Application dossier lavreotiki geopark s

LAVREOTIKI GEOPARK Application Dossier for nomination as a European and UNESCO Global Geopark

Lavrion - November 2009

APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR NOMINATION AS A EUROPEAN AND UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

LAVREOTIKI GEOPARK

LAVREOTIKI GEOPARK

APPLICANT

MUNICIPAL PUBLIC BENEFIT AGENCY OF LAVREOTIKI

Kostalas Antonios, President Kountourioti 1, 19500 Lavrion GREECE Telephone: +30 22920 60239, 60772 - Fax: +30 22920 22413 E-mail: info@mylavrio.gr - Web: www.mylavrio.gr AUTHORS

INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY & MINERAL EXPLORATION OF GREECE, SUPERVISOR

Theodosiou Ir., Geologist, D/ment of General Geology & Mapping, coordinator Janikian Z., Geologist, Department of Economic Geology Photiadis A., Geologist, Department of General Geology & Mapping ENVECO S.A.,

CONTRACTOR

Papagrigoriou Sp., Civil Engineer Papadaki A., Architect Bekiaris Y., Environmental Scientist Katsikas N., Geologist, Interpreter Adamantiadou Sm., Biologist, Interpreter Mihas N., Civil - Environmental Engineer Tortopidis Ant., Economist Kourouzidis M., Geologist - Seismologist Kotzageorgis G., Biologist Sifakis A., Lawyer Haindarlis M., Lawyer Toris N., Surveying Engineer Patelarou M., Architect Alexaki M., Archaeologist Katselis Y., Mineral Resources Engineer Tentes G., Metallurgic Engineer Kalligosfyri Ag., Economist Haralambopoulou M., Chemist November 2009

LAVREOTIKI GEOPARK

APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR NOMINATION AS A EUROPEAN AND UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

CONTENTS A. Definition of the European Geopark territory

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A.1 Name of site applying to become a European Geopark A.2 Location A.3 Surface area and geographic and human elements A.4 Organization in charge of the European Geopark zone A.5 Enclosures

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B. Scientific description of the European Geopark territor

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B.1 Definition of the geographic region in which the territory is located B.2 General geological description B.3 Listing and description of the geological sites present on the territory of the Geopark B.4 Details on the interest of these sites B.5 Current or potential pressure on the territory and these sites B.6 Current status in terms of protection of the sites B.7 Data on the management of these sites B.8 Listing and description of non-geological sites present in the territory that may be linked to the sites of geological interest

C. Arguments for nominating the territory as a European Geopark

C.1 Comprehensive analysis of the territory's potential for the development of geotourism C.2 Overview of the existing geoinstitution and geo-activities in the region of the Geopark C.3 Policies for the protection, enhancement and economic development of the geological heritage present in the territory.

Existing policies and those under preparation, existing and future actions.

C.4 The territory's interest in joining the European Geopark Network

D. General information on the territory

D.1 Economic activity D.2 The provisions for the protection of the territory D.3 Brief analysis of the present status D.4 Existing facilities D.5 Future facilities planned

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Enclosures

I. Photos of the Geosites in the nominated “Lavreotiki Geopark” II. Maps of the nominated “Lavreotiki Geopark” III. Brief presentation of the nominated “Lavreotiki Geopark” Management Plan IV. Bibliography and references V. “Lavreotiki and surrounding area”. Pilot geotrails guides in English. Pictures of in situ pilot panels.

VI. Self-evaluation and progress evaluation forms for the European Geoparks Network - Global Geoparks Network

Digital files of the Application Dossier are to be found at the internet sites: http://www.igme.gr and www.mylavrio.gr.

LAVREOTIKI GEOPARK

APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR NOMINATION AS A EUROPEAN AND UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

Introduction The area of Lavreotiki is famous worldwide for the exploitation of the mixed sulphide ore deposits (Pb - Zn - Ag) and the abudance and variety of mineralogical specimens. During ancient times, the profit obtained from the exploitation of mines contributed greatly to Greek and European culture development. Nowadays, specialists in the domain of Economic Geology and Mining are impressed by the extremely advanced mining and metallurgical technology applied during antiquity as it is evident from the numerous relevant archeological findings. The significant extent of the ancient mining activity in the area is shown by the abudance of mining and metallurgical wastes constituting geological (ekvolades, plynites) and technological (slag) material.

The whole area is considered as a geo-technological laboratory; together with other values it comprises a wealth of minerals. Numerous abandoned today galleries are natural mineralogical museums as the rare minerals of Lavrion have been formed due to specific conditions of metallogenesis. Mineral names as Lavrionite, Kamarizite, Ktenasite, Thorikozite, Serpierite originate from this very place; these minerals were discovered here, and are included in the collections of several well known mineralogical museums in a worldwide scale.

All the above mentioned facts witness the special geological-mineralogical setting and geodiversity of the area under concern. In addition and intimately interconnected with it the archeological and cultural setting is of great interest.

The biotic environment as well, is of outstanding beauty and value as the area hosts a National Park (Sounio National Park) and two Natura 2000 sites with several types of important habitats.

The conclusion is that the area of Lavreotiki is considered as a geological, natural and cultural heritage of international significance that can be appreciated through conservation, education and geotourism.

This precious heritage, highlighted, protected and managed properly, will be enjoyed by people all over the world, who wish to visit it and learn more about it.

This can be achieved by joining the European and the Global Geoparks Networks for the sake not only of science and conservation but also of the sustainable development of the area.

APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR NOMINATION AS A EUROPEAN AND UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

LAVREOTIKI GEOPARK

A. Definition of the European Geopark territory A.1 Name of site applying to become a European Geopark The name of the candidate site applying to become a partner of the European Geopark Network is “LAVREOTIKI GEOPARK�.

The candidate Geopark is an exceptional mining area since antiquity. Within the boundaries of the Geopark lies the National Park of Sounio as well as the renowned ancient Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounio.

A.2 Location The Geopark is located in Lavreotiki -a peninsula in the SE part of the Prefecture of Attica, within a distance of approximately 60 km from Athens - the capital of Greece.

The territories of two Municipalities (Municipality of Lavreotiki and Municipality of Keratea) and of one Community (Community of Agios Konstantinos) constitute the total of the area of the candidate Geopark, where 49 geosites have been identified so far.

For more details, please consult Maps in Enclosure II. A.3 Surface area, geographic and human elements The Geopark covers an area of 175.8 km , with 65 settlements and towns and a population of 2 about 22.261 inhabitants (population density 299 inh./km ). From 1991 to 2001 the population growth rate was 8,14%, as it can be seen in Table A-1 (Source: Greek National Statistical Service Census of Population, 2001).

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Table A-1 Population change in the Municipalities/Community and Prefecture of the Geopark area

Source: Greek National Statistical Service (2001) A.4 Organization in charge of the European Geopark zone The Municipal Public Benefit Agency of Lavreotiki (www.mylavrio.gr) is in charge of the candidate Geopark. The Agency is established and supervised by the Municipality of Lavrion aiming at the development and management of the area of Lavreotiki. It also aims at the development of local economy by supporting small and medium enterprises. Its headquarters are in the town of Lavrion -the largest urban settlement in the whole area of Lavreotiki; its Board consists of 9 members.

Through the activities of the Agency, the Municipality of Lavrion operates all of its social and 5

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APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR NOMINATION AS A EUROPEAN AND UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

development projects. For being active for so many years the Agency has gained the trust and the support of the local community and, therefore, consitutes a mature and reliable body to undertake the responsibility of the new Geopark. Within the Municipal Public Benefit Agency of Lavreotiki a new body, named “Geopark Coordinating Committee” is formed, which will have the responsibility of all actions in relation to the Geopark and of the implementation of its Management Plan.

The “Geopark Coordinating Committee” is composed by one representative from each of the main stakeholders related to the Geopark. The establishment of this Committee today is under priority and relevant negotiations have already taken place. According to the proposal of the Management Plan the following parties are represented in the Committee: (1)The Municipality of Lavreotiki, (2)The Municipality of Keratea, (3)The Commutnity of Agios Konstantinos, (4)The Board of the Municipal Public Benefit Agency of Lavreotiki, (5)The Greek State Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration [IGME], (6)The Management Authority of the Sounion National Park (by the time it will start operating), (7)The Technological and Cultural Park of Lavrion [of the National Technical University of Athens], (8)The 2nd Ephorate of Classical and Prehistoric Antiquities, (9)The 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, (10) The Ephorate of Palaeoanthropology and Speleology, (11)The Forest Inspection Agency of Lavrion. During a next operational period, representatives of Lavreotiki's productive classes will also be called to participate.

The main tasks and obligations of the “Geopark Coordinating Committee” are the following: A. To co-ordinate the involved bodies - authorities for the implementation of the works and activities according to the Management Plan, B. To provide support to the Agency on operation matters of the Geopark, and C. To evaluate the first operation phase and contribute to the decision-making of the successive operation phases of the Geopark.

