Spatial Entity Greenway in Irbid City - Jordan by Ansam Bzour

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DIPLOMA THESIS

BZOUR ANSAM 2020

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SZENT ISTVร N UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM, BUDAPEST

MASTER OF ARTS IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND GARDEN DESIGN (MLA)

SPATIAL ENTITY GREENWAY IN IRBID CITYJORDAN BZOUR ANSAM

Dr. Valรกnszki Istvรกn

BUDAPEST, 2020

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Abstract Regarding the significant increase in the number of population and the continuous need for habitats, there was a huge number of housing projects in the inner city and expanding toward the outer part, resulting in a huge lack of open recreational spaces where people can participate in. Those spaces can form an outlet of the city. Nowadays, people are using the lands on the side of the route to breath out and enjoy their recreational leisure time by sitting in the undeveloped lands and sidewalks for some activities such as; gathering, coffee kiosks and some hawkers. The main target is to develop a greenway along the route to meet the needs of the society, to create a better connection to the city and to provide people with some recreational activities as what Ahern, J. has described the greenway as â&#x20AC;&#x153;Networks of land containing linear elements that are planned, designed and managed for multiple purposes including ecological, recreational, cultural, aesthetic or other purposes compatible with the concept of sustainable land useâ&#x20AC;? (Ahern, J. 1995).

Keywords: Greenway development, Urban planning, Land revitalization, Irbid city development, Spatial entity greenway

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Acknowledgment

To God, for implementing his mercy in every detail of my life. A father for his continuous love and support. A mother who sacrificed her own happiness to let me reach my goals and dreams. A family for their unlimited care. A life supporter with whom I am filled with motivation, love, tranquility ultimate and happiness. Friends who make the journey worth walking. My supervisor; Dr. Valánszki István for his great knowledge that enriched my whole life experience. To those in charge of the Stipendium Hungaricum Scholarship for the great opportunity they gave me. To all the good people I met through the past two years. To all of you, I dedicate this thesis. .ً‫اﻟﺤﻤﺪ� وﺷﻜﺮا‬ [4]

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Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 12 Goals and Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 13 Methodology .................................................................................................................................. 13 Chapter One: Literature Review ....................................................................................... 14 1.1.

Greenway as a Term ...................................................................................................... 15

1.2.

Green spaces and linear parks, the greenway continuity ............................................... 16

1.2.1.

Typologies of linear parks...................................................................................... 16

1.2.2.

Urban open spaces meaning and classification regarding the Greenways ............. 18

1.2.2.1. 1.3.

Approaches to classify urban open spaces in greenways: .............................. 18

Socio-cultural effect and gender safety in greenways .................................................... 19

1.3.1.

Public safety and greenways planning ................................................................... 19

1.3.2.

Public gender safety and greenways planning ....................................................... 19

1.3.3.

Safe community principles..................................................................................... 20

1.4.

Ecological sustainability and Land Revitalization in Greenways .................................. 21

1.4.1.

Definition of ecological sustainability and ecosystem biodiversity ....................... 21

1.4.1.1.

Physical features as strategies to design ecologically sustainable greenway: 22

1.4.1.2.

Conditions to fulfill the ecology and sustainability of greenways: ................ 22

1.4.2.

Land revitalization and dendrology ....................................................................... 23

1.4.2.1.

Urban public space revitalization ................................................................... 23

1.4.2.2.

Process to revitalize the land .......................................................................... 23

1.5.

Development of greenways through history .................................................................. 24

1.6.

Types and classifications of greenways ......................................................................... 25

1.7.

Synthesis and understanding of greenways.................................................................... 26 Chapter Two: Assessment and Analysis ........................................................................... 28

2.1.

Case Studies ................................................................................................................... 29

2.1.1.

Gainesville, GA High Performance Greenway ...................................................... 29

2.1.2.

Wutong Greenway in Shenzhen, China ................................................................. 30

2.1.3.

Ticino River and Bereguardo Canal line Greenway, Milan, Pavia ........................ 32

2.2.

City Introduction and Natural Conditions ...................................................................... 34

2.3.

Social and Demographic Analysis ................................................................................. 37

2.3.1.

Urban Sprawl ......................................................................................................... 37

2.3.2.

Demographics of Irbid City ................................................................................... 37

2.3.3.

Leisure time survey ................................................................................................ 38

2.4.

Cultural Analysis ........................................................................................................... 39

2.4.1.

Refugees and Urban Expansion ............................................................................. 39 [6]

2.4.2.

Religious revolution history and impact on urban spaces ...................................... 40

2.4.3.

History and development of open spaces ............................................................... 41

2.4.4.

Safety and security in open spaces ......................................................................... 43

2.5.

Study Area Assessment .................................................................................................. 43

2.5.1.

Site Introduction and General Information ............................................................. 43

2.5.2.

History of urban expansion in the study area ......................................................... 44

2.5.3.

Land use and function ............................................................................................ 46

2.5.4.

Urban role in the city .............................................................................................. 46

2.5.5.

Land function through history ................................................................................ 47

2.5.6.

Traffic analysis ....................................................................................................... 48

2.5.7.

Green spaces analysis ............................................................................................. 48

2.5.8.

Character and condition of different parts .............................................................. 49

2.5.9.

Values and Problems .............................................................................................. 50

2.5.10.

Smaller section division and analysis (Sections) .................................................... 51

2.5.10.1.

Solid and void analysis ................................................................................... 51

2.5.10.2.

Land use.......................................................................................................... 52

2.5.10.3.

Types of open lands ........................................................................................ 52

2.5.10.4.

Traffic and connections .................................................................................. 53

2.5.10.5.

SWOT analysis for the selected part .............................................................. 54

Chapter Three: Proposal and Design Strategy ................................................................... 55 3.1. Design Strategy ................................................................................................................... 56 3.2. Greenway Design Strategy Levels ...................................................................................... 56 3.2.1.

Ecological Development ........................................................................................ 57

3.2.2.

Recreational Development ..................................................................................... 58

3.2.3.

Green Coverage Development................................................................................ 59

3.2.4.

Traffic Development .............................................................................................. 60

3.3. Master Plan Design ............................................................................................................. 61 3.4. Summary of Interventions ................................................................................................... 62 3.5. General Mood Board ........................................................................................................... 63 Chapter Four: Detailed Design .......................................................................................... 64 4.1. Detailed Master Plan ........................................................................................................... 65 4.2. Public Open Spaces Master Plan ......................................................................................... 66 4.3. Planting Master Plan............................................................................................................ 67 4.4. Proposed Prototypes ............................................................................................................ 68 4.4.1. Gathering Zone ............................................................................................................. 69 4.4.2. Playground.................................................................................................................... 71 4.4.3. Junction with agricultural lands .................................................................................... 73 [7]

4.4.4. Traffic system .............................................................................................................. 75 4.5. Constructional Details ......................................................................................................... 76 Chapter Five: Conclusion.................................................................................................. 78 5.1.

Thesis Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 79 References ......................................................................................................................... 80 Appendix ............................................................................................................................ 84 Pictures Resources â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Appendix 32................................................................................ 87

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List of Figures Figure1: Typologies of linear parks / (Kullmann, 2011) ............................................................................... 17 Figure2: Illustrations of the multiuse of greenways / (Frederick, 2006) ....................................................... 25 Figure3: Personal diagram to show the greenway principles / Appendix 1 ................................................... 26 Figure4: Personal diagram to show the process of designing new lands / Appendix 2 ................................. 26 Figure5: Personal diagram to show the process of revitalizing the lands / Appendix 3 ................................ 27 Figure6: Personal diagram to show the process of combining the two actions / Appendix 4........................ 27 Figure 7: Development plan of Gainesville greenway development / Personal work based on (Akpinar, 2014). .................................................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 8: Process of designing Gainesville, GA greenway / (Akpinar, 2014). .............................................. 30 Figure 9: Location of Greenway / (Chen et al., 2017). .................................................................................. 31 Figure 10: Photographs showing Wutong greenway / (Chen et al., 2017) .................................................... 31 Figure 11: Location of Greenway / (N. and A., 2012). .................................................................................. 32 Figure 12: Greenway Plan / (N. and A., 2012). ............................................................................................. 33 Figure 13: Ecological Network Plan / (N. and A., 2012). ............................................................................. 33 Figure 14: Location of Irbid City / Personal work ......................................................................................... 34 Figure 15: Historical Sites in Irbid City / Irbid Municipality Resources ....................................................... 35 Figure 16: Natural conditions of Irbid / Weather-atlas.com/en/jordan/irbid ................................................. 35 Figure 17: Topography and soil / Irbid Municipality Resources ................................................................... 36 Figure 18: Vegetation and wildlife / Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature ..................................... 36 Figure 19: Population increase before and after refugees / Personal Work Based on Department of Statistics Data-Jordan ........................................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 20: Demographics of Irbid City / Personal Work Based on Department of Statistics Data-Jordan ... 38 Figure 21: Leisure time survey result / Personal work based on an onsite survey ........................................ 38 Figure 22: Migration and urban expansion / Personal work - Refugees in towns (Charles Simpson and AboZayed, 2019) .................................................................................................................................. 39 Figure 23: Religious revolution impact / Personal work â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Interviews with locals during site visit............... 41 Figure 24: Types of openings through history and now / (Dana K. Amro and Azizi, 2015). ...................... 41 Figure 25: Heritage before and after restoration / (Fakhoury and Haddad, 2017). ...................................... 42 Figure 26: Open spaces development / Irbid Municipality resources & site visit analysis........................... 42 Figure 27: Unsafe streets in Irbid and the reason they are unsafe / Site visit analysis & Interviews with users .............................................................................................................................................................. 43 Figure 28: Study Area location / Online maps & personal work ................................................................... 44 Figure 29: Ownership of lands / Personal work based on municipality resources ........................................ 45 Figure 30: Urban Expansion Map / Personal work according to Municipality resources / Appendix 5 ........ 45 Figure 31: Land use map and function map / Personal work based on site visit / Appendix 6 ..................... 46 Figure 32: Urban Role as a historical connection / Personal work according to Municipality resources / Appendix 7 ........................................................................................................................................... 47 Figure 33: Land Function Now and Back Then / Personal work based on Interviews with professionals / Appendix 8 ........................................................................................................................................... 47 Figure 34: Traffic analysis map / Personal work based on site visit / Appendix9 ......................................... 48 Figure 35: Green Space and Soil Quality Map / Personal work according to Site Visit & Municipality resources / Appendix 10 ....................................................................................................................... 49 Figure 36: View change and iconized sections / Personal work based on site visit / Appendix 11 & Appendix 12 ......................................................................................................................................... 50 Figure 37: Values and problems / Personal work based on site visit and analysis / Appendix 13 ................ 50 Figure 38: Solid and void map / Personal work based on site visit / Appendix 14........................................ 51 Figure 39: Land use map / Personal work based on site visit / Appendix 15 ................................................ 52 Figure 40: Types of open lands map / Personal work based on site visit / Appendix 16 ............................... 53 Figure 41: Traffic and connection map / Personal work based on site visit / Appendix 17........................... 53 Figure 42: SWOT Analysis map / Personal work based on analysis / Appendix 18 ..................................... 54 Figure 43: Strategic Vision / Personal Work Based on Analysis .................................................................. 56 Figure 44: Design Strategy Levels/Personal Work Based on Analysis ......................................................... 56 Figure 45: Ecological Development/Personal Work Based on Analysis/Appendix 19 ................................. 57 Figure 46: Recreational Development / Personal Work Based on Analysis / Appendix 20 .......................... 58

