Anton Zasypkin
CV | PORTFOLIO 2012-2014
CURRICULUM VITAE Anton Zasypkin Architect, MA
Birth: 07.09.1989, Russia Live: Germany Status: married Skype: antonzasypkin E-mail: zasypkinanton@gmail.com Tel.: +49 174 6259243, Germany +7 918 3542045, Russia
EDUCATION: 2006 - 2012
Architect - urban planner
Faculty of Architecture and Design, Kuban State University Krasnodar, Russia 2012 - 2014
Master of architecture
Dessau Institute of Architecture (DIA), Anhalt University of Applied Sciences Dessau, Germany
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 2008 - ongoing
Architect, own practice
Small scale architectural projects, interior design, prototyping, visualization, art Russia Feb. - Aug. 2011
Architect - urban planner
Urban planning shemes, working drawings | Land-use planning institute Krasnodar, Russia Sep. - Nov. 2011
Architect - urban planner, intern
Urban planning shemes, visualization | Grazjdanproject Krasnodar, Russia
COMPETITION: 2014
Robert Oxman prize, winner
Best thesis project | DIA, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences Dessau, Germany
SKILLS: CAD
ArchiCAD | AutoCAD
Graphical design
Adove Illustrator | Adobe Photoshop
Modelling
Maya | Rhino
Programming, scripting
Arduino | Grasshoper | Phyton | Processing
Rendering
Artlantis Studio | Maxwell Render | Rhino V-ray
LANGUAGE: English
Fluent speaker
German
Basic level
Russian
Native language
OTHER INTERESTS: 2008 - ongoing
Wine-making
Co-owner and wine-maker in small home winery
Prototyping, modeling in robotics and mechanics
Kinetic art (based on Arduino), building prototypes, mechanisms inventing
Traveling
TABLE OF CONTENT MASTER THESIS PROJECT
SKETCHBOX
06 2014
Human-machine interface for rapid prototyping CNC TECHNOLOGY EXPLORING
3DIA PRINTER
12 2014
Design, building, explore own 3D printer and extending its possibilities
CNC MILLING
15 2014
Detachable milling head for 3DIA printer INSTALLATION
16
THE CLOUD
2013
An interactive installation which responds to the sounds
17
INTERACTIVE INTERIOR
2013
Responsive, adaptive and interactive structures studies
MULTICELLULAR
20 2012
Material behavior and cell geometry studies in self-supporting multicellular structures URBAN PLANNING
RECONSTRUCTION
22 2012
Sedina street reconstruction in historic center of Krasnodar city RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS
FUTURE OF THE EXISTING
26 2012
Revitalization of large-scale “Quelle” building RELEVANT SKILLS
30 2012
HAND DRAWINGS The set of academic drawings, design drafts and travel sketches
MASTER THESIS PROJECT
SKETCHBOX Task: Supervisors: Place: Date: Award: Video, more info:
Human-machine interface for rapid prototyping | Master thesis | Solo work Krassimir Krastev, Alexander Kalachev DIA, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences | Dessau, Germany Fall ’13 - Spring ‘14 Robert Oxman prize, winner | Best thesis project | DIA www.youtube.com, www.vimeo.com, www.issuu.com
THESIS ABSTRACT The aim of the SketchBox master thesis project is to improve, accelerate the architect's workflow process, significantly expand his capabilities by using. SketchBox human-machine interface is multifunctional environment for rapid prototyping and a platform for interaction between technologies. The interface is eliminating the way of traditional 2D manipulation interaction and manual data input, which are slowing down and limiting a designing process. The SketchBox 3D environment has ability to “see”, sense user’s motions. Thus, users get ability of touchless data input for designing process, as well to edit or modify it. It gives an advantages in sketching process, outlining first ideas, building models and etc. TEHCNOLOGIES UNDER THESIS RESEARCH - CNC subtracting/additive machines; - motion sensing input devices. Handmaid sensor
3DIA printer
3DIA CNC milling Kinect
Arduino Leap Motion
STUDIO BRIEF Thesis research is exploring the impact of recent developments in open source software and hardware onto the discourses in contemporary architecture field. As a part of thesis research, one of the goals was to design and build own 3D printer. Practical point of view gives much wider understanding of CNC technologies impact on architecture.