The President of the Agency is responsible against the Administrative Council and the “Geopark Coordinating Committee” for the implementation of the Management Plan. He also prepares, supported by the authorized Agency’s employees and collaborators, the annual action plan according to the decisions, recommendations and proposals of the Committee. The annual action plan has to be accepted by the Committee, and then be approved by the Administrative Council of the Agency. Apart from the annual action plans, the Administrative Council also decides on all other proposals of the “Geopark Coordinating Committee”. Once approved by the Council, the annual action plans and the proposals are binding decisions for the Agency.

Cooperation with the Management Authority of the Sounio National Park (from the time this Authority starts operating) is considered more than necessary during the compilation and implementation of the annual action programmes. Any management action from the Agency within the area of jurisdiction of the Management Authority of the Park has to obtain its condescension.

A.5 Enclosures The Application Dossier enclosures consist of the following: I. Photos of the Geosites in the nominated “Lavreotiki Geopark” .

II. Maps of the nominated “Lavreotiki Geopark” .

III. Brief presentation of the nominated “Lavreotiki Geopark” Management Plan.

IV. Bibliography and references.

V. “Lavreotiki and surrounding area”, Pilot geotrails guides in English. Pictures of in situ pilot panels.

VI. Self-evaluation and progress evaluation forms for the European Geoparks Network - Global Geoparks Network.

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LAVREOTIKI GEOPARK

APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR NOMINATION AS A EUROPEAN AND UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

Figure A-1 The candidate Lavreotiki Geopark

LAVREOTIKI NOMINATED GEOPARK

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LAVREOTIKI GEOPARK

APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR NOMINATION AS A EUROPEAN AND UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

B. Scientific description of the European Geopark territory B.1 Definition of the geographic region in which the territory is located Since 1980, the peninsula of Lavreotiki, where the nominated Geopark is located, has by special legislation been declared as an archaeological site, a historical site and a site of outstanding natural beauty. All the numerous archaeological sites of the wider area either constitute geosites as well or are located in the vicinity of geosites. The most prominent among them are the archaeological site on Cape Sounio (Temple of Poseidon etc), the archaeological site on the Hill of Thoriko (ancient theatre, temples etc) and the recently restored site of washing plants and water storage pools near Agia Triada.

Sites of geological interest in the surrounding territory: In the region of SE Attica are found several geological forms and formations that together with Lavreotiki area can enhance the geotourism movement. These formations are:

l The Caves of Keratea, of Paiania (named “Koutouki�) and of Pan. l The well-known fossiliferous sites of Pikermi, Rafina and Vraona. l The spectacular karstic lake of Vouliagmeni.

Geomorphology - Hydrogeology - Tectonics The peninsula of Lavreotiki is situated at the SE extremity of Attica. In the area scattered hills are found, directed from NE to SW, with an average altitude of about 250 to 300 m. The area is more or less dry. The main water current is the stream Potamos that starts from the Kouvara Hill in the district of Keratea and flows down into the Gulf of Thoriko. The main quantities of underground water are stored in the lower marble system. There are also several karstic springs.

An oblong valley, the Valley of Legrena, controlled by a big fault of NW-SE direction, divides the whole area into two sections: the eastern and the western. The metalliferous part of Lavreotiki is to be found in the eastern section. The surface of the land (hills or plateaus) slopes smoothly from W to E in this section. The hills and valleys lay approximately WNW-ESE in the western section. The difference in the geomorphology of the two sections of Lavreotiki is due to differences in their geological structure. Smaller valleys, like the ones of Soureza and Agrileza, are also found between the hills.

Lavreotiki is an area with a low seismic activity.

Climate Lavreotiki is characterized by the Mediterranean type of climate. The warmest month is July (mean o o temperature 28 C) and the coldest one is January (mean temperature 10.3 C). The maximum mean o o temperature is 31,8 C and the minimum mean is 7 C. Biotic environment The main ecosystems in the Lavreotiki area are the following:

l Forests: Mainly pine forests (Pinus halepensis). l Shrublands: Mainly phrygana and evergreen sclerophyllous shrubs (Mediterranean maquis). l Wetlands: Mainly hydrophilous vegetation along the streams (Fragmites sp etc.). l Agricultural lands: Mainly vineyards and olive groves. l Urban territories: Mainly built areas.

The Natura 2000 sites in the area host many types of habitats of Annex I (European Importance) of the EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EC). All of them belong to the natural ecosystems mentioned above. With regard to flora, 339 different taxa of plants have been recorded in the area. Of them 30 species are of special ecological interest, being either endemic (e.g. Centaurea laureotica) or rare.

Many fauna species are present in the area. Among the mammals, the Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus) is recorded in the coastal area of Cape Sounio. Vineyards and especially olive groves host a great variety of avifauna species. A large number of them are migratory. The shrublands of the area offer refuge to several reptilian species.

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LAVREOTIKI GEOPARK

APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR NOMINATION AS A EUROPEAN AND UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

B.2 General geological description Geological structure - Lithostratigraphy The area of Lavreotiki is part of the Attico-Cycladic Metamorphic Massif; it belongs to the Middle Metamorphic zone of Hellenides (Pelagonian Zone) and is structured by three main tectonic units of alpine age: the “Lower Tectonic Unit” (Para-autochthonous Unit or Kamariza Series), the “Middle Tectonic Unit” (Blueschist Unit which corresponds to the Plaka Series of Lavreotiki) and the “Upper Tectonic Unit” (non-metamorphic series, limestone remnants).

A. Lower Tectonic Unit (Kamariza Series): It is considered autochthonous and is characterised by metamorphic processes of the greenschist and amphibolite facies; it dates back to the Late Triassic-Lower Jurassic and is composed of the following formations:

l Kamariza Lower Marble: White and grey-blue marble, unbedded to thick-bedded, with coarse crystals; its overlying confining bed is thin-layered with fine crystals, presenting breccia structures at some places. It is 300-500 m thick and dates back to the Late Triassic-Lower Jurassic. l Kamariza Schist: Black to brown mica, quartz and chloritic schists with lower-middle greenschist stage metamorphism prevail. In Plaka area, because of the adjacency to granodiorite intrusion, it has been transformed into hornfel. Metavolcanic rocks and basic-ultrabasic bodies are also present. Contact with the Kamariza Lower Marble is conformable and there is a characteristic transition zone, formed by alternations of calcitic schists and thin-layered calcitic marbles. It is 20300 m thick and (probably) dates back to the Jurassic. l Kamariza Upper Marble: White to grey-white marble medium to thin-bedded, rich in nodular metachert forms and dolomite structures. It is 0-150 m thick. It dates back to the Late Triassic-Lower Jurassic . l Transgressive Limestone (or Lower Plaka Limestone): Usually unbedded, with a chaotic form, intensely karstic and oxidised. It develops transgressively both on Kamariza Upper Marble and directly on Kamariza Schist, with the interference of base conglomerates. It is 0-80 m thick and dates back to the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous.

B. Middle Tectonic Unit (Plaka Series): It is the allochthonous and detached Blueschist Unit emplaced on the formations of the para-autochthonous Kamariza Series. It is characterized by metamorphic conditions of high pressures and low temperatures (glaucophanitic facies) dating back to the Eocene, and by retrograde metamorphism of the greenschist phase dating back to the Miocene. It is intersected into schists, prasinites (metaophiolitic rocks) and recrystallised limestones, and it is subdivided in:

l Plaka Schists: They cover large part of the area of Lavreotiki. They are phyllites with quartz, sericite to muscovite, calcite and chlorite. In some places, they are intercalated by greenschists (prasinites, metaophiolites) with glaucophanes, as well as carbonate formations. They are 50-180 m thick and they probably date back to the Jurassic. l Plaka Limestones: They are a discrete, remnant horizon and occupy the upper stratigraphic members of the nappe. They are usually recrystallised, thin-bedded, white to grey-white limestones. At some locations they have breccia texture, are intercalated by an extensive network of calcite veins and, in some places, they are rich in chert nodules. They are 5-70 m thick and they date back to the Middle Cretaceous.

C. Upper Tectonic Unit (limestone remnants): On a limited surface of Central Lavreotiki, there is a carbonate non-metamorphic formation. It is composed of micritic limestones, thin to thick-bedded, which are usually ankeritised and are often accompanied by a tectonic sole of serpentinites and/or radiolarites. These limestones are classified as limestone remnants and, according to recent studies, they are considered to form a part of the non- metamorphic Upper Tectonic Unit of the Attico-Cycladic Metamorphic Massif. They are 0-80 m thick and they date back to the Middle-Upper Cretaceous.

l Plaka Granodiorite stock: Apart from what has been mentioned above, there are occurrences of eruptive rocks of acidic chemism, in the form of veins or sills in some places, in the entire eastern Lavreotiki in particular. They are typical syntectonic granodiorites of type I, dating back to the Late Miocene; the most characteristic is the one at Plaka, which is 6.5 km NW of Lavrion. Its extension on the surface is limited (approximately 0.5 sq. km) and is considered to be the W-NW ending of a large lacolith, which is located in the wider Attico-Cycladic Massif region.