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Figure 47: Green Coverage Development / Personal Work Based on Analysis / Appendix 21 .................... 59 Figure 48: Traffic Development / Personal Work Based on Analysis / Appendix 22 ................................... 60 Figure 49: Master plan development / Personal Work Based on Analysis / Appendix 23 ............................ 61 Figure 50: Summary of interventions / Personal Work Based on Analysis ................................................... 62 Figure 51: Mood board / Personal Work Based on Analysis ......................................................................... 63 Figure 52: Master plan design /Personal Work Based on Analysis / Appendix 24 ....................................... 65 Figure 53: Public open spaces masterplan / Personal Work Based on Analysis / Appendix 25 .................... 66 Figure 54: Planting masterplan / Personal Work Based on Analysis / Appendix 26 ..................................... 67 Figure 55: Current state for four study areas along the greenway / Personal Work Based on Analysis ........ 68 Figure 56: Gathering zone design / Personal Work Based on Analysis /Appendix 27 .................................. 69 Figure 57: Gathering zone views / Personal Work using Lumion and Photoshop /Appendix 27 .................. 70 Figure 58: Playground design / Personal Work Based on Analysis /Appendix 28 ........................................ 71 Figure 59: Playground design / Personal Work Based on Analysis /Appendix 28 ........................................ 72 Figure 60: Junction design / Personal Work Based on Analysis /Appendix 29 ............................................. 73 Figure 61: Junction views / Personal Work Based on Analysis /Appendix 29 .............................................. 74 Figure 62: Traffic system design / Personal Work Based on Analysis /Appendix 30 ................................... 75 Figure 63: Constructional detail part one & part two / Personal Work.......................................................... 76 Figure 64: Constructional detail part three / Personal Work ......................................................................... 77

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Introduction Irbid city is located in the north of Jordan, about 70kms north of the capital Amman and approximately 20kms south the Syrian borders. It is considered as the cultural capital of Jordan regarding the amount of the historical buildings and ruins among the Roman and Ottoman historical periods that are located in the center of the downtown of Irbid City. Irbid has an approximate number of population about 2 million inhabitants in 2019 with an area of approximately 1600 km2 which makes Irbid city the second largest metropolitan city in Jordan. The city forms a major ground transportation hub between Amman (The capital), Syria to the north and Mafraq City to the east. Irbid city is considered as a home for many universities, most importantly; Yarmouk university which is located in the south of the downtown of Irbid and was established in 1976. Since then the structure of the city has changed to host many students who migrated from the villages to the city in order to study. In 1986 Jordan University of Science and Technology was established in the south east of the downtown that was forming an extension to Yarmouk university creating a spatial connection regarding the administrative needs. In the structure of Irbid city, there is an existing route connecting the inner city with other cities like Mafraq city in the east passing through Jordan University of science and technology. This route did not trigger the interest of people to invest in it regarding the poor condition of the lands in the side of it, and did not form an important role in the city structure although it was a main connection between the inner downtown of Irbid and the outer surroundings. Regarding the development of the city, the government decided to establish a new route and connection between the downtown of Irbid and the university (Jordan University of Science and Technology). At first, people were against the government decision regarding the loss of agricultural lands that could happen while constructing the road but according to the Jordanian regulation of the land property; â&#x20AC;&#x153;No land may be divided or modified except after obtaining the approval of the competent committee and in accordance with the provisions of the organization stipulated in the Law and the application for approval of the division or modification shall be submitted to the committee signed by the land owner or the owner shall be compensated for the use of his land.â&#x20AC;?(Jordanian Law of Land Property) the government compensated the land owners and started to develop the route connection. However, there was a loss in the agricultural lands, the land value has increased dramatically according to the governmental decision in developing the route. After the governmental development of the route, people started to invest some projects that can increase their profits; call center agencies, schools and some cafes where established along the route and the route started to form a new connection to the urban expansion of the city not to mention the establishment of king Abdullah the II garden in the beginning of the route. According to the refuge waves and the expansion of Irbid city, the urban development started to expand in a chaotic distribution toward the route which makes it difficult to have open recreational spaces for people. [12]

Goals and Objectives In order to enhance the quality of the land and trigger the need of the society to provide more open spaces, the goals were set regarding two important targets; the greenway development of the land and the needs of the society and culture by the following goals: -

Greenway Development:   

Enhancing the biodiversity by planting diverse native species. Developing an interactive greenway as a connection by improving the quality of the route and reflecting its identity toward people. Developing campaigns to transfer the underused agricultural lands into productive arable lands by the help of the community in creating some participatory processes.

Society and Culture Needs:  



Enriching the social sustainability by reconnecting the land with the people respecting their cultural traditions and identity. Reviving neglected open lands to serve the society needs by creating linear parks that has social services and activities to help the social community. Enhancing the pedestrian walkability by creating linear developed pedestrianized routes and cycling routes that has some attractions to enrich the human experience. Enhance the gender safety in open spaces by designing a safe environment that is reflected by the variety of multiple users in different times of the day.

Methodology There are many key topics regarding the analysis of the greenway and land quality such as; road infrastructure, route analysis, history development, accessibility and map analysis regarding the bigger scale analysis and zooming in to create a main focus on the smaller parts of the route. Also some data that can help in the analysis of the behavioral patterns and social aspects such as; creating online surveys that meet the understanding level of community toward the site, studying the cultural aspects and traditions by talking to local people and meeting professionals. A very important tool is analyzing the maps and define the character of the route and how it may change along the change of the different sections and parts. What helps in creating a real vision of understanding the site is by visiting it and trying to fill the gaps that are needed to enhance its spatial entity. The site visit was done by group of professionals and locals to demonstrate the issues and potentials.

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Chapter One: Literature Review

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Literature Review 1.1.

Greenway as a Term

Greenways are urban elements that are designed to show the linear consistency and connectivity between open green spaces and cause a development in the urban texture. As Vikipedi Özgür Ansiklopedi discussed, greenways are an urban solution to form the connection between any kind of open spaces that are open to the public either for recreational use or for other functions such as the protection of the natural resources. (Vikipedi Özgür Ansiklopedi, 2008). Greenways can also form as systems or networks in which they are designed to manage some parts of the city planning such as; nature protection, biodiversity management, water resources. Also to support the importance of the cultural recreational and historical protection. So in other words Greenways are important for serving the needs of people throughout time and should always be sustainable to match with the changes in the structure of the city and the needs of its people. (Ahern, 2002) As a part of urban green space, greenways are considered as a formation of linear parks and public open spaces that is referred to it as “Trails” and “Urban trails” (Fabos, 2004). It can also be described as an open space corridor that provides natural ecological functions while at the same time offers aesthetical quality and recreational activities for people or can be designed for commuting purposes. (Keith, 2016). John F. Ahern in his article “Greenways as Strategic Landscape Planning” discussed the importance of emerging the greenway as a huge part of the city planning by defining the greenway as a combination between a network of linear corridors and the protected lands connected with these corridors either functionally or physically. The article also discusses the purpose of greenways as they are considered as a scientific knowledge that is spread internationally starting from the United States of America. Since the greenway is a new strategic term that is somehow understandable by the public as a method of achieving connectivity and social coherence. (Ahern, 2002). From these definitions, it is clear that greenways serve their communities in many different ways as they are needed to help urban planners and park managers understand how different types of greenways contribute to urban environments to make it more sustainable and to improve the infrastructure and road system. Also to illustrate the strong relationship between the role of greenways in cities and the main factors affecting the design and development of them. Furthermore, the ability to create a connection between the open green spaces and parks. Not to mention the importance to the social behavioral patterns and cultural recreational development of the city not only by having social functionality but also by highlighting the aesthetical factor.

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1.2.

Green spaces and linear parks, the greenway continuity

Linear lands are considered as very critical parts of the urban infrastructure to deal with. After the industrial era, lots of cities were left with this kind to elongated lands among the urban fabric which led to some difficulties regarding what to do with these lands. After the decline of the industrial era, cities were changing parallel with the use and design of these lands to create the so-called; Linear parks. Linear parks are defined as an urban or suburban setting that is substantially long and elongated with greenways creating a green continuity in the urban fabric. (Kullmann, 2011). Those kind of parks are formed as a result from historical features of a city such as roads that were replaced with green spaces. They are ideal for activities or an extension of the urban fabric. They allow number of people to live within close proximity to green space as they stretch through cities. Linear parks work as a transitional linear void in the urban texture between either land and land or land and water surface, in cities or in natural surfaces. They are also serve the connectivity and contextualization of urban discourse. Linear parks are part of the linear landscapes which are associated with the green infrastructure, landscape corridors and greenways. (Kullmann, 2011). Many planners discussed the good and bad impact of the existing of linear parks in the urban planning. As for Kevin Lynch in his book (Good City Form), linear elements form a huge part of the urban planning and can help in defining the urban fabric “unless that space itself is a powerful landscape: an ocean, a mountain range, or a great river”. (Lynch 1981: 437). Moreover, Banai and Rapino emphasized this idea in the review of the book (Urban theory since A Theory of Good City Form (1981) – a progress review) where it insightfully reveals embedded values that are implicit in urban theory. (Banai and Rapino, 2009). However, in our times, Andrés Duany has been particularly dismissive and against the idea of linear parks and described it as “an extended venue for crime” (P/A Awards 1994: 55).

1.2.1. Typologies of linear parks According to a study that Kullmann provided and design and formation of the linear parks, they are divided into many typologies that are used to illustrate the solutions that is made to plan and design the urban linear fabric. (Kullmann, 2011). (Figure1: Typologies of Linear Parks). -

Filter Typology: A typology in which is used to manage the flow of vehicles, cyclists, pedestrians and sight lines by absorbing their movement within the site. The structure of the park decreases the traffic by absorbing park users and manage the pedestrian and cyclist’s activity. It is mainly used in high density urban contexts. Lower flow volume and less concentrated usage is not where this typology is applicable. Program sink: When the linear park is filled by defined functional uses, usually in the form of sports courts and fields. This typology is less influenced by context, and more efficient in both high and low density situations. [16]

Conduit: A linear park with non-vehicular movement mainly associated with river parks and abandoned rail trail. Suture: Is used to stitch up an urban split that is basically infrastructural in origin. Stage: A central spine of sequential ‘landing sites’ that host both spontaneous and premeditated events. This typology is assisted by the cultural atmosphere often found in denser urban cores. But like the ‘Program sink’ type, it can also have the ability to function in lower density suburban environment. Pedestal: Is when the linear park is placed in a symbiotic relationship with external landmarks and atmospheres and aligned with the elevations. The best way to apply this typology is in the Baroque and picturesque gardens, screening and visual for shortening between the foreground and background. This typology is less dependent on urban density but more on the topography and surrounding environment. Thicket: Works as a dense passage that goes in any direction, created with overgrown vegetation. The thicket typology is most potent when highly contrasted against its context, so it is considered as a typology that works in a dense urban area.

