichshall salt mine is the second salt mine in the history of Bad Friedrichshall. After rock salt was drilled in 1816 in today's Bad Friedrichshall-Jagstfeld the production started in 1818. From 1854 to 1859, the sinking of a shaft for mining salt was successful for the first time. However, the mine collapsed in 1895 and was flooded. Today the shaft lake exists at the place of the former shaft. In 1896, the shaft was sunk in what is now Bad Friedrichshall-Kochendorf as a second salt mine. In the year 1944, a concentration camp was established, whose prisoners were to set up an armaments factory in the Bad Friedrichshall salt mine. In 1984, the Heilbronn and Bad Friedrichshall rock salt mines were connected underground. In 2012, the newly designed and modern visitor mine in Bad Friedrichshall was reopened (cf. Wikipedia 2020). On your tour threw the salt mine, you are able to explore seven different rooms. You can explore the chamber of technology. The technical chamber illustrates the technical development in the extraction and transport of salt over the last decades through effectively presented machines. A visual show blasting illustrates the forces acting underground at this moment. Also, there is the domple room, as the honorary ‘cathedral of labour’, represents a unique mountain-male achievement 66

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t Illustration 2: The technical chamber Source: Salzwerke

and the mining work that was done in the mine. A highlight of the room are the salt and rock rings resulting from the mountain structure, which flow in a flood of light at a height of 25 m and come together in the dome vault. The entire thing is rounded off by sculptural reliefs documenting the myth of salt. The high tech chamber presents the Contnupuis Miner, which is one of the world's largest mining machines, with which "cutting extraction" was introduced in 2006. In addition, a large projection shows the work of the Continuous Miner. The Crystal Hall is the scene of underground festivities. Another room keeps numerous works of art of national importance, so they can be safely protected in the mine from possible destruction during the war years. In the geology chamber, you can to learn some interesting facts about salt. This can be experienced in walk-in elements based on the crystalline and cubic structure of salt. The whole is presented by modern media installations and interactive areas. Also, there is a concentration camp memorial place (cf. Salzwerke). ◊ C once nt ra t i o n ca m p memo r i a l pl a ce

In early 1944, a section of the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp was set up in Kochendorf. It was planned to convert the Kochendorf salt mine into an underground armaments factory. In order to make the use of forced labourers as efficient as possible, new concentration camps were established throughout the Reich near quarries, factories and mines. These so-called ‘subcamps’ were subordinated to already existing main camps and became collection points for work slaves. Concentration camp prisoners with occupations important to the war were transferred there from other camps in order to exploit them for forced labour. Researchers have found some documents and objects from that time. On the basis of these finds they were able to reconstruct authentically what happened in the mine. To make these original pieces accessible to the public, they opened the permanent exhibition in the salt mine in 1998. There, visitors are vividly informed about the history of the camp, forced labour and the fates of individual victims. The exhibition is located exactly where the former concentration camp prisoners once had to work for the Heinkel armaments company (cf. Kz-Kochendorf, Salzwerke).

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t ◊ The Sal t a nd bri n e c yc le path

Illustration 3: Salt and brine cylce path Source: outdooractive

On the "Salt & Brine Cycle Path" it all revolves around the topic of salt. It has a length of 38 km and you drive through varied landscapes in the Neckar valley from Bad Rappenau via Bad Wimpfen, Untereisesheim, Bad Friedrichshall and Gundelsheim. On the way, you can to learn about the history and present of salt and brine in this region. On the cycle path you will pass different sights. For example the Kaiserpfalz and the historical old town in Bad Wimpfen or the Wendelinusturm, as well as the castles in the historic Kochendorf in Bad Friedrichshall. Another castle, the Horneck Castle with Transylvanian Museum, is passed in Gundelsheim. Haßmersheim offers as a sight the castle Guttenberg. Also the moated castle, as well as the graduation house in the spa and saline park in Bad Rappenau offer a great opportunity to take a break on the cycle path, which is suitable for the whole family. In the brine baths of Bad Friedrichshall, Bad Rappenau and Bad Wimpfen you can experience the beneficial effects of the brine as a well of health. One highlight of the tour is the salt mine in Bad Friedrichshall. The idyllic Fünfmühlental and fantastic views of the wide landscape make the bike tour an unforgettable experience. (cf. outdooractive, heilbronnerland). ◊ C o nc lu s i o n

Bad Friedrichshall is the only three-river salt city in Germany. For a long time now, salt extraction has been a recognizable feature of the city. Since no more salt is extracted in the mine, the conversion of the mine into a visitor mine is very economical. The tourism aspect could be boosted by this. Although the mine is owned by a private company, the city also benefits from the visitor numbers. A large number of daytime and/ or overnight tourists visit the city—thus, commercial and service companies can also benefit from the mine. In addition to the above, the salt mining at that time1as well as the visitor mine—represent a unique selling point for the city. Due to its title of a "Salt City", Bad Friedrichshall is able to stand out from the other cities in the whole federal state. It is the only town in Baden-Württemberg where salt has been mined. The salt mine not only leads the visitors to the history of the mine and the salt production, but also informs them about the geology, works of art, and creates a memorial to the victims of National Socialism. Despite its name "Bad", Bad Friedrichshall is not a health resort in the usual

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t

sense, as the town does not have a typical spa park. Nevertheless, the city has a lot to offer in terms of culture and sightseeing. Among other things, there are several castles and palaces, historically interesting churches and angular village centres. They can be explored on the cicle path “N2 Salz & Sole Radweg”. The cycle path also strengthens tourism. The surrounding towns and communities can also benefit from it. Furthermore, the city offers real nature experiences, charming landscapes and rest and relaxation. In addition to the high recreational value of the city, Bad Friedrichshall has a very good technical and social infrastructure, as well as a good connection to the railroad and “Autobahn”. The tourism concept of Bad Friedrichshall is transferable to the city of Drohobytsch. The unused parts of the mine can be used to offer guided tours of the mine in order to promote tourism in the town in addition to the aspect of salt production. Due to the fact that salt production in Drohobytsch dates back to the 13th century, an extremely exciting journey through time can thus be visualised around the topic of salt in the mine. In addition, they can also use the cavities as storage space for suitable materials. Furthermore, the establishment of a cycle path network can help to increase the number of day tourists, so that general visitor traffic increases, which can lead to far-reaching economic benefits for the city and the region. The bicycle tour could be under the theme "the history of Drohobytsch". Start and finish of the cycle path is the salt mine. On the circular route many important cornerstones of the history of the town are thematised: starting with the beginnings of salt mining already in the Middle Ages, through the permanent changing state affiliation (Poland, Poland-Lithuania, Austria, Soviet Union, Ukraine) of the town of Drohobytsch, finally the dark days of the Second World War are treated. Here the persecution of the Jews is highlighted, and the fate of the artist Bruno Schulz is discussed in more detail. A visit to the Bruno Schulz Museum could be included for this purpose. In order to be able to implement these ideas optimally and to generate further knowledge, the continuation of this project and the exchange between the universities is very important, since the overlapping of the cities is not only limited to salt.

◊ Source d i re c to ry

Friedrichshall: living by the water in a pleasant city. Available online at https://www.friedrichshall.de/de/unser-bfh/die-stadt/ lebenswerte-stadt [last access on 25.11.2020] Friedrichshall 2020: Data and facts. Available online at https://www.friedrichshall.de/de/unser-bfh/die-stadt/daten-fakten [last access on 25.11.2020] Friedrichshall 2020a: 6 villages + 4 castles + one castle + 3 rivers. Available online at https://www.friedrichshall.de/de/unserbfh/die-stadt/stadtteile [last access on 25.11.2020] Google Maps: Avaiable online at https://www.google.de/maps [last access on 25.11.2020] Heilbronnerland: N2 Salt & Brine Cycle Path. Avaialable online at https://www.heilbronnerland.de/de/radfahren/radtouren/ rundtouren/n2-salzsole-radweg [last access on 25.11.2020] KZ-Kochendorf: the concentraotion camp Kochendorf. Available online at http://www.kz- kochendorf.de/hintergrund.html#start [last access on 25.11.2020] Outdooractive: N2 Salt & Brine Cycle Path. Availavable online at last access on https://www.outdooractive.com/de/route/ radtour/heilbronnerland/n2-salz-soleradweg/1489018/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=embed&utm_campaign=embedpluginreferral&utm_term=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heilbronnerland.de%2F [last access on 25.11.2020] Salzwerke: Are you ready for a depth of 180m? Avaialable online at https://www.salzwerke.de/fileadmin/user_upload/ salzwerke/dokumente/downloads/Tourismus/2020_BBW-Flyer_Deutsch.pdf [last access on 25.11.2020] Salzwerke 2020: Salt mine Bad Friedrichshall. Available online at https://www.salzwerke.de/de/tourismus/besucherbergwerkbad- friedrichshall.html [last access on 25.11.2020] Stimme: The salt comes again from the salt city. Available online at https://www.stimme.de/archiv/neckarsulm-neckartal/ sonstige-Das-Salz-kommtwieder-aus-der-Salzstadt;art1907,1972114 [last access on 25.11.2020] Wikipedia: Salt mine. Available online at https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzbergwerk [last access on 25.11.2020] Wikipedia 2020: Salt mine Bad Friedrichshall. Available online at https://de.s.org/wiki/Salzbergwerk_Bad_Friedrichshall [last access on 25.11.2020]

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

Salt for Wellness

SALT AND ITS HEALTH RELEVANCE FOR SPA TOWNS

TU Kaiserslautern

Tabea Schneider

◊ Table of co nte nts

◊ In t rod u c t i on ◊ W h at d oes ‘s a l t y a i r ’ me a n a n d i s i t h ea l t hy? ◊ S p a Tow n s i n G er ma n y ◊ S o, w h at i s t h e co n text b et ween s a l t a n d sp a tow n s ? ◊ C on c l u s i on ◊ Referen ces

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t ◊ I ntrod u c t i o n

Salt is a product with a lot of different uses and a long history. Normally, we use it as a spice in our foods, but it also has some health relevance. There are different therapies using salt, especially the salty air therapy. Germany has a long history of spa towns as well. The topic of this short essay will be the shared context of salt and spa towns. Salt — also known as sodium chloride — is essential for our health; the intake, however, must be balanced. It is an ingredient of many dishes and it is used by cooking. The recommended amount is five to six grams per day. Sodium is important to our health. It helps bones to form and heal; it helps muscles relax and enhances conductivity of muscles; at the same time, it can be a risk for people with high blood pressure and kidney problems. Many people eat too much salt, but there is a difference between eating salt and using salt use for health purposes. An example of the latter instance is using salt in salty air therapy. (Mehner, 29.11.2020)

◊ What d o e s ‘s a l t y a i r ’ m ean and is i t h e a l t hy ?

When a person is suffering from certain respiratory diseases, people tend to say: “You should go to the seaside; salty air will be good for you”. Also doctors and alternative practitioners recommend salt air therapies. It is an effective prevention therapy for respiratory diseases; it cleans the airways and helps a person breathe freely. (SalinMedicair, 29.11.2020) Today you can get some salty air by the sea, in spa towns by graduation works and at home through inhalation. The effect is supposed to be antiphlogistic and antibacterial; it strengthens immune defence, it is an expectorant, and provides good sanitation to the airways. Today, more than ever, we recognise the importance of physical health. The Covid pandemic has made us care more for our health and use preventive means to stay healthy.

◊ Spa Town s i n G e r m a n y

Figure 1 - Springs in Germany Source: https://diercke.westermann.de/ content/deutschland-tourismus-und-naturschu tz-978-3-14-100870-8-92-1-1

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

Germany has a long history of spa towns. The origin of the English word s pa has two possible meanings. It either comes from the city of Spa in Belgium—which was a huge spa town in 1800; or, it comes from the Latin phrase s anus per aquam which means “health through water”. (Uniq GmbH, 29.11.2020) In Germany, spa towns are called “Kurorte”. The name Kur (engl. cure, spa) comes also from the Latin word “curare” which means “to take care” and Ort stands for “a location”. (Kasper, Baden 2016) It is a good description for the concept of spa towns, what I will define in the following paragraph. There are more than 350 spa towns in Germany. In spa towns the naturally healing or cure comes out of the soil, water, or air. (Deutscher Heilbäderverbande. V., 29NOV-2020) Overall, these towns boast lovely landscapes with fresh and good air. A lot of them are located in the central part of Germany, as the people there were not able to travel through the country to get some salt air at the sea. As you can see on Figure 1, many of these founded springs are situated in Central Germany. To become a spa town, a city must comply with special standards of quality which are set by the “deutschen Heliverbändee. V.” and “deutschen Tourismusverbande. V.” and corresponding legislation must be passed by federal states. It is akin to an award conferred upon by the government. (Deutscher Heilbäderverbande. V., 29NOV-2020) Some spa towns in Germany have a “Bad” in their names. What is the difference between a spa town and a spa town with this special label, “Bad”? A city must undergo a 2-step-process to get announced as a “Bad” town. The first step is to apply for the label of a Kurort (spa town). Upon having fulfilled the standards of quality, the government will then declare the town as a spa town. Next, as a second step, the title of “Bad” may be requested. (Driesen, 1996) This label had a huge relevance in the past. Nowadays, it is good for marketing purposes and for the image of the town. Most of these towns and cities have a spring or a source of brine. Figure 2 - history of spa towns in Germany Source: own exposition

In a short timeline (Figure 2) I will show you the development of spa towns in Germany. As you can see, were the first travels to spa towns in 13t h century. There may be a deeper history, but documentary narratives come from this period. (Kasper, Baden 2016) Since today there is a huge development from cure in the springs to wellness and especially “fun-wellness”. In 1997 there was a huge decline of cure guests. To understand way the cure guests, decline, I will familiarise the reader with the German health system. We have had a state-mandated health insurance in place since Bismarck times. It is funded by the insured person and by the employer. In Germany, we can choose our health insurance freely. This means there insurance 72

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t

providers compete with each other. Also, you can choose between a state-mandated health insurance and a private insurance. (AOK-Bundesverband GbR, 29NOV-2020) In 1996, a health care structure reform act was passed. Long story short, they reduced the rate of contribution. This means that everyone now has to pay less money for their health insurance; but, on the other hand, they also reduced the co-payment for cure. (AOK-Bundesverband GbR, 29.11.2020) As a result, the number of cure guests decline. ◊ So, w ha t i s t h e co n tex t betwe e n s a l t a nd sp a towns?

Many spa towns have a salt graduation towers and/or thermal baths. Both offers mostly need salt springs. Some of the cities have an economic background, but others have the focus on the health relevance. (Sana Vita Kästner-Dimter GmbH, 29.11.2020) As we know from the beginning of the presentation, salty air is good for the airways and a naturally cure for everyone. On Figure 3, you can see the structure of a salt graduation works, which is an important building for the salt production. The idea of the building was in the 17th century. They were built for the salt production. Many springs are very small, so thanks to the process of graduation works, you can get more salt. For the production, you need firewood material to boil the water and get the salt. They thus needed lots of material and get less salt as they wish. So, they built the graduation works and put the water over some straw and let it dry in the wind and sun. As a result, they got more salt, but the salt moulded. To fix this problem, they started to use blackthorn — which they are still using today. The construction is comprised of wooden scaffolding and bunches of blackthorn. (Sana Vita Kästner-Dimter GmbH, 29-NOV-2020) In the past, it was used for economic reasons.

Figure 3 - Architecture of a graduation works Source: https://www.barny-on-tour. info/2017/11/09/lichtsicht-projektions-biennale-inbad-rothenfelde/

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t Figure 4 - graduation works Bad Orb (Germany) Source: https://www.bad-orb.info/media/ attraktionen/gradierwerk

Today’s function is only for health relevance. You can have a walk through and inhale salty air, which is a good prevention and cure for the airways. Another option to use salt springs are thermal baths. It is a modern development, and in the past, it was mostly important for cure. Today, it is used for wellness. (IHK Nürnberg, 29.11.2020) Special are the salt baths where you can float in the water. Other components are hot and cold bath and sauna. All this have a refreshing effect for the body. It is a trend popular with younger people. Figure 5 - Toskana Therme Bad Orb (Germany) Source: https://www.toskanaworld.net/de/12/ therme-bad-orb/thermet

Spa towns were very popular in the past. Since 1990 there is a negative image by younger people younger people considered it to be a therapy for older people. It seems to be with diseases, seniority and strictness. There is a development from cure to wellness. Nowadays, wellness is more for fun than it is for cure and it gets independent from the town in the sense that the town stopped being town-defining. It can be located everywhere and is not a midpoint of towns anymore. In figure 6, you can see the thermal bath of Sinsheim with a huge palms’ paradise. It is located at the edge of the town and has no connection to the city. But it is a famous and huge wellness thermal bath in Germany. 74

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t Figure 6 - Thermal bath Sinsheim (Germany) Source: https://www.rnz.de/nachrichten/ sinsheim_artikel,-sinsheim-so-gehts-mit-derbadewelt-weiter-_arid,487792.html

Three success factors of spa towns are: high standards of quality, professional employees and a good infrastructure. (Deutscher Heilbäderverbande.V., 29.11.2020) ◊ C onc l us i o n

In the end, you can say that salt is important for our body. It has a huge relevance for our health. Especially salty air therapy is good for prevention and a therapy for respiratory diseases and helps to free the airways. Also, in connection with spa towns, salt has a long history in Germany. There was a development of the salt use in the spa towns. It goes from cure and healing to wellness. The popular graduation works have an image of seniority and thermal baths are more in future is the promising area for development. Wellness changes to more fun and attraction. In the end you can say, salt has several relevance for our health and is important for some of German spa towns.

◊ Refe re n ce s

Mehner, Kathrin; https://www.gesundheit.de/wissen/haetten-sie-es-gewusst/ernaehrung/ist-salz-gesund , 29.11.2020 SalinMedicair; https://www.salin-medicair.de/salzlufttherapie/ , 29.11.2020 Urlaubs Guru (Uniq GmbH); https://www.urlaubsguru.de/lexikon/spa/ , 29.11.2020 Kasper, Fred; Kur und Badekultur – Geschichte oder eine europäische Erfahrung für die Zukunft, S. 116-125, Baden 2016 Sana Vita Kästner-Dimter GmbH; http://www.kurorte-und-heilbaeder.de/gradierwerke.html#Bedeutung , 29.11.2020 Deutscher Heilbäderverband e.V.; https://www.deutscher-heilbaederverband.de/die-kur/ihr-kurort/ , 29.11.2020 Deutscher Heilbäderverband e.V.; https://www.deutscher-heilbaederverband.de/die-kur/wissenswertes/heilbaeder-undkurorte/ , 29.11.2020 Driesen, Oliver; https://www.aerzteblatt.de/archiv/2874/Was-macht-einen-Ort-zum-Bad-Keine-Kuren-in-Bad-Koeln , Deutsches Ärzteblatt 39/1996 AOK-Bundesverband GbR; https://aok-bv.de/hintergrund/gesetze/index_15083.html , 29.11.2020 AOK-Bundesverband GbR; https://aok-bv.de/lexikon/g/index_00368.html , 29.11.2020 IHK Nürnberg für Mittelfranken; https://www.ihk-nuernberg.de/de/IHK-Magazin-WiM/WiM-Archiv/WIM-Daten/2003-05/B erichte-und-Analysen/Neuer-Trend-laesst-Tourismus-Regionen-und-Kurorte-durchatme n.jsp , 29.11.2020

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

Salt for Wellness

BAD KREUZNACH

TU Kaiserslautern

Thomas Münchow

◊ Table of co nte nts

◊ In t rod u c t i on ◊ B ad K reu z n a c h - ove r vi ew ◊ Hi stor y ◊ Im p or tan ce as a sp a town ◊ Tou r i s m ◊ C on c l u s i on ◊ S ou rces

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t

Illustration 1: Source: Rheinhessen-Touristik GmbH

◊ I ntrod u c t i o n

The south-west German city of Bad Kreuznach is an exciting example of the health and tourist use of the local salt deposits. Over the centuries, the town has always benefited from salt extraction. The effects of its success and prosperity still characterise the town and its surroundings today. In this essay, the history of the town and the salt extraction are highlighted as well as its importance as a spa location. The fact that today, Bad Kreuznach profits particularly from tourism, should also be part of this essay.