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LAVREOTIKI GEOPARK

APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR NOMINATION AS A EUROPEAN AND UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

It is mainly encountered within the schists of Kamariza Series and it has created a metamorphic aureole (hornfel, locally known as plakites) and metasomatic phenomena of skarn-type (magnetite ore) in their margins. According to the prevailing view, Lavreotiki's mineralization is connected with the transfer of hydrothermal solutions, that are directly related to the intrusion of Plaka granodiorite.

Ore formation - Metallogenesis There are mainly two types of mineralization in the subsoil of Lavreotiki: a mineralization of mixed sulphide ores of basic metals, such as lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu), which has been intensely exploited and a mineralization of Fe-Mn ores, the presence of which was limited in general. The primary sulphide mineralization of mixed sulphides (PBG), which is the main one of the area, is characterised by the presence of galena (PbS) rich in silver, sphalerite (ZnS) and pyrite (FeS2).

A number of other sulphide minerals (e.g. Cu, As) and sulphur salts are also minor elements of the mineralization of the area. The accessory minerals that prevail are fluorite, calcite, barite, quartz and dolomite. Sulphide mineralization is mainly hosted within the carbonate formations of the “paraautochthonous” series of “Kamariza series” (“lower marble”, “upper marble”, “transgressive limestone”).

As regards the form of the metalliferous accumulations, the vein-like, lens-shaped and stratiform forms prevail (the last one near the contact of carbonate and schistose rocks). According to the prevailing view (Marinos-Petrascheck 1956, Skarpelis 2007), metallogenesis of sulphide mineralization is epigenetic, directly related to the Upper Miocene magmatic activity (hydrothermal o origin), with a temperature of formation of 280 C and it belongs to the category of carbonate-hosted replacement-type massive sulphide (Pb - Zn - Ag) ores.

Furthermore, as a result of the extreme phenomena of oxidisation and then displacement of the ingredients of primary mineralization, large accumulations of secondary ores, such as carbonate zinc or smithsonite or “calamines” (ZnCO3), argentiferous carbonate lead or cerusite (PbCO3), were formed in the wider area of Lavreotiki and underwent intense exploitation. Finally, in the Plaka area in Keratea, an important deposit of ferrouginous ore (magnetite) of the metasomatic type (skarn) was located.

Mineralogy The Lavreotiki area is of a great mineralogical interest. It is considered to be an open-air museum of minerals. More than 265 different minerals of the 3000 in a world scale are recorded within the area.

Many of them were for the first time found and studied here (Serpierite, Ktenasite, Vouratite etc) and others are confined exclusively to this place and nowhere else in the world (Nilite, Fidlerite, Thorikosite etc).

B.3 Listing and description of the geological sites present on the territory of the Geopark Numerous sites of great interest from both a geological and a mining/metallurgical point of view are present in Lavreotiki and within the boundaries of the nominated Geopark. These sites are being recorded and assessed by scientists of the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (IGME) and are included in a Data Base (DB) and a Geographical Information System (GIS) (DB & GIS designed by Klissiouni E., IGME Contractor).

From ancient times man exploited the mineralogic wealth of the region. It is noteworthy that the area is still to be studied because, as geoscientists and other specialists believe, it has much more to reveal.

So far the most prevalent Geosites of interest are 49 and are listed in Table B-1; their exact location and specific value (touristic, educational or scientific) are presented in Figure B-1. Photographs of these sites are to be found in Enclosure I.

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LAVREOTIKI GEOPARK

APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR NOMINATION AS A EUROPEAN AND UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK Table B-1

Prevalent Geosites in the nominated Lavreotiki Geopark geosites related to the geology geosites linked to mining activities and geomorphology geosites linked to metallurgical activities No

Code

Geosite

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 514 515 516 517 518 519 520

33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 -

Granodiorite of Plaka “Plakitis” or Hornfels of Plaka Transgressive contact Stratigraphic contact (“Kamariza Series”) Ancient ore washing plant (Thoriko) Ancient mining galleries (Thoriko) Remnants of ancient ore smelting plant Ancient and recent mining galleries Underground marble quarry Doline “Chaos tou Kitsou” Kamariza railway tunnel Ancient water storage pool (cistern) Complex of ancient ore washing plants and cisterns Ancient mining shaft Schists of “Plaka Series” Ancient water storage pool (dam) “Serpieri No 1” mining shaft Complex of ancient ore washing plants and cisterns Ruins of ancient ore washing plant and cistern Ancient underground water storage pool Twin ancient mining shafts Ancient mining galleries Complex of ancient ore washing plants and cisterns Ancient marble quarry Cave of Kitsos Tectonic contact overthrust Metabasites - Metaophiolites Evrite (Porphyritic granodiorite) Metabasites - Metaophiolites Recent metallurgical waste materials (slags) Oxidised flotation tailing of sulphide ores Recent metallurgical waste materials (slags) & sand-blasting wastes Oxidised flotation tailing of sulphide ores Ancient complex of flat-type ore washing plants Flotation/beneficiation tailings of sulphide ores Kamariza mining centre “Megali Cariera” Lower marble “Kamariza Series” Limestone relics (tectonic “klippen”) Recent mining wastes Metabasites - Metaophiolites Recrystallised limestones of “Plaka Series” Recent mining gallery (“gallery 80”) Mining centre “Verzeko” “Megala Pefka” mining area “Ano Sounio” mining centre Tectonic contact Ruins of “Soureza” miners' settlement Inclined mining gallery “Paron” Lavrion Technological & Cultural Park

Code numbers correspond to the Geosites Data Base of IGME. 11

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APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR NOMINATION AS A EUROPEAN AND UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

Figure B-1 The prevalent Geosites of interest and their specific value

, com. = Community, mun.=Municipality 12

LAVREOTIKI GEOPARK

APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR NOMINATION AS A EUROPEAN AND UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

1 - 226. Granodiorite of Plaka This geosite presents an occurrence of granodiorite. It is the only known granitic (granodiorite) stock in the entire Attica prefecture and it occupies a rather limited surface (approximately 0.5 km2).

It has penetrated into mica schists of the “Kamariza Series” (Lower Tectonic Unit), which have undergone contact metamorphism, due to their direct adjacency to the granodiorite, and have been transformed into hornfels, while, at the same time, accumulations of magnetite and pyrrhotite have been formed (skarn type mineralization).

Plaka granodiorite belongs to the intrusion-type granodiorites category (I-type granite) and it dates back to the Upper Miocene (10 million years ago). Its presence is connected to the plutonic and extensional regime that took place during the Oligocene - Miocene within the internal Hellenides and, according to the prevailing view, it is directly connected to the metallogenesis of the wellknown sulphide mineralization that occurs in the wider area of Lavreotiki.

2 - 227. “Plakitis” or Hornfels of Plaka The visitor can observe the result of the intense metamorphic contact that the mica schists of the “Kamariza Series” have undergone, due to the magmatic intrusion of the granodiorite body. As a result, they have been transformed into calcium cherts or “plakites”, as they are locally known.

The mineral composition of the Plaka hornfel encompasses mainly feldspars, scapolite and augite, among others, and secondarily amphibolites, epidotes, garnets, quartz, muscovite, apatite and zircon. There is also a very small quantity of metal minerals, such as magnetite, pyrrhotite and, very rarely, pyrite.

3 - 228. Transgressive contact At this site, one can observe the phenomenon of transgression. There is the unconformable contact of two geological formations of different age and degree of metamorphism and transgressive conglomerates can be seen in some places at this contact. Both formations (the overlying limestones and the underlying marbles) belong to the upper members of the “Kamariza Series” (Lower Tectonic Unit).

4 - 229. Stratigraphic contact (“Kamariza Series”) This geosite is a characteristic observation point of the lithostratigraphic contact between the geological formations of the Upper Marble and Schists of the “Kamariza Series”. The “Kamariza Schists” are of various petrological types, including mica, quartzite and feldspars. They have granoblastic to lepidoblastic texture and, in some places, they contain metavolcanic bodies of Triassic age. Their thickness ranges from a few metres to 300 m and they are considerate to date back to the Jurassic. The “Upper Kamariza Marble” is the main host of the well-known sulphide mineralization of Lavreotiki.

5 - 230. Ancient ore washing plant (Thoriko) Here the visitor has the opportunity to admire the reconstruction of an ancient flat ore washing plant and observe details about the way it used to work. In Lavreotiki, there are tens of ruins of ancient ore washing plants, most of which are flat washing plants. Spiral washing plants are rare.

The beneficiation process in the ore washing plants was performed using water. The plants used water from cisterns, which were usually situated next to them. The water was rainwater and was reused so as to avoid abusing it.

A few metres away from the ancient ore washing plant, there is an ancient mining gallery, the entrance of which is fenced. This gallery is said to be approximately 100 m long and is considered to be the first gallery opened in the area of Lavreotiki in ancient times.

6 - 231. Ancient mining galleries (Thoriko) At this site, there are ancient galleries, which were also used for ore mining in contemporary times.

Due to degradation, these galleries cannot be visited any more. In Lavreotiki, the miningmetallurgical activity reached its heyday in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. More than 1000 shafts with galleries more than 100 km long have been recorded in the area. The mining history of Lavrio begins at Thoriko, one of the most ancient industrial areas in Europe.