Figure1: Typologies of linear parks / (Kullmann, 2011)

Each of these typologies is suitable for particular urban contexts; for example, a linear site near to a school may be most effectively designed as a ‘program sink’, while a particularly topographical situation may lend a setting that is primed to operate principally as a ‘pedestal’. On the other hand, a linear site leading to useful destinations may function best as a ‘conduit’, while an overgrown linear site may hold the potential to be converted into a ‘thicket’. In these instances, selecting an appropriate primary typological identity assists the designer when focusing the intent of a proposed linear park for a given linear site in a given urban setting.

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1.2.2. Urban open spaces meaning and classification regarding the Greenways The term of urban open space as a part of a greenway refers to a space that is connected with high quality maintenance, which is any space that has no building structure on it and is empty. Can form as an urban space that is located in the urban regions surrounding the city or can be an open space that is an undeveloped piece of land. It has a correlation with the human, standing as a reflection of the human needs and modifications toward natural areas, not to mention the development of the understanding of these spaces and how it influenced the design and style of these spaces which matches with the concept of the greenways as not only for providing urban open spaces but by designing these spaces in a way to serve the community needs. The urban open space is considered as an urban area with a semi-natural ecosystem converted urban spaces by human influence and provided the connection between urban and nature.(Rakhshandehroo et al., 2017). Urban green spaces in greenways contain the open lands that can be distributed in the urban fabric in many shapes and forms. They also have a function or a purpose for why they are designed as a part of the urban texture. They are open to the public whether they were privately or publicly owned. (Rakhshandehroo et al., 2017). In order to categorize the urban open spaces in greenways, there are two important methods to be used. Nochian,Tahir, Maulan and Rakhshandehroo described in the article (a comprehensive public open space categorization using classification system for sustainable development of public open spaces) the methods of categorizing the open spaces which are; the ‘Typology’ which refers to the type of the open space regardless the inner characters of them. This method focuses on the type of the space, for example, squares, plazas, etc. While the second method is the ‘Classification’ method which categorizes the spaces according to some factors that define the character of that space, for example, the location, development level, function and the juxtaposition between the open space and other spaces.(Jim and Chen, 2003). 1.2.2.1. -

Approaches to classify urban open spaces in greenways:

Catchment Hierarchy (Depends on who will use the open space) and determined by: Geographical area, size, level of use and significance. It focuses on how far a person can go to use the open space. (Council). Function: The main functional classification that reflects the primary use of the open space which identifies the types of open spaces: Recreational spaces, Sport spaces and Natural spaces. (Council). Landscape/Environmental Setting: Defines what the land can offer for planning, management and marketing purposes by reflecting the physical setting of the land. (Council).

Since the greenways are linear elements that are formed by a group of open spaces, it is a mandatory to reflect the type and classification of the open spaces when designing the greenway in order to serve the present need of population, enhance biodiversity and reflect a good environmental image of the city. [18]

1.3.

Socio-cultural effect and gender safety in greenways

There is no doubt that the varieties of the population need different types of green spaces around them. According to that, greenways design should be reflected in a flexible way to go through any change that is influenced by that cultural and social patterns in a sustainable way. (Shahani and Rudner, 2016). The lands that are attached to the people reflect a strong historical relationship between people and their lands over time. Greenways are linear open spaces in the landscape that are planned for multiple usage, they can serve the ecological or the social factor by increasing biodiversity, protecting water resources, wildlife protection, also by serving the recreational needs of the culture and respecting the social patterns. According to what Ahern described in his studies, part of the definition of the greenways is to be adapted to changes that can occur in the society and to provide a series of social recreational activities related to the type of cultural landscape they are located in and the traditional background of the city; whether it was monoculture or multicultural. For example, when designing a greenway in a European city, mainly you have to be aware of some characteristics and principles that are totally different when it comes to a middle eastern country. (Ahern, 2002).

1.3.1. Public safety and greenways planning There is always a contrast and a tension between the design of natural corridors and the infrastructure and road system of the city. The planning and development of safe urban trails within natural greenways can be challenging and contentious. (Luymes and Tamminga, 1995). Natural corridors may be perceived as unsafe and avoided by people regarding the unclear sightlines that can effect on the ecological integrity. In order to get rid of the idea of unsafety in greenways, the term â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Human ecologyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; should be understood regarding the fact that this term refers to the relationship between the human and the environment. people will be expected to interact with the open space in such a way as to maximize their well-being, including their physical safety and their social, psychological and physical comfort. (Luymes and Tamminga, 1995).

1.3.2. Public gender safety and greenways planning There are many studies that discuss the perception of safety regarding the urban planning based on the gender. Major distinct differences in the ways men and women perceive and use the open spaces were mentioned in the study that Mozingo provided. (Mozingo, 1989). The spatial design of parks, levels of use, communication, lighting and surveillance contribute to the safety of urban parks. (Egan, 1991). The impact of the open space design on the gender safety is quite important. The characteristics of the physical and spatial design of the open space can effect on the way both genders seek for safety. For example, designing clear entrances, visual openness, clear relation between the interior and exterior of the open space and having a clear overview of all parts of the open space can help in decreasing the danger and create a safe environment. (A working guide for planning and designing safer urban environments., 1992).

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Environmental attributes of parks which contribute to a perception of danger are dark, enclosed places and visual isolation, along with evidence of anti-social behavior such as graffiti, trash and broken bottles. (Nager and Wentworth, 1976). The spatial design of the open spaces creates a mental image and a cognitive map in its usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; minds and that what enhances the perception and feeling of safety and security in spaces which leads to increase comfort and enjoyment and that is what Egan illustrated in his review (Breaking through the myth of public safety) (Egan, 1991). Wekerle discusses another attribute effecting on the open space safety which is the lack of route choices when designing an open space that leads to a somehow predictable movement of the users and cannot prevent them from being stalked. However, the increasing amount of movement possibilities can lead to a confusion in the mental map of the users as mentioned above which can encourage a feeling of loss and users will feel that they do not own the space which is the main reason why users feel unsafe in some spaces. Going back to the gender difference in dealing with the space, women most of the time tend to avoid walking in open spaces that are dark or quite unsafe. However, these actions go back mainly to the traditions and to the cultural background where the behaviors of women can be translated in many different ways that can create some limits and borders which differs according to gender status and position in society.

1.3.3. Safe community principles There are several keys and principles on how to achieve a safe community while planning open spaces according to the refuge theory that provides a theoretical basis in human ecology (Dosen and Ostwald, 2013): -

Visibility of others: The ability to see the surroundings clearly and to recognize strangers. Visibility by others: When people tend to feel more safe when they are not isolated or alone and they are observed by others. Choice and control: The ability to control the surrounding environment. Choice and control are principles that allow individual freedom of access and action in public space. (Carr et al., 1992). Environmental awareness and legibility: Refers to how easy it is to understand and find oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s way through the landscape without becoming confused or lost. (Kaplan and Kaplan, 1989). This principle demonstrates and allows the users to be in control of space and to know how to avoid danger. Solitude with isolation: Is referred to the comparison between positive experience of solitude and negative experience of isolation when in a space. use and retreat, without leaving the public realm. The distinction between solitude and isolation is fluid, and is strongly linked to the principles of control and environmental legibility. If a person knows where he or she is in relation to the surroundings and has control over the immediate environment and the ability to escape threatening situations, urban solitude can be an exhilarating experience of freedom. (Carr et al., 1992).

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1.4.

Ecological sustainability and Land Revitalization in Greenways

In order for greenways to be ecologically sustainable, the structure of the greenways should support the ecological processes that are required for the greenway to deliver biodiversity services for present and future generations. Ecological networks can bridge between reserve conservation (fixed nature in space and time) and development which implies change. (Opdam et al., 2006). The term ‘Ecological sustainability’ is a new term that is not quite developed in the landscape planning. This was illustrated and mentioned in both Ahern studies (Ahern, 2002) and Steiner’s book (The living landscape) which demonstrates the ecological approach of landscape planning of greenways. (Steiner, 2000). Steiner defined the ecological planning in his book as “the use of biophysical and socio-cultural information to suggest opportunities and constraints for decision-making about the use of landscapes” by taking the sustainability as a landscape goal for landscape development. (Steiner, 2000). However, this book focuses on the important role of the stakeholders to decide the use and the development of the landscape, it is somehow neglects the importance of listing some methods that focus on the correlation between ecological sustainability and people interest impact. In order to achieve the combination and stability between the socio-cultural factor and the physical environment, the needs of the future generations should be taking care of and should be compared with the needs of the present. “a condition of stability in physical and social systems achieved by accommodating the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs” (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987; Ahern, 2002). Also by achieving a balanced stage between the ecological, cultural and economic functions in order to save the resources for the future generations. (Linehan and Gross, 1998). The landscapes are a geographical unit characterized by a specific pattern of ecosystem types, formed by interaction of geographical, ecological and human-induced forces (T.), (Steiner, 2000). In order to mention that the landscape system is sustainably ecological, it has to adapt to the environmental, political and socio-cultural changes and be able to recover from these changes and develop the best for the future generations.

1.4.1. Definition of ecological sustainability and ecosystem biodiversity Ecological sustainability includes all the terms and the parts that are connected to form the whole ecosystem. It is defined as the continuity and the development of the natural resources and the adaptability of species and habitats of the ecosystem including the human effect on the land and the human health. The ecological networks are defined as a set of ecosystems linked together by the flow of organisms, those ecosystems are existed in the landscape as several types and can be for single or multiple purposes. (Opdam et al., 2006). Greenways can form part of the ecological networks mainly forming as linear elements that has a multipurpose use, including aesthetic, recreational and cultural purposes. (Ahern, 2002).

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The ecological sustainability is described in Paul Opdam article; (A spatial concept for multi-actor planning of sustainable landscapes) that the minimum number of organisms’ population should be large enough not to extinct by pure chance. (Opdam et al., 2006). Which contradicts with one of the conditions that fulfills the ecology and the sustainability of greenways that discusses the extinction of the species as a normal process if the organisms’ population remained stable. (Haines-Young, 2000). 1.4.1.1.

Physical features as strategies to design ecologically sustainable greenway:

Total area of the greenway: Mainly focusing on two important factors; the density of the greenway habitats (amount of habitats per km²) and the size and area of the greenway itself (km²). (Opdam et al., 2003)

Quality and configuration of habitats: Is connected to the relation between the habitat density and the carrying capacity of the land. Also between the growth and extinction rate of the habitats. (Opdam et al., 2003)

Greenway density: If the economical productivity in the city is increasing as well as the urban expansion, then the spatial density of habitats will decrease and become smaller and more widely scattered and the landscape for those habitats will become impermeable and unconscious. (Opdam et al., 2003)

Permeability of landscape fabric: Is the connectivity in landscape ecology, defines to what degree organisms are capable of moving through a landscape. It is an important functional aspect linking landscape structure to the dynamics of populations, when these are at least in part determined by emigration and immigration of individuals. (Suter et al., 2007).