◊ Bad Kre u z n a c h - over v i ew

Bad Kreuznach is a medium-sized spa town with 51,756 inhabitants (as of 30-JUNE2018) and is located in southwest Germany. The town is also the seat of the district administration of the Bad Kreuznach administrative district and is classified as a medium-sized centre with super-central sub-functions in Rhineland-Palatinate. The capital of Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz, is located approximately 30 kilometres northeast of Bad Kreuznach. The metropolis of Frankfurt am Main with its international airport is also about 65 kilometres away. The Palatinate university town of Kaiserslautern is about an hour's drive south of Bad Kreuznach. Bad Kreuznach has a regional train station in the centre of the city with connections to Mainz and Kaiserslautern.

Illustration 2: Location of Bad Kreuznach in Germany Source: own representation

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

The Nahe river flows as a small river through the old town of Bad Kreuznach before it joins the Rhine at Bingen (Rhine), 15 kilometres away. With its picturesque hilly landscape, the Nahe forms an eventful natural area in the surroundings of Bad Kreuznach. Bad Kreuznach enjoys a mild climate due to its favourable location in the Nahe valley. Above-average annual temperatures are measured and the number of rainy days is also relatively low (Stadtverwaltung Bad Kreuznach a o.J.). The origin of Bad Kreuznach is most probably a Celtic village which fell into the Roman settlement area around 50 BC. Here the village got its name "Cruciniacum", which remained the same until the end of the 4th century AD. During this period, the Romans built roads, bridges, permanent houses and temples. Also the viticulture, which still characterizes the region today, was registered at this time (Stadtverwaltung Bad Kreuznach a o. J.).

◊ Histo ry

In the following centuries, Bad Kreuznach was still a village with changing affiliations, until it was granted city rights in 1270. From then on, the walled village was allowed to hold a market, a separate jurisdiction was introduced and Kreuznach was also responsible for taxation and the levying of customs duties. However, the town of Kreuznach also had many lords throughout its history: first the Counts of Sponheim, then the Counts of Veldenz, the Margraves of Baden and Palatinate-Simmern, and from 1708 the Electoral Palatines were the sole town lords. From 1792-1814 the French owned the town on the Nahe river, from 1814 until 1945 the Prussians ruled the region (Stadtverwaltung Bad Kreuznach a o.J.). Illustration 3: graduation works in the Salinental valley Source: BeeAT, Andreas & Tobias Beese GbR

The saline springs in the area around Kreuznach were probably already used by the Celts, but industrial salt extraction was only initiated with the construction of graduation houses in 1732. The salty groundwater was fed into these graduation houses to make it saltier through natural evaporation. With such a process the salt content of the water could be increased from about 1.5% to up to 26%. A milestone in Kreuznach’s development was the discovery of the healing power of brine by Dr. Johann Prieger in 1817. The first bathing establishment was built in the same year. In the following decades, the Kreuznach spa district was expanded. In addition to parks, the bath house was built in 1911 and the spa hotel in 1913. An expansion of the spa therapies led to the introduction of radon therapy in 1906. In 1924, Kreuznach was awarded the title of "Bad" (spa) and the health resort still bears this title today. At that time, most of the spa guests at Bad Kreuznach were international aristocrats or from the upper middle class (StadtverwaltungBad Kreuznach a o.J.). 78

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t Illustration 4: history of Bad Kreuznach Source: own representation according to Stadtverwaltung Bad Kreuznach a

During the two world wars the spa services were closed down. The large headquarters of Hindenburg and Ludendorff were housed in Kreuznach during the First World War. During the Weimar Republic and the Nazi regime, one of the most important railway connections between Berlin and Paris passed through Bad Kreuznach. The city was heavily bombed by the Allies because of this railway connection and because of its industry. Between 1945 and 1950 the spa district was used to house officers. From then on, the facilities were gradually opened up again to the civilian population, now to a broader class and no longer just to the rich (Stadtverwaltung Bad Kreuznach a o.J.). ◊ I mpo r ta n ce a s a s p a tow n

Bad Kreuznach can boast a centuries-old tradition as a spa town. As described above, the discovery of the healing power of the brine by Dr. Johann Prieger in 1817 laid the foundation for the development of the town as a health resort. The spa and rehabilitation aspect was thus already present in the development of the settlement at an early stage. This was also expanded in the following decades. The spa hotel is still a symbol of this urban orientation today. Today, Bad Kreuznach is still highly significant as a spa town, which is also characterised by the presence of numerous clinics, health centres, saunas and thermal baths: two acute hospitals cover the basic need for medical care, in addition, spa guests have access to a rheumatism hospital and seven privately run rehabilitation clinics with a focus on rheumatology, oncology, psychosomatics, cardiology and children's rehabilitation. The offer is extended by the Crucenia Health Centre, the radon gallery, the sauna landscape Bäderhaus and the thermal spa crucenia thermen (Gesundheit und Tourismusfür Bad Kreuznach GmbH a o.J.).

Illustration 5: open-air inhalatorium at the graduation works Source: Gesundheit und Tourismus für Bad Kreuznach GmbH

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

The Salinental still has six graduation works with a total length of 1.1 kilometres. These 9-metre-high wooden scaffolds with blackthorn brushwood are used for natural evaporation and to increase the salt content of the ground water to up to 26%. In addition to an open-air museum on the history of salt extraction in Bad Kreuznach, the graduation works are now used as the largest open-air inhalatorium in Europe. The salty groundwater evaporates in the graduation works and can be inhaled in the surrounding area. The open-air inhalatorium, like the open-air museum, is operated by the town of Bad Kreuznach and is open from spring to autumn (Gesundheit und Tourismusfür Bad Kreuznach GmbH b o.J.). The town of Bad Kreuznach is not only popular with spa guests, but can also convince other groups of its tourist attractions. In 2017, 135,815 guests stayed overnight in the numerous accommodation facilities in Bad Kreuznach with its 3,476 guest beds.

◊ To urism

The main tourist attractions, which also make the town famous beyond the region, are the spa district and the old town. Because of its winding streets and alleys, its picturesque buildings and the Ellerbach river flowing through it, the old town of Bad Kreuznach is also known as "Little Venice". Illustration 6: bridge houses in the old town Source: Gesundheit und Tourismus für Bad Kreuznach GmbH

The Salinental valley with its graduation works is also an attraction for many visitors to the town; here is also the open-air museum on the history of salt extraction and Europe's largest open-air inhalatorium. Along the Nahe river a beautiful hilly landscape runs through the region around Bad Kreuznach and invites to go hiking. On the hills around the town there are numerous castles, palaces and ruins. These include the Kauzenburg Castle and the Schlosspark Museum on the hill above the old town. There are also the remains of a palace from the Roman period, which are exhibited in a museum.

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t ◊ C onc l us i o n

Bad Kreuznach, as a small town, benefited very early on from the saline springs under the town. The fact that the healing power of these salt springs was discovered in Bad Kreuznach played into the hands of the town and it used the potential offered to it. The town expanded in the following decades and was able to accumulate wealth thanks to spa tourism. When salt production was no longer economically viable as a result of industrialisation and the importance of spa tourism also declined, the town set the course for the tourist use of the graduation works. Today, both the spa industry and tourism play an important role in Bad Kreuznach's continuing prosperity. This conversion of former industrial facilities, such as the graduation works in Bad Kreuznach, to tourist purposes can serve as an example for other towns.

◊ Source s

Texts: Gesundheit und Tourismus für Bad Kreuznach GmbH (a)(o.J.): Gesundheit & Wellness in herrlicher Landschaft, at: https://www. bad-kreuznach-tourist.de/gesundheit-kur-wellness/ (accessed on 28.11.2020) Gesundheit und Tourismus für Bad Kreuznach GmbH (b) (o.J.): Gradierwerke im Salinental – freier Atem dank frischer Salzbrise, at:https://www.bad-kreuznach-tourist.de/gesundheit-kur-wellness/freiluftinhalatorium-salinental/ (accessed on 28.11.2020) Stadtverwaltung Bad Kreuznach (a) (o.J.): Streifzug durch die Stadtgeschichte, at: https://www.bad-kreuznach.de/tourismuskultur-sport/stadtportraet/streifzug-durch-die-stadtgeschichte/ (accessed on 28-NOV-2020) Stadtverwaltung Bad Kreuznach (b) (o.J.): Bad Kreuznach kurz und bündig, at: https://www.bad-kreuznach.de/tourismuskultur-sport/stadtportraet/bad-kreuznach-kurz-und-buendig/ (accessed on 27.11.2020) Illustrations: Cover page: Rheinhessen-Touristik GmbH, at: https://www.rheinhessen.de/bad-kreuznach(accessed on 28.11.2020) Illustration 2: BeeAT, Andreas & Tobias BeeseGbR, at: https://ansichtskarten-lexikon.de/ak-113088.html (accessed on 28.11.2020) Illustration 4: Gesundheit und Tourismus für Bad Kreuznach GmbH, at: https://www.bad-kreuznach-tourist.de/ sehenswuerdigkeiten/rundgang-historische-neustadt-kurgebiet/salinental-europas-groesstes-freiluftinhalatorium/ (accessed on 27.11.2020) Illustration 5:Wikimedia Foundation Inc., at: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Kreuznach(accessed on 27.11.2020)

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

Salt for Wellness

BAD DÜRKHEIM AND THE HISTORY OF SALT

TU Kaiserslautern

Lennart Bruß

◊ Table of co nte nts

◊ T h e C i t y of B ad Dü r kh e i m ◊ Hi stor y of S al t Pro d u cti o n i n B ad D ü r kh ei m ◊ T h e S i g n i f i ca n ce o f th e S a l t wor ks for t he ci ty ◊ C on c l u s i on ◊ S ou rces

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t

Figure 1 Source: Hollerith, Jens (n.y.). Available online: https://www.100prozentpfalz. de/pois/gradierbau-bad-duerkheim/. Last download: 27.11.2020.

◊ The Ci t y o f B a d Dü r kh ei m

The city of Bad Dürkheim is located in the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate; it has slightly more than 18,000 inhabitants and is also the seat of the district administration of the Bad Dürkheim county (Kreisverwaltung Bad Dürkheim, 2019). The city is also part of the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan region. Due to its exposed location next to the Palatinate Forest, the German Wine Route, and also to it being surrounded by vineyards, Bad Dürkheim attracts hundreds of tourists and visitors from all over Germany every year. In its eventful history, the city has changed from a pure agricultural city to a spa town with a main focus on cures and tourism. Bad Dürkheim owes this focus and its recent status as a spa town to its history as a regionally important centre of salt production, with its graduation works and their subsequent conversion to an open-air inhalatorium. To this day, the city is well known for its breathing and drinking cures, healing and brine baths and the specialized spa physicians, clinics and hotels.

◊ The Ci t y o f B a d Dü r kh ei m

The production of salt in Bad Dürkheim has a long tradition, as the first salt springs here are mentioned as early as 1387. However, it still took a while until the professional extraction of salt began. The first saltworks were built in 1594 on the grounds of the Benedictine monastery in Schönfeld. The Thirty Years War in the 17th century and the associated destruction of the salt production buildings put a harsh end to the exploitation of salt and it was to last until 1716, when the desolate saltworks were taken over, repaired and modernised by the Alsatian Georg Jakob Duppert on a 20-year lease. In 1736, the Dürkheim saltworks were transferred to the Electoral Palatinate and renamed “Philippshall” after Elector Karl Philipp. In the middle of the 18t h century, salt production in Dürkheim reached its peak and five new graduation works were built. However, the construction of the new saltworks, combined with a relatively low salt content in the groundwater, lead to enormous production costs and to a decrease in the market competitiveness of the Dürkheimersalt, as it was henceforth used exclusively in its region. As fewer and fewer people we willing to buy Dürkheim salt, cheap salt was being imported by businessmen, and Carl Philipp quickly enacted a law pursuant to which, from that moment on, his citizens were obliged to only buy salt from Dürkheim. If they refused to do so, civil servants would lose their job and all other citizens would go to prison for 6 weeks on water and bread alone. In 1794, the saltworks were plundered by the French troops, declared state property, and thence fell into disrepair. In 1816, the destroyed plant came under the administration of Bavaria; but even under the King’s auspices, the amount produced was too small to export the salt. In 1847, the only remaining graduation work with the graduation house is renovated and the salt production is resumed. In 1913, the plant (which by that time had become the property of the city of Bad Dürkheim) was closed due to economic reasons (Website des Förderverein Gradierbau Bad Dürkheime.V., n.y.). 83

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t Figure 2: Bad Dürkheim graduation works Source: Saliner.de (n.y.). Available online: https:// www.saliner.de/historisches/. Last download: 27.11.2020

The graduation works in Bad Dürkheim is part of the spa facilities and, in addition to being the biggest wine barrel in the world, it is one of the most famous landmarks of the city. Having a length of 333 meters, it is one of the largest graduation works in Germany; this is one of the reasons why it was protected as a listed building in 1984 (Lepthien, 2019). After having been destroyed by arson twice (in 1992 and in 2007), it was restored in each case and recently reopened in 2010 (Website des Förderverein Gradierbau Bad Dürkheime.V., n.y.). The reconstruction included a complete renovation, whereby a focus was put on restoring the original condition — including small details based on historical models like balconies and turrets. Some of the new details introduced with the reconstruction — like the sun terrace on the north side and huge gaps in the graduation work — are not so much due to health concerns as they are to the benefit of the enhancement of tourism (see ibid). ◊ The Sig ni fi ca nce o f t h e Saltwo rks fo r t he Ci t y

Figure 3: The graduation works today Source: Claus Geiss (n.y.). Available online: https:// wosonst.eu/pfaelzer-meeresbrise/. Last download: 27.11.2020

Due to poor cooperation with the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate during the first reconstruction of the saltworks after the fire in 1992, the city of Bad Dürkheim decided to buy the saltworks from the state after the second fire (see ibid). Today the Bad Dürkheim saltworks is operated by the city, which is supported by a support association of citizens. This association collects donations for the preservation of the saltworks from private individuals and companies, organises events, maintains graduation works, and promotes them beyond the borders of Bad Dürkheim. The state of Rhineland-Palatinate also participates in special expenses (see ibid). A visit to the saltworks in connection with a stay as a spa guest in Bad Dürkheim is particularly attractive, as admission for spa guests is free of charge. There is also 84

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t

a tourist card (The “Pfalzcard”) through which guests receive discounts at many attractions in the whole region, including the saline. A regular admission ticket to the graduation work is particularly affordable, at a price of 1.50€. A tour of the saltworks can also be combined with a stop at the saltworks café or a visit to the city museum, which also has an exhibition on the history of salt production in Bad Dürkheim (Stadt Bad Dürkheim, n.y.). In conjunction with the reconstruction of the graduation works, renovation and beautification of the spa gardens was also initiated. These were renewed until 2011 at a total cost of 8.6 million €, funded by the local council and (what is particularly remarkable) by over 20 organisations plus several hundred individuals (Wolf, n.y.). Within the framework of the renewal, Isenach river was exposed (reverted onto the surface) again in many places; this allowed to contribute to the concerns of flood protection while improving ecological and design aspects (see ibid). ◊ C onc l us i o n

To conclude with the above, it can be said that Bad Dürkheim has a long and diverse tradition of salt production and — even after the closure of the saltworks — they managed to achieve the status of a spa town, built upon their recognition, and are still an enormous image factor for the city. Bad Dürkheim has deliberately devoted itself to its history of industrial salt production and has turned this into an opportunity; namely, it has taken the opportunity to use the positive heritage of salt for health and tourism purposes. Over 120,000 overnight guests per year (Die Rheinpfalz, 2019) testify to the success of this change. The great commitment of the citizens and the willingness of large and small companies to donate for the saltworks also show the importance of the saline to the identity of the entire region. This is also reflected in the way the two biggest crises — the two destructions caused by the fires in 1992 and 2007 — were handled. At each occurrence, the graduation works was rebuilt in a larger, more modern and in a more visitor-friendly way. Investments in the redesign of the spa gardens are not only paying off in terms of the increased number of visitors and day tourists, but also in an increased attractiveness of the entire city. Today Bad Dürkheim presents itself as a modern small town which manages to promote its attractions and unique features beyond the boundaries of the region. A professional tourism department in the administration as well as a stable network with intensive cooperation between the neighbouring towns and the district level is of decisive importance for this success.

◊ Source s

Die Rheinpfalz (2019). Bad Dürkheim: Noch nie so viele Gäste wie im Jahr 2018 . Available online: https://www.rheinpfalz.de/ lokal/bad-duerkheim_artikel,-bad-d%C3%BCrkheim-nochnie-so-viele-g%C3%A4ste-wie-im-jahr-2018-_arid,1403343.html. Last download: 27.11.2020. Kreisverwaltung Bad Dürkheim (2019). Landkreis Bad Dürkheim – Zahlen, Daten, Fakten . Available online: https://www.kreisbad-duerkheim.de/kv_bad_duerkheim/Landkreis/Zahlen,%20Daten,%20Fakten/Landkreis%20Bad%20D%C3%BCrkheim%20 in%20Zahlen/Leporello.pdf. Last download: 27.11.2020. Lepthien, Jens (2019). Die Rheinpfalz. Onlineausgabe vom 19.11.2019. Markant von oben: Die 333 Meter lange Saline ist das Wahrzeichen von Bad Dürkheim . Available online: https://www.rheinpfalz.de/lokal/bad-duerkheim_artikel,-markant-vonoben-die-333-meter-lange-saline-ist-das-wahrzeichen-von-bad-d%C3%BCrkheim-_arid,1546795.htm l?reduced=true. Last download: 27.11.2020. Stadt Bad Dürkheim (n.y.). Salz, Sole, Saline – Vom Kurwesen und ganz besonderem Wasser in Bad Dürkheim . Available online: https://www.bad-duerkheim.de/kultur-tourismus/sehen-erleben/museen/stadtmuseum/salz-sole-saline-salzigestadtgeschichte/. Last download: 27.11.2020. Website des Förderverein Gradierbau Bad Dürkheim e.V. (n.y.). Geschichte . Available online: https://www.saliner.de/ historisches/. Last download: 27.11.2020. Website des Förderverein Gradierbau Bad Dürkheim e.V. (n.y.). Wir sind die Saliner . Available online: https://www.saliner.de/ wir-sind-die-saliner/. Last download: 27.11.2020. Wolf, Stephan (n.y.). WO SONST – Das Reise- und Heimatmagazin Rhein-Neckar. PfälzerMeeresbrise . Available online: https:// wosonst.eu/pfaelzer-meeresbrise/. Last download: 27.11.2020.

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

SALT INDUSTRIAL OBJECTS IN UKRAINE

Politechnica Lviv

Habriella Vakarova Today, the salt industry in Ukraine is actively developing. It is one of the oldest industries. Salt mines and factories, salt rooms and complexes are in demand.

◊ Table of co nte nts

◊ S a l t m i n i n g i n Ukra i n e ◊ In d u st r i a l ob j ects i n U krai n e ◊ S olot v y n o ◊ Kalush ◊ T h e A r tem i vs k Ro ck S a lt ◊ S oled ar S a l t D e p o si ts ◊ C on c l u s i on ◊ S ou rces

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t

Pictue 1 Source: https://www.ukraine-is.com/uk/ de-v-ukra%D1%97ni-vidobuvayut-sil-ta-yak%D1%97%D1%97-vikoristovuyut/

Industrial objects in Ukraine Pictue 2 Source: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/269409535_Environmental_Problems

The salt-bearing formation regions in Ukraine 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Dnipro-Donetsk deposits North-Western Donbass Carpathian deposits, Transcarpathian deposits Dobroudgja deposits

◊ Salt mi n i n g i n Uk rai n e

Ukraine has five different regions containing saliferous formations. These formations have various geological-genetic which gives rise to a broad spectrum of mining and geological conditions. Information on these is widely applicable in developing overall strategies for treatment of different health issues.

