Enterprise Columbia Challenger Discovery Atlantis Endeavour
OR HOW DO I GET FROM HERE
TO THERE
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The only good thing I did other than pushing for environmentally friendly politics was to force nasa and jpl to develop a new space transport system. But watergate came around and I was fucked anyway so good luck with that.
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ASTRONOMICAL COSTS ASTRO- ASTRONOMICAL NAUTICS CUTS RESULTS ASTRONAUTICS FAILURES
37° US President Richard Nixon Public Domain Picture
TAKE A DEEP BREATH
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Astronaut training in the NBL USA | Texas NASA
The most exciting day for anyone who wants to travel into space is the day he or she is selected to be an astronaut candidate. Then the real work begins. It can take up to two years of training to become a fully qualified astronaut. Candidates must learn the basics of the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station. They must also learn how to be part of a team by flying the NASA T-38 training jets, and that takes a lot of time and effort. Astronauts also take classes. They must learn many things besides science, but mainly science. They also learn about medical procedures. Many times, they have to give speeches, so they take public speaking classes. In order to be prepared for any emergency, astronauts take survival training. If you are going to be a crew member on the ISS, you will also have to take language classes. You will need to be able to talk with the Russian Mission Control
Center. In order for astronauts to get a feel for what they will be doing in space, they practice on life-sized models. These models are called “mock-ups”. The Space Vehicle Mock-up Facility (SVMF) is where they practice. In the SVMF, astronauts practice using the Space Shuttle Orbiter and parts of the ISS. In these mock-ups, astronauts will learn how they will move about. How do astronauts practice for being in space? There are many things to learn about being in the almost weightless condition known as microgravity. One part of an astronaut’s work may include moving large objects in space. Actually, the size doesn’t really matter. This can be easy because there is no friction to push against. But, this also makes the job hard. There is no friction to make the large objects stop! They could float and float and float. The Precision Air-Bearing Floor allows astronauts to move huge objects as they might in space. It is a large, smooth metal floor. The large objects have air forced through them. It is like a large air hockey table. To practice extravehicular activities, or space walks, astronauts go underwater. The astronauts use the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL), a huge “swimming pool.” The NBL pool is 62 meters (202 feet) in length, 31 meters (102 feet) in width and 12 meters (40 feet) in depth. The pool holds 22.7 million liters (6.2 million gallons) of water. Astronauts float in the water while they practice on full-sized models of space vehicles. They may spend up to seven hours at a time under water. Although astronaut candidates may have their college degrees, school is just beginning for them when they are selected. There is still much to learn. Anything astronauts do in space is practiced dozens of times on the ground -- whether it’s attaching a new piece of equipment to the space station during a spacewalk or growing cell cultures to better understand how cancer forms. Professional trainers ensure that astronauts not only understand every task they will do in space, but that they understand the intricacies of the equipment with which they will be working.
ОДИН
ДВА
ТРИ
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COUNT TO THREE
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ORANGE HAS ALWAYS BEEN THE NEW BLACK
ESPECIALLY IN SPACE
I have decided today that the United States should proceed at once with the development of an entirely new type of space transportation system designed to help transform the space frontier of the 1970’s into familiar territory, easily accessible for human endeavor in the 1980’s and ‘90’s. This system will center on a space vehicle that can shuttle repeatedly from Earth to orbit and back. It will revolutionize transportation into near space, by routinizing it. It will take the astronomical costs out of astronautics. In short, it will go a long way toward delivering the rich benefits of practical space utilization and the valuable spinoffs from space efforts into the daily lives of Americans and all people. The new year 1972 is a year of conclusion for America’s current series of manned flights to the Moon. Much is expected from the two remaining Apollo missions - in fact, their scientific results should exceed the return from all the earlier flights together. Thus they will place a fitting capstone on this vastly successful undertaking. But they also bring us to an important decision point - a point of assessing what our space horizons are as Apollo ends, and of determining where we go from here. In the scientific arena, the past decade of experience has taught us that spacecraft are an irreplaceable tool for learning about our near-Earth space environment, the Moon, and the planets, besides being an important aid to our studies of the Sun and stars. In utilizing space to meet needs on Earth, we have seen the tremendous potential of satellites for international communications and world-wide weather forecasting. We are gaining the capability to use satellites as tools in global monitoring and management of nature resources, in agricultural applications, and in pollution control. We can foresee their use in guiding airliners across the oceans and in bringing TV education to wide areas of the world.
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Astronaut doing his final preparations before testing in the NBL USA | Houston, Texas NASA
|||| 10 John Glenn Returns to Space on the STS-95 Mission Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory at NASA’s Johnson Space Center USA | Houston, Texas NASA
THERE’S A SILLY NOTION THAT FAILURE’S NOT AN OPTION. IF THINGS ARE NOT FAILING, YOU ARE NOT INNOVATING ENOUGH.