1.4.1.2.

Conditions to fulfill the ecology and sustainability of greenways:

A greenway is ecologically sustainable if some conditions are fulfilled. Those conditions help in allowing the natural populations to recover in time from environmental, political and socio-economic disturbance. (Opdam et al., 2006). -

The spatial configuration of the landscape should support the ecological sustainable processes in respect of the species diversity target and the spatial scale regarding this target. Based on a study that was made in Cremona, Italy. This condition is somehow poor to rely on due to the fact that it is still not figured that how much species diversity is needed to fulfill the requirements of current needs and future development. (Treu et al., 2000) (Nakamura and Short, 2001) (Jim and Chen, 2003). The changes that are linked with the landscape development regarding the spatial pattern, species development and change. Those changes can be local or regional. “it is not the steady state that we seek, when trying to manage for sustainability, but rather a sustainable trajectory for our ecosystems and landscapes” (Haines-Young, 2000). And this means that the processes of extinction can be acceptable if the population remained stable. The key resources in which the stakeholders are allowed to participate in the decision making of the landscape patterns and types of changes. [22]

The stakeholders should be able to define the species diversity and to create an appropriate environment for these species not to mention the importance of planning for the future. (Buchecker et al., 2003).

1.4.2. Land revitalization and dendrology Land revitalization is the process of using sustainable methods for the development of abandoned properties by making the land safer, greener and more attached to people. It can help communities and landowners to reuse their lands that were previously damaged or neglected whether it was an abandoned industrial facility or a normal agricultural land in a more sustainable, welcoming and developed way. According to Holland (S., 2014), land revitalization is to give new life, strength, vitality to an area, meanwhile it means to impart new life or strength neighborhood, also to include efforts to revitalize a flagging economy. (Ramlee et al., 2015). According to the urban expansion and the growth of the cities, urban open spaces are becoming less defined and more neglected. Such change causes a huge decrease in the urban environmental quality and results in creating many challenges and problems in the social cultural behavioral patterns of people. As Rong discussed in his article (The contemporary challenge: urban conservation issues in present-day China) when it was mentioned â&#x20AC;&#x153;it is predicted that in the 21st century, the city will face unique period of rapid economic growth and technology, and to encourage urban community to re-examine the depth and breadth of content, research and respond to changes arising from the new with the new challenges series of practical problemsâ&#x20AC;?. (Zhu, 2009). Urban open spaces are spaces that are existed for everyone to use. They are natural or have specific function like gathering or holding social cultural events. Urban spaces are existed to demonstrate the quality of urban environment, strengthen the social bonding and illustrate the historical cultural backgrounds and city traditions. However, Urban open spaces can be exposed to many dramatic changes that can influence the relationship between the open space and the people who use this space. (Puspitasari et al., 2018). So basically, the significance of the public spaces can be seen from the eye and perspective of individuals who use this space. (et al., 2009). 1.4.2.1. Urban public space revitalization Since the public open space is designed to host the individualsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; activities and encourage the communication between societies, the land itself should provide a capability to host those kind of activities and enhance the recovery of the social cultural identity by reflecting the social cultural behaviors and interactions between people. (Alabi, 2009). 1.4.2.2. Process to revitalize the land In order to revitalize the neglected lands, it is important to bring back the benefits of the land or replace it with another beneficial use by having the openness for the consideration of legal requirements and urban constrains and enhancing the flexibility of tools to reflect the community needs and goals.

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1.5.

Development of greenways through history

Greenways are designed in a changeable and flexible way according to the development and the modification that may occur in the society and urban texture through history. Those changes can be summarized into three main generations or stages that describe the evolution of greenways: (Searns, 1995). 1.5.1. Axes, boulevards and parkways. (Pre 1700s – around 1960): The first generation of greenways were not called ‘greenways’ as such, but they did provide the archetype for special, attractive, corridors weaving their way through the city. Those axes were provided with three main functions; movement, use and vision experience. (Simonds, 1961). According to this type of generation, the main focus was about the movement along the axis not to mention the use of the axis itself which somehow goes in the same direction with the current meaning of the greenways that focuses on the activities and functions or what happens along the greenway. 1.5.2. Trail-oriented recreational greenways that provide access to rivers, streams, rail beds and other corridors within the urban fabric (around 1960 – around 1985): In the late 1960s, the cities were developing automobile for transportation which led to noise and fumes. It was needed to have a non-motorized way to travel. “There are all sorts of opportunities to link separated spaces together, and while plenty of money is needed to do it, ingenuity can accomplish a great deal. Our metropolitan areas are crisscrossed with connective strips. Many are no longer in use, . . .but they are there if we only look”. (Whyte, 1968). In this period of time, the first greenway term was appeared in William H. Whyte book (The Last Landscape) (Whyte, 1968) as a major built project. It was defined as a plan of linear parks that starts from a city limit to another city limit and has several amount of parks and other functions. The most dominant function that define well the second generation was the hike-bike route that described the greenways as trail routes with automobile free corridors. A looped system of off-street bicycle paths and footpaths linking communities and countryside. (Mann, 1973). 1.5.3. Multi-objective greenways that go beyond recreational and beautification (around 1985 and beyond). The same as the first and the second generations, the third one is beauty oriented. The main focus of this generation that is continued until the current time is the aesthetical value and recreational facilities elongated with the greenway. Also it is important to be aware of the human psychological health by providing alternative solutions that offers attractive and visual form as well as functionally working. Serving the human needs is a turning point in the third generation of greenway concept. greenways are now seen as a potential tool to help address a range of issues including destruction of habitat, loss of biological diversity, degradation of water quality, erosion, flood damage and other considerations. (Searns, 1995).

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1.6.

Types and classifications of greenways

A greenway planning process based on the recreational opportunities divided the greenways that are emerged from this process into three types (Keith, 2016) including: - Urban greenways that are placed in densely populated, highly developed areas. - Suburban greenways located in more residential, moderately developed areas. - Urban greenways with low levels of development and populations density. While greenways vary according to the location, it is a necessity for the greenway to serve the needs of the people by providing a wide range of benefits including recreational, health and wellness, transportation, economics and education. When planning a greenway, several factors should be taken care of regarding the successful design and efficiency of this greenway such as; accommodating the user by serving the interest of wide range of users including people who want to walk, bike or just viewing the landscape. It should be accessible to all persons regardless of their abilities. Also to be concerned about Connectivity by linking people to their destinations, not only people but also the plants and animals to serve biodiversity. Greenways should be designed in a way to prevent the Multiuser conflicts; by preventing the conflict between different users, for example; the bike and the pedestrian trails. And finally, greenways should Fit to the environment by following the same rhythm and flow and by Integrating with the built environment. (Frederick, 2006). (Figure 2: Illustrations of the multiuse of greenways).

Figure2: Illustrations of the multiuse of greenways / (Frederick, 2006)

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1.7.

Synthesis and understanding of greenways

As a result of the literature review, a personal diagram was made to illustrate and summarize the process of designing greenways that serves the community and environment. (Figure 3: Personal Diagram to show the greenway principles) (Figure 4: Personal Diagram to show the process of designing new lands) (Figure 5: Personal Diagram to show the process of Revitalizing the Lands) (Figure 6: Personal Diagram to show the process of Combining the Two Actions). 1.7.1. Step One: Greenway Principles

Figure3: Personal diagram to show the greenway principles / Appendix 1

1.7.2. Step Two: Designing New Lands:

Figure4: Personal diagram to show the process of designing new lands / Appendix 2

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1.7.3. Step Three: Revitalizing the Existing Lands

Figure5: Personal diagram to show the process of revitalizing the lands / Appendix 3

1.7.4. Step Four: Combining Two Actions

Figure6: Personal diagram to show the process of combining the two actions / Appendix 4

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Chapter Two: Assessment and Analysis

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2.1.

Case Studies

2.1.1. Gainesville, GA High Performance Greenway Gainesville, GA demonstrates a process implemented in planning a linked network of open spaces in residential communities. This case study is an attempt to propose a methodological design and a model for integrating high performing urban greenways system in residential communities while considering environmental conditions as well as other aspects of users in the society. Gainesville, with a population of 34,786, is located in Hall County, GA. The city is situated between Lake Lanier to the west. The city has a railroad system coming from Atlanta through the northeast side of the state. Gainesville has a growing population, and its economy is ranked as one of the growing Metropolitan Statistical areas in the United States (Fruth, 2013). The growing population and economy contribute to increasing environmental, social, economic and cultural pressures. Gainesville and Hall County prepared a comprehensive plan in 2005. The need of parks/green spaces was a huge demand. Although increasing demands exist, the city of Gainesville does not have enough parking, recreational areas, and greenways based on the per capita needs for green spaces. Therefore, the recommendations to develop more greenways and community parks show that the city of Gainesville needs more green spaces, greenways and recreational areas. In order to fulfill the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs for greenway and recreational areas, the comprehensive plan was evaluated with the SWOT technique to find the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the proposed scheme to reach high performing greenways. The outcomes of the SWOT assessment contributed to the development and further refinement of an effective implementation strategy. The approach consists of a multi-level planning process that emphasizes the analysis of natural and cultural resources and urban systems within the development area. The four-phase process was planned to integrate and take advantage of existing natural corridors, rivers, and the lake into proposed development plan with a strategy as shown in (Figure 7: Development Plan Strategy of Gainesville greenway development).

Figure 7: Development plan of Gainesville greenway development / Personal work based on (Akpinar, 2014).

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In the inventory, analysis and designing phase, maps and records identify recreational, natural and cultural as well as educational resources. The design process went through four main stages as shown in (Figure 8: Process of designing Gainesville, GA greenway).

Figure 8: Process of designing Gainesville, GA greenway / (Akpinar, 2014).

The greenway project ended up with creating an action plan that serves as a vehicle; the bicycle and trail network, the trailheads plan, and the walking network plan. the purpose of this case study is to illustrate the high performing greenways design concept in planning a link network of open spaces in a residential community in the city of Gainesville, GA. This is an attempt to propose a methodological design and a model for integrating high performing urban greenways system in residential communities. This case study has value in that it demonstrates a detailed procedure applied in Gainesville to integrate natural, recreational, cultural, and educational needs in the city. (Akpinar, 2014).