◊ I ndust ri a l o b je c ts i n Uk rai n e

Solotv yno Salt mining began in the I-II century B.C. during the reign of Trajan. Solotvyno’s deposit became an industrial object in the XVIII-XIX centuries. Unfortunately, after the floods in 1998 and 2001, there began the erosion of salt deposits and subsidence of the soil. 87

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

Kalush First information about salt production from brines in Kalush is dated the 15th century. Existence of salt-works at those times was confirmed by the Privilege issued by king Kazimierz Jagiellończyk dated the 5th of April, 1496. Artemivsk Since the 16th century, salt has been produced from deposits in Slovyansk and Bakhmut districts of Donetsk region by the evaporation method. In 1881, it began to be mined. ◊ So lotv y n o

Pictue 3 Source: https://www.travelua.com.ua/zakarpattya/ tyachivskij/solotvino.html#google_vignette

Solotvyno is an urban-type settlement in Tiachiv region in Transcarpathia,located close to the border to Romania, on the right coast of the Tysa River. The name of the village — Slatina, translated from Romanian ”brine”, which means very salty water. In the village there are mines, where rock salt is extracted. Salt production in this area existed during the reign of Dacia by the Roman emperor Trajan. Pictues 4, 5 Source: https://www.travelua.com.ua/zakarpattya/ tyachivskij/solotvino.html#google_vignette

Construction of deep mines began at the end of the 18th century. The first underground mines appeared in Solotvyno in 1778 — the mine "Christina", in 1782 - "Adalberta", later "Miklos", "Joseph", "Ludwig", "Franz". Solotvyno salt was in great demand in Central Europe. Salt mines at one time served as underground department of the famous hospital, opened in 1968 on the basis of mines No. 8 and No. 9. The largest Solotvyno’s lake is located on the western suburbs and that since 1902 the famous mine "Kunegunda" has been operating there. "Kunegunda" is the most famous and the largest salt mine with a depth of 167 m. 88

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t Pictues 6, 7 Source: https://www.travelua.com.ua/zakarpattya/ tyachivskij/solotvino.html#google_vignette

Solotv yno lakes Solotvyno lakes arose as a result of subsidence of rocks during extraction. The first and the largest of the lakes, Kunigunda arose in 1902 as a result of subsidence of 20m open salt mine "Kunigunda", that is how the name of the lake appeared. Pictue 8 Source: https://vidviday.ua/blog/solotvyno/

Pictues 9, 10 Source: https://www.travelua.com.ua/zakarpattya/ tyachivskij/solotvino.html#google_vignette

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

During the year, the water temperature doesn't fall below 17°C. Concentration of salts is 146-150%, there are increased concentration of bromine ions, it contains medical brine. Solotvyno lakes is a resort area for the treatment of musculoskeletal system, fractures, radiculitis, psoriasis, and other diseases. ◊ Kalush

Pictue 11 Source: http://esu.com.ua/search_articles. php?id=10695

Kalush-Golynske deposit is a deposit that has long been a raw material base for the production of mineral fertilisers, metallic magnesium, technical, and food salts. It is located in Kalush, Ivano-Frankivsk region. This is in many ways a unique object on which rock salt deposits have been exploited for centuries. In the area of Kalush, there were dozens of wells, from which they extracted salt brine (raw material), which was formed as a result of groundwater leaching. The brine evaporated, making table salt. Of course, there were professional workers, such as welders. Pictues 12, 13 Source: https://vikna.if.ua/news/category/ history/2017/03/10/68760/view

For a long time, the main practical importance was the deposits of rock salt, the main element of which is the mineral halite. The first data recorded in the scientific literature on the presence of potassium and magnesium minerals in the salt stratum of the Kalush mine is dated the ХІХ century. Pictue 14 Source: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubrictourism/2327030-kalus-unikalni-dzvoni-u-mistisolevariv.html

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t

Many chemical analyses carried out in 1867 by the chemist Cripp confirmed the presence in Kalush’s deposits of potassium salts suitable for chemical processing and industrial use. Kalush was the second place in the world where the potash industry emerged (the first was founded in Germany in 1862). ◊ Arte m i vs k ro c k s a l t depo s i ts

Artemivsk rock salt deposits - rock salt deposits near Artemivsk/Bakhmut (Donetsk region). Since the 16th century salt has been produced by the evaporation method. In 1881 it began to be mined.

Pictue 15 Source: http://www.artyomsalt.com/en/about-us/ history/

Since 1881 when the first salt mine of Donbass -“Bryantsevskaya mine” was put into operation–modern salt mines of state enterprise Artyomsalt originate from it. This event is also considered to be the start of industrial salt production in the region. The salt that was formed as a result of the explosion was sorted, loaded into the trolleys, horses hauled salt to the mine shaft. Then, the trolleys were lifted to the surface by a cage which operated from a steam engine. On the surface, salt was crushed in special mills. At the last stage it was shipped to the railway cars and sent to the consumers by rail. Pictue 16 Source: http://www.artyomsalt.com/en/about-us/ history/

As for the drilling and blasting method it was used in mines until the 1970s. But it was quite dangerous and, besides during the explosions the salt was heavily polluted. So it was replaced by a combine harvesting of salt, which is still used nowadays.

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t ◊ So leda r Sa l t M i ne s

Soledar Salt Mine is a complex of man-made mines of Artyomsalt Company. The system of galleries at a depth of about 300 m. is a result of more than 100 years of underground works. It extends to 200 km.

Pictue 17 Source: https://kraina-ua.com/en/tour/trip-to-thesoledar-salt-mines

Pictue 18 Source: https://ukrainetrek.com/blog/photos/atrip-to-the-salt-mines-in-soledar/

◊ C o nc lu s i o n

Elevators carry the visitors all the way down. The ceiling, walls and the floor are of solid salt. The air in the mine is also saturated with salt. The mine is used for medical purposes (at the depth of 300 m there is a resort called Salt Symphony), one of the salt galleries become a church; there are exhibitions of salt sculptures and concerts of classical music as well. After more than a hundred years, a unique system of underground workings with a total length of over 200 km appeared. At the depth of 300 metres, you can find unique resort “Salt Symphony” treating respiratory diseases. During the tour, it is possible to visit the salt church, see various salt sculptures, and even play football. Today, we talked about salt industrial objects. The first was Solotvyno (Transcarpathia) deposit which became an industrial in the XVIII-XIX centuries. The construction of deep mines began there and at the end of the 18th century. The second was Kalush (Ivano-Frankivsk). The salt production was founded in the 15th century. The third was Artemivsk (Donetsk).

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t

Since the 16th century salt has been produced there. And the last one was Soledar (Donetsk). Is a complex of man-made mines of Artyomsalt Company. So, Ukraine has large and unique deposits of table salts. It should be said that the chemical part of them can be considered the best in the world. The largest reserves of rock salt are concentrated in Donbass, where very high quality resources lie in thick layers at shallow depths (Slovyansk, Artemivsk). It produces the largest amount of table salt in Europe. To a limited extent, table salt is extracted in Drohobych, Kalush, Solotvyno.

◊ Source s :

https://www.ukraine-is.com/uk/de-v-ukra%D1%97ni-vidobuvayut-sil-ta-yak-%D1%97%D1%97-vikoristovuyut/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269409535_Environmental_Problems https://www.travelua.com.ua/zakarpattya/tyachivskij/solotvino.html#google_vignette https://www.travelua.com.ua/zakarpattya/tyachivskij/solotvino.html#google_vignette https://www.travelua.com.ua/zakarpattya/tyachivskij/solotvino.html#google_vignette https://vidviday.ua/blog/solotvyno/ https://www.travelua.com.ua/zakarpattya/tyachivskij/solotvino.html#google_vignette http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=10695 https://vikna.if.ua/news/category/history/2017/03/10/68760/view https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-tourism/2327030-kalus-unikalni-dzvoni-u-misti-solevariv.html http://www.artyomsalt.com/en/about-us/history/ http://www.artyomsalt.com/en/about-us/history/ https://kraina-ua.com/en/tour/trip-to-the-soledar-salt-mines https://ukrainetrek.com/blog/photos/a-trip-to-the-salt-mines-in-soledar/

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

EXAMPLES OF INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES RENOVATION IN UKRAINE

Politechnica Lviv

Solomiia Dydyk, Angelina Yefymenko

◊ Table of co nte nts

PART 1 (by Solomiia DYDYK) ◊ In t rod u c t i on ◊ P rom p r y l ad . Ren ova tsi ya , Ivan o- Fra n ki vs k ◊ ReZ avod , Lv i v ◊ Fab r i ka . s p a ce, Kh a r ki v PART 2 (by Angelina YEFYMENKO) ◊ A r t P l at for m a 11 , Po lta va ◊ Fest rep u b l i c , Lvi v ◊ U N IT. c i t y, Ky i v ◊ C on c l u s i on s ◊ Referen ces

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t ◊ I ntrod u c t i o n

Part 1 Although in cities of Europe and America, revitalisation of abandoned industrial facilities had begun over than 30 years ago, Ukraine has only begun mastering this tool for the past couple of years. Curators and managers of these projects have to protect old industrial spaces from developers and explain to residents why revitalisation can be a useful neighbour to a poor industrial area. This approach allows preserving architectural and cultural heritage of the city, diversifying the lives of residents, and stimulating the emergence of new initiatives and local products.

FABRYKA SZTUKI, Poland Source: https://lodz.travel/ru/turizm/chtoposmotret/kultura-i-iskusstvo/fabrika-iskusstvfabryka-sztuki

JATKA 78, Czech Republic Source: http://www.jatka78.cz/en/about

HIGH LINE PARK, USA Source: https://www.thehighline.org/visit/

In Ukrainian reality—due to absence of state support and appropriate legislation, high level of corruption, and the struggle for commercial spaces and economic interests, the enthusiasm of the project team and public support are often very important.

Politics

Legalization

Transparency

Territory

Market relaions

Absence of state support

Absence of appropriate legislation

High level of corruption

The struggles for commercial spaces

The struggles of economic interests

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

However, in Ukraine, it is profitable to take over former industrial zones—and there are several reasons for this. Such objects are often located in the city centres or close to them, often next to the water. Usually, these spaces are large, stretching for tens of thousands of square metres. At the same time, the cost of rent is often low and affordable for novice businessmen.

Location

Large area

Affordable

City center or close to it, oftennear the water

Large spaces- tens of thouthends of squares

The cost of rent is often low and affordable for novice bussinessmens

There are some attempts to invest in old walls — and many Ukrainian cities already have their own examples. And I am going to tell you about three of them further. ◊ Pro mpry l a d .Re nova ts i ya, Ivano-Fra nk i vs k

Promprylad.Renovatsiya is the project of an innovative centre based on the old factory operating at the intersection of four areas of development of the region: the new economy and urban planning, modern art and education. In 2017, Yuri Filyuk, together with a team of partners, began the transformation of the old Promprylad plant in the centre of the city of Ivano-Frankivsk into a modern business cluster, with a view to attract investment from citizens and businesses. The Promprylad factory is one of the largest industrial facilities in Ivano-Frankivsk, dating back to the 18th century, where blacksmithing and metalworks were held. In Soviet times, the plant changed its specialisation. At the moment, most of the area is no longer in operation and in need of repair.

Promprylad factory Source: https://www.the-village.com.ua/village/ city/city-report/289083-yak-stariy-zavodpromprilad-zminyue-ivano-frankivsk

The Project plans feature a creation of an economic and educational environment within the territory of an old large factory, promoting the development of important business areas and bringing value to the city residents. The project undertakes to restore 28 thousand square metres of existing spaces plus a new construction of two additional buildings. Promprylad project Source: https://promprylad.ua/ua/

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t

40% of the total area is earmarked to accommodate office space. The remainder of the space will be filled with workshops, educational and children’s centres, public initiatives, hotels, and restaurants. Promprylad project https://promprylad.ua/ua/

In 2017, the team leased the third floor of one of the buildings of the plant, planning to launch a pilot project there — and it was launched by March 2018. The Promprylad.Renovatsiya pilot project consisted of a conference hall, a bar, a hairdresser’s and hairdressing school, company offices, an educational workshop, galleries, a dance studio, a co-working, a creative workshop — and even the Investment Policy Department of the Ivano-Frankivsk City Executive Committee. Promprylad now Source: https://www.the-village.com.ua/village/ city/city-report/289083-yak-stariy-zavodpromprilad-zminyue-ivano-frankivsk

◊ ReZ avo d , Lv i v

ReZavod in Lviv is another project for revitalisation of an old industrial area. Over a century ago, there was a factory of scales here; in 1944, the territory of the plant was turned into facilities producing disinfection equipment for hospitals.

Photos Source: https://lviv.com/novyny/vidchuiekosystemu-rezavod-prykhod-na-vulychnyi-fest/

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

The next change took place in 2008, when the new owner of the Radio-Electronic Medical Equipment Plant became a lighting company, Iskra. The plant now manufactures defibrillators, cardiographs, and microwave therapy devices. Up to one hundred of people work in the facilities. Production currently occupies no more than a third of the production area, the rest is leased. The first tenants in 2015 were a design team, Hochu rayu and Ivan Nesterenko’s eco start-up, Zelenew. Co-operation has developed between the designers and the plant owner: the guys are using machines and thermoplastic, and also purchase non-working devices which factory no longer needs. Photos Source: https://www.032.ua/news/2443919/ odin-den-iz-zitta-onovlenogo-lvivskogo-zavodurema-fotoreportaz

The new residents of the plant created an NGO under the name of ReZavod. Over time, the number of location residents has grown to 60. Each company has its place, renovated by their own. Among the residents of ReZavod, there are manufacturers of branded clothing, ceramists, tattoo artists, urban planners, artists, theatre, bakery, recording studios . Photos Source: https://www.032.ua/news/2443919/ odin-den-iz-zitta-onovlenogo-lvivskogo-zavodurema-fotoreportaz

◊ Fabrika .s p a ce , K ha r ki v

Photos Source: https://bzh.life/ua/gorod/fabrika-space

In 1933, a plant was opened to sort and store breeder seeds. However, it was closed in the 1960s. In half a century, the four-storey building managed to preserve its framework — but the interior was in an extremely poor condition. Since independence, the building has been privatised by businessman Vyacheslav Sterin, who became an investor in the Fabrika.space project: in 2015, he and his partners decided to turn the former plant into a modern IT hub.

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t

The revitalisation lasted three months — and in November 2015, the object was opened. The fourth floor of the Fabrika.space hosts a co-working space employing about a hundred people — mostly freelance programmers. Various events are held on the second and third floors. On average, the factory hosts over 90 events monthly, including conferences, strategic sessions, trainings, and corporate events. There is a restaurant on the ground floor; in the warm period of the year, a summer terrace is opened in the yard, and small festivals are held there. Photos Source: https://bzh.life/ua/gorod/fabrika-space

Initially, the space was popular mainly among IT employees — but now you can meet anyone here: a conference of dentists, training courses for police, employees of the US Embassy, or the Regional State Administration. After the opening of Fabrika.space, the entire district began to revive. People realised that it was possible to open an office in this area, although it had been ignored before. Conferences started to attract new people who learn about this space. And then there is the monetisation of interest through the co-working and the restaurant. This model can work anywhere. Photos Source: https://bzh.life/ua/gorod/fabrika-space

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t

Part 2 ◊ Art Pla t fo r m a 1 1 , Pol ta va

Photos Sources: https://www.facebook. com/ARTplatforma11/photos /a.968859036525007/1134891513255091 https://poltava.to/news/49699/ https://poltava.to/project/2929/ https://www.facebook.com/ARTplatforma11/photos /a.1376243879119852/1376246235786283 https://www.facebook.com/ARTplatforma11/photos /a.1376243879119852/1376247932452780 https://www.facebook.com/ARTplatforma11/photos /a.1376243879119852/1376245592453014

100

The revitalisation project Art Platforma 11 became one of the first such projects in Poltava. In the past, it was the first shop of the Poltava Turbomechanical Plant, with an area of approximately 2,000 square metres — so this space is perfect to accommodate various artistic, cultural, musical, and other events. Organisers of this art platform believe that this is a place giving freedom to creative people who are not afraid to voice their thoughts — that is, the area can satisfy a multifunctional audience. Today, the space works as an art platform.

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t ◊ Fe stre p u b l i c , Lv i v

The next successful project is the renovation of the former territory of the Halychsklo Glass Plant into the Festrepublic complex in Lviv. The purpose of construction is to expand the central part of the city and create the best comfortable working and leisure conditions for ambitious and enterprising employees of the company. The Festrepublic concept is a city within a city, where everyone who works here has their own address with a street and a house number. The area covers approximately 2 hectares and today hosts a nightclub with a concert hall, a summer terrace, a parking, food courts, a restaurant, a café, a book publishing house, a coffee laboratory, a brewery, a tailoring and ceramics workshop, an exhibition pavilion, and many others production and lecture facilities. Every day, organisers of the space announce various events, ranging from parties to large-scale festivals.

Photos Sources: http://tvoemisto.tv/exclusive/festrepublic_ yak_u_lvovi_buduyut_shche_odne_misto_78042. html https://inlviv.in.ua/lviv/u-lvovi-zapuskayutmasshtabnu-programu-z-revitalizatsiyipromislovih-zon http://tvoemisto.tv/exclusive/festrepublic_yak_u_ lvovi_buduyut_shche_odne_misto_78042.html https://www.facebook.com/FESTrepublic/photos /a.1537342119805840/1537332999806752 https://www.facebook.com/FESTrepublic/photos /a.1537342119805840/1537333426473376 https://www.facebook.com/FESTrepublic/photos /a.1506472662892786/1506478106225575

101

In fl u ence o f s a l t o n th e c i t y d evelopm en t ◊ U NI T.ci t y, Ky i v

Photos Sources: http://www.autoconsulting.com.ua/article. php?sid=35223 https://glassteam.ua/en/object/unit-city-3/ https://news.finance.ua/ru/news/-/457374/k-2021godu-summa-investitsij-v-unitcity-sostavit-245mln https://unit.city/2016-2019-report/ https://unit.city/2016-2019-report/

102

Another noteworthy revitalisation project is UNIT.city in Kyiv. UNIT.city is the first innovation park in Ukraine built within the territory of a former motorcycle plant. It is a place where an ecosystem and infrastructure for business development in the field of high technology and creative industries are created. Here we have a concentration of companies, start-ups, students, professionals, and research laboratories creating conditions for businesses within the park to grow faster than outside it. The Unit Factory School and the first business campus were built on the basis of the dilapidated shops of the plant. Non-residential industrial buildings were strengthened; in the middle, floors were added for zoning purposes. One curious thing is the chimney, inherited from the plant and put to use. A decision was made not to destroy it, so a competition was announced for the best project to renovate the chimney. The winner of the competition was Sebastian Kite from the UK, with a project entitled Innovation Lighthouse. According to the artist’s plan, the lighthouse will emit a strong beam of light in the evening, so the park will be visible from anywhere in the city. Today, Unit.city has five business campsites covering twenty-seven thousand square meters, an IT School Unit Factory, a Unit Cafe, a Unit.Gym, a Chasopys.Unit co-working area, two charging stations for electric cars, and a bike sharing point.