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The new system will differ radically from all existing booster systems, in that most of this new system will be recovered and used again and again - up to 100 times. The resulting economies may bring operating costs down as low as onetenth of those present launch vehicles. In fact, they will. But it will still be to expensive. Thanks for SpaceX Elon. The resulting changes in modes of flight and re-entry will make the ride safer, and less demanding for the passengers, so that men and women with work to do in space can “commute” aloft, without having to spend years in training for the skills and rigors of old-style space flight. As scientists and technicians are actually able to accompany their instruments into space, limiting boundaries between our manned and unmanned space programmes will disappear. Development of new space applications will be able to proceed much faster. Repair or servicing of satellites in space will become possible, as will delivery of valuable payloads from orbit back to Earth. The general reliability and versatility which the Shuttle system offers seems likely to establish it quickly as the workhorse of our whole space effort, taking the place of all present launch vehicles except the very smallest and very largest. NASA and many aerospace companies have carried out extensive design studies for the Shuttle. Congress has reviewed and approved this effort. Preparation is now sufficient for us to commence the actual work of construction with full confidence of success.
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3,084 m 1,4 m/s
STS-95 Crew Suited Up USA | Florida NASA
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408.000 m 7,6 km/s STS-95 Crew In-Flight Space | Earth NASA
The International Space Station took 10 years and more than 30 missions to assemble. It is the result of unprecedented scientific and engineering collaboration among five space agencies representing 15 countries. The space station is approximately the size of a football field: a 460-ton, permanently crewed platform orbiting 240 miles above Earth. It is about four times as large as the Russian space station Mir and five times as large as the U.S. Skylab. The idea of a space station was once science fiction, existing only in the imagination until it became clear in the 1940s that construction of such a structure might be attainable by our nation. As the Space Age began in the 1950s, designs of “space planes� and stations dominated popular media. The first rudimentary station was created in 1969 by the linking of two Russian Soyuz vehicles in space, followed by other stations and developments in space.
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209 billion dollars in costs 1593.75 tons of cargo launched 198.728 man-hours in space 20.830 orbits completed 1649 °C re-entry temperature 1.323 days spent in space 135 total missions 833 different crewmembers 789 astronauts returned to earth 234 days spent with the ISS 180 payloads delivered 52 satellites returned 37 dockings with the ISS 9 dockings with the MIR 14 astronauts died 485 dollars per kg launch cost 56,1 meters in height 8,7 meters in diameter 23,79 meters in wingspan 2030 tonns in mass 138 successful EVAs 841.736.915 km travelled 7,7 km/s top speed 2 STS destroyed
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Crew testing the control panels during training USA | California NASA
GOT NO BRAKES GOT NO CLUTCH
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STS-42 Crew Portrait; Canada and the European Space Agency join five NASA USA | Florida NASA
The space shuttle left its 30 years of achievements written in the sky above of the astronauts, American and international, who flew in them. “Personally, looking back on it, I think the shuttle has been one of the most marvelous vehicles that has ever gone into space or done anything,” said Bob Crippen, the pilot on the first space shuttle mission in 1981, and commander of three more after that. The shuttle broke boundaries of all sorts, from technological successes to reflecting the evolution of global society. International cooperation that was commonplace as the shuttle neared the end of its work was unforeseen when the shuttle program began. The thousands of space workers who physically readied the fleet to fly and those who worked meticulous mental problems to calculate orbits and rendezvous along with thrust and innumerable other considerations, also shared in the successes of the spacecraft that served as NASA’s flagship for three decades.
|||| 18 Foggy Rollout for Shuttle Challenger’s First Mission Kennedy Space Center | Florida NASA
“It was not like any airplane that you’ve ever been on or seen or been around,” said Wayne Bingham of the United Space Alliance. “It was just like a big glider that you had played with as a kid, but much more impressive. You just kind of stood in awe of what the orbiter was capable of doing.” NASA built five shuttles for spaceflight, all named for famous scientific and exploration sailing ships that made their mark in the past. Columbia launched first, then Challenger in 1983, Discovery in 1984, and Atlantis in 1985. Endeavour debuted in 1992. A prototype, Enterprise, was also built and flown in glide tests in 1977. All were built by Rockwell International in Palmdale, Calif. The agency’s Hubble Space Telescope, International Space Station and probes that studied Venus, Jupiter and the sun in groundbreaking ways, owe their success to the space shuttles. Why the hell did the program shut off?