2.1.2. Wutong Greenway in Shenzhen, China The Shenzhen greenway as part of the Pearl River Delta was built gradually since the year 2010. It formed a length of 2370 km at the end of 2015. It was built based on three main levels: regional forming 343 km, rural with a length of 862 km and between neighborhoods which extends to 1173 km. The Shenzhen greenway plays an important role despite the fact that it is considered as one of the most important innovative projects in China. The project started in 2009 and now covers most of the urban built-up areas in Shenzhen with a warm sub-tropical climate suitable for outdoor activities. Wutong greenway is a rural way that was newly built, well-prepared and protected along with the beautiful environment starting from East Lake Park of Shenzhen. Wutong greenway crosses Dawang village which if fully dense with population and extend toward the connection of roads continuing toward the mountain of Wutong. Since it is considered as a mountainous area, the landscape there is cliffy and rugged. The width of the greenway is 3 meters with a length of about 15 km connecting five main entrances which are: Liantang Entrance, Xianhu Entrance, Dawang Entrance and Wutong Mountain Entrance that opens up toward the residential rural area.

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Reasons of choosing Wutong Greenway: 1. Visitors to Wutong Greenway are numerous and various; thus, the analysis of

different use patterns and influential factors is applicable. 2. As a newly-built greenway, the use situation of Wutong Greenway for

comparison with those of other greenways can be easily estimated. 3. Wutong Greenway is located away from urban traffic roads; so, it is a real greenway rather than a city sidewalk. In order to serve more citizens, the greenway network is extended to other areas, and its environmental quality should be improved. It is therefore recommended that city planners and policy makers should continue to take distance to greenway into consideration, especially for deprived residential areas, in areas with many residents with limited public open spaces and in old urban areas. In existing neighborhoods, innovative solutions are needed as adding more public space is often impossible; a walking- and cycling-friendly built environment and convenient transportation system also promote the use of surrounding open spaces. (Chen et al., 2017). (Figure 9: Location of Greenway) (Figure 10: Photographs showing Wutong greenway).

Figure 9: Location of Greenway / (Chen et al., 2017).

Figure 10: Photographs showing Wutong greenway / (Chen et al., 2017)

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2.1.3. Ticino River and Bereguardo Canal line Greenway, Milan, Pavia The study area is situated between the provinces of Milan and Pavia in a district to the south west of the Lombardy region. The municipalities traversed by the canal largely fall within the boundaries of the Ticino Valley Lombard Park and to the east border the South Milan Agricultural Park. The population density is 339 inhabitants per kmÂ˛ the settlements are prevalently concentrated in the municipality along the main road traversing the area from north to south. The greenway is planned along the lines of the water system (Ticino River and Bereguardo Canal line) while connecting its long path with each urban agglomeration. Their purpose is to create an ecological network and a greenway network plan benefiting from the existing green trails network to connect demand areas. (N. and A., 2012). (Figure 11: Location of greenway).

Figure 11: Location of Greenway / (N. and A., 2012).

Land use in this area is primarily agricultural, with the exception of the extensive wooded area along the Ticino River, the land adjacent to the canal is of little interest. It contains a few hedges and rows and small wooded bands along irrigation dykes. The landscape structure is therefore composed of agricultural plots of small and medium dimensions throughout which small wooded bands and a number of hedges and rows are dispersed. The objectives of this project, is to serve as a greenway. The canal could take on a primarily recreational and sporting function, largely associated with minor local tourism. Also by serving as an ecological network, the study area is characterized by primarily agricultural land use and a heavily modified landscape with a restricted number of natural and semi-natural areas. Some hypotheses were made regarding the linking of small areas that proved to be more significant and - the creation of a network of hedges and rows composed of autochthonous species extending throughout the area and based on the principal axis represented by the canal.

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The interventions planned for the project concern: (N. and A., 2012). 1. The planting of vegetation along the 16 km of towpath in order to increase the shading of the greenway, with the use of autochthonous species and trees and shrubs to increase the structural complexity, the variability of habitats and shelters, and the heterogeneity of the landscape. 2. The extension of the system of endemic hedges and rows along the confines of the agricultural plots and along the ditches and irrigation channels in such a way as not to interfere with agricultural works. 3. The planting of 160,000 m of vegetation to create a secondary ecological network with an average density of around 150 m/ha. 4. The implementation of safety measures for the three road crossings. 5. The erection of panels and signs.

Figure 12: Greenway Plan / (N. and A., 2012).

Figure 13: Ecological Network Plan / (N. and A., 2012).

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2.2.

City Introduction and Natural Conditions

Irbid is located about 70 ms north of the capital of Jordan; Amman, and approximately 20 kms south of the Syrian borders. It is considered as the cultural capital of Jordan and this name was given according to how rich the city is in its historical background and the amount of Ottoman remains that were found from long time ago considering whole buildings, landscapes and other remains. Irbid is considered the second largest metropolitan population in Jordan after the capital Amman and the third largest city in size after the cities Amman and Zarqa’a with an area of approximately about 1572 sq. And a population of about 1.77 million. The city is a major ground transportation hub between Amman-Syria to the north and Mafraq to the east; it’s a home to several colleges and universities; Yarmouk university, Jordan university of science and technology and other colleges which makes its atmosphere more suited for college life than a touristic spot. An incredible fact about Irbid is that it is more active in the night life, and the city center is a home to countless indoor and outdoor cafes and restaurants. The study area is located in the south east of Irbid city, forming the connection between the historical downtown extended through a route to Jordan University of Science and Technology. The study will be made to analyze and develop the so-called route (Share’e Al Petra – Petra Street). (Figure 14: Location).

Figure 14: Location of Irbid City / Personal work

Irbid has witnessed many important historical periods that affected changing the heritage and the structure of the city. Some of those important periods through history: in the Hellenistic period; the city was known as ‘Arabella’. It functioned as the trading center for the production of wine thanks to the soil type and the mild weather. Then the Islamic period which remained until nowadays. In this period ‘Arabella’ became part of the Muslim empire and in that time the name changed to ‘Irbid’. Also, wine trading was replaced by the olive tree trade. Irbid was distinguished by the Greek, Roman and Islamic civilizations, leaving behind historical and archeological sites such as ‘Gadara’ - Umm Qais at present, ‘Pella’ - Tabaqet Fahl and ‘Abila’ - Qwailbeh. (Figure 15: Historical Sites in Irbid City).

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Figure 15: Historical Sites in Irbid City / Irbid Municipality Resources

Irbid is known for its natural conditions as it has the sub-humid Mediterranean part of Jordan with annual rainfall of about 630mm. People who live in Irbid enjoy four full seasons, although the precipitation level is high mainly during the fall and winter. Moreover, the frost is not noticeable during the year, while the summer season is quite hot and dry. (Figure 16: Natural Conditions of Irbid City).

Figure 16: Natural conditions of Irbid / Weather-atlas.com/en/jordan/irbid

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One of the most recognizable characteristics of Irbid is the red soil, that is why sometimes it is called ‘The Red Soil City’. Unfortunately, according to the urban distribution among the agricultural lands, the soil started to have some problems such as: aridity and salinity. Irbid is 620m above the sea level and it is considered as a semi flat city as the highest spot of the city is the downtown, the so-called ‘Tal Irbid’ where historical forms the first urban settlement can be found and where the city started the expansion. (Figure 17: Topography and soil).

Figure 17: Topography and soil / Irbid Municipality Resources

Throughout history, the land of Jordan and especially Irbid has been renowned for its luxurious vegetation and wildlife. Also part of it has forested lands that have many types: pine, evergreen, deciduous and juniper forest. There are many movements to protect the vegetation and wildlife, yet there is a lack in the management and maintenance of the biodiversity. (Figure 18: Vegetation and wildlife).

Figure 18: Vegetation and wildlife / Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature

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2.3.

Social and Demographic Analysis

Some social and demographic studies were made to illustrate and analyze the behavioral patterns and the social aspects regarding the relation between society and open spaces. Those studies were made either personally by creating surveys that were distributed on site or by digging in the city archive and interviewing locals and professionals.

2.3.1. Urban Sprawl Irbid is the third most populous city in Jordan after Amman and Zarqa, having grown in density dramatically since the 1970s. It has a strategic location in the middle of the countries that faced the Arab spring crisis and occupation as it shares its borders with Palestine under the Israeli occupation, and with Syria that has been facing a huge crisis from 2011 until now. Also Iraq, Egypt, Libya and Yemen which have seen a dramatic increase in the number of population related to the number of refugees fleeing to Jordan. Especially Irbid, because it is located in the north of Jordan, bordering Palestine and Syria. The figure below shows the unexpected increase in the number of population in Irbid, which led to a huge demand on the resources and needs. (Figure 19: Population increase before and after refugees).

Figure 19: Population increase before and after refugees / Personal Work Based on Department of Statistics Data-Jordan

2.3.2. Demographics of Irbid City Based on Irbidarchive, some data were collected regarding the statistic facts about the lands or the society. As shown in the figure below, there is a huge problem related to the amount of urban activities in comparison with the existence of the rural lands. Not to mention some problems regarding the recreational facilities and health rating. (Figure 20: Statistics).

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Figure 20: Demographics of Irbid City / Personal Work Based on Department of Statistics Data-Jordan

2.3.3. Leisure time survey In order to demonstrate the need for open recreational spaces, it is necessary to illustrate how the people spend their leisure time. A survey was made and distributed to 100 persons generally to figure out how people deal with their free time. The result is divided regarding the different choices for both genders, and is shown in the figure below. (Figure 21: Leisure time survey Result).

Figure 21: Leisure time survey result / Personal work based on an onsite survey

According to the results of the survey, it can be noticed that the places which are used to spend the leisure time in the study area are mainly closed spaces. However, for males it is more accessible to spend time outside, next to the undeveloped lands or sidewalks.

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2.4.

Cultural Analysis

Some cultural analysis regarding the refuge waves, the religious impact and the understanding of open spaces by analyzing the safety factors are very important for designing the open spaces in a way that benefits the society needs and demands.

2.4.1. Refugees and Urban Expansion Since 1950, Irbid faced external and internal migration according to the political situation in the surrounding countries, such as Palestine and Syria, that affected, either in a positive or a negative way, the economy the most, as well as the cultural habits, values and traditions. However, the establishment of the universities in the city caused many internal migrations, influencing the urban expansion and the forms of the urban patterns as many students moved from the villages to live in the city near the university. (Figure 22: Migration and urban expansion).