Infl u ence o f s a l t o n t he c i t y developmen t ◊ C onc l us i o n s :

◊ Refe re n ce s :

˛ On the basis of the above material and research, it can be seen that in Ukraine, there are many abandoned industrial buildings that have lost their initial main function and eventually began to collapse—but many of these objects are production history, which also needs to be preserved. ˛ In the past 10 years, the demand and attention to industrial buildings and giving them new life has started to grow in Ukraine. ˛ Revitalisation and renovation projects created as of today mostly operate as entertainment, art-and-culture, exhibition spaces in combination with office, industrial and educational areas. ˛ Projects listed in the presentation are successful and are in demand in Ukraine today; they are developing and expanding, taking into account modern human needs.

https://mistosite.org.ua/ru/articles/napivrevitalizovani-4-pryklady-pereosmyslennia-industrialnykh-prostoriv-v-ukraini https://www.the-village.com.ua/village/city/city-report/289083-yak-stariy-zavod-promprilad-zminyue-ivano-frankivsk https://promprylad.ua/ua/ http://tvoemisto.tv/exclusive/festrepublic_yak_u_lvovi_buduyut_shche_odne_misto_78042.html https://www.the-village.com.ua/village/city/lviv/261163-creative-lviv https://kufer.media/misto/drugyj-shans-yak-i-navishho-mista-revitalizovuyut-zanedbani-ob-yekty/ https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0BC %D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D%B7 %D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4 https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIT.City https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1 %82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5.jpg https://www.the-village.com.ua/village/city/city-report/289083-yak-stariy-zavodpromprilad-zminyue-ivano-frankivsk https://www.the-village.com.ua/village/city/city-report/289083-yak-stariy-zavodpromprilad-zminyue-ivano-frankivsk https://lviv.com/novyny/vidchui-ekosystemu-rezavod-prykhod-na-vulychnyi-fest/ https://www.032.ua/news/2443919/odin-den-iz-zitta-onovlenogo-lvivskogo-zavodu-remafotoreportaz https://bzh.life/ua/gorod/fabrika-space https://i1.poltava.to/uploads/2019/01/2019-01-28/plant-poltava-fb.jpg http://www.rada-poltava.gov.ua/news/40857333/# http://tvoemisto.tv/exclusive/festrepublic_yak_u_lvovi_buduyut_shche_odne_misto_78042.html https://www.fest.lviv.ua/uk/projects/festrepublic/ http://www.autoconsulting.com.ua/article.php?sid=35223 https://unit.city/2016-2019-report/ https://unit.city/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Beacon2-1024x683.jpg https://www.kandevelopment.com/projects/projects-completed/projects-completedoffice/biznes-kampus/

103

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

◊ Hi stor y of D roho b ych an d D roh ob yc h D i st r i c t ◊ D roh ob yc h S al two r ks Hi stor y ◊ T h e a r t i st i c h er i ta ge of B r u n o S c h u l z

105

H istorica l co n tex t

HISTORY OF DROHOBYCH AND DROHOBYCH DISTRICT

Politechnica Lviv

Kate Dmytriv

◊ Table of co nte nts

◊ T h e G eog ra p hy of D roh ob yc h ◊ T h e O r i g i n of t h e Na me o f the City ◊ T h e M ed i eva l Histo r y o f D roh ob yc h ◊ T h e In d u st r i es o f D roh ob yc h ◊ D roh ob yc h 1 0 0 Ye a rs Ago ◊ D roh ob yc h Tod ay ◊ A rc h i tec t u ra l La n d ma r k S i tes of D roh ob ych

106

Historica l co n tex t

◊ The g e o g ra phy o f Drohobyc h

Drohobych District is located in the south-western part of Lviv region, at the foothills of the Carpathian mountains. The district centre is the city of Drohobych. In addition, within the district, there are also two cities of regional subordination (Boryslav and Truskavets). The territory of the district stretches from north to south for 36km, and from west to east for 48km. The modern border of Drohobych District occupies 1,210.7 square kilometres. Drohobych is considered one of the oldest cities, which ranks second in population and economic development in the Lviv Region. Its area is 44.5 square kilometres, stretches from north to south for 8.8 km, the length from east to west is 7.8 km, and the population is about 77,000 inhabitants. Modern Drohobych is an industrial city with a large number of enterprises which is also famous for its historical and architectural structures. According to archaeological data, the city had originated back in the period of Kievan Rus, around the 11th century, in a place rich in salt springs from which salt has long been extracted. However, the first written mention of the city of Drohobych dates back to 1387. From the moment the city was founded, its main wealth was the salt industry.

◊ The o r i g i n o f t he n a m e of the c i t y

According to the most common version, near the salt spring there was a settlement Bych, whose inhabitants traded in salt. After the attack in the late 11th century, the city was burnt. After a while, the inhabitants returned and rebuilt the city, but in a slightly different place. The new city was named the Second Bych, and over time the name became Drohobych.

Timeline of the main events of Drohobych

◊ The m e di eva l hi stor y of Drohobyc h

As a fairly large city, Drohobych had a castle with fortifications. Unfortunately, the castle has not survived to our days — apart from a single brick tower. Later, a church was built on the site of the castle, and the surviving tower became a bell tower. In 1460 the city received self-government under Magdeburg law. Since then, Drohobych has been the ‘Royal Free City’. During this period, the first city bath was built in Drohobych; then, a public well with fresh water was dug and the first hospital was built; next, the first urban water supply system was built and the first craft shops were established. 107

Drohobych on the map of Europe in the 17th century Sourse: 6

Plan of Drohobych in 1663 Sourse: 7

> It is a church complex with a brick temple in the centre and a brick gate-tower with a wooden drawbridge on the city side. > The city has a market square. In the centre, there is a brick town hall surrounded by a defence line with a rampart and a moat, defence towers and gates. > The road to the castle complex. The biggest problem of this plan of Drohobych was the lack of solid brick fortifications around the city.

Every ancient city has its own administrative centre, which has developed historically. In Drohobych, such a centre for many centuries was and is today the Market Square. The timeline clearly shows the planning structure of the city at the end of the 17th century.

108

Historica l co n tex t

◊ The in d u st ri e s o f Drohobyc h Historical photos of Drohobych industrial facilities

For many centuries, salt-making was the main industry in Drohobych and was of great economic importance. In the 1880s, Drohobych district turned into the centre of the oil industry in Western Ukraine.

Sourse: 9

At that time, the Drohobych-Boryslav Basin became a well-known industrial centre for the extraction and refining of oil, ozokerite and gas. A plant for processing ozokerite, paraffin, and oil; a steam mill; 4 brickyards; 2 leatherworks and other industrial enterprises are being built. In 1870-1880 the economic life of Drohobych boomed. The impetus for development was the construction and commissioning of a railway that linked the city with Boryslav and Stryi on the 31st of December, 1872. In the 1660s, the first city school was built. In 1777, the first city gymnasium (grammar school) was opened at the Church of Peter and Paul, where teaching was conducted in Ukrainian.

Drohobych gymnasium and railway station

Due to the development of industry, the city’s population grew rapidly. According to official data from 1869, the population was 16,880 inhabitants. By the end of the summer of 1900, the whole of Galicia, including Drohobych, was overwhelmed by an economic crisis; the number of operating enterprises had decreased by a third.

Sourse: 8

109

H istorica l co n tex t

◊ Dro ho b yc h 1 0 0 ya e rs a g o

Zoning of the Drohobych territory as of 1934

By early 20th century, Drohobych became an established cultural centre of Galicia where plenty of educational institutions and Ukrainian organisations operated. The city had significantly expanded and developed in terms of industrialisation, transport development, and multi-storey buildings.

Sourse: 10

In the year 1934, the territory of Drohobych was divided into 15 zones. We can identify the following areas: 1. the building is adjacent to the center 2. religious buildings 3. administrative buildings in the center 4. central city square 5. main transport routes 6. building with adjacent plots 7. industrial construction 8. private building 9. outbuildings 10. buildings on the outskirts 11. arable land 12. grazing areas 13. herbaceous meadows 14. parks and gardens 15. railway area.

In the early 20th century, Drohobych was a cultural, economically developed city. There were several schools and grammar schools—including ones for women— and many organisations. ◊ Dro ho b yc h to day Modern Drohobych territory with industial enterprises Sourse: 11

110

Today, Drohobych remains an industrial city. There are 31 industrial enterprises that produce a wide range of industrial products.

Historica l co n tex t

◊ Arc hi te c t ura l l a ndm a r k sites o f Dro h o byc h

The wooden Church of St George (15th century). The architecture of the church embodied the most striking achievements of the Galician folk building tradition, which absorbed the artistic traditions of the Baroque. Drohobych is also rich in its architectural monuments. One of the oldest buildings in Drohobych is the Roman Catholic Church of St Bartholomew in the Gothic style, founded in 1392 and the Town Square with the town hall. The wooden Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross (1613) with a wooden bell tower (1661) next to it is directly linked to the Drohobych Saltworks, one of the oldest enterprises in Europe. Drohobych is one of the oldest and most amazing cities in Ukraine. In 2011, it celebrated its 920th anniversary. In ancient times, the basis of the city's prosperity was salt, which was traded throughout the Kingdom of Rus, and the city has preserved this industry to this day. Drohobych is an industrial city, which is still an architectural and cultural place of Lviv region. Famous personalities of Ukraine lived and studied in this city.

Choral Synagogue Roman Catholic Church of St. Bartholomew Wooden church of St. George Sourse: 11

◊ Source s

1. http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/regionalstatistics/pasport.asp?lang=en&az=224&reg=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82 %D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD 2. https://lviv.sq.com.ua/ukr/news/novini/16.03.2018/stalo_izvestno_kak_budut_obedinyatsya_na_drogobychchine/ 3. https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87#/media/%D0%A4%D0 %B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Coat_of_Arms_of_Drohobych.svg 4. https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87#/media/%D0%A4%D0 %B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_Drohobych.svg 5. https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87#/media/%D0%A4%D 0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3 %D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0.jpg 6. https://mapire.eu/en/map/europe-18century-firstsurvey/?bbox=2609040.8223632514%2C6332575.468874809%2C2623554.30 31088994%2C6337352.783142633&map-list=1&layers=163%2C165 7. https://io.ua/240727 8. https://zmistovno.com.ua/?p=2029 9. https://1ua.com.ua/fotoc.php?id=552&album=%D1%F2%E0%F0%B3%20%EF%EE%F8%F2%B3%E2%EA%E8%20%B3%20 %F4%EE%F2%EE 10. http://karta.putivnyk.com/map.php?lang=ru&ind=drogobych 11. https://uk.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87 12. https://odessatransfer.com/goroda/drogobych-taksi.jpg

111

H istorica l co n tex t

DROHOBYCH SALTWORKS HISTORY

Politechnica Lviv

Duda Nazar

◊ Table of co nte nts

◊ Hi stor y of t h e Sa ltwo r ks ◊ S a l t p rod u c t i on tec h n olog y ◊ S a l t c ra f t a n d d eve lo p me n t of t h e reg i on ◊ Sy m b ol i cs ◊ U n i q u en ess an d b e n e fi ts o f D roh ob yc h s al t ◊ S a l t wor ks tod ay ◊ Li n ks

112

Historica l co n tex t

◊ Histor y o f t he Sa l t wor ks

According to unofficial data, in 1250, salt mining and boiling began in Drohobych, not far from salt brine deposits. In the middle of the 14th century, Drohobych saltworks were already of great economic importance. The first mention of salt from Drohobych dates back to 1390, when Władysław Opolczyk gifted a tithe of salt from Drohobych to the Galician archbishopric. On a fragment of the icon of the 17th century entitled The Meeting of Mary and Elizabeth in the Drohobych Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross (by Stefan Popowicz-Medycki) depicts the Saltworks of Drohobych. In fact, the entire scenography of the icon takes place against the background of the Saltworks. From the image, we can imagine what the production looked like at that time. It was an entire compound, because in addition to salt wells, there were ancillary office buildings, kitchens, warehouses, shops, workshops, and even taverns for saltworks.

The Meeting of Mary and Elizabeth Source: http://gomgal.lviv.ua/Fullnew/3278

In 1339, Drohobych was captured by the Poles. Part of the mines in Drohobych and surrounding villages became the property of the King. Peasants subject to the Monarch, who leased the saltworks to wealthy Italian merchants who came from Italy with merchant caravans, were forced to work there. During the 14th and 15th centuries, monarchs were almost continuously ruling of the saltworks in Drohobych. The Italians produced high quality salt. They significantly expanded Drohobych's trade ties with Europe. However, acting monopolistically and profiting from exploitation often caused conflicts in the city (1491). Picture 2 Source: https://lviv.dsp.gov.ua/seminar-narady/ narada-z-pytan-okhorony-pratsi-u-dp-sol/

113

H istorica l co n tex t

In 1565, there were 45 saltworks in the city. They were divided into royal, monastic and private. In the same year, 26,000 barrels of salt were boiled in Drohobych, including about half in private saltworks and the rest in the royal county. Picture 3 Source: https://lviv.dsp.gov.ua/seminar-narady/ narada-z-pytan-okhorony-pratsi-u-dp-sol/

In 1768, Zhupna Street was paved with wood. It was connected with the territory of the Saltworks by way of a bridge built over the rather deep then Pobuk stream. At that time, there were two wells in the Drohobych Saltworks: The Royal Well (pit No. 1) and Baron Gartenberg’s Well (pit No. 2). Salt mining was allowed in both of these. Drohobych Saltworks is the oldest continuously operating enterprise in Ukraine, and one of the oldest enterprises in Eastern Europe. Interestingly, the Saltworks have never ceased production — even during wars, occupation regimes and natural disasters, craft and trade did not decline. ◊ Salt pro d u c t i o n te c hno lo g y

114

The technology of salt mining is very simple and is preserved to this day. The Enterprise is located next to the sources of the raw material: salt brine. In ancient times, salt brine (a salt solution) was extracted with the help of horses and oxen. Brine was extracted in buckets from wells. And in 1966, a pumpjack was installed here, the same one used in the oil industry. At the moment the pumpjack is not working and brine is extracted by means of a common pump. The machine pumps the brine into special sedimentation tanks — vats — where it settles and is cleaned. The depth of the Drohobych mine is 50 meters. The perimeter is 2.5m x 3.5m. The settled brine is then boiled in vats on old furnaces. Upon evaporation, the salt settles at the bottom. Then go the processes of drying, grinding, and packaging. Since 1948, salt has been iodized.

Historica l co n tex t

Picture 4 Source: https://zaxid.net/istoriya_z_prismakom_ soli_n1413804

For over a thousand years, the technology of extraction and boiling of Drohobych salt has remained practically unchanged. Therefore, the authentic production of Drohobych salt may be included in the UNESCO list of intangible heritage. ◊ Salt c ra ft a nd deve lop m en t o f the re g i o n

The city was established thanks to the deposits of salt brine. Drohobych was built with the funds earned from the sale of salt. For centuries, the salt industry has ensured the development and prosperity of the city. In the last decades of the Galician-Volynian state, Drohobych has become one of the richest cities, as the local salt was sold not only to Galicia and Transcarpathia, but also to Volyn and Kyiv region. Chumaks (salt shippers on horse-driven carts) from different parts of Ukraine used to come to get the Drohobych salt. And then ships with salt floated the rivers even up to Kyiv. According to geologists, the reserves of brine here are almost inexhaustible and can serve for thousands of years.

◊ Symb o l i cs

Salt is an invariable symbol of Drohobych. Traditionally, Drohobych salt was sold in bulk, in bags, in barrels — or in the form of cone-shaped, fire-baked furnaces — the latter having become the main symbol of Drohobych. The city emblem depicts nine salt furnaces on a blue background. In the Middle Ages, such furnace was a standard measure in the purchase and sale of the "white gold" and had a considerable price. Currently, local ‘salt furnaces’ are one of the most popular souvenirs in Drohobych. The touristic logo of the city also depicts a ‘salt furnace’ — and the official slogan of the city is ‘Drohobych – it has all the salt’.

Picture 5 Source: https://uk.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A 4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Coat_of_Arms_of_ Drohobych.svg

The emblem of Drohobych Saltworks is called mente et malleo. In Ukrainian, it means ‘with a brain and a hammer‘.

115

H istorica l co n tex t

◊ U nique ne ss a nd be n ef i ts of Dro ho b yc h s a l t

In Artemivsk (Donetsk region) salt is mined in the form of ore. It is dug in mines, crushed, and packed. This salt is also called rock salt. And only in Drohobych the ancient method — boiling from brine with a concentration of 300g-310g of salt per 1 liter of brine — was preserved. This liquid is also called salt brine. To obtain it, a well with a diameter of 2m x 3m, and more than 50 meters deep, was dug here. Boiled salt is cleaner and healthier than rock salt. When boiling from brine, all harmful bromine evaporates. But even unboiled brine is also much purer than salt ore. This was discovered in 1907. At the time, the Austrians who had studied the chemical composition of the local "white gold" in detail found that the bromine content in brine was much lower than in rock salt. The method of Drohobych salt production is considered ancient, more labor-intensive and expensive. But the quality is worth it because Drohobych salt is recognised as being one of the best in Ukraine for its quality and benefits.

◊ Saltwo rks to day

Presently, salt-making is on the verge of extinction. The state does not finance the enterprise, because such salt is more expensive. Whereas at the end of the last century the plant produced more than 20 tonnes of salt every day, today’s output amounts to a mere 400 kg, and most of the company's facilities are in disrepair. Active Drohobych residents want to revive the enterprise and create a historical reservation on its basis. They want to make salt-making not only an industry, but also a tourist highlight of the region.

Picture 6 Source: http://tutbuv.com/?p=3051T

Upon entering the plant, it becomes clear that the symbolic industry for the city — salt production — is on the verge of extinction. All these buildings are more reminiscent of abandoned old warehouses than an existing enterprise, which also brings a modest one but still a profit: circa 200,000 UAH per year.

116

Historica l co n tex t

Picture 7 Source: https://galnet.fm/usya-sil-galychyny/е

Today, the Drohobych saltworks is not experiencing the best of times. The company has only about three dozen employees. And the amount of salt produced and sold is very different from the scale of the olden days. The Equipment and overall appearance are in a disappointing condition. And if for the guests of the city, it is a part of the entourage, for the workers it is a cruel everyday life. According to the official data, the company's infrastructure is worn out by 85-90%. The last time the premises were renovated was in the 1920s. The company manages to stay afloat only due to the enthusiasm and love of its employees. There are more and more people willing to see the oldest operating salt mine and firewood vats. There are huge prospects for the creation of a museum of salt at the enterprise or even a spa complex with medicinal salt brine. Currently, Drohobych Saltworks is a state-owned enterprise with almost zero profitability. Now it is important to keep the team. In its heyday, the Saltworks used to employ a total of up to 100 people. Today, there are 28 left. It is very difficult to find specialists who are familiar with such technologies. But anyone who buys Drohobych salt should know that there are millennia and only 28 incorrigible optimists behind the production of Drohobych salt. For them, the Saltworks is a matter of a lifetime. ◊ Source s

1 https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0 %B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0% D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jKuErBrzchQ&ab_channel=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%8 1%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0 3 https://drohobychyna.com.ua/edifice/drogobickiy-solevivaryuvalniy-zavod/istoriya-solevivarni/ 4 https://zaxid.net/istoriya_z_prismakom_soli_n1413804 5 https://galinfo.com.ua/news/hroniky_starovynnogo_mista_drogobytska_solevarnya_346452.html 6 https://ua.igotoworld.com/ua/poi_object/70819_drogobychskaya-solevarnya.htm 7 https://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2018/12/14/7201096/ 8 https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100022490869015 9 https://www.liveinternet.ru/community/lj_ua_travels/page64.shtml 10 https://seedsandroots.net/drogobyczka-solevarnya-na-staryh-foto/ Photos by: Roman Baluh; Eldar Salachman

117

H istorica l co n tex t

THE ARTISTIC HERITAGE OF BRUNO SCHULZ

Politechnica Lviv

Popadiuk Oksana

◊ Table of co nte nts

◊ In t rod u c t i on ◊ C rea t i ve h er i tage ◊ T h e st reet of c ro co d i le s ( a ka c i n n am on sh o p s) ◊ T h e Hou rg l a ss sa n a to r i u m ◊ B ac kg rou n d ◊ V i s u al i m a g er y ◊ Wal l p ai n t i n g s ◊ T h e m a p of S c h u lz -re la te d p l a ces ◊ S c h u l z i a n locat io n s i n D roh ob yc h ◊ Referen ces

118

Historica l co n tex t

Bruno Schulz 12.07.1892—19.11.1942 Source: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR2iI-_RUQ5DeXqi3Rjzo00ovT lE06lXlub4A&usqp=CAU

Writer, painter, illustrator, and graphic artist known for short story collections bringing back the magical reality of Poland’s pre-war shtetls.