“Servicing the Hubble Space Telescope is one of the space shuttle’s finest accomplishments,” said Michael Coats, who flew on three shuttle missions including Discovery’s maiden flight. “They saved the Hubble on the very first servicing mission. That we’ve extended the life of the Hubble so many years and the things we’ve learned from the Hubble and from the other telescopes up there, is just astounding nowadays.” The space shuttle also forced NASA to re-examine itself after two spacecraft and their astronaut crews were lost in accidents. Challenger broke up during launch on Jan. 28, 1986, when leaking exhaust from a solid rocket booster burned through the skin of the external fuel tank 73 seconds after liftoff. The seven astronauts onboard were lost. Columbia was destroyed during entry Feb. 1, 2003, when plasma gases penetrated the shuttle’s spaceframe through a hole in the left-side wing. Its seven astronauts died in the accident. Both tragedies tested the agency and its shuttle teams. But more missions followed in each case after exhaustive introspection and extensive changes with the spacecraft, schedule and how the agency conducted work. “We’ve had successes, we’ve had failures, that’s what exploration is all about,” said astronaut Leland Melvin, who flew twice on space shuttles. “Everything’s not going to be perfect. And it’s the spirit of humanity and the curiosity of humanity that has been shown through the space shuttle program that will keep us going.” Engineers and scientists had longed for years for a reusable spacecraft that could tote large loads into orbit and bring them back if, and when, necessary.
|||| 19
THRUST AT LAUNCH IS 3538 TONS JUST LIKE 300 BOEING 737-800
|||| 20
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DID I SHUT OFF THE GAS? STS135-S-108 Launchpad 39A Kennedy Space Center | Florida NASA
The crewed spacecraft before the shuttle were just big enough to hold the astronauts and supplies. A single shuttle cargo bay, 60 feet long, was big enough to hold an Apollo command and service module, plus a lunar lander. At 122 feet long with a 58-foot wingspan, a shuttle was about the size of a DC-9. Although small for an airliner, that was gigantic for a spacecraft. “The magic of the space shuttle is just its enormity,” said Chris Ferguson, commander of the final space shuttle mission, STS-135. “It’s huge and it flies up and back and there will be no parallel like that, I think, for 100 years.” Instead of maxing out at three astronauts, the shuttle carried up to eight at once, though seven was the most frequent crew size.
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IF SKY’S THE LIMIT, WHAT ABOUT THOSE FOOTPRINTS ON THE MOON?
Bruce McCandless MFR, RMS, MMU Space | Earth NASA
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THAT MAY HAVE BEEN A SMALL STEP FOR NEIL, BUT IT’S A HECK OF A BIG LEAP FOR ME
|||| 26
Nor were there limits to who could fly on a shuttle. The astronaut that previously had been the domain of test pilots became a comfortable home for scientists and educators. Sally Ride became the first American woman in space on STS-7 in June 1983, and Guion Bluford became the first black to fly in space two months later on STS-8. While the milestones were noted early in the shuttle years, diverse crews quickly became the norm for a shuttle flight. The shuttles rode into orbit on three main engines and substantial help from a pair of solid rocket boosters. The shuttle’s main engines, the most efficient ever built, burned remarkable amounts of hydrogen and oxygen propellants that had to be stored in an external fuel tank that was jettisoned as the shuttle achieved orbit. With its wings and aircraft-like controls, the shuttles looked the way science fiction envisioned a spacecraft should look.
External Fuel tank is detached before the Space Shuttle reaches orbit Space | Earth NASA
JUNK IN THE TRUNK
|||| 27 “I think just the shuttle itself is very iconic of human spaceflight and anybody who thinks of human spaceflight almost thinks of the shuttle now anywhere in the world,” said astronaut Michael Barratt, an astronaut who flew in a shuttle and a Russian Soyuz capsule. Of course, before it would achieve any of its record-breaking successes, the space shuttle had to prove it could launch, fly in space and land safely. It hadn’t ever even been launched unmanned before a pair of astronauts were seated at its controls for a test flight. I wish I could be of use like they did, maybe then I wouldn’t feel so fucking useless al the time.
|||| 28 Northern Lights glimmer behind the Canadian-built robotic arm Space | Earth NASA
When Columbia lifted off Launch Pad 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 12, 1981. It had only a small set of instruments in its cargo bay. The mission was the classic test flight: get into orbit, make sure the spacecraft works for a couple days and then return safely. But no astronaut ever came back to Earth from orbit the way the shuttle did: on wings instead of parachutes. Columbia banked in the skies above California on its way to Edwards Air Force Base near Los Angeles. Veteran Gemini and Apollo astronaut John Young was at the stick as the 110-ton glider touched down and came to a halt. The mission was repeated seven months later when Columbia returned to space, conducted more engineering experiments and came home again, the first time a spacecraft made more than one trip into orbit. Each mission got more complicated as the agency gained confidence. It didn’t take long before shuttles were used in ways no other spacecraft could match. Astronauts used the shuttle’s 60-foot-long cargo bay with its Canadian-built robotic arm to repair stranded or dying satellites. Mostly dying ones.