SketchBox
HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE FOR RAPID PROTOTYPING SKETCHBOX CONCEPT
6
3DIA PRINTER
MASTER THESIS PROJECT - SKETCHBOX
KINECT Kinect is a whole-body tracking device and has ability to recognize each part of the body individually. Processing software allows to hack Kinect and use it as input data sensor for modeling. Within the SketchBox project I assigned individual commands to some user’s body parts. In this way the user represent the operation controller itself. CONCLUSIONS: + 1:1 scale modeling; + big open source base; - low presicion for finger’s tracking; - sensor needs minimal distance (min 0,8 m). Right hand as additive mesh brush
Left hand as subtracting mesh brush
Dimention between hands as brush size
1:1 SCALE RAPID MODELING WITH KINECT
MOTION SENSING INPUT DEVICES Motion sensing technologies allows to track changing the position of an object in space relative to the sensor itself or its surroundings. This technology was first applied as a photogrammetric analysis tool in biomechanics research and nowdays expanded in many fields. Motion sensing technologies offers rapid, real-time data input.
KINECT GASTURE CONTROLL SYSTEM
1:1 SCALE RAPID MODELING TEST WITH KINECT
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MASTER THESIS PROJECT - SKETCHBOX
ALUMINIUM FOIL BOX Aluminium foil box is hand made motion sensor device, which allows to track movement of the hand. Arduino translate interaction values between user's hand and electric field inside the box into input data stream. Then Processing script read this data and represent user’s hand as digital 3D brush.
ELECTRIC FIELD
INTERACTION WITH HAND
ALUMINIUM FOIL BOX RAPID MODELING TEST
8
ALUMINIUM FOIL BOX MOTION SENSOR DEVICE
USER’S HAND AS 3D BRUSH
CONCLUSIONS: + cheap parts, DIY sensor; + size of interaction area could be adapted as needed; + use open-source software and hardware; - needs higher precision (improve the circuit).
RAPID MODELING TEST RESULT
MASTER THESIS PROJECT - SKETCHBOX
LEAP MOTION Leap Motion is a table computer hardware sensor device that track user’s hands and fingers motions as input for interaction. To increase the size of operating area I wrote the script in Processing. Within that script I am able to shift the operating area back and forward in space.
LEAP MOTION SENSOR DEVICE AS TOUCHLESS SCREEN
60 cm 8 cm
50 cm 35 cm
8 cm 15 dig
STANDART OPERATING AREA
LEAP MOTION RAPID MODELING TEST
y
SHIFTED AREA
MODELING WITH SHIFTED AREA
CONCLUSIONS: + very high presicion; - small and narrow area for interaction.
RAPID MODELING TEST RESULT
9
MASTER THESIS PROJECT - SKETCHBOX
A
STRUCTURE ANALYZE AND OPTIMIZATION By making use of structures deriving from nature, like the bone structure, it is possible to construct forms that have an innate optimal geometry. By combining the biomimicry with mathematic patterns for building technology some benefits have been explored. The most important bone structure feature is high structural strength with minimum use of material. Practical use of bone structure logic in my project helps to save time for printing/prototyping, cut material costs, minimize waste.
6 weeks
23
104
230
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF BONE DEVELOPMENT (A) The initial configuration becomes coarser and obtains more directionality when it matures. (B) Initially the volume fraction (VF) rises sharply.
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B BV / TV 0.4 vertebral & prox. tibial specimens 2 mm
HEALTHY BONE TISSUE
0.0
0
100
200
weeks of age
IMAGE, SCHEME: HTTP://WWW.ARNOPRONK.COM
INJURED BONE TISSUE
MICRO-FEM MODEL
FROM MESH MODEL TO OPTIMIZATED BONE STRUCTURE MODEL
BONE STRUCTURE OPTIMIZATION PROCESS
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OPTIMIZATED MODEL TO PRINT
MASTER THESIS PROJECT - SKETCHBOX
SUBTRACTING WITH CNC MILLING CNC milling provide precise process of subtracting the physical model. We get the ability to immediately start editing just printed physical prototypes by editing digital 3D model. 3DIA CNC milling system construction allows to appear only when its needed, by moving up and down in Z-axis on the same plate as extruder. SKETCHBOX CNC MILLING SCENARIO: - select/upload mesh model; - by manipulating with hands choose zone for CNC milling to define subtracting zone (red); - put the physical prototype back to CNC machine; - run CNC milling process; - enjoy the result.