7 - 232. Remnants of ancient ore smelting plant Ruins from an ancient workshop exist on the beach of Pountazeza bay (Panormos), where 13

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APPLICATION DOSSIER FOR NOMINATION AS A EUROPEAN AND UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

argentiferous galena was melted. Excavations were performed under the supervision of professor K. Konofagos (1975) and the site is of particular geoarchaeological value.

8 - 233. Ancient and recent mining galleries Due to the easy access and the short distance from Lavrio, this mine, one of the best known mines in Lavreotiki which was active during ancient times as well as in modern times, attracts numerous visitors. The large number and the extension of the underground galleries (they cannot be visited due to degradation) in the wider area, as well as the enormous mounds of poor ore and tailings that are conserved in the area are due to the intense mining activity. At this mine, activity was concentrated mainly on the exploitation of the first contact, i.e. the mineralization within the upper members of the “Kamariza Series”.

9 - 234. Underground marble quarry It is the only underground contemporary marble quarry in the wider area of Lavreotiki. It was opened at the beginning of the 20th century and was active at intervals until the beginning of the 1970s.

10 - 235. Doline “Chaos tou Kitsou” It is a very impressive round, natural void of karstic type (doline), with a diameter of 155 m and 50 m deep. It was formed in the Quaternary within the Upper Marble of the “Kamariza Series”.

11 - 236. Kamariza railway tunnel In 1871, the first industrial railway in Greece started operating at Lavrion. It was initially 10 km long, and connected the port to Agios Konstantinos area. The network was later extended to cover the main Lavreotiki area and its length reached 40 km. At this site, the visitor can see the railway tunnel as well as the carefully stone-built arc bridge, under which the railway ran.

The railway network was used to load, transfer and unload the ancient mining slags and the tailings (poor ores) of the ancient mining activity.

12 - 237. Ancient water storage pool (cistern) There is an ancient rainwater storage pool, which was used for the adjacent ore washing plants.

Numerous similar pools can be seen in the area of Lavreotiki (approximately 200 of them). Both the pools and the washing plants had an inside lining with suitable concrete, to minimise water losses.

13 - 238. Complex of ancient ore washing plants and cisterns Complex of ancient ore washing plants and water storage pools for the processing of ore, which has been partially restored today. Both types of ore washing plants used in Lavreotiki can be seen here: except of the usual flat plants, we have a spiral marble plant, which is extremely rare in this area.

14 - 239. Ancient mining shaft Since 3,500 B.C., the ancient Greeks had exploited the minerals of Lavrion to extract (mainly) silver and lead, with remarkable techniques. The opening of galleries and shafts was made by hand with the use of mattock, hammer and chisel. More than 1000 shafts have been recorded in Lavreotiki.

15 - 240. Schists of “Plaka Series” At this site, along the artificial section of a hill, there is a characteristic occurrence of the schist formations of “Plaka Series” (Middle Tectonic Unit, also known as “Phyllitic” or “Neohellenic Nappe”). They probably date back to the Cretaceous and they are 180 m thick. They occupy a large area in Lavreotiki, as well as in the North and West of Lavreotiki.

They are semi-metamorphic, schistosed phyllites with quartz, sericite to muscovite, calcite and organic matter. Within these schists, there are frequent apophyses of the Plaka granodiorite, causing local metasomatic phenomena, as well as metaophiolites, resulting from metamorphism in high pressure/medium-low temperature conditions (glaucophanitic stage), dating back to the Eocene. Their allochthonous character is evident in a nearly non-metamorphic environment that is why they are classified as schists.

16 - 241. Ancient water storage pool (dam) Here the visitor can see an ancient polygonal water storage pool, measuring approximately 400 m2 and a few metres deep, which had been constructed by means of a special dam. It is on the bed of a 14

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small stream. The water of this pool, as that of many other pools in the area, was used by the ancient Greeks to feed the ore washing plants at the stage of ore beneficiation.

17 - 242. “Serpieri No 1” mining shaft It is located at Agios Konstantinos settlement and it can be easily distinguished, because of the iron hoist tower (lift) of the mining shaft. Serpieri No 1 mining shaft, 327 m deep, was constructed by the French Mining Company of Lavrion in 1880. It was active until 1973 and is one of the most important mining monuments of the area.

The building where the movement engine operated now hosts the Mineral and Mining Museum of Kamariza. One can also see the bridge for loading the ore, as well as parts of the open-air warehouses where selection of the ore used to take place. Serpieri No 1 mining shaft was used to extract the ore and to bring up and down the workers of that mining section.

18 - 243. Complex of ancient ore washing plants and cisterns At this site, there are ruins from a complex of ancient ore washing plants, as well as a round cistern to feed the washing plants with water.

19 - 244. Ruins of ancient ore washing plant and cistern The storage pool is round. One can observe the internal lining of its sides with concrete, as well as the special waterproof lining put by the ancient Greeks, to minimise water losses from its walls.

20- 245. Ancient underground water storage pool Apart from the numerous water storage pools destined to feed the ore washing plants with rainwater, the ancient Greeks also constructed drinking water cisterns in the wider area of Lavreotiki. These cisterns were nearly always underground.

21 - 246. Twin ancient mining shafts Here, there are two ancient perpendicular mining shafts, near one another. That is why they are called twin shafts. It is thought that twin mining shafts were constructed so that miners could work underground without ventilation problem.

22 - 247. Ancient mining galleries Here, one can see the entrances of three small ancient galleries, which are near one another. It was used for exploiting the 2nd contact, i.e. the mineralization which is mainly at the base of the upper marble of “Kamariza Series”.

23 - 248. Complex of ancient ore washing plants and cisterns This complex is located at Asklipiako site, at Soureza. It is the largest complex of ore washing plants and water storage pools that has ever been found in Lavreotiki. The area (which measures approximately 30,000 m2) is fenced and there have been systematic excavations, at intervals ever since 1943, as well as works aiming at restoring and highlighting the ore washing plants and the water storage pools. In the last few years, the surrounding area has been carefully formated, to allow easy access to visitors.

24 - 249. Ancient marble quarry The most important ancient marble quarry in Lavreotiki. This is where the upper marble of the “Kamariza Series” was exploited. It is grey-white to white marble, medium layered and with a cohesive texture. Its extraction started in the 5th century B.C. and was performed in many fronts, some of which can still be seen today. The marbles that were used to build Poseidon's temple in Sounio originate from this quarry.

25 - 250. Cave of Kitsos A karstic-type cave, within the upper limestone of the “Plaka Series” (Middle Tectonic Unit). The cave presents archaeological and historical interest, as the findings prove that it was used as a shelter during Classical and Hellenistic times. It is located in a safe, strategic position and this is the reason why it was used before 1868 by the robber Kitsos, from whom it obtained its name.

26 - 514. Tectonic contact - Detachment According to the conclusions of recent geological studies, the wider area of Lavreotiki is part of the Attico-Cycladic Metamorphic Massif. It belongs to the internal zone of Hellenides and the geological 15

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formations it is made up of are attributed into three distinct tectonic units (Upper - Middle - Lower). At this geosite, the tectonic contact (detachment contact) between the Middle Tectonic Unit (overlying), also known as “Phyllitic” or “Neohellenic Nappe”, and upper members of the Lower Tectonic Unit (underlying), also known as “Para-autochthonous” or “Kamariza Series”, can be seen very clearly.

27 - 515. Metabasites - Metaophiolites Here one can observe the occurrence of a special category of rocks, metabasites. They also known as “prasinites”, are observed at various locations in Lavreotiki and are found exclusively within the formations of the Middle Tectonic Unit of the Attico-Cycladic Massif. They are metamorphic rocks of ophiolitic (oceanic) origin, dating back to the Jurassic, such as metadiabases and metagabbros, which have undergone the impact of the metamorphic contact, initially, in glaucophanitic facies conditions (high pressures, low/medium temperatures) in the Eocene and then, in the retrograde metamorphism of the greenschist stage (medium pressures and medium/low temperatures) during the Miocene. Their mineral composition mainly encompasses the following minerals: augite, basic plagioclasts, hornblendes, glaucophane, actinolite, epidote and tourmaline.

28 - 516. Evrite (Porphyritic granodiorite) At this geosite one can observe a series of small occurrences of a particular category of rocks, whose local name is “evrites”.

They are rocks of eruptive origin, acidic chemism, with porphyritic granodiorite composition and in the form of veins or pseudosills. Their colour is white or grey-white and they are usually altered and friable. Their mineral composition contains mainly feldspars, hornblende, biotite, quartz, titanium and apatite. They occur in the wider area of eastern Lavreotiki and they are usually found within the Lower Tectonic Unit (“Para-autochthonous series” or “Kamariza Series”).

29 - 517. Metabasites - Metaophiolites Same as geosite 515.

30 - 518. Recent metallurgical waste materials (slags) Large part of the Santorineika village in Lavrion is built on the deposits of these tailings. This site also presents metallurgical tailings from the beneficiation/flotation process of the ore. In this case, they are composed from sand and gravel, and they cover a relatively large surface (approximately 15 km2). They are the useless crushed and ground rocks, which were separated from the ore.