RISE SHINE
AND
|||| 29 Satellites that couldn’t be repaired were packed up in the cargo bay and brought back to Earth for refurbishment so they could be launched again. In April 1984, STS-41C set a high standard for repair missions when astronaut George “Pinky” Nelson flew by himself wearing a jetpack out to the Solar Max satellite and steered it back to Challenger where the satellite was fixed. That feat was arguably eclipsed eight years later when, during Endeavour’s maiden flight, three astronauts positioned themselves around the cargo bay and literally grabbed a cylindrical Intelsat satellite with their gloved hands. They locked it atop a fresh upper stage and sent it back into operation. The record-breaking spacewalk, which was improvised in space gave NASA the confidence to perform ever-more complex work in the coming years. When NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope revealed a microscopic flaw in its mirror, astronauts rescued the observatory in December 1993, by first installing a set of corrective lenses that brought clarity to images that continue to rewrite the rules of the universe. Four more servicing missions were conducted by astronauts to continually upgrade the observatory and extend its life. Whole laboratories were loaded into the cargo bay for two-week flights that saw astronauts experiment in weightlessness to test numerous theories. John Young, who had flown two Gemini missions, made two Apollo flights and walked on the moon before commanding STS-1, led the first of the SpaceLab missions, STS-9, in 1983. SpaceLabs, including pressurized modules and unpressurized platforms, were flown on 22 shuttle missions, the last one in 1998. Astronauts often split into two shifts for the science missions, allowing experiments to be conducted around the clock, without any risk. I miss you. I want to go back.
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Shuttle Atlantis Set for Rendezvous with its cargo bay door opene Space | Earth NASA
The lessons from the shuttle and SpaceLab were applied in the work aboard the International Space Station, an orbiting laboratory larger than any other spacecraft ever built. The station is made up of modules and components from several different nations, primarily the United States and Russia. Laboratory sections from Europe and Japan and sophisticated transportation modules all play major roles in the station’s work. Endeavour carried the first American module to the station in 1998, a small segment called Harmony that was connected to a lone Russian module already orbiting Earth. A trio of an American astronaut and two Russian cosmonauts moved into the nascent outpost in October 2000, and crews have been onboard ever since. Shuttles took new sections, spare parts and experiments to the station regularly, along with the supplies crew or crews would need. The shuttle, equipped with a Canadian-built robotic arm, took on the look of a high-tech construction site during frequent construction missions, complete with spacewalkers moving around the outside of the station attaching cables, bolting on solar array segments and making last-minute adjustments. As important as it is to take new experiments into space, the shuttle performed a unique role in being able to return completed research to Earth. Other spacecraft bring people back safely, but only a little bit of cargo compared to the shuttle. I hope we manage to go faster than light at some point. I do. Maybe then I could travel back in time. I volunteer as guinea pig.
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TURNS OUT EVEN NASA CAN’T IMPROVE DUCT TAPE
|||| 34
IN SPACE NO ONE CAN HEAR YOU VACUUMING
RELATIONSHIP GUIDELINES FOR HOUSEKEEPING DUTIES IN SPACE “Of all the cargo that has returned from space, the space shuttle has brought over 99 percent of it,” Ferguson said.“It’s part of American history,” said Michael Leinbach, launch director for many space shuttle missions. “The space program has been really something to point at as a piece of history, American history, and the space shuttle for the last 30 years has been the way we get astronauts onto orbit and international astronauts with us.” “I think we’re going to look back on the 30 years of the space shuttle operations as the golden age of space operations,” Coats said.
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Bruce McCandless MFR, RMS, MMU Space | Earth NASA
“Obviously we look at Apollo and the moon landings and winning the space race as very special in our history, but I think we’re going to look at the 30 years of the space shuttle the same way.” Learning from our past to successfully move into the future is what the Apollo, Challenger, Columbia Lessons Learned Program (ACCLLP) is all about. The agency-level program is based at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. It was created in January 2016, the brainchild of Mike Ciannilli, an engineer at Kennedy. Ciannilli now serves as the ACCLLP manager. “It started as an idea to create a lessons learned program, to share the lessons of the past to ensure future mission success,” Ciannilli said. “There are many workers at the center now that were not here during space shuttle.” Design is nice, but I really want to do something that can really improve the everyday life of everyone. Roadsigns?
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YOU ALRIGHT?
STS-41G, launched from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center to deliver the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite NASA
The first ACCLLP event was held in January 2016 and discussed the Columbia Research and Preservation Office along with introducing the vision and mission of the new ACCLLP. The guest speaker was former NASA Launch Director Mike Leinbach. The next event, in April 2016, focused on STS-1 and the 35th anniversary of the first space shuttle launch and the first flight of Columbia. Guest speakers were Kennedy’s Center Director Bob Cabana and STS-1 pilot Bob Crippen. No, roadsigns are something that everyone has assimilated and taken for granted.
