Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
United World College of the Adriatic, Duino, Oct. 24th 2008
Energy and Society: what Energy for the future of humanity? Federico Rosei Canada Research Chair
in Nanostructured Organic and Inorganic Materials Nano–Femto Laboratory (NFL) INRS – Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, Varennes (Québec) rosei@emt.inrs.ca INRS
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• Materials Science in the Developing World, Challenges and Perspectives Essay in Advanced Materials F. Rosei, L. Vayssieres, P. Mensah “Africans believe in something that is difficult to render in English. We call it ubuntu, or botho. It means the essence of being human. You know when it is there and when it is absent. It speaks about humanness, gentleness, hospitality, putting yourself out on behalf of others, being vulnerable. It embraces compassion and roughness. It recognizes that my humanity is bound up in yours, for we can only be human together.” (Desmond Tutu) INRS
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Worldwide Societal Challenges (Broad, General => affect everybody) • Clean and sustainable energy • Preserving and protecting the environment
• Improving our health and quality of life
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• “Questions are never indiscreet, answers sometimes are.” Oscar Wilde • Each generation is confronted with new challenges and new opportunities. In this 1970 picture, an average American family is surrounded by the barrels of oil they consume annually. Now this consumption is about 40% higher. “Currently the world‟s growing thirst for oil amounts to almost 1000 barrels a second.” The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli, V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52. INRS
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“Our generation will ultimately be defined by how we live up to the energy challenge.”
The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli, V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52. INRS
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The Energy problem • Disclaimer: the purpose of this presentation is to promote awareness. I do not have easy solutions (I wish!) • There is no „one size fits all‟ solution, in other words for the moment there is no credible replacement technology for fossil fuels • As the demand for fossil fuels increases and supply dwindles, we need to buy time – Energy Saving!
• The price of oil is correlated with everything we do (raw materials, food, real estate etc.) • The consequences on the environment are potentially catastrophic • Sustainability vs. population INRS increase Science in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
We „use‟ a lot of Energy to live in today‟s world Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Energy is embodied in any type of goods and is needed to produce any kind of service. This is why it takes energy to improve people‟s standard of living.
Human Development Index and INRS per capita energy consumption
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Energy and Quality of Life: “You can never get enough of what you don‟t need to make you happy” Eric Hoffer • The quality of life is almost completely uncorrelated with energy consumption, once countries are industrialized. An Unsustainable Growth in an Unequal World “My grandmother used to say: there are but two families in the world, have-much and have-little.” Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli, V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007,INRS 46, 52. Science in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
The Earth at night from a satellite Université du Québec
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Energy and Quality of Life
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• One could believe that the well-being of people increases with increasing consumption of energy. • Quality of life is highly correlated with energy consumption during basic economic development, but is almost completely uncorrelated once countries are industrialized. • As per capita energy consumption reaches a value of ca. 2.6 ton of oil equivalents (toe)/year => no further improvement. • Strict parallelism between overconsumption of energy and food. • Nation with the highest number of overweight or obese people (USA: 130 million, or 64%) also the one with the highest energy consumption per capita (8 toe per year). • An American consumes as much energy as 2 European, 10 Chinese , 20 Indian, or 30 African people.
• Calories are both biologically and socially healthy only as long as they stay within the narrow range that separates enough from too much. • Over a definite threshold, energy inputs increase inefficiency of personal life (obesity) and social life (traffic jams), cause more waste, boost medical expenses and increase inequality. The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli, V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007,INRS 46, 52. Science in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
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History
of individual energy consumption: each one of us consumes ~100 times as much as one stone age human
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Equivalent Energy
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• The power used by energy-affluent people: to run a TV set the continuous muscular work of 2 people is needed, while for a complete cycle with an energy-efficient washing machine the number is 15. To take-off a fully loaded Boeing 747, 1.6 million “energy slaves” are required.
There is a big disproportion between the extensive use we make of energy and the scarce knowledge we have of it.
The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli, V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007,INRS 46, 52. Science in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
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“The struggle for existence is the struggle for available energy”. Ludwig Boltzmann
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Alarm signals April 2005
Recent cover pages of “The Economist” October 2003
Will this be our future? INRS
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World Energy consumption increases continuously
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Oil (in general *nonrenewable* fossil fuels) is still the most widely used Fuel of modern society
World population increases at a rate of ~200.000 inhabitants per day INRS
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We are guzzling Oil at a staggering rate
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1 mile
Tour Eiffel QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Last year the world „gobbled up‟ 1 cubic mile 3) of Oil (or 4,2 Km INRS Science in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
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Drilling Oil is becoming ever more difficult The “Deepwater Pathfinder”
Yesterday
Today: to find new Oil we have to INRSbottom of the Ocean drill the Science in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
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The price of oil keeps increasing Université du Québec
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135.08
+
Price ($/barrel)
In five years it increased fivefold
Or not??!! year
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Consequences: Université du Québec
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Crisis in the transport sector Truck driver‟s strike in Italy and Spain
French fishermen protest because of gas price increases INRS
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„relative‟ price of oil
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• Presently ca. 75 $ / barrel – down from ca. 140 just a few months ago (partly due to speculation) • The US$ is 40% weaker today than it was 6 years ago • Relative importance of taxes: – In Europe, most countries impose heavy duty on gas (June 10th 2008: 1.545 Euros/liter in Italy) – In the US there are no taxes => a fivefold increase in the price of oil reflects in a fivefold increase in the price of gas at the station…!
