NILO
Nilo designed by Elena Aldrighetti
TEXT SIZES
10 pt (15)
9pt (13)
8pt (9,6)
The Nile is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world, though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest.The Nile, which is 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long, is an“international” river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries, namely, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Republic of the Sudan and Egypt. The Nile is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world,though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest.The Nile, which is 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long, is an “international” river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries, namely, Tanzania,Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi,the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Republic of the Sudan and Egypt.
The Nile is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world,though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest. The Nile, which is 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long, is an “international” river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries, namely, Tanzania,Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi,the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Republic of the Sudan and
The Nile is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, and is commonly regarded as the longest
7pt
river in the world,though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest.The Nile, which is 6,853
(11)
Tanzania,Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi,the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea,
6pt (10)
km (4,258 miles) long, is an “international” river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries, namely, South Sudan, Republic of the Sudan and Egypt.
The Nile is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the
world,though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest.The Nile, which is 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long, is an “international” river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries, namely,Tanzania,Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi,the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Republic of the Sudan and Egypt.
TITLE SIZES
Ancient Egipt 24 pt Old Kingdom 9 pt Major advances in architecture, art, and technology were made during the Old Kingdom, fueled by the increased agricultural productivity and resulting population, made possible by a well-developed central administration.Some of ancient Egypt’s crowning achievements,the Giza pyramids and Great Sphinx,were constructed during the Old Kingdom.Under the direction of the vizier, state officials collected taxes, coordinated irrigation projects to improve crop yield, drafted peasants to work on construction projects,and established a justice system to maintain peace and order.With the rising importance of central administration in Egypt a new class of educated scribes and officials arose who were granted estates by the king in
payment for their services. Kings also made land grants to their mortuary cults and local temples,to ensure that these institutions had the resources to worship the king after his death.Scholars believe that five centuries of these practices slowly eroded the economic vitality of Egypt, and that the economy could no longer afford to support a large centralized administration As the power of the kings diminished, regional governors called nomarchs began to challenge the supremacy of the office of king.This, coupled with severe droughts between 2200 and 2150 BC,is believed to have caused the country to enter the 140-year period of famine and strife known as the First Intermediate Period.(9/10,8)
CULTURE 23 pt
Further information: Clothing in ancient Egypt, Dance in ancient Egypt, and Music of Egypt Old Kingdom
Most ancient Egyptians were farmers tied to the land. Their dwellings were restricted to immediate family members, and were constructed of mud-brick designed to remain cool in the heat of the day. Each home had a kitchen with an open roof, which contained a grindstone for milling grain and a small oven for baking the bread.Walls were painted white and could be covered with dyed linen wall hangings. Floors were covered with reed mats, while wooden stools, beds raised from the floor and individual tables comprised the furniture. (9/12)
ARCHITECTURE
27 pt
MAIN ARTICLE: ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
The architecture of ancient Egypt includes some of the most famous structures in the world: the Great Pyramids of Giza and the temples at Thebes. Building projects were organized and funded by the state for religious and commemorative purposes, but also to reinforce the wide ranging power of the pharaoh.The ancient Egyptians were skilled builders; using only simple but effective tools and sighting instruments, architects could build large stone structures with great accuracy and precision.(11/13,2)
TYPE ANATOMY
Tilo Serif
beak
tittle
ear
counter
foot bilateral serif
open counter
QEBEHSENUEF
LINK OR NECK
LOOP OR LOBE
Qebehsenuef is an ancient Egyptian deity. He is one of the four sons of Horus in Egyptian mythology,the god of protection and of the West. In the preparation of mummies, his canopic jar was used for the intestines. He is seen as a mummy with a falcon head. He was said to be protected by the goddess Serket. The intestine was used in sacrificed animals to predict the future, where as the intestines were also the victims of poison. With death by poison, the canopic jar deity is protected by Serket who bears the emblem of the scorpion. Dedun (or Dedwen) was a Nubian god worshipped during ancient times in that part of Africa and attested as early as 2400 BC. There is much uncertainty about his original nature, especially since he was depicted as a lion, a role which usually was assigned to the son of another deity. Nothing is known of the earlier Nubian mythology from which this (8/12)
TYPE ANATOMY
1
2
3
1. SHOULDER 2.VERTEX,OVERHANG 3. CROTCH 4. STRESS
4
CROSS STROKE
GEB Geb was the Egyptian god of the Earth and later a member of the Ennead of Heliopolis. He had a viper around his head and was thus also considered the father of snakes. It was believed in ancient Egypt that Geb’s laughter created earthquakes and that he allowed crops to grow Geb was frequently feared as father of snakes (one of the names for snake was “son of the earth”). In a Coffin Texts spell Geb was described as father of the snake Nehebkau. In mythology, Geb also often occurs as a primeval divine king of Egypt from whom his son Osiris and his grandson Horus inherited the land after many contendings with the disruptive god Set, brother and killer of Osiris. (9/12)
The horizontal stroke across the stem of a lowercase t or f is a cross stroke. Although often used interchangeably, the cross stroke differs from an arm and a crossbar because it intersects/crosses over the stem. The varying positioning, thickness, and slope of the cross stroke is an identifying feature of many
CROSS STROKE
DOT rounded corner (12)
corner end (12)
A small distinguishing mark, such as an diacritic on a lowercase i or j. Also known as a Dot. (9)
TYPE FEATURES
ARM
SERIF
Werethekau SPUR FINIAL
SERIF
UPPER CASE
ABCDEFGHIJKLM NOPQRSTUVWXYZ LOWER CASE
abcdefghijklm nopqrstuvwxyz PUNCTUATION
. , : ; ! ? ‘ “ ‘ ’ “„ « » ‘‘@ _ & # %*+−×÷=~<>/ \(){}[]€
WWW
1
6
7
4 2
5
0
9
0 1 2345 6 7 89 OLD STYLE FIGURES
LINING FIGURES
0123456789 Oldstyle figures (also known as non-lining, lowercase, hanging, or text wfigures) have varying heights and align-ments, as opposed to lining figures, which are of uniform height and alignment.Oldstyle figures are similar to low-ercase characters in that they share the same x-height and have ascenders (the 6 and 8) and descenders (the 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9). In some typefaces, the design of some of the oldstyle figures varies from the lining figures. Some variations are purely aesthetic (such as a ball terminal added to a figure); others are functional as well (such as serifs added to a tabular sans serif â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;1â&#x20AC;&#x2122; to increase its width and create a look of more even spacing). (10/12)
A F a B b C c D d E e f
G K lL g H h iI J j k m N n O o p q M PQ r S s T t U u V v R w x Y y z W X Z
kk Faculty of Design and Art Free University of Bolzano-Bozen Typeface designed by Elena Aldrighetti WUP 18/19 Prof. Antonino Benincasa Gian Marco Favretto Maximilian Boiger Calligraphy Workshop by Mag. Art.Eva Pรถll Font created with Illustrator & Fontself