Figure 22: Migration and urban expansion / Personal work - Refugees in towns (Charles Simpson and AboZayed, 2019)

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2.4.2. Religious revolution history and impact on urban spaces This section is resulted from interviews that were made during the site visit with local old people who lived in the period between 1945 until now. One of the most important events that led to the huge change in dealing with the open space was the change in the political religious parties. In the 1950s the main political powers were mainly the capitalist United States, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the Soviet Union countries and the Arab Nationalism in the Middle East. This period was filled with different political parties, opinions and with freedom of actions. Going toward the 1960s-1970s, the Iranian religious revolution appeared after they protested against the Shah at that time. This revolution led to the appearance of some Islamic religious parties that affected the way of thinking and the beliefs of most of the people at that time. Not to mention the occupation that was committed by Israel against the Palestinian people, starting from 1948, and which resulted in the dramatic increase in the number of refugees fleeing to Jordan and especially to Irbid for protection. This religious impact spread among the Middle East and Irbid was one of the cities that faced social and cultural changes through that. The social connections became stronger and people grew more aware of danger from outsiders, which led to a sense of unsafety and instability in the community. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the strong influence of the media, not to mention the continuous impact of the religious waves, the community became more conservative in their thinking, and in the way they deal and understand the open spaces. The behavioral pattern changed in a more closed - conservative direction. In 1990s the refuge waves started to increase, regarding the location of Irbid on the borders of Palestine and Syria. Jordan at that time was - and until now is - considered the safest country in the Middle East politically, more refugees started to move to Jordan and the number of population and their demands have increased dramatically, especially in Irbid. This caused a feeling of individualism in the community as many outsiders came and settled, so the community started to disintegrate. Nowadays, Irbid is still facing the population increase resulted from the Arab Spring, and there is a huge lack of open spaces, not to mention the gender inequality in using these spaces, having led nowadays to less safety and to a more closed, and conservative community. In the figure below, a summary of the religious political actions from the 1950s until the current time based on the interviews with the locals. (Figure 23: Religious Revolution Effect). (Fatmeh, 60 years old, Local) (Hussam, 75 years old, Municipality worker).

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Figure 23: Religious revolution impact / Personal work â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Interviews with locals during site visit

2.4.3. History and development of open spaces As a conservative culture, it affected the creation and definition of open spaces, let alone the Ottoman influence in the design and typology of buildings and open courtyards. In the 19th and 20th century, the main semi-outdoor element was the courtyard that was developed during the time. It appears mainly in the downtown of Irbid as a result of the Ottoman Empire. In that time there were no setbacks in the building regulations and this led people to design the openings toward the inner part of the house. Also, the traditional values affected mainly the design of openings toward the neighborâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house as part of respect of the traditions. However, nowadays there is a strict regulation in the setbacks of the buildings and the structure of the family has extended while the expansion in the urban distribution has increased. Moreover, the traditional values have changed and people are now opening their windows next to each other. (Figure 24: Types of openings through history and now).(Dana K. Amro and Azizi, 2015).

Figure 24: Types of openings through history and now / (Dana K. Amro and Azizi, 2015).

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The downtown of Irbid is known for the amount of historical buildings and plazas such as; Foaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ara Plaza that faced a huge restoration processes as many historical buildings to make it more livable and contemporary. (Figure 25: Heritage before and after restoration). (Fakhoury and Haddad, 2017).

Figure 25: Heritage before and after restoration / (Fakhoury and Haddad, 2017).

In the 1970s the design and establishment of open spaces started to appear as part of the urban fabric. The typology of the building started to become more like vertical buildings and apartments instead of single houses due to the increase of population. Nowadays the vertical buildings are forming the main character of the city with a huge density, the result of the urban expansion. Moreover, the city is facing an increase in the traffic problems and the huge lack of recreational open spaces. (Figure 26: Open Spaces Development).

Figure 26: Open spaces development / Irbid Municipality resources & site visit analysis

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2.4.4. Safety and security in open spaces The definition of the public safety is quite affected by many factors when it comes to Irbid city, according to the fact that it is known as a place for refugee camps since 1970 and the fact that Irbid faced many political changes during the period from the 1970s until now. The analysis was done on the study area according to a personal experience while walking through during daytime and nighttime and some users’ interviews. The figure below shows the most unsafe streets and the icons represent the reason why they are unsafe. (Figure 27: Unsafe streets in Irbid and the reasons they are unsafe).

Figure 27: Unsafe streets in Irbid and the reason they are unsafe / Site visit analysis & Interviews with users

2.5.

Study Area Assessment

Understanding the city is achieved by understanding the urban development and distribution of built elements. This can be progressed by analyzing the urban expansion and the changes in the city structure and character. The study is focusing on these changes by creating an assessment plan regarding many urban important aspects.

2.5.1. Site Introduction and General Information The study area is located in Irbid City-Jordan exactly in the south east of Irbid forming a connection route between the historical downtown of Irbid and Jordan University of Science and Technology. The so-called “Petra Street” forms an important traffic connection with a length of approximately 14 km starting from the “Sareeh traffic sign” until the entrance of the university. The route is mainly active in day- and night-time. (Figure 28: Study Area Location).

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Figure 28: Study Area location / Online maps & personal work

2.5.2. History of urban expansion in the study area Looking back to history, the study area has passed through multiple changes regarding the urban expansion and the number of population there. The downtown of Irbid was the first center in the city after the Ottoman Empire, leaving the area with many historical ruins that go back to the Ottoman and Roman colonization. People started to settle here, as the downtown of Irbid was considered to be the highest point at that time. On the other hand, the Northern part of Irbid started to form another center regarding the strategic location next to Daraâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;a â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Syria. The formation of this center was mainly due to trading purposes: many shops and trading markets started to appear, so the beginnings of the urban settlement began to exist. After that, the number of population has increased as a result of the refugee wave. As was the case after the establishment of Yarmouk University in the South of the downtown, which led to a huge internal refugee wave of students who moved from their villages to live next to the university. This directed the urban expansion toward the university from the city center and formed new small centers; Husun and Sareh centers. In 1986, Jordan university of Science and Technology was established as an extension of Yarmouk university. Many students travelled from other cities to study there, causing internal migration. In the structure of Irbid, there is an existing route connecting the inner city with other cities like the city of Mafraq in the east, passing through Jordan University of Science and Technology. This route did not trigger any investment interest because of the poor condition of the lands alongside it, and did not form an important role in the city structure, although it was a main connection between the inner downtown of Irbid and its surroundings.

All of the maps are based on the following scale [44]

Regarding the development of the city, the government decided to establish a new route and connection between the downtown of Irbid and the university (Jordan University of Science and Technology). At first, people were against the government decision due to the loss of agricultural lands that could happen while constructing the road; actually, according to the Jordanian regulation of the land property, â&#x20AC;&#x153;No land may be divided or modified except after obtaining the approval of the competent committee and in accordance with the provisions of the organization stipulated in the Law, and the application for approval of the division or modification shall be submitted to the committee signed by the land owner or the owner shall be compensated for the use of his land.â&#x20AC;?(Jordanian Law of Land Property) The government compensated the land owners and started to develop the route connection. However, there was a loss in the agricultural lands, the land value has increased dramatically following the governmental decision to develop the route. (Figure 29: Ownership of Lands).

Figure 29: Ownership of lands / Personal work based on municipality resources

After the governmental development of the route, people started to invest some projects that could increase their profits; call center agencies, schools and some cafes where established along the route which started to form a new connection to the urban expansion of the city, making the area around Jordan University of Science and Technology an expected new center of the city. (Figure 30: Urban Expansion Map).

Figure 30: Urban Expansion Map / Personal work according to Municipality resources / Appendix 5

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2.5.3. Land use and function After the analysis of the main functions along the route, it is clear that the area is divided into two main parts with different characters: the built-up area that extends from Yarmouk University toward the Sareeh traffic sign, which mainly has residential buildings and some shops. The other part starts from Sareeh traffic sign and continues until the entrance of Jordan University of Science and Technology. This part consists of open lands and some small shops. The lands are mostly underused despite the fact that there are some arable lands in the area. There are three public parks in the whole study area that are not quite used for recreational purposes. (Figure 31: Land use Map and Function).

Figure 31: Land use map and function map / Personal work based on site visit / Appendix 6

2.5.4. Urban role in the city The study area has formed an important role in the city structure through history not only as a result for many events but also causing a great change in the texture of the city. Many events happened along the route, in a way as reflections for the establishment of the route itself. For example, the route was created in 2003 causing some changes in the structure of the lands along it. Then some investors were interested in starting new facilities and projects next to the route, which made the area more alive. King Abdullah the II commanded the design of a new public park in 2015, named after his majesty, in order to develop the land quality and serve the people needs. In order to focus on the role of the route toward the urban structure and the people, there were some events that helped in the establishment of the route. In 1930s the downtown of Irbid was under the Ottoman colonization that gave the area an important character. This was the influence of the historical values of the buildings and the ruins which changed the typology of the building process for many years. Also, the existence of the two most important universities on both sides of the route formed it into a great traffic connection between the heart of the city and the expected center. (Figure 32: Urban Role as a historical connection). [46]

Figure 32: Urban Role as a historical connection / Personal work according to Municipality resources / Appendix 7

2.5.5. Land function through history The function of the lands along the study area has changed dramatically through history. After some interviews that were made with some professionals who witnessed the change through their life time, it became clear that the lands were mainly used for agricultural purposes. As the soil was fertilized and mostly arable, this made it easier to have open lands for agricultural purposes. Yet, at present, the lands are becoming neglected, and they are forming undeveloped open spaces for recreational purposes: many locals go there to get fresh air despite the fact that the lands are not designed for that purpose. Not to mention the transportation and mobility increase, which caused many pollution-related problems, and parking issues on the sides of the routes. (Figure 33: Land function now and back then).

Figure 33: Land Function Now and Back Then / Personal work based on Interviews with professionals / Appendix 8

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2.5.6. Traffic analysis The study area forms a great traffic connection for commuters from the center of the city toward the university and back. This is a flow of private cars and transportation buses that serve the students and workers in the university in the daytime. During the night, people use their private cars to get to the lands next to the route with the aim to spend some leisure time with their families and friends. The traffic is a main problem in the densely built areas of the route as there is a huge issue with the parking spots. The capacity of the streets is less than the density and amount of cars and transportation system. The streets struggle with undeveloped sidewalks and heavy traffic. Moreover, the sides of the route are not accessible by pedestrians and there is no bicycle lane along the route, either. (Figure 34: Traffic analysis map).

Figure 34: Traffic analysis map / Personal work based on site visit / Appendix9

2.5.7. Green spaces analysis According to the study that was made during the site visit on the lands next to the route regarding the soil quality and the open recreational areas availability, it was noticed the degrading quality of the land in the current time. The study area contained only two recreational lands that are located in the heart of the densely built area. However, the rest of the lands are divided either as grasslands or arable lands that are mainly underused and neglected. Based on the calculations that were done by the municipality, the share of the green area per capita is 0.48 mÂ˛ compared with the world health organization which should be 9 mÂ˛ per capita. This shocking number is one of the main reasons why the idea of developing the lands is important. (Figure 35: Green Spaces and Soil Quality Map).