31 - 519. Oxidised flotation tailing of sulphide ores A relatively small mound (approximately 1000 m in volume) of oxidised flotation tailings of sulphide ore. They are siliceous materials (FeS2), concentrated in various sites around the Old Mining Plant of Lavrion (the present Technological & Cultural Park of Lavrion).

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32 - 520. Recent metallurgical waste materials (slags) & sand-blasting wastes At this site, one can observe closely the extensive mounds of metallurgical refuse material (slags), as well as the sand-blasting refuse that has ben deposited there as a result of the intense mineral and mining activity in the wider area of Lavreotiki.

33 - 521. Oxidised flotation tailing of sulphide ores At this site, which extends along the beach, one can see widespread accumulations (of approximately 1 km2) of mine tailings, made up of flotation sands with scattered pyrite grains.

34 - 522. Ancient complex of flat-type ore washing plants At this site, there is an ancient group of flat washing plants of argentiferous galena (PbS), which used to be extracted in the area of Lavreotiki in ancient times (6th to 1st century B.C.).

35 - 523. Flotation/beneficiation tailings of sulphide ores In this case, it is the largest and most extensive mound of mine tailings (slags) in Lavreotiki.

36 - 524. Kamariza mining centre “Megali Cariera” This geosite is part of the Kamariza mining area, which, along with Plaka and Sounio, is considered the most important mining centre of Lavreotiki. The main ores in this area were sulphide, oxidised and carbonate lead, zinc and iron ores, which were mixed with other elements, such as silver, 16

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copper, etc. The form of mineralization is usually layered or irregular and, as a rule, it is found within marbles and, in particular, near the contact of the marbles with schists.

At least three metalliferous contacts have been traced and it has been observed that the ore was concentrated mainly in the contacts between marbles and schist, where schist is on top. At this geosite, there are ancient mining galleries, as well as galleries from the recent period of mining activity. In the open space of the mine, there are still small mounds of extraction materials in various places, where it is possible to find and wisely collect ore samples.

37 - 525. Lower marble of the “Kamariza Series” It is a characteristic point where the formation of the lower marble occurs. It belongs to the Lower Tectonic Unit of Lavreotiki, also known as “Kamariza Series”. The series is para-autochthonous and is structured by metamorphic rocks dating back to the Tertiary- Jurassic, which have undergone metamorphic procedures of the greenschist to the amphibolites facies and are separated from the base to the roof into lower marble, schists and upper marble.

38 - 526. Limestone relics (tectonic “klippen”) The site belongs to the Upper Tectonic Unit which occurs exclusively in Lavreotiki with a nonmetamorphic carbonate formation dating back to the Cretaceous, which is called limestone remnants. They are of tectonic origin and occur only in Central Lavreotiki, where they cover hilly areas, and are of the micritic type, thin to thick-bedded, ferrous at some places; they are accompanied by a tectonic complex of serpentinites and, occasionally red bedded radiolarites.

39 - 527. Recent mining wastes Extensive deposits of tailings from the mining activity of the recent past. These deposits are attributed into: a) tailings and b) poor oxidised ores left by miners in the area after the ore was separated by hand.

40 - 528. Metabasites - Metaophiolites Same as geosites 515 and 517.

41 - 529. Recrystallised limestones of “Plaka Series” They are in the area of Sounio and notably just at the spot of the entrance to the Temple of Poseidon.

The site, as the entire area of Cape Sounio, belongs to the Middle Tectonic Unit, which is the “Blueschist Unit” in the area of Lavreotiki and it is known as “Plaka Series”.

Recrystallised limestones are the upper stratigraphic members of the “Plaka Series”, which also includes schists and metabasites (or metaophiolites). The series is detached and emplaced on the sequence of the Lower Tectonic Unit formations. Due to the erosion, limestones at this site are a discrete remnant horizon. They are thin-layered rocks, usually grey-white, with a breccia texture and, at some places, they bear layers of pods and silica lumps.

42 - 530. Recent mining gallery (“gallery 80”) Gallery “80” is the last mining site of the contemporary period of mining activity. It was constructed by the French Mining Company of Lavrion between 1956-58 and it was used until 1983.

43 - 531. Mining centre “Verzeko” This important mining centre was developed in ancient times, but was equally active in modern times. In the surrounding area, there are numerous mining shafts and underground exploitations that one can visit provided he has the proper equipment and is accompanied by a guide. Around the galleries there are extensive mounds of tailings and poor oxidised ore. It is possible to collect samples from them if one wishes to, on condition that he does it wisely.

44 - 532. “Megala Pefka” mining area “Megala Pefka” mine belongs to the Kamariza mining section. Mineralization in this spot is traced mainly within the formations of the “Kamariza series” and it develops in particular within the two marblebearing horizons, near their contacts with the schists between them. The form of the mineralization varies and is distinguished in scattered, veinous, layered, irregular, etc.

“Megala Pefka” used to be one of the main ancient mining centres. Mining activities went on during contemporary times, too. In the wider area, there is a large number of mining structures (mining 17

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shaft, galleries), some of which are in good condition and can be visited with the proper equipment.

45 - 533. “Ano Sounio” mining centre This site belongs to the mining area of Sounio, whose geological structure is made up of formations of the Middle and the Lower Tectonic Unit. Mineralization develops along the zone, in an area approximately 3,000 m long and 700 m wide. At this mining area, all three known metalliferous contacts were exploited.

Numerous underground structures (galleries, mining shafts) can be seen. However, most of them are now destroyed. The presence of large accumulations of tailings, as well as poor oxidised ores, testifies the intense extracting activity in the past, in the wider area of SW Lavreotiki.

46 - 534. Tectonic contact or detachment The tectonic unit between the overlying schist formations belonging to the Middle Tectonic Unit and the underlying transgressive recrystallised, intensely ankeritised oxidised limestones which are the newest members of the Lower Tectonic Unit (Para-autochthonous Series or “Kamariza Series”) can be seen characteristically.

47 - 535. Ruins of “Soureza” miners' settlement They are located in the National Park of Sounio. A few years after the beginning of the contemporary period of the mining history of Lavrion, settlements were built around the main mining centres, with the aim of providing a lodge for miners. One such settlement is at “Soureza” site, near the mining centre bearing the same name. Nowadays, there are only a few one-storey decrepit houses, with their roofs missing.

48 - 536. Inclined mining gallery “Paron” “Paron” inclined mining gallery, 450 m long, was constructed by the French Mining Company at the beginning of the 20th century and was active until 1973. It was the main entrance of the workers into the wider mining section of Kamariza. The gallery is in good condition and can be visited with a guide and with the proper equipment. In front of its entrance, stands the porter's building and two posts of guard, where the in and out of the workers was checked. The name “Paron” originates from that practice (“paron” in Greek means that someone is present).

49 - The Lavrion Technological & Cultural Park (LTCP) The buildings of the LTCP constitute a unique monument of industrial archaeology and architecture, due to their monumental scale and the fact that nearly all the facilities and most of their mechanical equipment have been preserved. Moreover in the premises of LTCP are found several ancient mining galleries. For more details on LTCP please see Section D.2.

B.4 Details on the interest of these sites All the above mentioned geological and geocultural sites are of great interest from many aspects: scientific interest, educational interest, cultural and geotouristic interest. As shown in Figure B-1, a percentage of 64% of the Lavreotiki geosites have an exceptional educational value, a percentage of 23% are valued touristic attractions and a percentage of 13% continue to act as real magnets for scientists from all over the world.

From the 49 geosites 16 are related to the geology and geomorphology of the area (presented with blue color in table B-1), 16 are linked to mining activities (presented with orange color) and 17 to metallurgical activities (presented with green color).

23 geosites -mainly galleries, shafts and washing plants- are located within the boundaries of important archaeological sites. Geosites linked to ancient mining and metallurgical activities are indeed unique: Unearthed excavating sites, galleries and shafts, washing plants, cisterns and furnaces -all leading to useful conclusions and considerable knowledge on the ancient mining and metallurgical art. As a matter of fact, the remnants of ancient technological plants (washing plants mainly) still remain almost intact, despite the passage of time. They are permanent constructions, either built or carved in the rock. Similar plants have not been spotted anywhere else on planet Earth, as elsewhere miners and metallurgists used wooden constructions that did not stand the passage of time.

All these 49 geosites are located in a territory endowed with a world-wide fame and reputation. The 18

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values of the cultural and natural heritage of the Lavreotiki area and therefore the interest about it may be briefly highlighted as follows:

l Geological and mineralogical value: Interesting geology with noticeable scientific and educational values. The area presents an impressive variety of minerals -more than 265 minerals have been recorded, many of which were studied here for the first time.

l Mining and metallurgical value: Lavreotiki became a major metallurgical centre as early as 3,500 B.C. providing all the great civilizations of the time -eg in the Mediterranean Basin- with silver, lead and bronze.

l Environmental value: Interesting and important types of ecosystems and habitats as well as numerous and/or important flora and fauna species are also found.

l Industrial value: Lavrion became one of the first major industrial towns of Greece with a flourishing economic activity.

l Historical value: The wider area of Lavreotiki with its famous mines constitutes a historical

monument of mining art. Its name is connected with the acme of the Athenian Democracy and thus with the European culture and civilization.

l Social value: With the influx of workers, Lavrion became the centre of the early Greek trade union movement contributing greatly to the shaping of the Greek trade union culture.

l Archaeological & Cultural value: In the whole area are found numerous archaeological sites of great importance. There are also many museums and plenty of cultural activities all year round.

l Aesthetic value: The area is declared by law as a site of outstanding natural beauty. Apart from that, the monuments of industrial archaeology whithin the territory are of great aesthetic value.

l Touristic value: The area of Sounio and of the homonymous National Park attract many visitors.