◊ I ntrod u c t i o n

Bruno Schulz was born in Drohobych, a town of modest size located in western Ukraine, not far from the city of Lviv. He spent nearly his entire life there and was generally unwilling to travel. His voyages outside of his native city were sporadic and brief. He viewed Drohobych to be the centre of the world and was an acute observer of life there. His writings and his art are saturated with the realities of Drohobych. His stories are replete with descriptions of the town’s main streets and landmarks, as well as with portraits of its inhabitants.

Picture 1 Source: https://www.myjewishlearning.com/ wp-content/uploads/2015/04/bruno_schulz_hp.jpg

Picture 2 Source: https://drohobych-rada.gov.ua/wp-content/ uploads/2019/12/%D0%B4%D0%BE.jpeg

◊ C reati ve h e r i ta g e

Schulz's output as a writer was relatively modest in terms of quantity, but exceptionally rich in quality and subject matter. It is comprised of of two volumes of short stories — The Street of Crocodiles (aka Cinnamon Shops) and The Hourglass Sanatorium — and a handful of texts the writer did not include in the first editions of these two collections. Apart from the stories, there is an unusually interesting set of letters, published in the so-called Księga listów / Book of Letters, as well as "critical essays" (primarily press reviews of literary works) that were only recently collected and published in a separate volume.

Picture 3 Source: https://i.grassets.com/images/S/ compressed.photo.goodreads.com/ books/1388849901l/244261.jpg

Picture 4 Source: https://m.mediaamazon.com/images/M/MV 5BMjIxMzBlNDgtMTM0Zi00MmEyLWIxMTAtYTFlNG E4OTMyZWVjL2ltYWdlXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyNTAyODk wOQ@@._V1_.jpg

119

H istorica l co n tex t

◊ The stre e t o f c ro co d i les (aka c in n a mo n s h o ps )

The Street of Crocodiles (aka Cinnamon Shops), which inspired the much-applauded 1986 puppet animation short by the Quay Brothers, tells of various episodes in the life of a merchant family in a small Galician town. The stories are said to be inspired by Schulz’s own childhood and upbringing — however, the flourish of the pen brings about a dreamlike vision of reality, employing metaphors and colourful language to blur the line between life and death, the Real and the Imaginary. The short film by the Quay Brothers was selected by director and animator Terry Gilliam as one of the ten best animated films of all time.

Picture 5 Source: https://saltinthecode.files.wordpress. com/2008/01/quay1.jpg

Picture 6 Source: https://i.redd.it/ulelpt7lh10y.png

◊ The Hou rg l a ss Sa na tor i u m

The Hourglass Sanatorium was also brought to the screen as a1973 film by Wojciech Jerzy Has. The protagonist arrives at the Hourglass Sanatorium run by Doctor Gotard, where his father, deceased but restored to life in a different dimension of time, is staying. Józef travels to “various loops of past time” — the years of his childhood and fantastic dreams — and his family house, his father’s shop, a Jewish town come to life. Stamp collections and stories from newspaper-printed novels in instalments bring back uncanny, nostalgic images. A repeated time loop attempt reveals, however, the world of the Jewish shtetl and culture destroyed and depopulated by the Holocaust.

Picture 7 Source: https://www.filmlinc.org/wp-content/ uploads/2020/08/Hourglass-Sanatorium.jpg

Picture 8 Source: https://media.interactive.netuse.gr/ filesystem/images/20180912/engine/thehourglass-sanatorium_981_14348585_type13058. jpg

◊ Bac kgro u n d

Picture 9 Source: https://castles.com.ua/fileadmin/_ processed_/csm_2rynek_drogobich_01329158f3. png

Picture 10 Source: https://zmistovno.com.ua/wp-content/ uploads/2019/06/drohobych_vul.stryjska_19131200x783.jpg

120

Most of Schulz’s short stories are based in Drohobych. Although the writer never decided to move — he considered Drohobych to be fundamental for his work — during his lifetime, the town was controlled by a few different countries, belonging subsequently to Austro-Hungary, the West Ukrainian People’s Republic, the Second Republic of Poland, the USSR, and the Third Reich.

Historica l co n tex t

◊ Visual i m a g e ry

Before the author turned to literature, however, he proved himself a successful visual artist (he was self-taught, never having completed the technical studies he embarked on — first in Lviv, and then in Vienna). Using a rare printing technique of cliché-verre, he produced — among others — a series of drawings that focused on the subject of sadomasochism, amassed in a portfolio titled Xięga Bałwochwalcza / The Book of Idolatry (c. 1920). Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz was one of the first to praise the works from this portfolio, classifying their author as a “demonologist”. Most of these consist of grotesque scenes in which women dominate men, the latter consenting to their role of subordinate beings, adoring the women in all possible ways and ultimately raising altars in their praise. Much of Bruno’s work was occupied by his self-portraits — which revealed his state of mind and conveyed the author’s thoughts at the time. Most of them evoke mixed emotions and show the author’s attitude towards himself.

Picture 11 Source: hshorturl.at/fgpCP

Picture 12 Source: shorturl.at/kAVY0

Picture 13 Source: shorturl.at/gyBLW

Picture 14 Source: shorturl.at/zCPU8

Picture 15 Source: shorturl.at/etAP7

Picture 16 Source: shorturl.at/knwE6

Picture 17 Source: shorturl.at/kCEQ2

◊ Wall p a i nt i ng

Frescoes of Bruno Schulz discovered by Benjamin Geissler on the 9th of February, 2001 in Drohobych. The frescoes were under a layer of plaster in the former apartment of SS officer Felix Landau. They were painted in the spring or summer of 1942 for the Landau’s children and depicted scenes from fairy tales. Pictured in the former Landau Villa in Drohobych i n May 2001, the frescoes were clandestinely cut out and secretly taken to Israel.

Picture 18 Source: shorturl.at/akwzZ

Picture 19 Source: shorturl.at/frsvV

Picture 20 Source: shorturl.at/dyDW8

121

H istorica l co n tex t

◊ The ma p o f Sc h u l z -rel ated place s Picture 21 Source: https://unexploredcity.com/en/tourview/265

(1) The Street of Crocodiles, (2) Former old Jewish cemetery, (3) Former Jewish hospital, (4) Choral Synagogue, (5) Former house of ZbigniewMoroń, (6) Former Jewish orphanage, (7) Former King State Gymnasium, (8) Bianca’s villa, (9) Landau’s villa, (10) Former Jewish nursing home, (11) Former villa of Raymond Jarosz, (12) Former editorial office of the 'Bolshevik Truth' newspaper, (13) Judenrat, (14) Bruno Schulz`s House, (15) St. Bartholomew’s Church, (16) Place where Bruno Schulz was shot, (17) Bruno Schulz’s family house, (18) Former Adam Mickiewicz Secondary School, (19) City Hall, (20) Former GorgoniuszTobiaszko’s pharmacy, (21) Bruno Schulz Street, (22) Drohobych regional department of thePeople's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, (23) Professional School for Girls, (24) Holy Trinity Church, (25) Drohobychsaltworks, (26) St. George’s Church, (27) Cemetery ◊ Sc hulzi a n lo ca t i o ns i n Dro ho b yc h

Picture 22 Source: https://unexploredcity.com/uploads/ tour_points/f2/9b/vw-dp30famgn_6c25bdd2.jpg

According to schulzologists, The Street of Crocodiles is located within modern-day Ivana Mazepy and Stryiska Streets. One of the stories from Cinnamon Shops is under the same title. Schulz called the Street of Crocodiles as a peripheral, parasitical quarter and a sign of civilization that spoiled the city.

122

Historica l co n tex t

Picture 23 Source: https://unexploredcity.com/uploads/ tour_points/f1/dd/vw-dp30msn9r_8a5dd1e7.jpg

The Great Choral Synagogue (6 Pylypa Orlyka Street). Probably, Bruno Schulz went to synagogue, but it is unknown how often. Schulz’s family didn’t belong to the Orthodox Jews. In February 8, 1936, Bruno Schulz officially withdrew from the Jewish Religious Community and took on the status of 'non-believer' until his death.

Picture 24 Source: https://unexploredcity.com/uploads/ tour_points/e9/ed/vw-dp30lkc1m_9f8e3397.jpg

Former house of Zbigniew Moroń (10 Ivana Chmoly Street; now a residential house). During German occupation, Bruno Schulz hid in the cellar of this house when Felix Landau, who was the so-called ‘protector’ of the artist until his tragic death, was outside the city.

Picture 25 Source: https://unexploredcity.com/uploads/ tour_points/ec/26/vw-dp30maqfr_11bf3fb0.jpg

The former Jewish orphanage (46 Lesi Ukrainky Street; now the Faculty of History of the Drohobych University). Izydor Schulz, Bruno Schulz’s brother, was one of the builders as well as engineers who constructed the orphanage in 1911–1913. According to Bruno Schulz’s students, here, he made drawings on the ceiling of one of the rooms during the German occupation.

Picture 26 Source: https://unexploredcity.com/uploads/ tour_points/40/a7/vw-dp30o228j_4da7cd11.jpg

The former King Władysław Jagiełło State Gymnasium (24 Ivana Franka Street; now the main building of the Drohobych University). Here, Bruno Schulz studied from 1902 to 1910; his teacher of drawing was Adolf Arendt, whom the writer immortalised in his prose. Here, Schulz worked as a teacher of drawing and manual arts from 1924 to 1939. Since November 2003 in his former professorial office near the former workshop, there is the Bruno Schulz Museum founded by the Centre for Polish Studies of the Drohobych University which substantially takes care of it. This is the first Bruno Schulz Museum in Ukraine as well as in the world.

123

H istorica l co n tex t

Picture 27 Source: https://unexploredcity.com/uploads/ tour_points/a9/93/vw-dp30okqg6_5fb85e64.jpg

The Bianca Villa (38 Tarasa Shevchenka Street; now the Palace of Arts, a department of the Drohobych Museum). The Bianca Villa is described in Bruno Schulz’s short story, Spring. Here, Bruno Schulz’s murals are displayed that have been discovered in the so-called Landau Villa back in 2001. The famous schulzologist Władysław Panas (1947–2005) identified this Palace, founded in the early 20th century, with Bianca’s villa, described by Schulz.

Picture 28 Source: https://unexploredcity.com/uploads/ tour_points/99/ac/vw-dp30qi3hu_9d3ce129.jpg

The so-called ‘Landau Villa’ (14 Tarnavskoho Street; now a residential building). During the German occupation of Drohobych, SS Hauptscharführer Felix Landau lived here with his family. At his orders, Bruno Schulz painted pictures based on fairy tales on the walls of one of the rooms. Five fragments of these paintings found in 2001 were given to the Drohobych Museum of Local Studies and the other three were taken out of Ukraine and now they are exhibited in the Yad Vashem Museum in Israel.

Picture 29 Source: https://unexploredcity.com/uploads/ tour_points/d6/ae/vw-dp312do88_15f4d301.jpg

The house where Bruno Schulz lived from 1910 to 1941 (12 Yuriya Drohobycha Street; in Schulz’s times: Bednarska Street, then Florianska Street; in the Soviet times: Sedova Street; now there are apartments in this house). The owner of the house was Bruno Schulz’s sister, Hanna Hoffman. After World War II, a part of Schulz’s letters was found in its attic.

Picture 30 Source: https://www.dw.com/image/39219733_403. jpg

The place where Bruno Schulz was shot (Tarasa Shevchenka Street). During the 2nd International Bruno Schulz Festival, thanks to partners from Lublin, the commemorative plaque was placed here on 19th of November, 2006 but later it was stolen; a new plaque was placed on the 19th of November, 2010.

124

Historica l co n tex t

Picture 31 Source: https://unexploredcity.com/uploads/ tour_points/c4/7a/vw-dp316j5s7_7830bcae.jpg

The location of Bruno Schulz’s family house (2 Market Square), where he lived from 1892 to 1910; on the ground floor, there was a textile store, Henriette Schulz, owned by Bruno’s father, Jakub Schulz—and its facade was decorated with a Jakub Schulz’s painting in which two merchants who praised their goods were depicted. Schulz’s family house is described in Cinnamon Shops. The house burnt down during World War I.

◊ Refe re n ce s

https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/09/books/young-man-from-drohobycz.html https://culture.pl/en/interrupted-country/in-search-of-the-messiah-bruno-schulz-his-detective https://culture.pl/en/article/bruno-schulz-the-immortal-artist https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/28/arts/design/28wall.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Schulz#Biography https://culture.pl/en/artist/bruno-schulz https://unexploredcity.com/en/tour-view/265

125

FUTURE SCENARIOS AND CONCEPTS

◊ Reg i on al con cep t ◊ P rod u c t i on ◊ C u l t u re ◊ Wel l n ess

127

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts

Regional concept

DROHOBYCH – BORYSLAW - TRUSKAWEZ A GOLDEN TRIANGLE OF PARTNERSHIP

TU Kaiserslautern Politechnica Lviv

Michelle Jendretzke, Lennart Bruß Olena Zaiats, Sofia Zhantalai

◊ Table of co nte nts

◊ T h e C h al len g e: T h ree c i t i es – O n e a g g lom era t i on ◊ C on d u c t i n g t h e Jo i n t Wor ks h op ◊ P res en ta t i on of Bo r ysla v, Tr u s kavets , a n d Dro h o b ych - T h e c i t y of B orysla v - T h e c i t y of Tr uska ve ts - T h e c i t y of D roh o b ych ◊ S WOT - A n alys i s o f th e ci ty of D roh ob yc h a n d i ts S a lt Mine ◊ S WOT - A n alys i s o f th e Reg i on ◊ S t rateg y of t h e Go ld e n Tr i a n g le ◊ “ Hea l i n g E lem e n ts. Ca r i n g Peop le. S h a red Be n e fi ts.” ◊ For m i n g Pa r t n ersh i p s wi th G er m an y ◊ T h e S al t m i n e of D roh ob yc h ◊ C on c l u s i on ◊ S ou rces

128

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

D r o h o b y c h – B o r y s l a w - Tr u s k a w e z . A G o l d e n Tr i a n g l e o f partnership ◊ The Cha l le ng e : Three c i t i e s – O n e agglome ra t i o n

The joint workshop entitled Magical Salt Cities — renewal of salt factories as an urban development strategy in Ukraine and Germany between TU Kaiserslautern and Lviv Polytechnic included an intense discussion on the topic of the Salt City of Drohobych and its eventful history. The region in the vicinity of the city of Drohobych — particularly its agglomeration with the cities of Boryslav and Truskavets — was also an important item on the agenda. That said, the role of a city, its importance and the function it fulfils for the entire region can never be considered in isolation. It must always be placed in the context of the region it is in. This was achieved within the framework of the workshop, within the context whereby the city of Drohobych was discussed and examined in conjunction with its two neighbouring cities Boryslav and Truskavets. All three ‘sister cities’, considered together, form a combined agglomeration with a population of circa 144,000 inhabitants. Due to the constrained timeframe for processing, the town of Stebnyk (now a part of Drohobych) was not included in this workshop, although it must always be taken into account in the analysis of the Drohobych land. From an aerial point of view, Drohobych, Boryslav, and Truskavets form a common triangle. All three cities are located very close to each other with a maximum distance of around 5 kilometres from one to the other. The largest city — with a population of around 76,000 — is the city of Drohobych, followed by Boryslav (approximately 38,400) and Truskavets (29,000 inhabitants).

Figure 1: Agglomeration of Drohobych, Boryslaw and Truskawez Source: Own work (2020). TU Kaiserslautern.

129

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts ◊ C o nduct i n g t he J o i n t Worksho p

Our goal, within this workshop, was to take a closer look at the agglomeration surrounding the city of Drohobych, examine it — seeking existing similarities — and to analyse and ascertain how these similarities can be brought together and used in a more intensive way. To do this, we first roughly sketched the situation of the cities, and then moved on to a creative phase whereby we focused on the unifying elements linking the three cities on an interdisciplinary level. Even though the three cities are geographically very close to each other, finding these elements was not so easy, as they are not obvious at first glance. So, in order to fulfil this task, we wanted to take a deeper look at the region and the cities of Drohobych, Boryslav, and Truskavets. As our next step, we looked more closely at the characteristic features of the three cities and elaborated them further. It became clear that each city has its own trademark and its own strengths which may be combined with the assets of the other cities, implementing a sustainable network. For example: all three cities have beautiful old town centres that form a unifying element and need to be preserved. In the creative phase, new technologies which may be used for public transit in the future were also considered as a connecting element of this region which is so unique. During the work phase, it soon became clear that dealing with the topic of health and recreation in particular could present a significant opportunity for the new formation of a network linking the three cities. Therefore, in our further work within the workshop, we focused primarily on how to network the cities with respect to their own special and unique characteristics and foster a positive impact on health.

Figure 2: First results of the joint workshop Source: Own work (2020). TU Kaiserslautern | Polytechnica Lviv.

◊ Pre sen ta t i o n o f B o rys l a v, Truska ve ts , a n d Dro ho byc h

The city of Bor yslav The city slogan of Boryslav is “It All Started With Oil”. This makes it clear from the start how much the city has been shaped by the extraction of oil and gas in the recent decades. In fact, it is the only city in the world that is located directly on an oil and gas field. The city gained widespread fame in the second half of the 19th century as one of the world’s most important centres of oil production of that time. The oil production in the region of Galicia reached its peak in 1912 with a volume of almost 3 million tonnes — most of it coming from the oil mines in Boryslav. Even today, oil is still produced in small quantities in the urban area of Boryslav (Schmid, 2007). That said, In addition to oil, there are other unique features that make the city stand out. For example, the extraction of oil and gas leads to the occurrence of many mineral and healing waters. There is also a considerable occurrence of ozokerite (‘earth wax’ or ‘mineral wax’) in the vicinity of Boryslav — which is mainly obtained through mining. In its raw state, it has a dark brown to greenish black colour and a

130

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

waxy structure. The mineral is mostly used for medical purposes — for instance, in physiotherapy (Die Chemie-Schule, n.y.). Ozokerite treatment is considered one of the most widespread methods of thermotherapy in medical treatment. This kind of treatment is offered, for instance, in spa facilities in the nearby Truskavets (Sanatorium Shakhtar Truskawetz, 2017). Figure 3: The mining of oil and Ozokerite in the city of Boryslaw Sources: Own photography (2020) | https://bit.ly/3bo1n7Y.