SKETCHBOX CNC MILLING
SKETCHBOX CNC MILLING SCENARIO
11
CNC TECHNOLOGY EXPLORING
3DIA PRINTER Task: Team members: Own role in team: Supervisor: Place: Date: Video, more info:
Design, build, explore own 3D printer, extending its possibilities | Team work Anton Zasypkin, Maria Jose Rubira, Zuzanna Kotecka Designing, elaboration, building the construction, wiring, partly coding Krassimir Krastev DIA, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences | Dessau, Germany Fall ‘13 - Spring ‘14 www.youtube.com, www.vimeo.com
DESIGN After theoretical reseach, the aim was to create own 3D printer to explore CNC technology more deeply and its limitations from a practial point of view. The main design parameters were big size and the ability to adapt the machine to other purposes besides 3D printing. Based on that next step was to extend possible applications of that machine. BASIC CHARACTERISTICS: - type of printing: FDM; - material: ABS plastic; - max model: 20x20x40 (cm), adjustable 40x40x70 (cm).
3D SECTION
12
FRAME
X, Y AXES MOVEMENT SYSTEM
Z AXIS MOVEMENT SYSTEM
CNC TECHNOLOGY EXPLORING - 3DIA PRINTER
MOVEMENT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. COMPARISON AND CONCLUSIONS During the development of 3DIA printer we tested three diffrent types of movement system for Y and X axes: gear, belt and rod. First two occured to be failure because of pretty big span of 3DIA printer and required substantial improvements. For Z axis we chose rod system as well. Such system allows to move pretty heavy parts with high precision and high fixation of the position. GEAR SYSTEM
BELT SYSTEM
ROD SYSTEM
+ evenly distributed loads on the motors; + suitable for any span of the rails; + rails easy to expand; + needs low power motors; - high wooden gear wear; - backlash, poor precision; - high rail/gear parts fabrication accuracy required.
+ light weight; + needs small space; + good for small size CNC machines; - precise installation; - high power motors required; - expensive parts; - irregularly distributed loads on the motor.
+ evenly distributed loads on the motors; + suitable for any size of CNC machines; + inexpensive parts compare to other tested systems; + high precision; + suitable for all 3 axes; - high motor connectors fabrication accuracy required.
13
CNC TECHNOLOGY EXPLORING - 3DIA PRINTER
MICROCONTROLLERS AND THE CIRCUIT Components on Arduino board interface between the microcontroller, parts and the computer. RAMPS 1.4: - process G-code instructions; - control the four step motor controllers; - control the temperature of the hot-end and monitor the hot-end thermistor; - passing signal from end stops; - control the temperature of the heated bed and monitor the heated bed termistor.
Hot end power supply
Arduino MEGA 2560 RAMPS 1.4
ARDUIINO AND RAMPS MICROCONTROLLERS
X axis endstop
Extruder motor
Y axis endstop Z axis endstop
1 Modeling software
Z axis motor #1
Heated bed power supply
Z axis motor #2
2 Firmware and G-code
3 Slicing software
Main power supply
4 G-code sender
SOFT SEQUENCE
14
3DIA PRINTER CIRCUIT
Heated bed thermistor Hot end thermistor
Y axis motor
X axis motor
CNC TECHNOLOGY EXPLORING
CNC MILLING Task: Extend possibilities of 3DIA printer | Solo work Place: DIA, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences | Dessau, Germany Date: Spring ‘14
Support structure with rails
DESIGN 3DIA CNC milling system as the new option within the same machine. There is two ways to use milling spindlehead on the same platform as extruder: use universal connection points for both systems to be able to change between them or put one next to another. I chose second option as it allows to not reload CNC machine all the time. Milling spindlehead is fixed on mechanism which allows moving up and down in Z-axis to come up only when it needs.