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Figure 35: Green Space and Soil Quality Map / Personal work according to Site Visit & Municipality resources / Appendix 10

2.5.8. Character and condition of different parts During the site visit and the analysis of the views, it was clear that the character of the spaces keeps changing along the route. After analyzing the change in the character, the route can be divided into four parts, each part having its own characteristics. The first part, which stretches 1.9 kms, starts from Yarmouk university until the so-called Culture Square. This part is characterized by urban density, heavy traffic thanks to the commercial facilities such as malls, the transportation complex (Amman Complex) and the existence of the university. The typology of the buildings is mainly forming as a multi-storey building. The second part starts from the so-called Culture Square and ends next to Sareeh traffic sign. This part is shaped as a transitional zone between the densely built up areas and the open lands. It has less urban density than the first part but the heavy traffic continues in this part as well. It is 2.9 kms in length. The third part forms a selected study area where some deep analysis was done as a focus regarding the goals of this study. It has a length of 7.4 kms and mainly consists of open underused fertilized lands and grasslands. The traffic in this part is less than in the other parts and is mostly limited to users who commute to the university such as students or workers, and to some residents of the surrounding areas. The last section extends toward the entrance of Jordan University of Science and Technology. This stretch is the most developed in comparison with the other portions of the route. The traffic in this part is heavy, given the proximity of the university entrance. The next figure shows the division of the four parts in plan and iconized sections to represent the changes in the character. (Figure 36: View Change and Iconized Sections).

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Figure 36: View change and iconized sections / Personal work based on site visit / Appendix 11 & Appendix 12

2.5.9. Values and Problems As a result of the analysis, the study area appears to have some potentials and conflicts. The figure below illustrates the values and problems in the whole route that forms a conclusion of the field, and map analysis. (Figure 37: Values and problems).

Figure 37: Values and problems / Personal work based on site visit and analysis / Appendix 13

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2.5.10.

Smaller section division and analysis (Sections)

Looking back in history, the lands on both sides of the route are believed to have been quite important agricultural resources. According to the analysis and the study of the different parts of the route, nowadays the third part badly needs maintenance, and the lands are deteriorating. In order to revive the neglected lands and enrich the land biodiversity and sustainability, deep analysis has been done regarding the third part of the route which extends from Sareeh traffic sign toward the entrance of Jordan university of Science and Technology. 2.5.10.1.

Solid and void analysis

The solid and void analysis was done in the area between Sareeh traffic sign and the university entrance, showing that the study area is divided into different typologies and forms - according to the distribution of urban expansion. A division was made to focus on the different characteristics of each part illustrating that the study area starts with a very densely built up area with privately owned lands, and keeps changing to gradually become open lands and scattered built up areas. (Figure 38: Solid and void map).

Figure 38: Solid and void map / Personal work based on site visit / Appendix 14

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2.5.10.2.

Land use

The analysis of the land use in the study area helped in detecting the main functions of the buildings along the route. The buildings that are located on the close to the route are mainly commercial buildings functioning as service facilities for commuters. Going further from both sides, the function of the buildings changes to become residential with privately owned lands, used chiefly in agriculture. Only three small parks were found and two of them are privately used. This shows the huge lack in recreational facilities for the public. (Figure 39: Land use map).

Figure 39: Land use map / Personal work based on site visit / Appendix 15

2.5.10.3.

Types of open lands

During the site visit some analysis were made to demonstrate the types of lands in order to know which is more developed than the other. This makes application of the strategy to develop the lands and achieve the goals more efficient. The result of this analysis illustrated that the lands next to the route are divided into three types: agricultural land, recreational land - whether privately or publically used-, and fertilized lands that are mainly underused. Also, it is important to mention that the route itself is forming three different typologies according to the land analysis: starting from the urban then intermediate and finally going toward the partially rural lands. (Figure 40: Types of open lands).

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Figure 40: Types of open lands map / Personal work based on site visit / Appendix 16

2.5.10.4.

Traffic and connections

In order to respect the guidance when designing, eliminating or applying changes in a city texture, and to understand the types of roads and the structure of the city, analysis of the traffic and the junctions is really important. The post-analysis map below illustrates the types of roads in the study area, as it defines the location of the undeveloped roads and the type of transportation used. Also, zooming in some parts has been used to show the direction of the traffic. The result reflects that most of the junctions are undeveloped, the sidewalks are not in good condition and the route is not provided with a bicycle lane. (Figure 41: Traffic and connections map).

Figure 41: Traffic and connection map / Personal work based on site visit / Appendix 17

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2.5.10.5.

SWOT analysis for the selected part

As a summary of the analysis a SWOT map was made in order to illustrate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the study area. (Figure 42: SWOT Analysis map).

Figure 42: SWOT Analysis map / Personal work based on analysis / Appendix 18

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Chapter Three: Proposal and Design Strategy

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3.1. Design Strategy In order to develop a spatial entity greenway, a strategic vision is made to demonstrate the main points that should be considered in the design process. The strategic vision mainly focuses on sustaining the lands by redeveloping the agricultural lands and improving the lands that contain fertilized soil in order to be maintained in the future. To integrate the society with the value of these lands by developing methods to enhance the social sustainability and providing people with recreational facilities in order to form the greenway as a breath-out for the city. And finally to maintain the mobility connection and the vehicular flow between the old center and the expected new one. (Figure 43: Strategic Vision).

Figure 43: Strategic Vision / Personal Work Based on Analysis

3.2. Greenway Design Strategy Levels The design strategy is made on different levels in order to serve the main goals of the creation and development of the greenway design. Each level contains specific strategies to form the changes that create the greenway and achieve its goals. (Figure 44: Design Strategy Levels).

Figure 44: Design Strategy Levels/Personal Work Based on Analysis

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3.2.1. Ecological Development According to the poor quality of the road and the lack of maintenance for the agricultural fertilized lands, an ecological strategy is suggested to improve the quality and condition in parts of the road where the main undeveloped junctions are located in order to result in a developed maintained pathway for future use. Some suggestions are made for the development of the underused lands by planting productive species that can help in increasing the profit for the landowners and maintain the fertility of the soil in these lands. in order to make the greenway more welcoming, the plant use can vary between planting colorful and aromatic plants to add aesthetic value to the lands. As a result, the green coverage of the lands will increase and the pollution will be minimized. (Figure 45: Ecological Development).

Figure 45: Ecological Development/Personal Work Based on Analysis/Appendix 19

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3.2.2. Recreational Development In order to serve the community needs and based on the interviews and surveys that were made with locals and professionals, a recreational development plan is created to fulfill the outdoor recreational needs for public users. According to the book â&#x20AC;&#x153;Elements in Landscape: Areas, Distances, Dimensionsâ&#x20AC;? the location of the recreational activities is distributed based on some distance regulations for urban planning. (Zimmermann, 2019). Three main recreational functions are suggested to serve the community needs; students gathering areas next to the two main universities, playgrounds that are located 100-400m away from residential areas and distributed in each part of the route to achieve the maximum coverage and public parks approximately 4km away from each other to give a reasonable access for users from any point along the route. (Figure 46: Recreational Development).

Figure 46: Recreational Development / Personal Work Based on Analysis / Appendix 20

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3.2.3. Green Coverage Development Regarding the fact that the study area suffers from the lack of the green coverage based on the analysis that was made on calculating the area of green coverage per capita which is 0.48mÂ˛ in the study area in comparison with what is announced by the world health organization which should be 9mÂ˛, it is quite clear that the study area bears a shortage in the amount of green coverage whether it was on a specific area or a linear formation. Some suggestions are delivered to increase the green coverage by planting more species and protecting and maintaining the existed agricultural fertilized lands. Since the route contains a middle island that is planted currently with trees in a scattered way, the same idea is made to maintain those trees and add more to create a linear green connection. (Figure 47: Green Coverage Development).

Figure 47: Green Coverage Development / Personal Work Based on Analysis / Appendix 21

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3.2.4. Traffic Development With the view to achieve a fully designed greenway, it is a must to arrange and develop the traffic connection and address the problems and gaps in the vehicular and pedestrian system. A master plan is made to demonstrate and focus on the solutions regarding the fourth level of development which is the traffic and vehicular flow. Due to the fact that the first two parts of the greenway are densely built, a small intervention is made by developing the pedestrian sidewalks and movement and adding urban furniture to serve users. While in part three and four, more interventions and additions are implemented such as; creating more pathways for running, cycling and walking by using few meters from the lands on the sides of the greenway. Bus stops and public parking are added to organize the traffic and vehicular movement. (Figure 48: Traffic Development).

Figure 48: Traffic Development / Personal Work Based on Analysis / Appendix 22

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3.3. Master Plan Design After merging the four levels of development together, the result is a fully designed master plan that serves both the environment and community. (Figure 49: Master Plan Development).

Figure 49: Master plan development / Personal Work Based on Analysis / Appendix 23

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3.4. Summary of Interventions In conclusion, the level of intervention differs from one part of the greenway to another regarding the characteristics and circumstances of each part. As shown in the map, the biggest interventions are applied on part two and part three since those two parts have the affordability to apply modifications and the capacity to gain changes. While in part one and part four, less interventions are proposed despite the fact that in part one the area is densely built and cannot bear huge alterations and part four forms the entrance of the university that is more developed than the other parts. The figure below shows the types of interventions in each section. (Figure 50: Summary of interventions).

Figure 50: Summary of interventions / Personal Work Based on Analysis

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3.5. General Mood Board In order to illustrate the character of the proposal, a general mood board is made as a collage to demonstrate the basic elements and materials generally. (Figure 51: Mood Board).

Figure 51: Mood board / Personal Work Based on Analysis

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Chapter Four: Detailed Design

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4.1. Detailed Master Plan A strategy is followed to illustrate the design of the master plan in the study area based on three main studies that were made to show the relation between the proposed greenway and three main urban systems; the traffic system, the recreational system and the ecological system. As mentioned before, the city lacks the focus on the pedestrian movement and the facilities attached to the pedestrian flow, not to mention the weak traffic and transportation management. As a result, a pedestrian friendly walkway is created along the green way with all the services needed and attached by a cycling and running pathway starting from part three exceeding the last part of the study area in order to encourage the pedestrian movement in the city. Moreover, with the aim of serving the needs of the community as the city suffers from a shortage of recreational facilities, the design strategy is focusing mainly on the use of the neglected underused lands and turn it into recreational lands with different functions to serve the community needs of open spaces. Many functions are added regarding the existing status of the lands and the neighborhood around them; Gathering zones, parks, parking lots and playgrounds are proposed in a linkage with the greenway. The third stage is mainly to fix the current ecological system by creating green connections that run through the agricultural lands forming junctions with the greenway to enhance the future ecological development of the city. In addition to that, a development of the existing agricultural lands with fertilized soil was made to escalate the agricultural production of the lands. (Figure 52: Master plan design).

Figure 52: Master plan design / Personal Work Based on Analysis / Appendix 24

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4.2. Public Open Spaces Master Plan A categorization was made to classify the types of existing and proposed open spaces into four main groups; Green recreational spaces including the proposed parks, paved open spaces which are mainly the proposed parking lots, open recreational spaces which contains the playgrounds and the gathering zones and the ecological spaces that combine the agricultural lands with the greenway. In order to develop the greenway in more specific scales, four main zones were chosen as proposed prototypes based on the given data of the existing situation. In the first zone as a reflection of the densely built up area and regarding the existence of a mall and a university there, not to mention that the users are mainly youth university students, the suggestion is to develop a prototype of a gathering zone that forms a breath out of the area and allows the users to gather there. The second part has a character of family housings with kids as users and many schools which led to the decision of designing a playground prototype that serves the neighborhood. Also two other zones were added one to illustrate the junction that shows the interlocking between the greenway and the agricultural lands and the second one to demonstrate the traffic connections. (Figure 53: Public open space masterplan).