To commemorate the 50th anniversary of Apollo 1 in January 2017, the ACCLLP event was called “Apollo 1 - To There and Back Again,” and featured guest speakers Ernie Reyes and John Tribe, both original members of the Apollo 1 launch team who were on console during the accident. Apollo 16 moonwalker Charlie Duke also shared his personal insight and valuable lessons learned from Apollo 1. The most recent program, in February 2017, was a two-part event titled, “America’s Spaceport - Integrating the Future.” The theme focused on the evolution of the center from a single-user to a multi-user spaceport, going beyond human spaceflight and rocket launches. The morning session guest speaker was Kennedy Deputy Director Janet Petro, followed by a panel discussion with leaders from the Spaceport Integration and Services Directorate, Center Planning and Development Directorate, Safety and Mission Assurance Directorate and the Federal Aviation Authority. The afternoon session featured opening remarks from Nancy Bray, director of Spaceport Integration and Services, followed by a panel discussion with participants from the morning session. “We learn from our failures and our successes,” Ciannilli said. “It’s important also to share our tremendously successful history. We have many more powerful lessons to share.” Ciannilli also serves as the facility manager for the Columbia Preservation Room in the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) and the Challenger silos at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. I don’t want to feel useless ever again. He oversees the Columbia Research and Preservation Office Loan Program, loaning out artifacts from a tower in the VAB to interested organizations. Currently, there are 84,000 artifacts in the room, with 12 artifacts loaned out for a large study to researchers at the University of Texas-El Paso.
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MY LIFE FOR A CARABINER
|||| 38 Astronaut Steve Smith works on Hubble during STS-82 Space | Earth NASA
Reflections on a Spacewalk STS-103 Space | Earth NASA
HAND ME THE SCREWDRIVER
|||| 39 Ciannilli gives lessons learned tours of the Columbia Preservation Room to NASA senior leadership, corporate CEOs, VIPs, academia, NASA interns, commercial partners, contractors and a diverse array of visitors across the agency and industry. Representatives from NASA’s Orion Program, the Boeing Co. and NASCAR, among many others, have visited the room to learn how to enhance their safety. “When guests visit the Columbia Preservation Room, they are noticeably impacted,” Ciannilli said. “It’s a different conversation, a very heartfelt conversation. After they spend time with Columbia and her crew, they often leave the room a little different than when they arrived.” “It’s critically important that we don’t forget the lessons learned from our past, that they are ingrained in our culture to prevent similar instances from ever being repeated in the future,” said Bob Cabana, Kennedy Space Center Director. “The Apollo, Challenger and Columbia Lessons Learned Program makes sure that’s the case. It’s an excellent resource to educate new employees, and also to remind those who have been here for a while, of the responsibility we have when making decisions that impact the safety and success of human spaceflight missions.” n memory of NASA astronaut John Young, Kennedy Space Center Director Bob Cabana placed a memorial wreath at the Heroes and Legends exhibit at the center’s visitor complex. The brief ceremony took place on the afternoon of Jan. 11, 2018. Young died Jan. 5, 2018, at the age of 87 in Houston. He was the only astronaut to fly in NASA’s Gemini, Apollo and Space Shuttle Programs. “NASA and the world have lost a pioneer,” acting NASA Administrator Robert Lightfoot said in a statement. “Astronaut John Young’s storied career spanned three generations of spaceflight; we will stand on his shoulders as we look toward the next human frontier.” Cabana also praised Young for his constant focus on flight safety. I don’t want anything from anyone. Let me be, alone, let me try my hardest to achieve my unachieavable goals. I have to try, no excuse. “He tried bringing attention to technical problems so they could be dealt with,” Cabana said.
CAN YOU BE AFRAID OF HEIGHTS IF THERE’S NO UP?
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“Safety was foremost in his mind. He knew we are in a very risky business, but he also knew the importance to paying attention to detail and always doing things right.” Young served as pilot on Gemini III with Mercury veteran Gus Grissom. Launched on March 23, 1965, it was the first flight in which the astronauts could change their spacecraft’s orbit. The following year, Young was command pilot on Gemini X with Mike Collins during July 18-21, 1966. The mission became the first to rendezvous with two spacecraft -- an Agena target docking vehicle launched for their mission and the one orbited earlier that year for Gemini VIII. Between May 18-26, 1969, Young was command module pilot on Apollo 10 with Tom Stafford as commander and Gene Cernan as lunar module pilot. The mission served as a “dress rehearsal” for the first lunar landing mission two months later. Young was commander of Apollo 16 during April 16-27, 1972. He walked on the moon with lunar module pilot Charlie Duke while Ken Mattingly orbited in the command module. During the Apollo 16 moon walks, I would really love to go to space. Maybe my hair would grow back then, something would mess up my genes for the better this time. No more girlfriends I guess. Fuck off, will you please? Mission Control in Houston radioed up that Congress had passed funding for the space shuttle.