The town of Lavrion also presents an increasing tourist movement. Nowadays geotourism has proved to be a new and much promising trend for the whole district.

B.5 Current or potential pressure on the territory and these sites In many places deforestation due to building activity and fires threatens to become a serious problem.

The expected increasing number of visitors in sites with high geological interest will probably increase pressure at the existing natural and geological resources in case of adequate management measures absence.

Pollution during the former mining and metallurgical activities is an issue that has to be taken into account during the management of the nominated Geopark. Pollution by toxic heavy metals has already been recorded, especially in locations where the disposal of mining and metallurgical material took place.

B.6 Current status in terms of protection of the sites The geosites of the candidate Geopark that are a property of the Greek state and therefore protected by its legislation are the following by their code number: 226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 515, 518, 519, 520, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, and 536. That means that in total 36 geosites (a percentage of 73%) are a public property.

A percentage of only 20% from the geosites are located within the premises of private properties.

These 9 geosites are the following by their code number: 228, 234, 514, 516, 517, 521, 522, 523, and 530. Initiatives for a dialogue with owners is underway so as to assure their further protection.

The vast majority of Lavreotiki geosites are within statutory protected areas. This is the case eg of the 23 geosites (meaning a percentage of 47%) that are located within the boundaries of archaeological sites -namely the following by their code number: 230, 231, 237, 238, 239, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 515, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 531, 532, 533, and 535. These sites are protected by special legislation.

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B.7 Data on the management of these sites During 2009 local authorities and services contributed to the formation of the candidate Geopark.

The Municipal Public Benefit Agency of Lavreotiki, the applicant for the European Geopark Network, is responsible for the management of the nominated Lavreotiki Geopark.

The Agency is implementing the Management Plan of Lavreotiki Geopark (2009) compiled by a multidisciplinary scientific team in the frame of the project “Promotion of Geosites-Geoparks, Contribution to Sustainable Development” of the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (IGME) with funds of the Third European Community Support Framework. The project is based on field work, data, information and specifications as well as the close cooperation of a multidisciplinary scientific team of the Institute and the private domain. The Agency has the overall responsibility and the coordination of the Geopark area.

Furthermore, the above mentioned scientific team briefed the state authority (a Directorate of the Ministry for the Environment, Energy and Climate Change) supervising the elaboration of the Management Plan of the Sounio National Park and, thus, a special attention is expected to be payed on geological sites.

B.8 Listing and description of non-geological sites present in the territory that may be linked to the sites of geological interest Brief history of the Lavreotiki area The area of Lavrion in southeastern Attica has been identified with mine exploitation since the 4th millennium B.C. and has always played a key role in the technological, economic and political development of Greece. Famous since ancient times for its substratum, rich in metals and minerals, Lavreotiki became a major metallurgical centre from early antiquity.

The importance of the Lavrion mines for the city of Athens grew rapidly after the 6th century B.C. Ever since, the life and history of the area have been closely associated with those of Athens. The local silver was used to mint Athens' own silver coins -the famous “Lavrion owls” of Aristophanes.

The Athenian coins, bearing the head of Athena on the one side and the owl -the goddess' sacred symbol- on the other, soon circulated everywhere in the Mediterranean Basin and dominated in commercial transactions for centuries.

The Lavrion mines have become a catalyst for Athenian history since the 5th century B.C. Revenues from the Kamariza mines were used to build the Athenian fleet that fought against the Persians and won the sea battle of Salamis. In the years of Perikles (“Golden Age”), revenues from the mines were used for the erection of the most important public buildings in Athens, including the Parthenon, and thus contributed greatly to the glory of Athens. The precious silver of Lavrion became the basis for the development of the Athenian democracy.

During the Roman and Byzantine periods, the production of the mines continued though without reaching their earlier output. Nevertheless, their fame remaining strong, the scant silver from the area was used in the 6th century A.D., along with other precious materials, for the decoration of the Agia Sofia church in Constantinople -the unsurpassed emblem of the Orthodox faith.

Lavreotiki witnessed a second period of prosperity during the 19th century. Interest in the exploitation of the Lavrion mines was revived in the early 1860's. In 1864, an Italian-French company was established aiming to re-smelt ancient pieces of slag and exploit the local mines to produce silver lead. In 1873, the Greek Company of the Lavrion Mines was established and two years later, in 1875, the “Compagnie Française des Mines du Laurium” was founded which operated until 1981. In 1876, the French Company erected new industrial buildings in Lavrion and mining facilities that constituted the earliest heavy industry in Greece, the largest in the Balkans at the time and, soon, one of the most important metallurgical centres in the world.

In the 19th century, the intense industrial activity and the influx of mine workers and other employees from all over Greece and from abroad turned Lavrion into a pioneer town in many realms of social, financial and technological life. Lavrion was the first Greek town to use a telephone and electric lamps (1880), acquire a railroad connection with Athens (1885) and be lit with voltaic lamps (1882). It was, also, the centre of the Greek Trade Union movement and contributed greatly to the shaping of the Greek Trade Union culture. The area of Lavrion enjoyed a new development era after 1922, following the Asia Minor Catastrophe and the influx of refugees.

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Today, despite the cessation of mining activities, Lavrion retains its historical significance as well as its great beauty. The industrial buildings of the 19th century and their surroundings constitute an important vestige of industrial and metallurgical technology of the past, a monument to human labour as well as a great chapter in Greek industrial archaeology.

In 1992, the government of Greece decides to buy the whole area of the old industry and hands it over to the National Technical University of Athens with the aim of developing a new pole of attraction in high technology and culture (Lavrion Technological and Cultural Park).

Archaeological sites with geological interest

l Dimoliaki-Plaka of Lavreotiki: Ancient flat and spiral washing installations (“plynteria”), marble water reservoirs and a fortress to protect both miners and the installations from the enemies.

l Soureza- Agrileza: Ancient marble quarry. Its marble was used to build the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounio. Vast numbers of ancient plynteria, water reservoirs, mining wells and galleries together with temples, cemetaries and habitations. There are also remnants of a tower from the top of which the mining works were monitored.

l Ovriokastro: Prehistoric installation of miners. Ancient fortification (2nd century BC). l Ormos Passa-Pountazeza: Settlements of miners. Furnaces for ore smelting. l Thoriko: At the north of Lavrion; the earliest important mining and metallurgical centre of the Aegean region as the metal-bearing strata were located close to the surface of the earth. The local Theatre -the most ancient one in Greece- is unique in ancient architecture for its unusual, elliptical shape. The Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore, the Mycenaean Acropolis and the ancient metallurgical installations are also worth visiting. Thoriko is a unique ancient mining centre worldwide; it combined the economic, religious and artistic aspects of life, as was then the rule.

l Sounio: Situated at the southernmost tip of Attica, towering over the entrance of the Saronic Gulf, is one of the most imposing promontories in Greece. In ancient times, it was an important religious centre, as well as a civic centre of great strategic, nautical and commercial significance. Two temples are situated here: one dedicated to Athena and one to Poseidon. The latter is a brilliant sample of 5th century B.C. classical architecture, famous for its excellent state of preservation. This Temple consitutes the upper vertex of an isosceles triangle, the other two vertices of which are represented by the Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis and the Temple of Aphaia Athena on the island of Aegina, both in a distance of 44 km.

Human settlements linked to the sites of geological interest Among the most important of these settlements are the following:

l The town of Lavrion: A rich history, unique monuments, superb natural beauty, easy access from

the city of Athens as well as an array of quality hotels make the area of Lavrion an ideal tourism destination, for brief or longer visits. Only 45 minutes away from Athens, stretching over 15 kilometers by the seashore, Lavrion offers a wide range of activities to those who wish to combine a conference, a cultural or an educational event with a pleasant tour and sojourn in Eastern Attica. A walk through the town of Lavrion is the best way to get to know its rich history. Museums, neoclassical buildings as well as churches, picturesque alleys and monuments of the industrial era make Lavrion attractive year round. The old marketplace and the French “Skala” at the harbor form an indispensable part of every tour in the town. The surroundings of Lavrion, with the important archaeological sites, constitute a significant centre for cultural tourism and entertainment.

l The town of Keratea: A very old settlement with a vivid presence in the district from prehistoric

times. In it are located several geosites and its history is wooven together with the local mining/metallurgic activity. Important monuments of the past, interesting archaeological sites (eg Thoriko) as well as contemporary cultural activities (eg theatrical performances) and various events either traditional or not (eg the Panhellenic Honey Festival, the Panhellenic Cup of Trail Ride) attract numerous visitors.

l The Municipality of Kamariza (Agios Konstantinos): It has been one of the major centres of ancient as well modern metallurgic activities. The first railway in Greece operated here. In Kamariza visitors admire one of the largest modern shafts, the Serpieri's shaft, as well as many elements and buildings of industrial archaeology, workers settlements and a very interesting museum displaying excellent specimens of the local minerals. Kamariza is by law characterized as a historic monument and is therefore protected.