T h e C i t y o f Tr u s k a v e t s The city of Truskavets is particularly known as an environmentally clean area. Due to the ample number of different wellness treatments, the city is considered to be a spa town. In addition to that, it is also a centre of balneotherapeutic resorts. Truskavets is likewise known for its unique mineral springs. In total, there are fourteen springs here; they are naturally self-flowing in the underground, and are pumped up onto the surface. The larger deposits in the town are used in the spa baths. The most famous healing therapy is the sulphur-smelling, slightly salty Naftusia water, originating from the eponymous hydro-carbonate-sulphate-calcium-manganese spring. The city offers various specialised medical treatments, such as therapeutic salt applications for the digestive system, or the use of ozokerite and medical procedures in a speleo-chamber — akin to the natural atmosphere of a salt cave. In order to boost its popularity — and also to create a certain recognition value — Truskavets dubs itself “The City of Health” (City of Truskavets, n.y.. Sanatorium Shakhtar Truskawetz, 2017)

Figure 4: Healing baths in Truskwez today and around 1930 Sources: https://truskavets.ua/en/accommodation/ khyzhyna-spa-en/ | https://bit.ly/2JUXwny

The City of Drohobych “All Salt Is Here” is the slogan of Drohobych, as the city has a long and versatile tradition of salt mining. It was one of the main centres of salt production in Ukraine, and became famous for its salt way beyond the country’s borders. At the end of the 19th century, rich oil deposits were discovered near Drohobych, which led to the manufacturing industry shifting its focus away from salt and on to the extraction of oil. By 1880, there were already over than 35 oil companies operating in Drohobych that specialised in the production of oil. The city then underwent 131

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts

a slow process of transformation — from a salt town to an oil town (City of Drohobych, n.y.). As far as salt extraction is concerned, it can be said that the tradition of producing high quality salt has been ongoing since the 14thcentury. Today, however, a very small amount of salt is extracted at the salt plant. In Drohobych, salt is boiled from brine which is pumped up deep from the under the ground onto the surface. This method is much better than extracting rock salt off a mine, as practically all bromine is evaporated in the process of boiling. Drohobych salt is produced in accordance with an ancient method which is both very labour-intensive and expensive. This method, however, yields salt of much higher quality — which can be sold at a higher price in the market. In April 2019, the city announced plans to transform the plant into a tourist attraction. In order to use the site of the salt mine for tourism purposes, it is important to add new functions to the site, and to renovate the dilapidated buildings. ◊ SWOT An a lys i s o f t h e C i t y of Dro ho b yc h a n d i ts S a l t Mine

Strengths ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛

Environmentally friendly Scenic River Lots of hotels and restaurants Historic old town Traditional salt mine

Opportunities ˛ Presentation of the cultural heritage ˛ Potential for development of new functions in the area ˛ Tourism ˛ Job creation ˛ Eco-friendly mobility ˛ New space for Drohobych

Weaknesses ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛

Bad shape of the buildings Poor road conditions Insufficient public transport Privatised salt plant Mono-functionality in uses Low amount of investments

Threats ˛ Decline of the site ˛ Loss of historical value ˛ The threat of building for other purpose ˛ Wrong investments, loss of the full potential of possible functions

Speaking of the strengths of the city of Drohobych, the environment is particularly striking. South of it, there runs the River Tysmenytsia; plus there are smaller lakes and ponds scattered across the city, creating a beautiful atmosphere. In the northern and the north-western parts of Drohobych, there are larger green areas sandwiched between urban developments. One particular strength of the city— which, at the same time, acts as a unique selling factor—is its salt mine. It is still in operation and manages to make Drohobych stand out among the other cities in its immediate surroundings. Particularly peculiar is the historic old town centre which, in conjunction with the many hotels and restaurants, has a positive impact on tourism by attracting travellers. Moreover, Drohobych is situated not far from Lviv, and this makes it more accessible from the standpoint of air travel. The city, however, has not only strengths but also some weaknesses. Among them is the condition of the buildings on the territory of the salt mine. These are in such poor condition that they have a negative impact on tourism. Due to the poor condition of the buildings, it is currently not possible to open the mine for visitor 132

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

tours. Apart from the buildings, the roads are also in very poor condition and public transport is underdeveloped. Parts of the area of the salt mine are privatised. The privatised land is in the form of garages and is used for storage space. This impedes renovation of the property and makes its development more difficult. Another weakness of the salt mine is the mono-functionality of its use. Potential opportunities for the city lie primarily in the cultural sector. As Drohobych has a long history since its city foundation, this tradition is also reflected in the cityscape—which in turn can benefit and help to develop the tourism. The salt mine in particular offers new opportunities for the city. Through the redevelopment of the buildings, the area can not only be used for tourism attractions, but it is also possible to increase salt production and give old unused buildings a new function. This can also act as an accelerator for new jobs. Strengthening tourism and creating new jobs also has a positive effect on the gross domestic product. The redevelopment can be carried out eco-friendly. The result of the redevelopment is a new area in Drohobych, which creates a great value for the community. Possible risks are that if the site is not redeveloped, the buildings will become more and more degraded and salt production will not be possible in the future. In relation to the redevelopment of the site, complications with the private area may arise. The garages located there may visually disturb the harmony of the new buildings or redeveloped buildings and diminish the appearance of the area. Also, a wrong investment can lead to the loss of the potential of the possible functions and that it is threatened to use the buildings differently. Another risk is that possibly the historical value will be lost. All in all, it can be said that the redevelopment and further development of the salt mine area with the help of an investor will have a positive impact on the city and tourism. ◊ SWOT A n a lys i s o f t h e Region

One of the strengths of the region is the direct neighbourhood and the short distances between the cities. Furthermore, the region is characterised by a beautiful landscape, which invites tourists to relax. Another strength is the historical relevance of the cities, which goes beyond the city limits. In the past, the cities were important locations for oil and salt mining, which made them famous. In addition to this, the region is home to important writers and artists who have achieved international popularity. However, the region’s strengths are also countered by weaknesses. For example, the condition of the roads and the poor public transport connection is a major harm of the regions success, which means that investments must be made in the transport and infrastructure sector to guarantee the accessibility of the individual cities. Furthermore, it is a structurally underdeveloped area, which is defined by its agricultural character, a small number of inhabitants, and the weak infrastructure and economic structure. Another weakness is the region’s technical progress, as well as the availability of educational opportunities. For example, the nearest university location is Lviv. Despite the weaknesses of the region, there are many opportunities to make the area attractive and enhance its value. The greatest potential benefit lies in the tourism sector. There are many opportunities for action here, which have a far-reaching impact on economic strength. By improving the infrastructure and investing in public transport, the mobility of tourists, as well as that of the locals, will be increased. Due to the increased volume of people, small companies and 133

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts

businesses in the region also benefit from the increased demand, as this opens new employment opportunities for them. This will have a positive effect on other cities and towns in the region, as additional jobs will be created through the expansion of hotels and restaurants. The increased economic power of the region means that more financial resources are available for sustainable projects. As a result, the region is gradually upgrading itself. In addition, this improves the standard of living and prosperity of the region. This also increases the awareness of the population with regard to sustainability — which is boosted by the project — in order to create an environmentally friendly tourism concept. There is a chance that the area will become a pioneer region and gain notoriety. Due to the fact that Truskavets is a spa town, synergy effects may arise. The resources, such as salt, mineral springs and ozokerite can be mined and used locally for spa treatments. This creates a unique selling point for the region, from which it benefits, and the regionalism is strengthened. In addition, there is the chance to use the underdevelopment of the region by processing this aspect as a cultural asset — for example, through the creation of museums. However, there are also risks. There is an investment risk, which means that there is a danger that, for example, the acquisition payments will be higher than calculated and the payment surpluses will be lower. The expansion of tourism can increase pollution caused by traffic and people. Furthermore, a change in the economic sectors can occur, since many workers are employed in the tourism sector, so that in the other sectors there is a lack of workers. Another risk is increased land sealing, which in turn can have a negative impact on the environment. ◊ Strateg y o f t he G o ld en Triangle Figure 5: Joint cooperation of Drohobych, Boryslaw and Truskawez Source: Own work (2020). TU Kaiserslautern.

134

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

Based on the results of the future workshop, the elaborated SWOT analysis of Drohobych and its salt mine and on the basis of the in-depth analysis of the three cities and the region, our group has developed a future strategy for the agglomeration around the cities of Drohobych, Boryslav and Truskavets. The key element of this strategy is undoubtedly the reconsideration and development of the individual qualities of each of the three municipalities. In particular, the focus is on the issue of health in connection with the upgrading of the entire region as a centre for spa and tourism. The health synergies are accompanied by trend-setting and future-oriented technologies in the fields of marketing, mobility and inter-communal cooperation. Due to the short distance between the cities and the existing overlap in the field of health applications, the agglomeration has a great opportunity to exploit these assets and use them to a greater extent than it is currently the case. Based on their geographic location and their individual presence of medically valuable products, the new alliance of the three cities will henceforth be known as the Golden Triangle. Due to its size, strategic location and function as a producer of salt, Drohobych represents the apex of this triangle of partnership cooperation. Salt already played an important role many centuries ago. Due to its exorbitant significance as a preservative and seasoning in these times, the expression “white gold” was solidified with respect to salt. Even though the importance of its former function has diminished considerably and the product itself has been exposed to a strong price decline, salt has become a long-established valuable resource for spa cures, breathing therapies, and healing baths. With these valuable characteristics, the “white gold” is perfectly suited to become an important asset in the Golden Triangle. The salt from Drohobych can be used in new spa establishments that are to be built directly on the renovated site in Drohobych and that can also be exported to the spa city of Truskavets within the framework of the joint cooperation. Here, new applications can be developed and implemented specifically for the use of the Drohobych salt. The city of Boryslav, with its characteristic features, will also become an important part of the Golden Triangle. Thus, Boryslav can be an interesting destination for tourists and visitors due to its long-standing tradition of oil mining. The history of oil extraction and its economic significance for the entire region can be excellently illustrated on site and made more accessible to visitors in exhibitions and museums. At the same time, Boryslav will also become an important constituent of the yet to be implemented health network through its function as a supplier of the valuable Ozokerite. Because of its shape, colour, but especially because of its healing qualities for physiotherapeutic applications, Ozokerite is hence called “black gold”. This, in turn, ties in with the importance of the oil for the region, as the oil has also long been referred to as “black gold” due to its economic and financial value. The Ozokerite from Boryslav can also be exported to Truskavets or Drohobych to be used in spa treatments and specialized medical applications. Due to its long tradition as a spa town and its focus on health tourism, the city of Truskavets becomes an important associate in the partnership strategy of the Golden Triangle. This on the one hand due to its reputation as a travel destination far beyond the borders of the region, and on the other hand as a valuable partner with many spa hotels, health facilities and medical treatments, in which the products of the region, such as the salt from Drohobych as well as the Ozokerite from Boryslav, can be used. Though the city of Truskavets is distinguished not only by 135

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts

its function as a vacation destination and health resort, but with the healing mineral springs it has a geological feature that makes it fit perfectly into the Golden Triangle network. These healing springs have already been used for many years for curative purposes and can therefore perfectly complement the other two elements of salt and Ozokerite. Due to this unique healing quality, the water of the springs in Truskavets can be described as the “liquid gold” in the Golden Triangle. The elaborated strategy for the cities of Drohobych, Boryslav, and Truskavets embraces all local as well as regional peculiarities of the three cities and serves in particular to make the agglomeration around Drohobych better known in the whole country and possibly also in Europe. In doing so, it is now possible to take into account the already existing uniqueness of the cities and to connect them with each other in order to achieve a wider outreach on the one hand, but on the other hand also to continuously expand the offer of and expertise in treatments and medical procedures. However, the aim is not just to connect health and medical applications, but also to strengthen the three cities as a whole and make them more resilient. As Figure 5 shows, this can only succeed if many different networks and partnerships are established. In this context, we envision a joint cooperation, particularly in the areas of sustainable mobility, culture and local government. The three cities have a tremendous opportunity to work together on many levels of community life due to their shared history and close geographic proximity to simplify workflows, share ideas, raise awareness, and launch into the future with joint power. Through this cooperation, new investors can be found, the impact on environmental sustainability can be strengthened, and a unique fingerprint of the agglomeration can be implemented. ◊ “Healin g e le me nts . C a r i n g pe o ple . Sh a re d be ne f i ts .”

Figure 6: Slogan of the Golden Triangle network Source: Own work (2020). TU Kaiserslautern.

In this context, “Healing elements.” stands for the equally characteristic and In order to provide the newly created Golden Triangle network with the widest possible reach and to better promote the unique fingerprint of the region, a suitable slogan for the new partnership was developed in the joint workshop. The slogan is: “Healing Elements. Caring People. Shared Benefits.” In this context, “Healing Elements” stands for the equally characteristic and distinctive core elements of the new network, namely salt in Drohobych, Ozokerite in Boryslav and the healing mineral springs in Truskavets. The “Caring People” expression is a token of appreciation of the great hospitality and friendliness of the inhabitants of the agglomeration around Drohobych. This not only draws the attention of new potential guests to the network, but also succeeds in highlighting the great expertise of the people with regard to cures and healing treatments. The people of the region care fore their guests and look after them with great dedication. 136

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

The last element of the slogan is “Shared Benefits”. It refers to the unique commonalities that the three cities share, and which are linked together in the Golden Triangle network. In addition to the healing elements and the caring people, these include the unmatched landscape, the yet-to-be- implemented eco-friendly public transit system, the local administration open to co-operation and partnership with German twin towns and regions. ◊ Fo rmi ng p a r t n e rs h i p s w i t h Ge rm a n y

The tourism concept for the Drohobych region is based on the connection between the cities in the form of a triangle. In order to implement the tourism concept in the best possible way, it is important to be inspired by other countries and regions that follow a similar concept. The Berchtesgadener Land serves as a good inspiration in this context. It is a district in Oberbayern in Germany. The district has a tourism concept tailored to the municipalities in the area. As a result, the individual offers are meshing together like a cogwheel and a connection is created between the towns. There are some parallels between the region and the three Ukrainian cities. Once, there is the aspect of the importance of salt, the wellness and health as a spa town. In the spa town of Bad Reichenhall, they are using regional healing products for spa treatment — same as in the city of Truskavets. In our strategy for the region, we like to protect the climate by using eco-friendly mobility. In addition, the region of Berchtesgadener Land pursues a climate protection concept and has many e-mobility offers. Accordingly a partnership would make sense, in order to be able to exchange know-how. In addition, a second connection can be created between the cities of Bad Kreuznach, Bad Dürkheim and Bad Friedrichshall, which is useful for the Golden Triangle in Ukraine. With regard to the salt mine, the tourism concept of Bad Friedrichshall can be transferred to Drohobych. The unused parts of the mine can be used to offer guided tours of the mine in order to promote tourism in the town in addition to the aspect of salt production. Due to the fact that salt production in Drohobych dates back to the 14th century, an extremely exciting journey through time can thus be visualised around the topic of salt in the mine. Bad Kreuznach and Bad Dürkheim can serve as inspiration on how to use the salt beyond the mine: in medical treatments and baths. The saline parks of the two cities are good examples of how day tourists can be attracted to the city by establishing salines. Here, it is possible to build a park landscape — as in Bad Kreuznach — for example, on the salt mine site or on an open space in the city. It also makes sense to offer a cycling or hiking trail, as in Bad Friedrichshall, which strengthens tourism and the connection between the towns.

Figure 7+8: Elements of the Golden Triangle network and connection to the Berchtesgadener Land Sources: Own work (2020). TU Kaiserslautern. Based on google.com/maps (2020).

◊ The Sa l t M i n e o f Drohobyc h

In order to not only strengthen the networking of the new established partnership between the participating cities and also to Germany, but also to increase the charisma as well as the visibility to the outside world, it is of great importance to create lighthouse projects that serve as positive examples of the inter-municipal cooperation and successful networking. For this purpose, our group chose 137

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts

the derelict salt mine in Drohobych based on the existing student plans of the Ukrainian fellow students. This is not only because the salt mine is of enormous importance for the city, but also because it can become a flagship for the region and the Golden Triangle network through its fame and attractiveness. In order to be able to open the area for tourism, different actions have to be carried out, so our group divided the area into different zones. One big element is the salt production, which we plan to be continued. As a result, the existing houses will be preserved and renovated, so that production can be increased. The colour number 1 in the legend of the plan (Figure 9) shows the area where the buildings must be restored because they are too deteriorated. Colour number 2 indicates the area that needs to be rehabilitated. The fact that the buildings are being refurbished means that guided tours can be offered which provide insights into the salt production. In order to open the site to tourism, it is important to increase the attractiveness of the entire site. Within the range there is also a high percentage of landscaped area, which is marked with colour number 3. These areas have a high potential to create a beautiful atmosphere to invite people to relax. Colour number 4 shows areas that are planned to be used for public functions. Among other things, cafes and restaurants are to be built on this area. On the area marked with colour number 5, we would like to create an entrance area. In order to attract not only day guests, it is planned to create a small space where camping would be allowed, so that guests would be able to stay for a longer period of time. Likewise, we would like to create a museum, marked with colour number 7, to be able to tell the history of salt extraction. Figure 9: The saltmine of Drohobych Source: Own work (2020). Polytechnica Lviv.

138

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts ◊ C onc l us i o n

To summarise the work of our group in this German-Ukrainian joint workshop, it can be said that by focusing on their strengths, the three cities Drohobych, Boryslav and Truskavets can form a strong new network together — especially in the form of a yet-to-be-implemented overall concept for tourism, covering in particular the sectors of industry, health and history of the three cities. Furthermore, by focusing on the health sector, new synergies to German cities and possibly even regions can be created. This can be achieved, for example, through partnerships and international cooperation to promote shared ideas and the exchange of know-how. Even within the region, the cities should build a network and exchange ideas more closely, in order to be able to respond jointly to the challenges of the future. For example, ideas can be shared, investors can be sought together, and advertising for the region can be bundled. Different tasks can be distributed among each other and thus solved more efficiently and quickly. In order to maintain the history and the common tradition of the region, a common cultural network of museums and exhibitions should be established. In addition, it is of enormous importance to expand public transport, to strengthen its quality and to operate it in an ecologically valuable way, to make the region even more attractive for tourists. In order to adequately integrate these proposals into an overall concept, to increase the reach and visibility of the agglomeration in Ukraine and in Europe, and to give Drohobych, Boryslav and Truskavets a stronger common identity, the Golden Triangle network was developed. It bundles the above-mentioned recommendations for action, creates a common thread and strengthens inter-municipal cooperation. The reconstruction and redesign of the salt mine in Drohobych can serve as an example of a lighthouse project for the new city partnership. The implementation of a museum of regional industrial history, the development of new balneological spas, inhalations and applications, as well as the turn to new forms of accommodation such as camping, can create a positive example of successful regional and international cooperation.

◊ Source s

City of Drohobych (n.y.). Tourism. Online available: https://drohobych-rada.gov.ua/%d1%82%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b8%d1%81% d1%82%d1%83/ekscyrsii/. Last download: 10.01.2021. City of Truskavez (n.y.). Історичний екскурс. Online available: http://truskavets-city.gov.ua/modules. php?name=History&op=list_content&eid=22. Last download: 10.01.2021. Die Chemie-Schule (n.y.). Lexikon: Ozokerit. Available online: https://www.chemie-schule.de/KnowHow/Ozokerit. Last download: 10.01.2021. Sanatorium Shakhtar Truskavets (2017). Mineralwasser in Truskavets ist eine natürliche Heilkraft. Available online: https:// san-shahtar.com/de/blog/mineralni_vody/. Last download: 10.01.2021. Schmid, Ulrich (2007). An der Quelle des vergessenen europäischen Erdölbooms. In: Neue Zürcher. Zeitung. Available online: https://www.nzz.ch/an_der_quelle_des_vergessenen_europaeischen_erdoelbooms-1.597108. Last download: 10.01.2021.

139

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts

DROHOBYCH SALTWORKS. GOLDEN TRIANGLE

Project by Zaiats O.I. 140

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

DROHOBYCH SALTWORKS PLANT Healing hand. Cearing hearts. Share passion

Project by Zhantalai S. O. 141

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts

Production

THE GALICIAN SALT ROUTE AND PRODUCTION

TU Kaiserslautern Politechnica Lviv

Daniel Thress, Zoe Röstel Andrii Vovk, Anastasiia Dereshivska, Yuliia Yanul

◊ Table of co nte nts

◊ V i s i on ◊ Res u l ts - G a l i c i a n s al t ro u te - P rod u c t i on ◊ C on c l u s i on

142

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

Galician salt route and Production ◊ Visio n

Our vision from the first day of the “future workshop” can be split into two separate ideas. The first one is the “Galician Salt Route” which is a visionary concept following in the footsteps of the traditional salt trading routes. The name comes from a former kingdom called Galicia that spanned between Poland and Ukraine. The route aims at the symbolic idea of reviving the historical Galician connection between the countries. Another purpose concentrates on the link of diverse Polish and Ukrainian locations which all focus on different aspects of the topic of salt weather — it is production, health or tourism. The second vision is all about the production and particularly about a marketing concept for the saline in Drohobych. One goal is to keep as much as possible of the traditional place of the saltworks in Drohobych, in order to preserve its historical and cultural value. We want to make this magical place popular in the Ukraine, and also to show it to the people of whole Europe. It should establish itself as an important industrial monument for salt production in Europe and as a popular destination for tourists. Therefore, we try to include Drohobych in a salt route through Europe and to develop a marketing concept for the city. The production of salt in Drohobych should go on and the historical buildings should be conserved, so that visitors can experience the traditional process of producing salt. Because the amount of production is very small today, we recommend increasing it, in order to produce salt products for trading and marketing issues. But the production should still be sustainable and should focus on its high quality.