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LITERAL SUNBATH
Carlos I. Noriega STS-97 Space | Earth NASA
|||| 42 Astronaut Dave Williams, STS-118 fourth and final session spacewalk for the ISS Space | Earth NASA
“I HAVE TO HEAD IT’S
SCRATCH KILLING
MY ME”
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Young was selected to command STS-1, the first flight of the Space Shuttle Program with pilot Bob Crippen. Liftoff occurred on April 12, 1981, launching a new era of spaceflight 20 years to the day after Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human to travel in space. When STS-9 lifted off on Nov. 28, 1983, Young became the first person to fly in space a sixth time. This would be the first shuttle mission to carry the European Space Agency’s Spacelab module in the cargo bay. The six-person crew included ESA astronaut Ulf Merbold of Germany. Young was born in San Francisco, but his family moved to Georgia and later Orlando, Florida. He earned a degree in aeronautical engineering from Georgia Tech, graduating in 1952 with highest honors. Following graduation, Young joined the U.S. Navy. After serving for a year aboard a destroyer, he then was assigned to flight training. He flew fighter planes for four years before completing test pilot training and served three years at the Navy’s Air Test Center. In September 1962, Young was selected as one of nine military pilots becoming NASA’s second group of astronauts. A year after Apollo 16, Young became chief of the Space Shuttle Branch of the Astronaut Office at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston. I don’t want to have to deal with morons ever again. I know it’s a wrong thing to say, but fuck off. The following year, he retired from the Navy as a captain after 25 years of military service and was named chief of the Astronaut Office, a post he held until May 1987. Come back.
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you must: have a bachelor’s degree finish 1000 hours of flight time swim 75 meters tread water for 10 minutes have vision correctable to 20/20
100 tortillas taken on each mission 3.8 pounds of food per person daily 30.000 pounds of food total that’s 334.000 tortillas enough to reach the top of the U.S. capital dome (83 meters)
one pair of underwar each day 5000 hours to build one space suit 11 layers of coating one suits costs 2.000.000 $ 45 minutes to put on a space suit that weights 127 kilograms
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U.S. President Ronald Reagan takes a closer look at Space Shuttle Columbia Edwards Air Force Base | California NASA
RIDICULOUS SPEED LUDICROUS SPEED
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Among his many awards and honors, Young was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame on March 19, 1993. At the end of 2004, Young retired from NASA. But he continued to advocate the development of technologies that will allow explorers to live and work on the Moon and Mars. “John was one of that group of early space pioneers whose bravery and commitment sparked our nation’s first great achievements in space,” Lightfoot said. “But, not content with that, his hands-on contributions continued long after the last of his six spaceflights.” What if I were born female? No hair problems, no need to hunt for the perfect body. I would rule my world, maybe, hopefully, finally. On June 18, 1983, NASA Astronaut Sally K. Ride became the first American woman in space, when she launched with her four crewmates aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger on mission STS-7. Godspeed.
Ride and five other women had been selected in 1978 for NASA Astronaut Group 8, the first selection class to include females. With the advent of the space shuttle, NASA expanded astronaut selection from only pilots to scientists and engineers, and women became eligible for selection. NASA announced Ride and her classmates to the public on Jan. 16, 1978. After completing astronaut training, the Class of 1978 astronauts became eligible for ground and flight assignments. Ride served as Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) for STS-2 and STS-3 in late 1981 and early 1982, and became an expert in the use of the shuttle’s robotic arm. Can I be of some use? Let me do something that I feel is useful. Such a flawed logic. On April 30, 1982, NASA announced that Ride would serve as a Mission Specialist on STS-7, a satellite deployment and retrieval mission on board the STS Challenger.
