the atlas of the north ANNIKA POUSI
FUTURE ARCHIVES This project observes the area through the official strategies in a variety of scales: the Arctic councils declarations, Norways High North strategy, Finnmarks regional strategy and finally zooming into an example city. I plan to map and visualize the strategies, and by comparing plans from different times or scales many contradictions can be found and analyzed. By comparing the strategy-maps to the existing situations in the past I hope to find some patterns that would also enable me to make a mapping projection of the future situation based on the current strategies.
arctic strategies
THE KIRUNA DECLARATION 2013
Arctic council
AIMS OF THE DECLARATION / 4 CATEGORIES
The Arctic Council consists of eight Arctic States: Canada, Denmark (Greenland and the Faroe Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the US (Alaska). Six international organisations representing Arctic Indigenous Peoples have permanent participant status as well as other big nations who have applied for a status as an observer. .
CLIMATE CHANGE
The Kiruna Declaration is the Arctic Council’s Vision for the Arctic for the next two years. The Kiruna Senior Arctic Officials’ Report to Ministers were approved by the Arctic Ministers in Kiruna 15 May 2013. The next meeting, and next vision will be done in 2015.
ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS
STRONG ARCTIC COUNCIL
WHO CAME TO KIRUNA?
CANADA Minister for the Arctic Council USA Secretary of State
ICELAND Director General
NORWAY Minister of Foreign Affairs DENMARK Minister of Foreign Affairs
FINLAND Minister of Foreign Affairs
RUSSIA SWEDEN Minister of Foreign Affairs Minister of Foreign Affairs
Member states USA / CANADA / ICELAND / DENMARK / NORWAY / SWEDEN / FINLAND / RUSSIA
Observers FRANCE / GERMANY / THE NETHERLANDS / POLAND / SPAIN / UK / CHINA / ITALY / JAPAN / SOUTH KOREA / SINGAPORE / INDIA
the norwegian government’s high north strategies
norwegian high north politics
the correlation between arctic strategies and statoil activities
2006
1981
The Norwegian Government’s High North Strategy
The Norwegian authorities opened the Barents Sea in the Arctic for exploration
2009
Nye byggesteiner i nord
2011
The High North Visions and strategies
statoil activity in the arctic
parlamentary elections / leading party Høyre labour party
Discovering ot the huge Snøhvit gas fields
Exploration drilling activity in the eastern Barents Sea
Drilling Snøhvit
Snøhvit: Production start
Major new gas field discoveries New operational area in Harstad
strategies from the ministry of foreign affairs "The seas north of the Norwegian mainland contain considerable fossil fuel and renewable fisheries resources. They have enormous economic potential which, if managed properly, will have great significance, both for the region and for the rest of the world."
Counties NORDLAND / TROMS / FINNMARK / SVALBARD
The sentence found on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs's website shows how the official attitude is that the northern resources are there to be exploited. In the 2011 vision climate change is mentioned, not as a threat, but as a fact, that will bring more economic posibilities for Norway. Norway defines its high north to be the three northernmost countires and Svalbard, but the strategy has effects on both international and national level, and includes visions for cooperation on large scales.
" The High North is Norway's number one foreign policy priority. "
OSLO Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Jonas Gahr Støre Minister of Foreign Affairs 2012
new minister, same strategies?
MAIN POINTS
The new foreign minister, Børge Brende gave his first official speech in the 14th Session of the Barents Euro-Arctic Council in Tromsø, 29 October 2013.
- Developing the significant resource potential is increasingly important for the Barents cooperation. HOW? funding, transport and infrastructure, border-crossing facilities, stable and predictable conditions
The main point of the speech continue with the same line as the previous governments strategies, but they stregthen the pressure for development more and more. The north remains high priorty and now also high tension, as he states that taking advantage of the resources is a crucial part of the future of the Barents cooperation. Using words like environmental challenges instead of highly pollutive, he implies that development must go on, and the environmental challenges are something that can be faced during the processes.
- Action Plan on Climate Change for the Barents Cooperation - Border obstacles should be reduced as much as possible - Find the right balance between safeguarding the interests of indigenous peoples and promoting mining
+14
+10
+6
The High North -Visions and strategies 2011 co-operation arctic council
The main elements in the High North vision strategy are co-operations between different actora in a variety of fields.