◊ Resul ts

The Galician Salt Route The Galician salt route is a visionary concept which follows the purpose to revive the old Galician connection between Poland and the Ukraine. Furthermore, the route is meant to be linked to still existing and even historical trading routes. Thus, the idea of the Via Regia plus was developed. The “Via Regia” (red) used to be the most significant west-east trading route in the Middle Age. The route possessed a high economic meaning for supraregional and international trading, especially with the most valuable products of every region. Apart from its economic function, the roads of the “Via Regia” played a considerable role as a military route for armed forces and as a pilgrimage to “Santiago de Compostela” in Spain. The Galician salt route (brown) uses sections of the “Via Regia” and expands the network of routes across the Ukraine. This salt route connects the historical and partially transformed salt production locations in the Ukraine and Poland. Understanding the concept of the Galician salt route requires a certain amount of insight into the historical background of Galicia. Galicia had a long and diverse history belonging to different kingdoms and consisting of changing territories in the course of its existence. The form which Galicia is best known for was created by the division of Poland in 1772. This artificially produced state was located in today’s southern Poland and the western Ukraine (see map). Galicia used to be a province of the Austrian Empire, while still being an own kingdom. According to the population census of 1910, 59% of the citizens were Polish, 40% Ukrainian, and 1% Austrian and German. The structure of the population mirrors the artificial character of Galicia that has not grown into a state naturally. The one percent of Austrians and Germans can be attributed to 200,000 Austrian and German set143

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts Figure 1

tlers who moved to Galicia within a colonisation campaign promoted by the Austrian King. The most important economic sectors were agriculture and mining. The land managed to produce regular surpluses of grain and timber, which were exported mainly to Austria. As far as mining is concerned, the most valuable goods used to be salt, oil and coal. Documents concerning the salt production from 1901 show production amounts of 46,000 tons of rock salt from Polish mines and of 26,000 tons from Ukrainian salines. After the historical background is given, the Galician salt route itself will be explained as follows. The route consists of nine stations focusing on the topic of salt, weather through production, wellness or tourism. The first location is the Wieliczka salt mines near the Polish city of Krakow. These salt mines, together with the castle of the ‘salt-lord’, have enjoyed the title of an UNESCO world heritage site since 1978. In the prime time of salt production — from the 14th to the 16th century — the saltworks of “Wieliczka” used to be the largest mining enterprise in Poland and generated a third of the state income. In 1993, the excavation of salt had to stop after a mining accident resulted in the infiltration of water into the mines. Since then, the mines have been used solely for touristic purposes, and as a sanatorium. In order to prevent the mines from collapsing, the inflowing water has to be constantly pumped to the salines, where salt production takes place, keeping “Wieliczka” an important salt manufacturer for Poland. The salt mines provide a healthy climate for patients with respiratory diseases, an underground hotel and subterranean halls, that can be rented for events.

Figure 2

144

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

The second location is a small village in the Region of Lviv called “Stara Sil”. In this village, remains of salt extraction can be seen, dating back to the ancient times. A special health facility in Lviv called “Leheni Soleni” (= salty lungs) constitutes the third station of the Galician Salt Route. The name “Leheni Soleni” represent the artificial salt chambers the facility provides for their customers. The controlled micro climate in the chambers that are used by people with health issues pertaining to lungs, in order to improve their condition. The fourth station stands for the whole region around Drohobych because there are several salt related locations belonging to this area. There is the village of Yasenytsia-Silna in the district of Drohobych, on the banks of River Shumivka. The location possesses several natural salt springs and one saltwork until today. The city of Drohobych itself provides a still functioning saline that has existed since at least the 14th century, making it the oldest still operating enterprise in the Ukraine and Eastern Europe, with a significant historical value. The ancient settlement of Bania Kotovska used to be an important salt production location because of its salt springs and saltworks. Together with Drohobych and Stara Sil, the saltworks of this village were one of the largest in Galicia. From here, salt was exported to Lithuania, Poland, Hungary and Romania. Today, Bania Kotovska is a part of the municipal territory of the city of Boryslav. The last location of station four is the town of Truskavets which is known as a health resort. The salt caves there are an attraction for interested tourists, and the rehabilitation centre is considered to be an important piece of health infrastructure. Location number five is the city of Stebnyk which is a suburb of Drohobych. The coat of arms of this town shows the typical salt cones and a pickaxe representing the extraction of salt since the 19th century. In 1922, the discovery of a potassium salt deposit and the following industrial extraction helped the development of Stebnyk tremendously, as the settlement received the status of a town in 1978. Station six is the city of Kalush; it can also be characterised by the industrial extraction of salt. The occurrence of potassium salt and its extraction form a significant contribution to the economy of Kalush. Besides in the proximity of the city is the water area, a sports and recreation complex which plays an important role, attracting tourists and visitors. The small Ukrainian town of Solotvyno constitutes the seventh location of the Galician Salt Route. At this station, the transformation from a city shaped by the mining industry to a popular tourist site is especially apparent. “Solotvyno” offers a sanatorium, a salt museum, natural salt springs and a recreation camp, El Dorado, a well known saltlake making the city a location with health and tourism infrastructure of regional significance. “Chernivtsi”, the eighth station of the route, offers an important facility for visitors and patients with the “Miracle-Salt – Centre for Rehabilitation and Prevention”. The centre provides a variety of treatment methods, all based on the use of salt. For instance, you can inhale salty air or spend time in an artificial salt chamber that imitates the climatic conditions in a salt mine to improve respiratory diseases. A small city in the eastern Ukraine called Soledar represents the ninth and last location of the Galician salt route. In this town, tourists and visitors are able the experience what the modern extraction of salt looks like in the underground. The mines consist of an entire network of 200 kilometres of tunnels reaching a depth of 288 metres, and with 30m high chambers. There are even accommodation areas with a church in the mines, and one chamber was used as a concert hall by the Donetsk Symphony Orchestra, due to its excellent acoustic conditions.

145

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts

After all locations are presented, it should be evident that the Galician salt route connects diverse places which are all using salt in a different way weather directly due to production or indirectly for health and tourism. Production As already shown in the SWOT-Analysis, there is a necessity to increase the production of salt. Only with a larger output from the salines, Drohobych will be able to use its salt for its city development. For this purpose, an intelligent marketing concept is needed to make it better known, and raise the demand as a result. This marketing concept is split into different steps.

Figure 3: Development of the logo

In the first step of the marketing concept, we created a slogan and a logo for the saltworks and the salt of Drohobych. The slogan is “Magical salt – with the taste of centuries”. It represents the long history of salt production in Drohobych, as the saltworks have existed here since at least the 14th century, and salt is still produced in the same way as it was 600 years ago. The term “magical salt” is used, as there are multiple ways to use the salt, and in former times it was equivalent to gold. The new Logo shows the shape of the coat of arms of Drohobych, so Ukrainians can identify easily with the symbol. In the middle, you can see the outlines of a typical saltwork building and its tower. There are also red lines which represents the traditional trading routes of salt through Europe, the “Via Regia”. And there are the nine original salt cones of the coat of arms of Drohobych. They symbolise the ancient tradition of salt production in Drohobych. Now they are painted in gold to underline the high value of salt in further times. The background should be coloured in blue, same as in the coat of arms. This Slogan and this Symbol can be placed at the entrance of locations using the salt or locations where you can buy the salt.

Another idea is to place information signs and guideposts with the logo all over the city. That is how you can grab the attention of visitors and tourists strolling through the city. The signs will guide them right to the saltworks. The symbol should also be placed on the marketing articles, on the website of the Saltworks, and of course on the salt items which will be sold in supermarkets, or in the saltworks themselves. In the second step, a “salt network” is built only in Drohobych. Within this step, we located restaurants and hotels in the city and connected them to the saltworks. 146

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

We recommend that every restaurant and hotel use the local salt of Drohobych. On that account, the price of the salt should not be too high, so even small businesses are able to afford it. To call the attention of the visitors, a newly created symbol should be placed at the front doors, at the menus and on flyers of the restaurants and hotels so the people get interested and visit the saltworks. Also, small quantities of the local salt should be offered to restaurants, hotels and supermarkets in the city. Figure 5

The third step describes an expansion of the salt network over bigger cities in the Ukraine and Poland, for example Kyiv, Lviv and Warsaw. This network would revive the Galician connection between Poland and the Ukraine. We want to create and improve the reputation of the salt, not only due to its high quality and unique flavour but also due to the long tradition of production. For this reason, the production of 400 kilograms a day should increase. The maximum of production which is possible is 20 tons a day. But it is important to focus on quality, uniqueness and sustainability. That is why the owner/operator of the saltworks has to ascertain the optimal amount of production under these conditions. Then, the salt 147

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts

can be offered to high grade restaurants. The saltworks of the German town of Luisenhall are a best-practice-example. Just like Drohobych, it is a small and traditional salt business. The Saltworks are able to produce 24 tons of salt a day. But in a year, they produce around 3,600 tons of salt. Calculated for the year, it is only an amount of 1o tons a day. Their salt is very famous in Europe. They sell it to the kitchen of the Queen of Sweden, to the German federal president, to the many haute cuisines in Germany. If the expansion to the Ukraine and Poland is successful, a further expansion to more neighbouring countries and whole Europe is recommended. The salt should be offered especially to high graded gastronomy. Figure 6

As we already noticed, in Drohobych exists a long and old history of salt production. But the city was also a very significant location for oil production. This made the town and their inhabitants very rich in the past decades. Therefore, you can find many villas in good condition of owners of industrial facilities. They represent their former wealth. Figure 7: - Villa of Mayor Raimund Jarosz - Villa Friedman - Villa of Mayor Raimund Jarosz

148

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

But salt does not only have a long tradition of production; there are also multiple ways to use it. That is why we want to offer the visitors of the saltworks in Drohobych a variety of goods and activities. Art can be made of salt—for example, sculptures, painting, giant salt canvases—and installations. Art can be shown in exhibition premises on the property of the saltworks. We would also organise meetings and master classes where children and adults can learn about different functions of salt and also create their own art projects. But salt can also be used for soap, tiles, panels, lamps and other decorative objects like figures. Of course, it is also used as a spice and for flavouring in the kitchen. Due to this, the salt so produced could be filled into bundles of different sizes for selling. We recommend to offer a selection of these objects within fairs on the property of the saltworks as well. Fairs are a part of a long tradition in the Ukraine. The fairs could take place Figure 8 - Salt of Luisenhall - Salt tiles - Bath salt (kneipp) - Bath house (Luisenhall)

seasonly, while a souvenir shop could be on the property permanently. So visitors and tourists have the opportuninty to buy souvenirs for themselves, or as gifts for family members and friends. This would make the saltworks even more popular and the people would have the opportunity to taste the salt. Furthermore, salt could be used in wellness and beauty industry. Again, Luisenhall is a best-practice-example for this issue.They sell 1,200 tons a year to the German company “kneipp” which produces bath salt and Luisenhall also has their own bath house on their property. In the next step we developed schemes for the property and the buildings of the saltworks in Drohobych. The first image shows the sheme of the pedestrian connections in the property. The orange line is the main road which needs to be repaired. It leads through the entire property, from north to south. Two very important points the connections from the two churches north and east, as they guide the tourists to the saltworks. That is why we recommend three new entrances to be built in these areas. There should also be an entrance in the southern part of the property. The main entrance for local residents but also for tourists should be north of the main road, as it is the connection to the city centre of Drohobych. This area provides a lot of space as parking areas. We also suggest creating parking areas at other entrances in the northand in the south. 149

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts Figure 9: Scheme of pedestrian connections Pedestrian connections

Figure 10: Main entrances and Parking Parking zone Main entrances for tourists Main entrances for local residents

150

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

The third scheme shows the functional zones in the property of the saltworks. The biggest zone is the industrial zone (blue). Here are the main buildings where the production of salt takes place. Some of the buildings are in good conditions but most of them need to be restructured. In scheme four the buildings which are still in use for the production are marked orange. Pan No. 2 is no longer in use. In consequence, it can be renovated and be used for exhibition premises. Another offer would be a tour once in a month through the production facilities to show school classes and other visitors the traditional process of producing salt. In the urban recreation zone (purple) there is also a little lake located. Here, seasonal fairs could take place, as there is a lot of free place. The recultivated lake would create an attractive ambience.

Figure 11: Functional zoning Representative zone Urban recreation zone Recreation zone Industrial zone Sport zone

151

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts Illustration 4: Fairs and exhibition premises on the territory

◊ C o nc lu s i o n

With the concept of a Galician salt route, the first step can be made to strengthen the relation between Poland and the Ukraine by referring to their historical connection. Tourists and visitors are able to experience historical and modern salt production, the health effects of salt as well as the attractions of transformed salt cities. Because of the special position of Drohobych by providing a whole “salt region” together with the surrounding cities (Boryslav, Truskavets, Stebnyk) these places can finally gain the attention they deserve. The marketing concept can be seen as a step-by-step to do list for creating a reputation for the salt of Drohobych. The presented logo and slogan serve the purpose of making the salt of Drohobych a brand. Furthermore, the introduction into the high-quality kitchen will help build a reputation of a high-grade, sustainable salt with a unique flavour and a long history. In order to meet these high requirements, the production has to increase its output, while still being sustainable and keeping the high quality. For the location in Drohobych itself, it can be recommended that it open the facility for tourists, visitors, school classes etc. and offer events such as fairs and tours. All the great opportunities salt provides should be used from cooking and art to wellness and health.

152

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

A CONCEPT PROJECT. RENOVATION OF THE TERRITORY OF DROHOBYCH SALTWORKS FOCUSING ON “SALT WAY” "Salt Way" Concept project of a Drohobych Saltworks Area. Within the project, we propose a comprehensive rethinking of the existing site. - Creation of a multifunctional park space. - Designing a co-working space with an integrated cultural centre. - Reconstruction and presentation of the Saltworks process. Reconstruction of the production facilities and exposition of the process At the site with the production function, some of the pipes are installed above ground level. They will be used to transport the salt brine from the pit to the Saltworks, and further from the Saltworks to the salting shop. For even greater clarity it is proposed to make some sections of the pipes transparent with built-in lighting to create an interesting effect in the dark. Additional interactivity will create a salt wagon, which will run through the area of the salt factory, as well as yearround fairs and workshops (drawing salt, sculpture) Thus, each visitor will be able to get as close as possible to the process of salt production and learn all the subtitles of the business.

Project by Dereshivska A.S. 153

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts

A CONCEPT PROJECT. RENOVATION OF THE TERRITORY OF DROHOBYCH SALTWORKS FOCUSING ON “SALT WAY” A Co-Working with an Integrated Cultural Centre Territory: The building is harmoniously embedded into the relief of the site: a small square will be located on the territory, in conjunction with an open parking lot for cars and public transport. Planning: The form of the co-working is made to resemble a salt crystal in plan. A two-level restaurant is designed on the ground floor of the building. In the south wing there is a cultural centre with an active exposition “Salt Way”, where visitors can walk and read about the history of production and extraction of salt in Drohobych and around the world. Upstairs, their will be rooms for coworking workers and visitors, with plenty of workplaces, playrooms, separate seating areas and terraces. Exterior: Externally, the building will resonate with the very structure of the salt. Snowwhite colour of façades, 3D panels that resemble crystallised salt. A large amount of glass will create the appropriate translucency and give the building the appropriate aesthetics. The combination of these factors will help with attention and care for the past to create a completely innovative and modern space on the territory of the saltworks. Project by Vovk A.O. 154

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

A CONCEPT PROJECT. RENOVATION OF THE TERRITORY OF DROHOBYCH SALTWORKS FOCUSING ON “SALT WAY” Areas of the park offer something for everyone. At the main entrance to the headquarters with an amphitheatre and a stage. The main square is organised. You can hold various festivals, plein airs and concerts. In the northern part of the park, there is an activity area with sports grounds of various sports for people of all ages. Designed football and volleyball court, badminton court, which is in the quantitative window. Thus, the walls are adapted for watching movies. Benches, lighting, and bins are arranged along the entire route.

Project by Yanul Y. 155

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts

REPUBLIC OF DREAMS – ART COLONY

Culture

TU Kaiserslautern Politechnica Lviv

Thomas Münchow, Anastasiia Kalinichenko, Makaryk Anna-Mariia, Volodymyr-Maksym Nahirniak

◊ Table of co nte nts

◊ In t rod u c t i on ◊ V i s i on - Rep u b l ic o f d ream s ◊ E x ku rs i on - A r t Co lo n y ◊ C on c l u s i on ◊ S ou rces

156

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

◊ I ntrod u c t i o n

The study of the Drohobych Saltworks site shows, among other things, the condition of the buildings located on site of the saline. Many buildings, some of which are historical, are in a desolate condition or in need of major renovation. The damage to the building fabric is particularly evident on the façades and on the roofs. However, since many of these buildings also have a character that is characteristic of the locality and are thus worth preserving, repairing them is preferable to demolition. These are in particular the Mine No. 1, the mechanical workshop, the storage and administrative buildings in the eastern part, and the Boiling Shop No2.