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The renowned Temple of Poseidon on Cape Sounio.

The famous ancient coin of the city of Athens depicting goddess Athena and her symbol, the owl, was made from pure Lavrion silver.

Miners depicted on an ancient ceramic pot.

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C. Arguments for nominating the territory as a European Geopark C.1 Comprehensive analysis of the territory's potential for the development of geotourism For its numerous mines and its great geological wealth, the area of Lavreotiki in Attica has always been a world-famous historic place since antiquity:

l 3500 B.C. - The people of Attica discover the great geological wealth in the subsoil of Lavreotiki and begin to function what might be the most ancient mine works in the whole world. l 5th century B.C. - The silver from the mines of Lavrion enhances the Athenian predominance in the Mediterranean region. Lavrion mines supply also lead and copper. l 1876 - A French company starts to develop the mines. Lavrion is the first city in the newly founded state of Greece to come across a great economic, industrial and cultural development. l 1989 - The differentiation of employment in Europe has a harsh effect on the district. The intervention of the Greek state proved uncapable to save the mines which shut down leaving local people without employment. l 1992 - The foundation of the Lavrion Technological and Cultural Park is a reality; the Park begins to function soon after the major restoration works were completed.

So, for 5.000 years Lavreotiki remains in the limelight of historic, social and economic events!

The area of Lavreotiki became renowned not only because of its geological value and the intense mining and metallurgic activity within it, but also because of the role it played in the technological, economic, political, social and cultural growth of the whole country. It is worth to mention here that the candidature dossier for the area to be included in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites is already under preparation.

The area of Lavreotiki was chosen as a potential Geopark taking into consideration mainly the following criteria:

l It includes important geo-scientific values of very good representativeness, high scientific and educational value, and exceptional features. l It is characterized by geo-diversity and significant density of geosites: These sites are not only numerous but also of a remarkable variety (geological - mineralogical - mining - metallurgical importance) thus capable to attract visitors of many different interests. l Apart from geological values, within its boundaries coexist other values as well, such as archaeological, ecological, cultural, aesthetic etc, thus enlarging the spectrum of visitors and making their stay more promising. l The access is very satisfactory; furthermore, infrastructure interventions better serving the nominated Geopark area have been planned for the near future. l Local society (Authorities, institutions, residents) show an increased interest and are willing to cooperate for the establishment and operation of the Geopark. The implementation of the Project is ensured by the considerable degree of awareness and sensitization already developed locally. l The operation of the Geopark will positively contribute to control pollution in locations overloaded from the pre-existing mining and metallurgic activity.

Furthermore, the wider area of Lavreotiki, satisfies important additional criteria related to its current capacity to guarantee the protection of the Geopark and accommodate higher numbers of new visitors:

l Sufficient size of Geopark area. l Existing cultural structures and interpretation facilites (Technological and Cultural Park, several

Museums, restored archaeological sites open to the public, Information Centres, interpretation signs etc.).

l Existing infrastructure and accommodation facilities for visitors (hotels, restaurants and other leisure and recreation facilities). l Conditions for the establishment of the Geopark show a high degree of maturity because of the already existing system of protection, management and promotion of the wider area. Apart from the 23

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very satisfactorily protected archaeological sites, areas of the Geopark being part of the National Park Network of the country and part of the European Ecological Network Natura 2000 are already protected by special legislation; the Geopark will take advantage of this fact.

l The establishment of the Geopark will reinforce the promotion of the environmental, scientific, educational and pedagogic values of the area; it will also improve the tourist product offered.

Tourism -with geotourism being its modern trend- is one of the most important economic sectors revitalising the whole district. Many people are visiting the place because of its cultural and natural heritage which are very special and unique as well as because of the exceptional natural beauties.

l Local communities recognize that their natural and cultural heritage can strongly contribute to their economical development and sustain in the near future the economical wealthiness of younger generations.

Infrastructure

l The geographical location is very favorable. It stands in the proximity (approximately 60 km) of the urban complex of the capital of Greece (Athens-Pireaus).

l The public busses are the accomodation as regards the transport network in the area. l A good tourist infrastructure exists with a very high capacity (apart from hotels and restaurants, there are parking areas, a marina for recreation boats etc).

l Future development plans include a greater emphasis on sustainability in the tourism sector and a reducing reliance on the private car as the main mode of transport for visitors.

Major future development plans from which the whole area of Lavreotiki will benefit also include:

l Extension of the sewage treatment facility (1,5 m euros). l Replacement of the water supply network (2,75 m euros). l Flood control plans (1 m euros). l Amelioration of the drainage network (1,4 m euros).

Infrastructure facilities in the wider area are the following:

l The new international airport of Athens “Eleftherios Venizelos”. l The new Motorway Elefsina-Stavros-Spata-Lavrion, called as “Attiki Odos” will arrive in Lavrion

in less than 5 years. Between the two branches of the motorway passes the Suburban Railway.

“Attiki Odos” got the 1st European Road Safety Award for 2005.

l The new harbor of Lavrion. l Network of optic threads and ISDN and ASDL technologies. l Satelite Centre for Telecommunications. l Open theaters and various halls for exhibitions and other cultural events.

Geotourism There is a good distribution of geosites throughout the area, the overwhelming majority of which are open to the public.

A network of museums and other cultural sites and resources, co-ordinated through the Cultural Partnership can be further developed.

The Information Centres, the Museums and other cultural sites will function as interpretation facilities, holding information and staging exhibitions about the Geopark. Links will be strengthend with other neighbouring areas of related designations (eg Pikermi, Cave of Paiania, Vouliagmeni Lake). High potential to expand existing activities under the Geopark banner, eg: cycleroutes and tours. Schools and colleges field visits to the geosites are ready to be further developed.

C.2 Overview of the existing geoinstitution and geo-activities in the region of the Geopark The Municipality and all institutions operating in Lavrion (such as the Lavrion Technological and Cultural Park as well as the Applicant) guide visitors (mainly scientists, pupils and students) to the 24

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many places of interest. The geology and history of the place is revealed to them. The Environmental Education Centre of the Municipality of Lavrion, operating in the premises of the Lavrion Technological and Cultural Park, aims to support environmental education and to enhance environmental awareness of young people.

The contribution of the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, of the Universities -mainly the Kapodistrian University of Athens, as well as of the Geological Society of Greece to the interpretation of the area is also remarkable. For instance, the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration:

l Organized, in 2008, a seminar on interpretation with invited specialists having as case study the Lavreotiki area.

l Published, in 2009, a series of geotrails guides to help visitors learn about and appreciate the value of the Geopark (for this project an evaluation programme operates on http://www.igme.gr) (please see the pilot guides in Enclosure V). On the same year, small informative and large generalized interpretive panels were set during the implementation of a pilot project all over the area indicating the sites of geological interest.

Despite the above mentioned, activities regarding the interpretation of geological features in the Geopark have to be reinforced.

C.3 Policies for the protection, enhancement and economic development of the geological heritage present in the territory. Existing policies and those under preparation, existing and future actions.

The conservation of the diversity regarding the geological elements, the rich mining and metallurgic activities of the area, education and sustainable development through geotourism, are the major aims for the establishment of the Geopark. The main issues of the local authorities are to maintain this heritage and to further take the right decisions as regards management and development planning. The first priority in any development planning is favorable to the protection of sites with natural, geological, archaeological and historic importance and value.

All the measures and the conservation priorities for the protected area are studied in the framework of the Management Plan of the Lavreotiki Geopark which is already complete (2009) and is being implemented by the Municipal Public Benefit Agency of Lavreotiki. The Plan, having analyzed and evaluated the existing situation of the natural and human environment, determines the main management priorities and proposes the needed measures, works and activities for the protection, management, interpretation and promotion of the Geopark. Containing all these as well as a functional timetable concerning the implementation of the various actions (see also B.7), the Plan proves to be a rather powerful tool in obtaining the sustainable development of natural resources.

Main policies of the Management Plan According to the Management Plan, the main policies for the protection, enhancement and economic development of the geological heritage in the territory of Lavreotiki are summarized in the following: l Establishment and designation of the Geopark. l Protection of the sites of geological interest according to institutional procedures. l Interpretation plan to enhance environmental information and awareness. l Infrastructure implementation and promotion of the geosites. l Monitoring of the environment, with emphasis on the characteristics of the geosites but also on issues related to environmental pollution. l Scientific research on the data of the Geopark. l Elaboration of studies and applications to funding programmes. l Contacts with competent agencies and local authorities. l Participation in other programmes on environmental protection and management and/or promotion of cultural heritage. l Continuous assessment and update of the Master Plan. l Geotourism development to attract geotourists. l Financial management of the Master Plan.

Other management actions

l Proposals for protection and management of the geosites. l Definition of permitted activities and restrictions.