Correlations: Sub-prime rates and Real estate market crash in the US INRS
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• “The wisest decision to take in any energy crisis in developed countries is that of reducing energy demand.”
The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli, V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52. INRS
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History of Oil Discovery and Consumption Université du Québec
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History of Norwegian Oil Production
Today we Are here
Presently we are „finding‟ one new barrel of oil for every four we use
Oil Production in many fields/areas is decreasing INRS
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Hubbert Peak
Nobody knows exactly When it will hit. However:
It will come for sure! Even if it should hit in 15-20 years, it will cause major problems. It will take much longer to change our energy infrastructure
Resources are limited ! INRS
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When we reach the peak… 3. Price 2. Demand
1. Production
time
There will be a severe shortage of liquid fuels INRS
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Consequences:
If economists pay attention… it means it is a serious business !
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September 2007
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Arabian Peninsula
Hormuz Straits
Oil fields
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No „one size fits all‟ solution • Price of oil price of raw materials • Energy saving (implies drastic changes in infrastructure, which requires heavy use of raw materials!)
• The change in infrastructure designed to „buy time‟ actually requires time and significant investment in… Energy! • => it is very hard to catch up!!!
• Important Note: liquid fuels are the only ones with sufficient energy density to fly a plane – they have so many advantages (which is why they have been overused) that they are extremely hard to replace • Despite obvious drawbacks, nuclear energy may be an acceptable (temporary) solution to buy time INRS
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Alternative energy sources/vectors • • • • • •
Nuclear fission Wind power Hydroelectric Solar Nuclear fusion* Hydrogen*
* Under development “The nuclear power industry remains as safe as a chocolate factory” The Economist, March 29th 1986 (4 weeks before the Chernobyl catastrophe)
Alternative is not enough! *Sustainable!* INRS Science in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
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Concept of EROEI • EROEI = Energy Return On Energy Investment • 30 years ago, you could „invest‟ the equivalent (in Energy) of one barrel of oil when drilling a new oil field, and would retrieve 200 barrels • EROEI examples: – Ethanol from corn: 1 to 1.3 – Ethanol from sugar cane: 1 to 8 (acceptable) – Alberta tar sands: 2 to 3 (barely acceptable)
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Consequences on the environment
“Some side-effects of energy consumption are transmitted to future generations; others, burden our society.”
The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli, V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007,INRS 46, 52. Science in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
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A fast warming world
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In the last 100 years the average surface temperature has increased at a record rate in our planet‟s history
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The Ice-quakes
Ice-quake frequency has tripled INRS in recent years Science in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
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The North-West Passage is now open!
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Every year the world‟s population increases by 70 million inhabitants
Where on Earth are we going? INRS Science in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Photo Source: NASA
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St Paul island reindeer
Collapse? Their Energy: grassland
Easter Island population
Their Energy: Palm trees World population
Our Energy: Fossil fuels INRS
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Materials Science: - Materials by Design - Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology “Scientists have the moral duty to inform the general public of the urgency and complexity of the energy problem.” “The Earth is in our hands. Are we capable of reducing disparity and creating a more peaceful world?” “If our black and nervous civilization, based on coal, shall be followed by a quieter civilization based on the utilization of solar energy that will not be harmful to progress and to human happiness” Giacomo Ciamician “The efficient production of clean solar fuels would represent the most important breakthrough of modern science.”
The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli, V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007,INRS 46, 52. Science in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
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Relative dimensions in Nature Every item is approx. 10 times smaller than the previous one Ant: ~ 5 mm
Virus
Hair
DNA
Mite
Red Blood cells
Protein
Atoms
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5/10.000.000 of a mm
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The atomic structure of matter Just as buildings are made of bricks…
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…matter is made of atoms and molecules
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Most materials are made by „throwing together‟ various atomic species in random fashion
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Advanced materials by design Nanotechnology aims at placing the right atoms at the right places
Lego car
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Nanostructured Materials: Nano–size effects Université du Québec
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• Au (gold) is inert in its bulk form (the most noble of all metals!)
• In the form of clusters (~3 nm in diameter) it becomes chemically reactive
Lycurgus Cup, (4th Century A.D). Appears green in reflected light, red in transmitted light. Contains Au / Ag particles ~70 nm (b).