Canada, Greenland, Faroe Islands, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, US
The main co-operation is inside the organizations: Arctic council, Barents co-operation and the Northern dimension. In addition co-operation is mentioned in military actions and possible damage controll (oil spills etc.).
Northern dimension EU; Russia, Norway & Iceland
Barents region Land along the coast of Barents Sea
The strategy is heavily leaning on the future energy production, and is preparing for increased pressure on the area, that previously was 'low tension'.
legend Oil & gas fields + spin-off effects
Climate change up to 2100 +14
Important fishery areas (cod, halibut & haddock)
+10
Mining activities
Current shipping route
Marine areas: co-operation in monitoring Safeguearding: indigenous peoples interests Population / human precense in all parts of the territory Center for research
+6
Current shipping route (summer) Future shipping route? Military presence Military co-operation with NATO & Russia
county strategies
by finnmark fylkeskommune
The county scale strategies are done approximately every four years. This chapter is looking into two of them.
Fylkesplan for Finnmark 2006-2009, and later extended to be valid until 2011, is presenting a county scale vision and strategies for Finnmark. The regional planstrategi 2012-2016 is collecting together all the different strategies that are now executed as individual documents: for example energy strategy, mineral strategy, fishery strategy, different cultural strategies and strategy for internationa competence.
finnmark fylkeskommune in vadsø
The vision text is very general and doesn't cange much in the next strategy, but in the actual strategies and more specific descriptions several aims have radically shifted in another direction. These changes may or may not be really happening, but instead they describe the changes in the ideals and aims very clearly.
The Finnmark fylkeskommune is politically ruled by the fylkestinget. It has 35 member and the premises are located in Vadsø. Fylkestinget has elections every four years. The current season is 2011-2015 and the leading party is Arbeidspartiet.
The fylkeskommune states that the strategies are not plans and visions as themselves, but more of a tool to organize different strategies and regional planning during one election period.
VADSĂ˜ Finnmark fylkeskommune
king crabs
oil fields
fishery
culture
diversity fylkesplan for finnmark 2006-2009 (11)
cover photos - representing changes in the ideals
regional planstrategi for finnmark 2012-2016 large scale industry
industry
Melkøya / gas fields
TROMSØ UNN
fylkesplan for finnmark 2006-2009 (11) Line of development Economy & tourism
Coastal zone
Towards west -Tromsø
eastern hub - Kirkenes
Expences
Locus of economy and culture Gate to Russia
Education & health care
legend culture
trade & industry Museum Barents cultural co-operation area Sametinget
health care Hospital Health care center Health care network Tromsø University hospital
education
Main economical zones
Arctic learning center
Oil and gas fields
Decentralized higher education / Finnmark University College in Alta
Main tourism economic areas
Multilingual education
Economic possibility: The Sami
transport More flight routes in the Barents area
Year round food production
Better public transport network
Economic possibility: Food tourism
New harbour in Vadsø
Proposed windpower threats AREAL PLAN Reindeer pastures / moving patterns
Oil pollution along the searoutes Kola Nuclear Power Plant: Risk for fallout over parts of Norway
regional planstrategi for finnmark 2012-2016 energy
economy
Given their own strategy
Russia & North Calotte area More evenly spread to different directions compared to 2006
networks Equal networks in all parts of Finnmark in culture, health care and education
legend trade & industry Main economical zones Oil and gas fields Offshore drilling Melkøya Fishery & production of fresh fish Primary industries /processing of fish Proposed wind power Proposed tidal power Powerline connections to wind power plants Mining development Securing ring effects from different industries Aim for more winter tourism
health care
transport
Hospital
More flight routes in the Barents area
Health care center
Better public transport network
Evenly spread health care network competence & education VideregĂĽende schools Evenly spread education network
Harbour development Wanted new train connections Hurtigruten culture Cultural co-operation area Sametinget Cultural network in settlements: Venues for sport, music, art & theatre
Russia = economical possibilities Fishing industry is important More flights Kirkenes hub
Network: Tourism // culture 2006 coastline 2012 more winter tourism Tidal power Windpower Mineral strategy
Gas fields // 2006 planning 2012 money Network: health care Planning new railway connections
2012
Threats: oils & nuclear Reindeer pastures Multilinguality Sami tourism
2006
what has changed in six years? The 2006 strategy is leaning more towards the east as a possibility for trade and cultural co-operation whereas the 2012 strategy expresses a more evenly distributed economical zone for the whole North Calotte area. The most radical change can be seen in the disappearance of the sami and reindeer culture in the 2012 strategy -they are mentioned as important values in the vision, but are then forgotten in the actual strategies. Instead a new mineral strategy is introduced.