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Space Shuttle Columbia post-landing servicing on Rogers dry lake bed Edwards Air Force Base | California NASA
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Crowd admiring the first landing USA | California NASA
FASTER THAN
NASCAR
NOT BURNING MAN BUT CLOSE ENOUGH
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Her crewmates were Commander Robert L. Crippen, Pilot Frederick H. “Rick” Hauck, and Mission Specialist John M. Fabian. NASA added physician-astronaut Norman E. Thagard to the crew in January 1983 to conduct in-flight studies of space motion sickness, a condition that afflicted about one-third to one-half of all space travelers. Thagard’s addition marked the largest crew flown in a single spacecraft to date. During the six-day mission, the most complex in the shuttle program to date, the crew launched two commercial communications satellites, Anik C3 for Canada’s Telesat and Palapa B2 for Indonesia. Ride used the Shuttle’s robotic arm to deploy the first Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS01) and retrieve it two days later, the first time the Shuttle was used to return a spacecraft to Earth. The SPAS-01 satellite took some amazing photographs of Challenger as the two spacecraft flew in formation. Although originally planned to conduct the first shuttle landing at Kennedy Space Center, inclement weather in Florida forced a diversion to Edwards Air Force Base in California. Let me be. Let me exist. Free me from this mentality, from this negativity. Ignorance really is bliss in the end. I wish I learned that earlier, and not just now. Touchdown occurred June 24.Ride’s launch on STS-7 occurred almost to the day of the 20th anniversary of the launch of the first woman in space, Soviet cosmonaut Valentina V. Tereshkova. After the successful flight of Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space in 1961, Soviet Chief Designer Sergey Korolyov had the idea of flying the first woman in space.
“MARK WHERE WE PARKED”
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To find a suitable candidate, he looked outside the field of military pilots. Although piloting was not a requirement for the female candidates (the Vostok spaceship was more or less automated), parachuting was, because after reentry Vostok cosmonauts ejected from the capsule and parachuted to the ground separately. About 400 female candidates initially were screened and 40 were called to Moscow to undergo interviews and medical and other tests. Valentina Tereshkova was one of five women selected on Feb. 16, 1962. Tereshkova launched into space June 16, 1963, aboard Vostok-6 using the call sign Chaika (чайка), or Seagull. Her mission was part of the second group flight launched by the Soviets, with fellow cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky launching two days earlier aboard Vostok-5. During Tereshkova’s first orbit, the two spacecraft came within three miles of each other and the two cosmonauts talked to each other by radio, before drifting apart and completing their separate missions. She circled the Earth 48 times over three days and made a successful parachute landing June 19. Sally Ride and Valentina Tereshkova made their marks on history. I also want to be the first in something. Create, do, achieve something new. The first. Despite the camaraderie between astronauts and cosmonauts even during the height of the Cold War and the thaw afterwards, there’s no indication that the two ever met. In their own ways, the two were trailblazers for women who followed their footsteps in the conquest of space.
Landing in a dry lake bed USA | California NASA
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With its first two flights successfully completed, Space Shuttle Challenger was ready to head back into space. As with its previous flights, this one would also be known for several “firsts.” The primary objective of Challenger’s third mission, STS-8, was to deploy the Insat-1B weather and communications satellite for India. The final orbital location of Insat-1B dictated that Challenger launch and land at night, the first time in the Shuttle program. STS-8 was originally planned to fly the second Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) to expand space-to-ground communications between Mission Control and orbiting Space Shuttles, but during the launch of the first TDRS on STS-6, its Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) placed it into a stable but incorrect orbit. NASA managers decided to replace the TDRS on STS-8 until the IUS problem could be identified and corrected. Engineering or Design? Why not both? Yeah, both will do. I hope so at least, otherwise there’s no future. Replacing TDRS was the Canadian-built Remote Manipulator System (RMS), or robot arm, and the Payload Flight Test Article (PFTA), an 8,500–pound dumbbell-shaped structure designed to evaluate the dynamics and structure of the RMS.
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THIS IS NOT FLYING THIS IS FALLING WITH STYLE
NASA announced the crew for STS-8 in April 1982– Commander Richard H. Truly, a veteran of the STS-2 mission, and three first time flyers, Pilot Daniel C. Brandenstein and Mission Specialists Dale A. Gardner and Guion S. Bluford. Of significance, Bluford was the first African-American to fly in space. Eight months later, NASA added Dr. William E. Thornton as a fifth member of the crew to conduct medical investigations on the astronauts to better understand the causes of space motion sickness that was then affecting approximately one-third of all space travelers. On June 24, 1983, Challenger returned to Earth in California from its previous mission, STS-7, and five days later arrived back at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. Technicians refurbished the orbiter, mated it with its twin Solid Rocket Boosters and External Tank and rolled the stack out to Launch Complex 39A on August 2, a then-record turnaround time. While on the pad, the stack rode out Hurricane Barry which made landfall just south of KSC. On August 30, Challenger and her crew thundered into the night sky at KSC, only the second night launch in the American human space flight program – the first was Apollo 17 in 1972. They entered a circular orbit around the Earth and got to work on their flight plan, which included Dr. Thornton taking the first measurements for the space motion sickness studies that continued throughout the mission. On the second day, Bluford deployed the Insat-1B satellite and activated the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System, a commercial experiment sponsored by McDonnell Douglas and developed to separate cells using an electric current, a process believed to be more efficient in microgravity. Over the next several days, Truly and Gardner maneuvered the RMS with the PFTA attached to various positions and arm angles to test its full dynamic range.