3DIA PRINTER WITH CNC MILLING SYSTEM
Filament pull motor
Z-axis movement motor
Spindlehead DC motor Extruder The drill SKETCHBOX CNC MILLING SYSTEM AND 3DIA PRINTER EXTRUDER
CNC MILLING SYSTEM
CNC MILLING HIDING
15
INSTALLATION
THE CLOUD Task: Team members: Supervisors: Location: Date: Video, more info:
DESCRIPTION The Cloud is an interactive installation which responds to the sound in real-time. Main structure consist out of two long spring steel wires. Movement system operate with 9 motors and called by different sound frequency. Frequency range gives variety of reaction from the slight motion of flappng parts to dramatic shaking and shrinkage of the whole structure. 1
2 3
3
2 1
Flapping parts MOVEMENT SCHEME
CIRCUIT SCHEME
16
Vibration
Installation for Interactive Shanghai Exhibition ‘13 | Team work Anton Zasypkin, Arina Agieva, Dmitry Zhuikov Prof. Neil Leach, Alexander Kalachev, Karim Soliman DIA, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences | Dessau, Germany Spring ‘13 www.vimeo.com
INSTALLATION
INTERACTIVE INTERIOR Task: Team members: Supervisors: Place: Date: Video, more info:
Installation for Interactive Shanghai Exhibition ‘13 | Team work Anton Zasypkin, Arina Agieva, Dmitry Zhuikov Prof. Neil Leach, Alexander Kalachev, Karim Soliman DIA, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences | Dessau, Germany Spring ‘13 www.youtube.com, www.vimeo.com Kinect
STUDIO BRIEF The aim of the studio is to design and builld a series of proto-architectural studies consisting of a responsive environment that can adapt and change according to particular requirements. The overall objective of the studio is to design a responsive or interactive environment, to fabricate it, and to activate it using robotic fabrication technologies. The studio was divided into six distinctive phases: 1. Computation workshops 2. Biomimetic studies 3. Initial design development 4. Advanced design development 5. Fabrication and assembly 6. Exhibition installation
Interaction zone
Noise adaptaion
Light adaptaion
Size adaptaion
INTERIOR ADAPT TO AMOUNT OF PEOPLE
ORIGAMI STRUCTURE FOLDING SIMULATION
ORIGAMI FOLDING STRUCTURE STUDIES
17
INSTALLATION - INTERACTIVE INTERIOR
INTERACTIVE INTERIOR IDEA The interest in responsiveand adapting environment bring us to idea of the interactive structure as a part of interior. This structure can be actuate by user’s requirments accroding to its function. Before came up with idea of “The Cloud”, during the studies we tested various responsive systems and used different materials for each of them. INTERACTIVE AGGREGATION Sound responsive surface which activating according to sound frequency range. Structure consist of multiple curved tail-like units based on origami logic. Each tail actuates in accordance to particular audio frequency.
PIANO TAILS FOLDING AGGREGATION C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
OFF
ON
Piano Voice Hand clap PIANO TAILS MOVEMENT SHEME
18
PROTOTYPE TEST
TABLE OF PIANO TAILS RESPONSE TO SOUND FREQUENCY
INSTALLATION - INTERACTIVE INTERIOR
VISUALIZATION OF THE SOUND WITH PROCESSING APPLICATION
SOUND AS AN INPUT As the main input for studies we chose sound. To activate our intercative structures we used Arduino to translate signals from microphones through Processing to mechanics.
SOUND SENSITIVE STRUCTURE SPRING STEEL WIRE EXPERIMENTS
LIST OF WORKS: - material behaviour studies (spring steel wire, tissue tension...); - origami folding structures studies; - digital sound visualization (Processing); - Nitinol wire experiments.