some changes
disappeared Threats: oils & nuclear Multilinguality
Tourism // 2006 coastline 2012 more winter tourism
Sami tourism
new
Russia = economical possibilities
Gas fields // 2006 planning 2012 money
Reindeer pastures
same Fishing industry is important More flights
Kirkenes hub
Network: culture
Network: health care
Mineral strategy
Planning new railway connections Tidal power
Windpower
contents of the document / based on the space that is given to them 2006-2009 (11)
2012-2016
THREATS
AREAL PLAN ENVIRONMENT
HEALTH CARE AREAL PLAN
TRADE & INDUSTRY
HEALTH CARE
TRANSPORT
COMPETENCE
TRADE & INDUSTRY
& EDUCATION
CULTURE
TRANSPORT
CULTURE EDUCATION
across scales
comparison
Transp
Military presence
Human presence /population
Culture
Co-operation
The common goals
Co-operation
These three factor appear in all of the strategies, but approaches may vary.
Global warming
Environment
Health care Indigenous people
Environment
port
Fishery
Oil Mining Indigenous people Reindeer
The NOT SO common goals
global warming
Oil, gas and mining
Threat or possibility?
These economic possibilities are strongest in the Norwegian scale, seen as a possibility for the whole country. The Kiruna declaration is more concerned about the environmental issues.
Indigenous people’s rights
Co-operation
Mentioned in all strategies, but in fact get very little concrete attention. Is it a goal or just a mandatory part of the vision?
sources Arctic strategies Kiruna declaration. The Eighth Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council. May 15, 2013. Arctic Council. http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/. 1.11.2013.
UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Projected temperature changes, 2000 to 2100 scenario. 2005. World Wildlife Fund. http://worldwildlife.org/places/arctic. 15.10.2013
Norwegian high north strategies The High North - visions and strategies. The Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2011.
14th Session of the Barents Euro-Arctic Council, Tromsø, 29 October 2013. http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/whats-new/Speeches-and-articles/speeches_ articles/2013/14th-session-of-the-barents-euro-arctic-.html?id=744822 The High North. http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/campaigns/the-high-north.html?id=450629. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1.11.2013. Thorvald Stoltenberg. Nordic cooperation on Nordic and security policy. Meeting of Nordic foreign ministers. 2009. EY. Arctic Oil and Gas. EYs Global Oil & Gas Center. 2013.
Fish stocks. http://www.fisheries.no. Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs. 1.11.2013 Statoil, Snøhvit. http://www.statoil.com/en/Pages/default.aspx. 30.10.2013.
Mining. http://www.nrk.no/sapmi/her-leter-gruveselskapene-1.11223508. NRK Sápmi. 1.11.2013. UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Projected temperature changes, 2000 to 2100 scenario. 2005.
county strategies Fylkesplan for Finnmark 2006-2009 (11). Finnmark fylkeskommune. 2006.
Regional planstrategi for Finnmark 2012-2016. Finnmark fylkeskommune. 2012.
Regionale kulturstrategier for Finnmark 2008-2014. Finnmark fylkeskommune. 2008. Energistrategier for Finnmark 2010-2013. Finnmark fylkeskommune. 2010. Regional vindkraftplan. Finnmark fylkeskommune. 2013.
Fiskeri- og havbruksstrategier for 2011-2014 "Et hav av kvalitet". Finnmark fylkeskommune. 2011. Helse Finnmark. http://www.helse-finnmark.no/. 25.10.2013.
Statoil. http://www.statoil.com/en/Pages/default.aspx. 30.10.2013.
Mining. http://www.nrk.no/sapmi/her-leter-gruveselskapene-1.11223508. NRK Sápmi. 1.11.2013. Reindriftsforvaltningen. https://kart.reindrift.no/reinkart/. 27.11.2013. Transport Finnmark. http://www.boreal.no/. 1.11.2013.
County politics. http://www.ffk.no/emner-og-tjenester/politikk/. Finnmark fylkeskommune. 1.11.2013