• Nano
size effects: at the nanoscale, the surface/volume ratio becomes important => this tends to change many properties • Challenges: control of size, shape, stability, density and positioning Valden, Lai, Goodman, Science 281, 1647 INRS(1998)
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Nanoscience and nanotechnology
The IBM Logo, written using 36 Xenon atoms on a Nickel surface, exemplifies our present control on matter: We can read and write using atoms INRS
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STM movies: Diffusion of Pt adatoms
Diffusion of Pt adatoms on Pt(110)–(1x2)
T.R. Linderoth et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 4978 (1997) Examples of STM Movies: INRS www.phys.au.dk/camp Science in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
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NanoBioMed
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•
Emerging applications: – sunscreen, cosmetics – new drugs and drug delivery systems – new materials
•
Biomedical research tools: – nano materials for labeling & diagnostics – tools of nanoscience applied to biomed
Chemical sensors Nanosomes (L’Oréal)
Nanoshells of gold can be heated from outside the body by IR, releasing drugs locally
New materials: non-permeable, self-cleaning, anti-septic Self-cleaning plastic, textiles: CNT stabilized enzymes in polymer Textiles with ‘Stain Defender’
Ceramic Coatings: (Inframat):
Lotus leaf (artificial): nm-sized hydrophobic wax size: water rolls (not slides) -> cleans sol-gel based technique -> on market
Air-D-Fense (InMat, New Jersey):
No barnacles on ship hulls: reduced drag nanoclay/butyl thin film 3000 fold decreased permeability INRS Science in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
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Nanotechnology–made LEDs
Fire
Incandescence lamp
Fluorescence lamps LEDs
Year
Brief history INRS of lighting Science in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
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Saving Electric Energy Each LED Traffic light saves 1200 $ worth of Electricity per year
By lighting with LEDs just one room in every house we can reduce CO2 emissions by 1 billion tons per year INRS
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Nanotechnology for Construction: redesigning infrastructure “The latest advances in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology focusing on Materials and their impact in the Construction Sector” The hand does not burn although the flame temperature is 800 oC
Example: Aerogel, a new construction nanomaterial for efficient insulation
Applications: 1) Wall thermal insulation 2) Window panels thermal insulation INRS
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Nano-catalytic materials STM image of a nanoengineered model catalyst Computer model of a bimetallic nanocrystal
Example: design nano-materials with optimized catalytic activity, for methaneINRS to methanol conversion Science in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
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• The famous paper “The Photochemistry of the Future” also published in Science by Giacomo Ciamician in 1912, where he pointed out the need for an energy transition from fossils to renewables. One century later this call is more urgent than ever. INRS Science in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
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Nanomaterials for photovoltaics - matching the solar emission spectrum Solar Flux
Fluorescing nano “dots” of the In1-xGaxN alloy
Gallium Percentage
Nano-dots of In1-xGaxN promise to double Solar cell efficiency Other approaches: hybrid organic/inorganic solar cells INRS
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The hydrogen car
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The Car
The chassis General Motors Hy-Wire car prototype
• The Hydrogen Economy
The interior •
““I believe that water will one day be employed as fuel, that hydrogen and oxygen which constitute it, used singly or together, will furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and light, of an intensity of which coal is not capable … . Water will be the coal of the future”” Jules Verne, The Mysterious Island
The cloche A hydrogen fuel-cell bus in Iceland. The water splitting and recombination reactions are figuratively represented by the opening and INRS closing of the door. Science in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
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An Energy „Crisis‟? The word crisis has a Greek origin. It means a divergence of paths, or “choice” This is the character which means “crisis” in Chinese; it is a composite character. =>
Means “Danger!”
=>
Means “Opportunity” INRS
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A few words about INRS:
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
the graduate school of the University of Quebec Location: the south shore of Montreal Approx. 25 km from the city centre
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Acknowledgements
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Energy: • R. Rosei, University of Trieste (Italy) Ge/Si, Si, Ge nanostructures: • F. Ratto, D. Riabinina, C. Durand, K. Dunn, M. Chaker (INRS), J. Margot (UdeM) • M. De Crescenzi, A. Sgarlata, A. Balzarotti, P.D. Szkutznik (Roma 2) • S. Heun, A. Locatelli, S. Fontana (Elettra, Trieste) • S. Kharrazi, S. Ashtaputre, S. Kulkarni (University of Pune, India) • N. Motta (QUT, Australia) Nanostencil / functional materials: • A. Pignolet, C. Cojocaru, C. Harnagea (INRS) Organic molecules: •
J. Miwa, A. Dadvand, F. Cicoira, C. Santato, J. MacLeod, J. Lipton-Duffin, S. Clair (INRS); D. Perepichka (McGill)
•
B.J. Eves, G.P. Lopinski (NRC–SIMS, Ottawa)
• T.R. Linderoth, F. Besenbacher (Univ. of Aarhus) Nanostructured Biomaterials: • K.G. Nath, F. Variola, F. Vetrone (INRS), A. Nanci, J.D. Wuest (UdeM) Carbon Nanotubes: •
S. Miglio, A. El Khakani (INRS), P. Castrucci, M. De Crescenzi, M. Scarselli, F. Tombolini (Roma2)
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