Nitinol shape memory alloy wire NITINOL WIRE AND ARDUINO CIRCUIT
SOUND SENSITIVE STRUCTURE PROTOTYPE
ORIGAMI FOLDING STRUCTURE STUDIES - DOUBLE CURVED TAIL
ORIGAMI FOLDING STRUCTURE STUDIES - SPRING TAIL
INTERACTIVE CELL AGGREGATION
19
INSTALLATION
MULTICELLULAR Task: Team members: Supervisor: Place: Date: Video, more info:
Multicellular structure from homogeneous cells | Team work Anton Zasypkin, Alexander Amirov, Petrit Pasha, Cves Xiao Alexander Kalachev DIA, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences | Dessau, Germany Fall ‘12 www.vimeo.com
DESIGN BRIEF The final task was to build self-supporting structure out of homogeneous cell units. The aim was to study interconnection in material behaviour with particular cell geometry. Criteria of the cell: - made out of square piece of chosen material; - individual stability; - assembling in structure; - maximum use of material (avoid cutting out, overlapping).
DIGITAL MODEL OF MULTICELLULAR PROJECT
STRUCTURE Within donut-like design we were able to test multiple loads (tension, compression, stretching, external loads) on choosen cell geometry in particular and to the structure as a whole. With simple cuts on flexible material, the cell can be bended according to provided diagram. As the material for cells we choose plastic sheets. Plastic is very flexible in bending and gives stability to the cell. To connect cells together we used plastic connectors.
CELL UNITS ASSEMBLAGE DIAGRAM
20
INSTALLATION - MULTICELLULAR
Split the surface
Surface to populate cells
GRASSHOPER DEFINITION Cell units geometry is variable according to location in structure and specified loads. To calculate geometry of each cell we used Grasshoper plugin for Rhino which allowed us to create the sript for particular task. After calculation it gives proper cutting map, joints position for each cell. Map cells on surface
CELL UNIT DESIGN Number the cell units
GRASSHOPER DEFINITION
FINAL MODEL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
21
URBAN PLANNING
SEDINA STREET RECONSTRUCTION Task: Supervisor: Place: Site location: Date:
Reconstraction of Sedina street in Krasnodar city | Graduate thesis | Solo work Irina Goloverova Faculty of Architecture and Design, KubSU | Krasnodar, Russia Krasnodar, Russia Fall ‘11 - Spring ‘12
DESCIPTION Thesis project propose reconstruction of Metrophana Sedina street in central historic area of Krasnodar city. The main focus of the project is an architectural monuments heritage. There are 24 historical monuments of architecture within the area under reconstruction. Street development design is interrelated in functional and visual connections with the main street of Krasnodar - Krasnaya street. Thesis project propose expressed as overall spatial-volumetric solution with more detailed design for major parts of Sedina street.
3
1
SPATIAL-VOLUMETRIC SOLUTION OVERVIEW
SEDINA STREET EAST SIDE VIEW
22
2
URBAN PLANNING - SEDINA STREET RECONSTRUCTION
SITE INFORMATION Krasnodar (former Ekaterinodar) city was founded in 1793 as Cossack military fortification and located on a bend of Kuban river. Urban layout in the historical area of the city reminds Roman style of city planning structure and formed by a rectangular grid of streets with major highways in meridional direction. City blocks are square shape with 300 meters length of the sides.
4
Superstructure within the historic building
Creating a silhouette building
New building in dense row of historical ones
Introduction of new structure in the historic ensemble
Neutral-style background for historic buildings
Annex a new volume to the stand apart historic building
METHODS OF INTRODUCTION INTO HISTORICAL ENVIRONMENT
AIMS OF THE PROJECT: - city new multifunctional attractive points; - design solutions based on historical building surroundings; - restoring, conservation and development of architectural ensembles along the street; - new pedestrian, functional and visual linkages to the main city street - Krasnaya; - blocks layout based on historical principles of formation; - developing by small sections accroding to land cadastre (non-condradiction method); - forming building line.