Illustration 1: Location and condition of existing buildings Source: own representation

157

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts

As has been mentioned earlier, the city of Drohobych has a rich history of artists of various focuses. Well-known figures that lived and worked in Drohobych in the past include Ephraim Moshe Lilien, a painter of poster drawings, and Mauritius Gottlieb who depicted Jewish themes as a history painter. A more prominent figure is Bruno Schulz, a Polish-Jewish painter and writer whose talent was awakened by a supersensitive, unusual perception of the environment around him. Schulz’s most successful and renowned works are Cinnamon Shops and The Republic of Dreams. Today, the Bruno Schulz International Festival and Museum are named after him and continue to shape Drohobych. In addition to the internationally celebrated arts festival, the city continues to offer a diverse art scene today. Artists active in Drohobych include Lev Skop, an icon painter, restorer, and art critic, and Oleksandr Maksymov, a performance, collage, theatre, and photography artist and founder of the Dro.Art. platform of arts in Drohobych. ◊ Vision: The Re pu b l i c of Dre am s

Based on the SWOT analysis, the existing motif of art in the city was pursued in the framework of the conducted future workshop. The Bruno Schulz International Festival attracts a large number of artists to Drohobych every two years and the existing art scene can be enriched by a cultural use of the Saline site. However, this requires spaces to accommodate artists during the Festival and also during workshops and courses. The site likewise requires living and working spaces in the form of studios, ateliers and galleries for artists. These and other uses thus form the The Republic of Dreams: An Art Colony, named after Bruno Schulz’s best-known work. The following facilities and areas can be found on the grounds of the Saltworks: ˛ The Bruno Schulz Centre of Arts in conjunction with the historical salt production facilities ˛ Houses for artists and a hotel for artists and guests of the festival ˛ Working spaces for artists such as the Ephraim Moshe Lilien Graphics Studio or the Mauritius Gottlieb Painting Studio ˛ Ground areas for events such as the Bruno Schulz International Festival ˛ Areas for open-air events

Illustration 2: logo Source: own representation

Illustration 3: concept of the art colony Source: own representation

158

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

Bruno Schulz Centre of Arts in conjunction with the historical salt production facilities The Bruno Schulz Centre of Arts, centrally situated in the Boiling Shop No. 2, will provide ample space for exhibitions by artists active in the art colony. To create a link to the history of the city, exhibits by historical and contemporary artists from Drohobych can also be found there. Salt extracted from the Saltworks is also available to artists for art project purposes. Visitors of the art colony will have a chance to learn about the history of the Saltworks and observe the ongoing salt production. Marketing the salt for the benefit of the maintenance of the art colony is also conceivable. Houses for artists and a hotel for artists and festival visitors To the south of the Bruno Schulz Centre of Arts, accommodation is to be provided for artists and visitors of the art colony. A hotel will offer rooms for shorter stays by artists, such as attendees of courses or guests of the Bruno Schulz International Festival. Visitors of the Art Colony and the Festival will also find space here. For artists who wish to work in the art colony for a longer period of time, there will be a possibility to accommodate oneself in detached apartment buildings. There, they can live close to their studios and ateliers and exchange ideas with other artists. Working spaces for ar tists Artists of the art colony, as they are on site — either permanently or for a shorter period of time, for example for courses — would need working spaces. These would be located in the mechanical workshop and the storage building in the eastern part of the site. Studios created here are named after two other well-known Drohobych artists: the Ephraim Moshe Lilien Graphics Studio and the Mauritius Gottlieb Painting Studio. That said, In addition to these permanent working locations, all the other areas of the art colony will also be accessible to artists for their work. Illustration 4: concept of the Mauritius Gottlieb Painting Studio Source: own representation

159

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts

Outdoor area The outdoor area of the art colony, as already mentioned above, is available as a free space for the artists. Here, they can use nature, architecture, and the surroundings as inspiration and a place to work. In addition to this, the outdoor area offers space for art installations or cultural events such as film screenings, exhibitions or festivals. Featuring the Bruno Schulz Centre of Arts outside, the artists’ workplaces, and the hotel, the art colony offers the proper infrastructure, fit to host the Bruno Schulz International Festival. Illustration 5: concept of the outdoor Source: own representation

160

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts ◊ Exk urs i o n: The A r t C olo n y

The principle of artists’ colonies originated in Germany and Switzerland; it primarily describes a living and working community of artists. Towards the end of the 19th century and into the beginning of the 20th century, rural places such as Worpswede in Lower Saxony, Germany, or Ahrenshoop in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany, attracted artists from cities due to their quiet location, scenic motifs, and cleaner environment. Living together here enriched artistic exchange. Within the framework of such artists’ colonies, scholarships were also offered to young artists, so that they could work in all directions of visual or performing arts in a quiet atmosphere. These scholarship holders could then work in their own studios — as is the case in the artists’ village of Worpswede. Numerous young artists remained in the colonies afterwards, and continued to run them. The artists active in the colonies left their ‘footprint’ in communities and their surroundings with their work (Worpsweder Touristik- und Kulturmarketing GmbH (o.J.)). In more recent times, too, new communities of artists have been founded, mostly to revitalise structurally weak regions or to convert commercial properties and industrial estates. In Münster (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), numerous artists and artist collectives have settled around the former city harbour. This development was promoted by the city of Münster through the low-cost leasing of commercial properties. The fact that the artists worked in different fields enriched their communities, and is described as a biotope with synergies.

Illustration 6: Hawerkamp area at the Münster city harbour Source: Aschendorff Medien Medien GmbH & Co. KG

161

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts ◊ C o nc lu s i o n

To sum up, this concept for upgrading of the Saltworks site continues and enriches the history of art in Drohobych. The Bruno Schulz International Festival brings in an influx of artists to the city, and thus revitalises it. The constant presence of a cultural and artistic milieu within the framework of the art colony can be construed as an opportunity for Drohobych and radiate into the region. The concept of the Republic of Dreams with the Bruno Schulz Centre of Arts, numerous studios and flats for artists thus joins a list of artist colonies such as Worpswede.

◊ So urces

Texts Hawerkamp 31 e.V. (o.J.): Selbstverwaltung at: https://am-hawerkamp.de/ueber-uns/ (accessed on 10.01.2021) Worpsweder Touristik- und Kulturmarketing GmbH (o.J.): Worpswede besuchen – Das Künstlerdorf - Kunst, at: https://www. worpswede-touristik.de/das-kuenstlerdorf/kunst/ (accessed on 10.01.2021) Illustrations Illustration 6: Aschendorff Medien Medien GmbH & Co. KG, at: https://www.wn.de/Muenster/2015/06/1994759-Kulturszenebesteht-seit-25-Jahren-Der-Hawerkamp-will-expandieren (accessed on 10.01.2021)

162

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

DESIGN CONCEPT OF DROHOBYCH SALTWORKS WITH ARTISTS HOTEL Our main idea is to create a contemporary-level space for people, accommodating not only the artists and their work but also fostering collaboration between them. We want to design an Artists’ Hotel, a Mauritius Gottlieb Painting Studio, and an Ephraim Moshe Lilien graphics studio. There will be a place for collaboration between artists. The second idea is to create houses for artists—resembling workshops—where artists would be able not only to create, but also to conduct master classes. We intend to name these houses after modern artists whom we mentioned earlier and who put a lot of effort into the development of the city of Drohobych.

Ground Floor Plan 1. Hall 2. Café 3. Kitchen 4. Warehouse 5. Administrative Office 6. Conference Hall 7. Coworking 8. WC 9. Utility Room

As far as the Republic of Dreams is concerned, the main idea is to create a place where men and women of arts would be able to create and collaborate smoothly, achieving the best outcome of their work.

Project by Anastasiia Kalinichenko 163

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts

COWORKING NAMED AFTER EPHRAIM MOSHE LILIYEN AND MAURITIUS GOTTLIEB

Project by Makaryk Anna-Mariia 164

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

DESIGN CONCEPT OF DROHOBYCH SALTWORKS WITH A BRUNO SCHULZ CENTRE OF ARTS After having familiarised ourselves with Drohobych’s creative personas, we had a desire to reflect their work in our concept for development of the Drohobych Saltworks area. We would therefore like to dedicate concepts of a number of buildings to these artists. What we want to design are: the Bruno Schulz Centre of Arts, the Mauritius Gottlieb Painting Studio and the Ephraim Moshe Lilien Graphics Studio. The spaces will become a place for artists’ collaboration. Besides, the city of Drohobych is a host to a biannual International Bruno Schulz Festival and we would like to allocate a place for this festival or a portion thereof in the Saltworks Area. It is also worth mentioning that Drohobych has a local Art School and thus, we would also like to organise and facilitate collaboration between artists and local children attending this school. The Centre of Arts would consist of three parts: the Entrance Area in the form of a glass cube, an Art Studio in a restored brick building, and a gallery in a new building. The Centre of Arts would be comprised of workshops, a café, a small cinema (movie theatre) and an interactive gallery.

Project by Volodymyr-Maksym Nahirniak 165

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts

Wellness

HEALING POWER OF SALT

TU Kaiserslautern Politechnica Lviv

Tabea Schneider Olha Boiko, Kushnir Alina, Kateryna Ivaschuk

◊ Table of co nte nts

◊ In t rod u c t i on ◊ S WOT – S t ren g t h s, Weakn ess es , O p p or t u n i t i es , an d T h rea ts ◊ V i s i on of t h e s a ltwo r ks ◊ C on n ec t i on to t h e ci ty cen t re ◊ C on c l u s i on ◊ S ou rces

166

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

The healing power of salt ◊ I ntrod u c t i o n

The healing power of salt: what does it mean for the area of the saltworks? Salt is a product with a lot of different uses and a long history. Normally, we use it as a spice in our foods, but it also has some health relevance. There are different therapies with salt, especially the salty air therapy. Germany has a long history of spa towns and knows how to use salt as a product for health. (Mehner, 11.01.2021) But there are salt brines not only in Germany, also in other countries. Quite often, these brines are no longer lucrative due to new technologies or require less space and employees. There is a famous salt factory in Ukraine; it is the oldest one and is located in the city of Drohobych. It is a large area in the centre of the city and is still used for production. As a result, the area has a large space, available for a new development. A vision for this area was identified within a workshop and is presented in the following. First, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the area were discussed in a SWOT analysis. Based on this, a vision was developed for the future of the salt works in Drohobych. In doing so, the concept of German health resorts was used as a guideline. In what followed, the link between the city centre and the saltworks area and ways they can be linked were discussed in more detail.

◊ SWOT – St re n g t h e n , We ak ne ss , O pp o r t u n i t y an d Threa ts

The area of the saltworks in Drohobych was examined in terms of its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats within a SWOT analysis. As it was already clear in the initial considerations that buildings should possibly be preserved there is a short analysis in more detail. To begin with, let us focus on the analysis of existing buildings. In Figure 1, different states of the buildings are marked. It is noticeable that all — except one — of the buildings are in poor condition; some of them are even in ruins.

Figure 1 - Condition of buildings Source: representation Alina Kushnir, Kateryna Ivashchuk, Olha Boiko

As can also be seen in Figure 1, the area is quite large and connected to the road network at different points. Furthermore, it is only about 500m away from the city centre and can be reached via a direct connection. (Google Maps). Another strength is that the salt works are still active. We suggest to take the opportunity of using the salt for the development of the area and to keep the production going. 167

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts

There is also a historical background to this. As was said before, these are the oldest saltworks of Ukraine. The cultural history of the town can be preserved. The main strength is the existing salt. It has many different uses and one of the important ones is its health effect. There are several therapies with salt. This could be a good opportunity for the city. However, some of the buildings of the salt works are in very poor condition. They cannot continue to be used in this condition, but this also represents an opportunity. On the one hand, new and modern buildings can be built and the old structures can be embedded in the new setting. On the other hand, the new development of the area is a chance for the city to develop a new tourist spot, but also to make it more attractive for the inhabitants. There is also the risk that the new suggestion will not be accepted. The development is also associated with high costs that have to be raised. One further risk is the possible contamination of the soil by the production process, which will have to be cleaned up. However, the opportunities outweigh the risks. Developing the area is an opportunity for the city to integrate the nearly complete vacant area into the cityscape and create a special place. ◊ Vision o f t he s a l t wo r ks

The first idea was to build a wellness centre on the area. The idea for a place where the existing salt can be used for therapy, wellness and relaxation was born. It should be a place for everyone—both tourists and locals. In view of the industrial economy, it also can be a recreation spot for the workers. With the salt, Drohobych could offer a whole range of unique therapeutic procedures that require natural brine produced on site, such as: natural brine bath, natural brine steam bath, inhalations and salt messages. It also can be used as a body scrub—which probably could be sold in a gift shop. The focus should always be on the salt and its health relevance, its “healing power”. What almost all of the proposals outlined above have in common is that you breathe in salty air — which is very healthy.

Figure 2 - healing power of salt Source: own representation

Also, doctors and alternative practitioners recommend salt air therapies. It is an effective prevention therapy for respiratory diseases; it cleans the airways and helps one breathe freely. (Salin Medicair, 11.01.2021) The effects should be antiphlogistic and antibacterial, strengthening immune defence, expectorant, and a good sanitary medication for the airways. There is no point that speaks against the use of salt for this purpose, and thus represents a promising development opportunity. In Figure 3, you can see a vision board, which should help to understand our ideas and visuals them. In addition to the wellness offers based on salt, further production is to continue. On the one hand, salt is needed for the planned offer, and on the other hand, the saltworks have historical background that also plays an important cultural role for Drohobych. 168

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts Figure 3 – visionboard spa and wellness offers Source: own representation

With this in mind, the area of the salt works was divided into possible uses, as can be seen in Figure 4. In addition to a wellness area and a hotel with restaurant, there should also be other areas for recreation. These include a sports area and the Main Square in the form of a park with a pond. A museum is to be built in the production area, and the salt works are to be opened to visitors. On the edge of the area, space is to be created for co-working in old buildings and a creative school is to be established. All offers in the area should influence each other and be usable for everyone. Figure 4 - land use Source: own representation

There are big plans for the saltworks and on how to integrate them into the city; there should also be a creative connection, which is explained in the following section. ◊ C onnec t i o n to t h e c i t y centre

One important point of our vision is that the further development of the saltworks should be not only for the tourists, but also for the local citizens of Drohobych. In the same way, it should become a part of the city. Therefore, it is important to connect the two central places. The saltworks are linked with the centre by way of a 500m-long road (Google Maps, 11.01.2021). It is partly in a very bad condition but has beautiful large trees that invest it with a view of an avenue. Here, it would be a good idea to make the 169

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts

connection a pedestrian zone only, and thus limit the traffic. In this way, a direct route can be created from the area of the salt works to the centre of the town. This can be designed with cobblestones and green areas, which means that the large trees can be preserved.

Figure 5 – Connection between city centre and saltworks Source: own representation

This connection is very important for integration of the saltwork area into the city. Therefore, it must be designed accordingly and stand out. Figure 5 shows a very simple proposal for this, but one that takes up the current street image and improves it. This measure is intended to emphasise the sense of belonging. ◊ C o nc lu s i o n

The healing power of salt – what does it mean for the area of the saltworks? This question from the beginning was taken up again and again in the course. The basic issue is the development of the area of the Drohobych salt plant in Ukraine. Production there is still active. The saltworks there is a great opportunity to use it later, as is the proximity to the city centre. A disadvantage is the poor condition of the buildings. This means that the area has to be rebuilt from scratch and a large-scale redevelopment has to take place. In our vision, we want to create a wellness and spa centre in cooperation with surrounding spa towns. The place has multifunctional offers for wellness, sport, culture and education. The production should be combined with wellness and still be alive. The connection with the city is also very important. It should be a tourist attraction and a recreational area for inhabitants. The spa and wellness centre uses the healing power of salt for all proposals, which is the most important thing on it.

◊ So urces

The project report is based on the future workshop at 07.12.2020 and the subsequent preparation for the presentation by Alina Kushnir, Kateryna Ivashchuk, Olha Boiko and Tabea Schneider. Googel Maps; https://www.google.de/maps/dir/49.3497468,23.4996059/Yaroslava+Os-momysla+St,+28,+Drohobych,+L'vivs'ka+ob-last,+Ukraine,+82100/@49.3491858,23.5005178,891m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m9!4m8!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0 x473a4c1e2e80e043:0x28ece3d3c5b6ce53!2m2!1d23.5050338!2d49.3520006!3e2, 11.01.2021 Salin Medicair; https://www.salin-medicair.de/salzlufttherapie/, 11.01.2021 Mehner, Kathrin; https://www.gesundheit.de/wissen/haetten-sie-es-gewusst/ernaeh-rung/ist-salz-gesund, 11.01.2021

170

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

DROHOBYCH SALTWORKS. A WELLNESS AND SPA RESORT This project proposal envisages the development of the territory of Drohobych Saltworks in the direction of rehabilitation. During the workshop, predesign studies were conducted and conceptual functional zoning of the territory was developed. The idea of rehabilitation in Drohobych develops around three components: ozokerite, mineral springs, and salts—which form a “health triangle”—that is the logo of this project. Creating a resort in Drohobych can be a great addition to the existing surrounding resorts of Skhidnytsia and Truskavets, because in addition to the health program, the city can also offer cultural recreation. Buildings of salt brine storages No. 1 and No. 2 are currently in an emergency condition, but storage No. 2 still plays its role in the production process. That is why the volume of the salt brine storage No. 1 was chosen for the development of the health center. The center relies on the use of salt for medical purposes, which is why there are rooms for various health treatments: -

inhalation of brine fumes; thermal salt pool; sauna; steam sauna.

The buildings of the two storages are connected by a glass room, and the wall of the salt brine storage No. 2 is also partly made of glass, which allows visitors not only to recover, but also to observe the process of salt settling.

Project by Olha Boiko 171

Futu re scen a r i o s a n d con cepts

DROHOBYCH SALTWORKS. A WELLNESS AND SPA RESORT This project proposal has a health and therapeutic function. It is proposed to develop the Drohobych saltworks not only in the industrial buildings, but also within the conceptual scheme of zoning. It is proposed to develop the Drohobych Saltworks in the direction of a spa resort, as Drohobych salt is very good for health, and the future spa resort can be a great addition to the resorts nearby: Skhidnytsia and Truskavets. Each of the resorts has its own characteristics: Truskavets – ozokerite, Skhidnytsia – mineral springs, and Drohobych – salt, which in turn creates a triangle of health. The project proposal provides the development of planning and appearance of holiday homes of two types: double and eight. And a green recreational area around them has been developed. The development of sports facility that will be used for health purposes is also presented. Visitors of the spa resort will be able to practice yoga, dance, and fitness—which, in combination with salt baths, inhalations, and other treatments, will give a wonderful health effect and significantly improve the mood and well-being of vacationers. Above are visualisations of the projected objects in the environment, as well as selected areas of study in terms of aerial view.

Project by Kushnir Alina

172

Future s cen a r i o s a n d concepts

DROHOBYCH SALTWORKS. A WELLNESS AND SPA RESORT The description of a state of an existing building Pan N2. Only the South facade remains from the original building. The Northern part is from Soviet times. However, the whole structure is in an emergency condition The roof of the historical building is destroyed. It is not utilized for its intended purpose, as there is no need for it in the manufacturing process. The suggestion is that this building can be converted into a restaurant and an orangery, by adding a second level and light and airy glass construction. The brick walls will be saved and restored; at the same time, the windows are reinstated to their original farms. The roof construction consists of wooden and metal beams, which sit on wooden columns. Functional zoning inside the building: is designed to provide maximum comfort for visitors and staff. The ground floor is leveled with the area at the front of the building. The reservoir with salty water is in the center of the composition, on the ground level with the staircase above it. Everyone will have an opportunity to access the first level where the Green orangery is situated. The upper level will be a perfect spot for observing the activities in the main hall and enjoying the view. The whole structure is connected by vertical columns. The glass roof will illuminate the interior space. that way the surrounding environment will blend in with the building, highlighting the vastness of the interior space.

Project by Kateryna Ivaschuk

173

Field stu di es of Lviv Po ly tec h n i c stu d e nts in D rohobyc h

174

Field st u di es o f Lv iv Po ly tec h n i c st ud e nts in D roh o byc h

175

O n l in e Wo r ks h o ps

176

Onl ine Wo r ks h o ps

177

CONCLUSIONS

179

C oncl usio n

◊ De tle f K u rt h Doctor in Urban Planning, Professor at chair of Urban Planning, Technical University Kaiserslautern

Magical salt cities – that is the title of our collaboration, and although we never could meet us real because of pandemic, the results are magical and wonderful. We started with preparations in early spring 2020, hopeful to have different field studies and workshops together, visiting different salt cities, and having creative workshops in Kaiserslautern and Drohobych. But Covid 19 raised, and all visits and workshops had to be done virtual. It’s not easy to get a cultural and professional understanding only by screen, but the students managed it well. They made great analysis and concepts for the future of salt cities and found an understanding for each other. Salt had been a connecting product with high value in history. There had been an intensive exchange between different cities since medieval time, from East to West, from Lviv crossing Krakow and Halle to Frankfurt and Kaiserslautern. This exchange we want to re-establish. We found out, that several former salt cities transformed themselves to a new place for health, cure, recreation or sustainable production. Some cities like Bad Kreuznach established a new recreation and tourism industry. Others founded museums to recall for the historical meaning of salt. The students developed different strategies for the salt plant in Drohobych, which is still producing salt with high quality. They want to sell the salt to restaurants and shops with high level products, as a regional product. Also they suggest to mix the production with other functions like health, hotel, museum, artists and craft – also in connection with the famous writer Bruno Schulz. Another objective is to strengthen the connection to the city centre. It was possible that one workshop could happen in reality: the artists residence. Five artists worked together for one week in Drohobych, to understand the genius loci of the place. They developed different concepts for an art installation, to visualize that Drohobych had been an important salt city in history. The winner concept is realized just on the market square. We hope, that you will be inspired by the young ideas for the future of former industrial cities, based on a common historical understanding of trade, building heritage and partnership. These collaborations open the mind for new exchanges, for a common understanding of our European culture, of our idea of European Cities: open-minded, plural, free, democratic and with a common historical and cultural background.

180