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The crew held an in-flight press conference and also spoke with President Ronald W. Reagan, who congratulated them on a successful mission. On September 5, the crew fired Challenger’s engines to return to Earth, and made the first night landing of the Shuttle program at Edwards Air Force Base in California, having completed 98 orbits around the Earth in 6 days, 1 hour and 9 minutes. NASA ferried Challenger back to KSC to prepare it for its next historic mission. After almost 25 years and more than 115 million miles, space shuttle Atlantis is down to just one final mission – but it will be going out on a high note. STS-132 will deliver to the International Space Station the Russian Rassvet Mini-Research Module-1, only the second Russian module to ever be carried into space by a space shuttle. It’s a fitting final payload for the orbiter that not only launched the first into space, but also was the first shuttle to dock to the Russian Space Station Mir – in fact, Atlantis was the shuttle behind seven of the 11 shuttle missions to Mir. “Atlantis has a history of being the shuttle that did the most international things,” said Emily Nelson, lead space station flight director for the mission. “It’s the orbiter that the Russians have known best, because it’s one that came to their space station most often, and it’s one that we used to deliver a module for them in the past.” Whether or not they recognize it by name, many people are likely familiar with Atlantis’ work. Besides the visits to Mir, Atlantis carried the Magellan Spacecraft into orbit, sending it on its way to Venus, where it mapped 98 percent of the planet from orbit. No other country ever did something similar, expect Russia. Move around the streets the Space Shuttle. The same year – 1989 – it also deployed the Galileo Spacecraft to Jupiter, where it collected data on the planet and its moons for eight years. Closer to home, Atlantis has visited the International Space Station 10 times – STS132 will be its 11th trip – delivering among other pieces of hardware, the United States’ Destiny Laboratory and Europe’s Columbus. Finally.
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And just last year it made the final flight to the Hubble Space Telescope, bringing upgrades that should allow the telescope to see further into the universe than ever for years to come. “Atlantis has clearly been a work horse of the space shuttle fleet over the years,” said Mike Sarafin, lead STS-132 shuttle flight director. “The shuttle program history is pretty complicated, but I think it will show that Atlantis is a remarkable vehicle.” But Atlantis is not finished making history just yet – there are still a few firsts in store. For instance, the installation of Rassvet. Normally when a new piece of the space station is installed, all the work is done (the hooks are engaged and the latches latched to attach the new module to the rest of the station) from the space station side of the equation. That’s true for all of the international partners involved in the station except for Russia. Why Russia? Why did you?
Space Shuttle Atlantis standing proud before being put in a museum USA | California NASA
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Until now, the Russian modules have all been launched into space on their own, not carried up by a space shuttle, and the Russian system makes use of that by relying on the momentum of the new module as it approaches to force the latches. That won’t be possible this time around. Instead, the STS-132 crew will use the space station’s robotic arm to attach it. The arm will be extended to just about its full 58 feet to reach Rassvet’s home on the Zarya module, which will make it difficult to push with much force. In addition, the commands to the module to work those latches and hooks will have to take a long circuitous route from the robotic arm controls inside the Cupola, through the United States segment of the station to the Russian segment, then back to the United States segment and out through the robotic arm to the Rassvet. “Installing that module is going to be an interesting day,” STS132 Commander Ken Ham said. “If anything goes wrong in this delicate plan, we have to get it to work right. We think, based on the analyses, that we’re going to be just fine. However, we’re prepared for all sorts of problems that could arise getting that thing in there.” If the team is lucky, some of Atlantis’ luck will rub off on the module while it’s in the cargo bay, and the installation will go off without a hitch – Atlantis tends to be the member of the shuttle fleet with the fewest problems in flight, so it wouldn’t be out of character. “Like any home or any car that you’ve had, the shuttles have their nuances,” Sarafin said. “Atlantis tends to behave very well when it’s flying. That’s a nice luxury to have.”
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The Journey Home; STS-126 Endeavour USA | Mojave Desert, California NASA
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|||| 60 CREDITS Free University of Bolzano - Bozen Faculty of Design and Art Bachelor in Design and Art - Major in Design WUP 18/19 | 1st semester foundation course Project Modul: Editorial Design Design by: Andrea Maffei Book | Space Shuttle Program Supervision: Project leader Prof. Antonino Benincasa Project assistants Maximilian Boiger, Gian Marco Favretto Photography: All pictures are property of NASA Downloaded from www.nasa.gov Paper: Munken Polar 240 gr. Arjowiggins Curious Skin Black 270 gr. Fonts: Helvetica Neue Printed: Bozen-Bolzano, January 2019 Inside pages – Digital Print | Canon Cover – UV-Serigprahy
Space Transportation System A brief book on the so called flying brick