Figure 53: Public open spaces masterplan / Personal Work Based on Analysis / Appendix 25

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4.3. Planting Master Plan As a way to reflect the character of region and to adapt to the climate condition, the plants were chosen based on different categories; in the first part and because of the high density of buildings, the chosen plants have the columnar linear forms not to disturb the overall visual connections., for example: Cypresses sempervirens ‘Stricta’ for the sidewalks and Melia azedarach for the greenway. In the second part, as a transitional residential zone the plant chosen have the colorful character such as; Cercis siliquastrum in the designed open spaces only and other linear trees for the greenway. The third part has the agricultural atmosphere and to enhance the productivity, some productive species were used like the Ficus carica and Olea europaea which suit the region while in the last part that forms the developed entrance of the university, the method is to select colorful odorous linear plants such as; Juniperus scopulorum ‘Blue Heaven’. (Figure 54: Planting masterplan). (“Plant lists in Jordan,” n.d.)

Figure 54: Planting masterplan / Personal Work Based on Analysis / Appendix 26

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4.4. Proposed Prototypes As a way to show the character of the greenway, there is a need to base the study on different scales and to propose a prototype design for each part of the greenway. The figure below illustrates the current state for four study areas along the greenway. (Figure 55: Current state for four study areas along the greenway).

Figure 55: Current state for four study areas along the greenway / Personal Work Based on Analysis

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4.4.1. Gathering Zone A gathering zone is designed to serve as a breath out for the neighborhood with seating areas surrounded by plants to give a mixed sense between the natural and built elements using local materials such as limestone and concrete and connected to the greenway that serves as a traffic connection. (Figure 56: Gathering zone design) (Figure 57: Gathering zone views).

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Figure 56: Gathering zone design / Personal Work Based on Analysis /Appendix 27

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Figure 57: Gathering zone views / Personal Work using Lumion and Photoshop /Appendix 27

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4.4.2. Playground The playground is designed in a friendly way for kids by using colored rubber materials in contrast with concrete paving. (Figure 58: Playground design) (Figure 59: Playground views).

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Figure 58: Playground design / Personal Work Based on Analysis /Appendix 28

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Figure 59: Playground design / Personal Work Based on Analysis /Appendix 28

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4.4.3. Junction with agricultural lands An undeveloped route that runs through the agricultural lands and interlocks with the greenway is selected to be redesigned and transformed into a cycle route that is connected with a pedestrian zebra crossing. (Figure 60: Junction design) (Figure 61: Junction views).

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Figure 60: Junction design / Personal Work Based on Analysis /Appendix 29

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Figure 61: Junction views / Personal Work Based on Analysis /Appendix 29

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4.4.4. Traffic system The figure below shows the development of the traffic system combining the pedestrian sidewalk, cycling route and the running path elongated with the underused lands that are developed into recreational lands with colorful trees to serve the community needs. (Figure 62: Traffic system design).

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Figure 62: Traffic system design / Personal Work Based on Analysis /Appendix 30

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4.5. Constructional Details Some constructional details are made to illustrate another scale of the design. (Figure 63: Constructional details part one & part two) (Figure 64: Constructional detail part three).

Figure 63: Constructional detail part one & part two / Personal Work

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Figure 64: Constructional detail part three / Personal Work

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Chapter Five: Conclusion

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5.1.

Thesis Conclusion

This thesis contributes in highlighting the need and importance of urban and city planning. Urban analysis of Irbid city helps in discovering the demands of the city yet the problems facing the community and people who live there regarding the lack of natural resources and recreational facilities beside the degradation of the agricultural lands value. Some principles have been presented concerning the development of the greenway in four different means along the route. This thesis is provided to focus on the importance of the greenway proposal in Irbid city for the ecological development of the city yet to serve the community needs. It illustrates the proposed framework to enhance the biodiversity and ecological sustainability of the city. The main conflict was identified and served as a basis for the development of the greenway proposals. Each proposal includes an implementation of new solutions for the existed state of the route. Based on the analysis and the methods that were made to study the site, four main zones were selected to be developed according to different levels of strategies which were discussed through the research in order to come up with a proper design which serves the current state of the lands as long as helps to reach the community needs. The proposed landscape greenway planning forms a strategic process informed by the existed patterns of the study area and usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs and relation with the space as a reflection of their necessities that helps in enhancing the ecological sustainability and biodiversity yet focusing on the community to form the whole image of the city.

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T., Forman Richard T. Land Mosaics: The ecology of Landscapes and Regions . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995.



Council, Hume City. "Section 3 Hume City Open Space Classification System." Hume City Council, 2003. T., Forman Richard T. Land Mosaics: The ecology of Landscapes and Regions . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Interviews 

Fatmeh, 60 years old, local & Hussam, 75 years old, municipality worker.

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Appendix

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Appendix 1: Literature Summary ......................................................................................... i Appendix 2: Literature Summary ........................................................................................ii Appendix 3: Literature Summary .......................................................................................iii Appendix 4: Literature Summary ...................................................................................... iv Appendix 5: Urban Expansion Map .................................................................................... v Appendix 6: Land Use and Function Map .......................................................................... vi Appendix 7: Urban Role as Historical Connection............................................................vii Appendix 8: Land Function Now and Back Then ...........................................................viii Appendix 9: Traffic Analysis Map ..................................................................................... ix Appendix 10: Green Spaces and Soil Quality Map ............................................................. x Appendix 11: Change and Iconized Sections ..................................................................... xi Appendix 12: Change and Iconized Sections ....................................................................xii Appendix 13: Values and Problems Map .........................................................................xiii Appendix 14: Solid and Void Map ................................................................................... xiv Appendix 15: Land Use and Function Map ....................................................................... xv Appendix 16: Types of Open Lands Map ......................................................................... xvi Appendix 17: Traffic Map ...............................................................................................xvii Appendix 18: SWOT Map ..............................................................................................xviii Appendix 19: Ecological Development ............................................................................ xix Appendix 20: Ecological Development ............................................................................. xx Appendix 21: Green Coverage Development ................................................................... xxi Appendix 22: Traffic Development .................................................................................xxii Appendix 23: Master Plan Development ........................................................................xxiii Appendix 24: Master Plan Design .................................................................................. xxiv Appendix 25: Public open spaces master plan ................................................................. xxv Appendix 26: Planting masterplan .................................................................................. xxvi Appendix 27: Gathering zone masterplan......................................................................xxvii Appendix 27: Gathering zone section ...........................................................................xxviii Appendix 27: Gathering zone views ............................................................................... xxix Appendix 27: Gathering zone views ................................................................................ xxx Appendix 28: Playground zone plan ............................................................................... xxxi Appendix 28: Playground zone section .........................................................................xxxii Appendix 28: Playground zone views ..........................................................................xxxiii Appendix 29: Junction Design ..................................................................................... xxxiv Appendix 29: Junction Section ..................................................................................... xxxv [85]

Appendix 29: Junction Views ...................................................................................... xxxvi Appendix 29: Junction Views .....................................................................................xxxvii Appendix 30: Traffic System Design ........................................................................xxxviii Appendix 30: Traffic System Section .......................................................................... xxxix Appendix 31: Several Pictures ............................................................................................ xl Appendix 32: Several Pictures ...........................................................................................xli

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Appendix 1: Literature Summary

[i]

Appendix 2: Literature Summary

[ii]

Appendix 3: Literature Summary

[iii]

Appendix 4: Literature Summary

[iv]

Appendix 5: Urban Expansion Map

[v]

Appendix 6: Land Use and Function Map

[vi]

Appendix 7: Urban Role as Historical Connection

[vii]

Appendix 8: Land Function Now and Back Then

[viii]

Appendix 9: Traffic Analysis Map

[ix]

Appendix 10: Green Spaces and Soil Quality Map

[x]

Appendix 11: Change and Iconized Sections

z [xi]

Appendix 12: Change and Iconized Sections

[xii]

Appendix 13: Values and Problems Map

[xiii]

Appendix 14: Solid and Void Map

z [xiv]

Appendix 15: Land Use and Function Map

z [xv]

Appendix 16: Types of Open Lands Map

z [xvi]

Appendix 17: Traffic Map

z [xvii]

Appendix 18: SWOT Map

[xviii]

Appendix 19: Ecological Development

[xix]

Appendix 20: Ecological Development

[xx]

Appendix 21: Green Coverage Development

[xxi]

Appendix 22: Traffic Development

[xxii]

Appendix 23: Master Plan Development

[xxiii]

Appendix 24: Master Plan Design

[xxiv]

Appendix 25: Public open spaces master plan

[xxv]

Appendix 26: Planting masterplan

[xxvi]

Appendix 27: Gathering zone masterplan

Plaza

Gathering

Plaza

[xxvii]

15 M

30 M

Appendix 27: Gathering zone section

[xxviii]

15 M

30 M

Appendix 27: Gathering zone views

[xxix]

Appendix 27: Gathering zone views

[xxx]

Appendix 28: Playground zone plan

[xxxi]

15 M

30 M

Appendix 28: Playground zone section

[xxxii]

15 M

30 M

Appendix 28: Playground zone views

[xxxiii]

Appendix 29: Junction Design

[xxxiv]

15 M

30 M

Appendix 29: Junction Section

[xxxv]

15 M

30 M

Appendix 29: Junction Views

[xxxvi]

Appendix 29: Junction Views

[xxxvii]

Appendix 30: Traffic System Design

[xxxviii]

15 M

30 M

Appendix 30: Traffic System Section

[xxxix]

15 M

30 M

Appendix 31: Several Pictures

Photos taken by: Ansam Bzour / Irbid-Study area (Petra Street) / 2020

[xl]

Appendix 32: Several Pictures 1 2 3

Photos taken by online sources

[xli]

Pictures Resources – Appendix 32 1. Picture 1: Raneem Al Daoud 2. Picture 2: Ministry of Youth - Jordan 3. Picture 3: flickr photos – Irbid City 4. Picture 4: enicbcmed – Zero waste project 5. Picture 5: JUST Facebook page 6. Picture 6: Mohdzu2002 7. Picture 7: Nuqul Group 8. Picture 8: Dr-Mohammad-Nazzal – Facebook Page 9. Picture 9: Mazen Sadieh 10. Picture 10: Manifest05 11. Picture 11: Ahmad Abu Sitteh 2013 12. Picture 12: Mapio 13. Picture 13: M Shatnawi 14. Picture 14: Faris Al-Bzour Archive 15. Picture 15: Almalath news 16. Picture 16: Faris Al-Bzour Archive 17. Picture 17: Faris Al-Bzour Archive 18. Picture 18: Faris Al-Bzour Archive

Credits (Special Thanks) Qusai Jaradat Photography and the founder of “Irbid in a Photographers’ Eyes” Facebook page for the amazing photographs used in the beginning of this book.

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Ansam Bzour I Landscape Architect I Architect ansambzour@gmail.com