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URBAN PLANNING - SEDINA STREET RECONSTRUCTION
MEDICAL UNIVERSITY ENSEMBLE RESTORING (A)
MEDICAL UNIVERSITY ENSEMBLE RESTORING Nowadays, unformed ensemble represented by the main Medical Academy building and multi-style surroundings. Design solution is to balance site surroundings relative to the main point of ensemble perception (street perspective) and to the Academy building itself. RENOVATION DEVELOPMENT METHOD Urban planning proposal consider so-called “non-contradiction method of renovation in city historical area”. It based on land cadastre plan and offering an individual design solutions for each land section according to historical site development. This approach allows to preserve a historical environment within dense site coverage. Year: 1912
Medical Academy (1898) Year: 1899
Year: 1905
3
Year: 1910 Year: 1888 2
- existing - historical - new
Year: 1819
A 1
Year: 1819
MEDICAL UNIVERSITY AREA DESIGN PROPOSAL
24
Year: 1920 Year: 19th c
4
URBAN PLANNING - SEDINA STREET RECONSTRUCTION
MEDICAL UNIVERSITY (EPARCHIAL SCHOOL), 1918
ARCHITECTURAL ENSEMBLES RESTORING: 1 - Medical Academy ensemble (was built in 1898, unfinished); 2 - Cossack’s wine-distillery ensemble (factory was founded in 1902, unfinished); 3 - St. Catherine cathedral ensemble (was built in 1900, spoiled by Soviet Government church persecution, visually hidden); 4 - St. Georgy church ensemble (was built in 1910, unformed and ensemble destructed under surroundigns impact).
Year: 1819 MASTERPLAN
Year: 1848
DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL ENSEMBLE During the urban development city streets falls in parts under many different architectural styles influence. Some of this styles are contradicting one another and cause upset to the principle of continuity. Thus, Sedina street took uneven development as well. Thesis design proposal goal is to find lost links between architectural styles and to build foundation for future city development.
Year: 1899 KRASNODAR CITY PLANNING LAYOUT DEVELOPMENT
25
RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS
FUTURE OF THE EXISTING Task: Team members: Supervisor: Place: Site location: Date:
Revitalization of the large-scale «Quelle» building | Team work Anton Zasypkin, Alexander Amirov Prof. Johannese Kister DIA, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences | Dessau, Germany Nurnberg, Germany Fall ‘12
STUDIO BRIEF The „Quelle“ building was designed by Ernst Neufert for the mail order company „Quelle“ in the 1950-ties. There are 10.000 people who had been working there. But new forms of distribution have succeeded the classic ways of customer service that the mail order business has been in crisis. The building is 20.000 m2, empty and without any function now. The task is to incorporate the sustainable urban development aspect and include the building’s structure as a monument.
QUELLE BUILDING BACKYARD Quelle tower Recreation area Storage and delivery
“QUELLE” - FORMER MAIL ORDER COMPANY
26
For deliveries Quelle gas station
For deliveries
Mail order offices
Cafeteria Quelle shopping center
UNIVERSITY AS IDEA The large-scale “Quelle” building represented as a city in the city. One day the city disappeared. The phisical body was left as a memory of the place. The main idea is to revive this relationships with new function. The idea is to create scientific center - “Quelle unversity”.
RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS - FUTURE OF THE EXISTING Laboratories/workshops
Dormitories Public spaces
University/school
QUELLE BUILDING OVERVIEW (EXISTING STATE)
FRAMEWORK (BEAMS, COLUMNS)
Classrooms 14880 m2 9600 students
Dormitories, hotel 11400 m2 520 places
Laboratories 7200 m2 540 scientists
Offices, shops 6700 m2 149 workers
DESIGN PROPOSAL - “QUELLE UNIVERSITY” FUNCTIONAL ZONES
ATRIUMS Ecotect test shows us low level of insolation in wide areas. Openings-atriums through the building allowed to reach the required value and at the same time preserve the structure. LAYOUT - “QUELLE UNIVERSITY”
FLOOR SLABS
VERTICAL COMMUNICATION
ECOTECT DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS (EXISTING BUILDING STATE)
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RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS - FUTURE OF THE EXISTING
QUELLE UNIVERSITY Large-scale “Quelle” building is a well organized city, fine mechanism. Its location, developed basic infrastructure, convenient vertical and horizontal communication system and the history of the building gave us an idea to convert it to university campus. Neufert’s strusture design is very adaptable for it. The system of atriums gives necessary amount of natural lighting up to ground floor and work as a big public space.
“QUELLE UNIVERSITY” ATRIUMS
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RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS - FUTURE OF THE EXISTING
“QUELLE UNIVERSITY” GROUND FLOOR PLAN
“QUELLE UNIVERSITY” OVERVIEW
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RELEVANT SKILLS
HAND DRAWINGS
30
RELEVANT SKILLS
31
2014