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l Definition of the carrying capacity. l Measures to facilitate accessibility for the sake of various groups of disabled people.

Actions of the Interpretation Plan l Web site design. l Interpretation signs at the geosites. l Audiovisual material and a series of several other publications. l Organization of permanent exhibitions in the Information Centres of the Geopark both in Lavrion and Agios Konstantinos as well as of interpretation media in several sites of great geological interest. l Implementation of environmental education programmes. l Setting of interpretation signs along the paths and trails. l Production of souvenirs. l Enhancement of voluntary work. l Publication of the Geopark’s News Journal. l Application of other environmental programmes, information and education programmes, art competitions, seminars, etc.

Infrastructure plans and facilities l Construction of parkings areas for visitors. l Works in the field to ensure the safety of the visitors. l Organization of paths and geotrails. l Visitor service works (eg viewing positions, terraces, pavilions, benches).

Actions concerning scientific data research and participation in the Geopark network l Organization of scientific meetings. l Participation in conferences. l Data evaluation for the geosites.

All the above, under preparation actions, form a coherent system where each policy supports and coordinates one another. The “Geopark Coordinating Committee” is constantly vigilant to adapt the projects according to incoming data. For a better implementation of the interpretation plan and in order to facilitate the completion of projects, three phases of development are proposed (Moderate scenario-Restricted investments, Realistic scenario-Considerable development, Optimistic scenario-Extensive development).

Proposals of measures for geosites not located in statutory protected areas The vast majority of geosites are within statutory protected areas, where measures of activities occur and are adopted for them. For the other geosites, a zone of protection is proposed into a small radius around them, and the following are proposed to be allowed: l Scientific observation and monitoring. l Visits under the scope of environmental information and awareness only according to a specific timetable. l Implementation of projects on the interpretation of the geosites and mild relevant works. l Maintainance of the existing uses. l Clean-up projects and environmental remediation. l Implementation of infrastructure projects that will serve the needs of geosites. l Implementation of public interest works after the agreement of the “Geopark Coordinating Committee” and the competent Archaeological Ephorates.

C.4 The territory's interest in joining the European Geopark Network The protected area of the Sounio National Park as well as the whole area of the Geopark is characterised by a remarkable variety of natural resources. The designation of the Geopark will launch other ways of making better use of the natural and cultural heritage and will strengthen, at the same time, public awareness regarding environmental protection. The aims of the Geopark being in accordance with the aims of the National Park will enhance the management and sustainable development of the whole district.

By becoming the Lavreotiki Geopark a member of the European Geopark Network the protection of the local natural and cultural heritage will greatly benefit. It is expected that with the development of the Geopark the following benefits will be realised:

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l New geotourism products will be produced. Improved programmes of activities will be ready for all the visitors of the Geopark. As the Geopark management is developing all the above will be added to the existing activities and therefore the range and variety of programmes, will be extended, including educational tours, art events, festivals, geo-days and other cultural activities.

These increased tourism activity will sustain existing jobs in the area of Lavreotiki. Further growth of the existing enterprises will stimulate the appearance of employment possibilities and the establishment of new jobs. l The Geopark will attract visitors all year-round. At the same time as the Geoparks' image and reputation amongst the tourist community improves and broadens it is expected that local communities will respond with an increase in civic pride. Geopark networking will raise the profile of the natural and cultural heritage and encourage greater activity amongst schools, colleges, community and resident groups. In turn, increased civic pride and the new opportunities offered by the Geopark will result in increased voluntary activity, with local residents becoming involved in both geosite conservation and geotourism - geoeducation. l The increased focus on geosites and the way people gain access to the geological heritage will bring more resources to bear on the conservation of these sites. This will result in improvement of the quality and extent of conservation. The Sounio National Park and the Temple of Poseidon on Cape Sounio already have an international outlook and attract tourists from all over the world. The opportunities offered by the Geopark to develop new links with partners both in Europe and across the globe are tremendous; so local authorities and institutions look forward to play an active part in communicating across the network. These improved international links will lead to the direct participation in international projects and programmes. Through these, the Geopark will gain access to experience and best practice in geotourism, interpretation and geosite protection amongst the network. l Finally, as future active member of the European Geopark Network, the Applicant hopes that its experience and skills may also be of some value to the network: By managing the Geopark, the Applicant will undoubtedly gain experience on developing tourism of expert visitors, providing environmental education, and minimising urban pressures on the geological heritage -and this experience is looking forward to share more widely within the Network.

D. General information on the territory D.1 Economic activity The wider area of Lavreotiki makes part of the marine tourism zone of Attica and Cyclades Islands covering the 45% of the total touristic demand. Elements supporting the touristic development of the area are the following:

l Its proximity with the urban complex of Athens.

Figure D-1 Sectors of Economic Activities - Lavrio, 2001

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l Its wealth and variety of sites of valuable cultural and natural heritage. l Its mild Mediterranean climate. l Its harbor, marina, hotels, restaurants and other facilities (proximity to the National Airport of

Athens, proximity to the “Attiki Odos” motorway and the Suburban Railway). Lavrion harbor and marina are gateways to several Aegean islands.

l Its many beaches and summer resorts.

The inhabitants of the area are active mainly in the sectors of conversion and tourism/transportations. A percentage of 70% of the economically active local population are employees (for more details please see Figure D-1).

D.2 The provisions for the protection of the territory Existing legislative provisions for the protection of the territory are as follows:

l Since 1974, a major part of the Lavreotiki area is declared by Greek law as a National Park (the Sounio National Park). So, the territory is under specific legal protection and management regime. l Two parts of Lavreotiki also have entered the list of Νatura 2000 Network sites (Gr3000005 and SPA GR 3000014). l Law 1650/86 «For the protection of the natural environment». l Law 2742/99 «For the sustainable development». l Law 360/76 «For the land planning and environment». l Law 998/79 «For the protection of forests and forestal in general extents of country». l Habitats Directive 92/43/EE for the conservation of wild species of the flora and fauna and their

habitats.

l Unesco’s Convention (Paris, November 1972) “For the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage”, ratified by Greek Law 1126/30-1-1981 (Gazette No 32/A/10-2-81). l Birds Directive 79/409 /EE for the conservation of bird species. l Archaeological legislation and other Greek laws refering to the protection and conservation

status of the landscape, history and cultural issues.

l A Presidential Decree (Gazette No 125/D/1998) has also been issued for the broader Lavreotiki area (Urban Control Zone for Lavreotiki Area) with which zones with spesific land uses and building regulations have been determined. l The protection of Lavreotiki forested areas is determined by the Presidential Decree: “Designation of Protected Mountainous Zones of Lavreotiki Peninsula” (Gazette No 121/D) which is amended with the Law 3212 (Gazette No 308/A/31.12.2003).

D.3 Brief analysis of the present status of protection for the territory Several insitutions undertake various efforts and projects aiming to protect the heritage in the wider area of Lavreotiki. Most significant among them are the following: MUNICIPALITY OF LAVRION - MUNICIPALITY OF KERATEA - COMMUNITY OF AGIOS KONSTANTINOS - MUNICIPAL PUBLIC AGENCY OF LAVREOTIKI - DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION OF LAVREOTIKI MUNICIPALITIES: All of them play an active role in safeguarding and promoting the rich local natural and cultural heritage.

FOREST INSPECTION AGENCY OF LAVRION: The Agency is responsible for the protection and management not only of the Sounio National Park but for the surrounding wider area as well.

Among its duties is to prevent forest fires, prevent illegal activities (e.g. hunting), open and maintain in good condition forest trails and routes for cyclists, organize guided tours of visitors etc.

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They conduct projects aiming to restore, protect, promote and interprete the numerous historic elements of the territory.

LAVRION TECHNOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL PARK (LTCP): The Park aims to promote the local cultural heritage and, therefore, organizes relevant activities all year-round. It also undertakes great projects aiming to restore important industrial buildings. (See also D.4) LAVRION STUDIES SOCIETY: The Society -an association of the scientists of the town of Lavrion and of the wider area, is an non-profit NGO founded in 1984. Its aim is to unite not only scientists but also other fellow-citizens in a common effort to promote the heritage of their native land (cultural, social etc). On the same year (1984), the Society established the Lavrion Mineralogical Museum. During all these years, the Society has proved to be a pillar supporting the valuable heritage of the whole area.

INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL EXPLORATION (IGME): The Insitute, among other tasks, recorded and asssessed the geological sites of the wider area and keeps working in studying as well as in interpreting and promoting the great geological wealth of the territory.

D.4 Existing facilities Facilities studied and designed exclusively for the Geopark are so far those presented in Section C.2 by the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration; namely, these facilities are information and interpretation panels to the prevalent sites of geological interest and trails guides published in both Greek and English language.

Apart from the above mentioned, the main existing facilities addressed to the visitors of Lavreotiki are listed below: LAVRION TECHNOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL PARK (LTCP): The Park was founded at the site of the Compagnie Française des Mines du Laurium in 1992, by the National Technical University of Athens, with the collaboration of local institutions, the people of Lavrion and the support of the Greek State and the European Union. The LTCP aims to pair the scientific and technological research that takes place at the NTUA with the needs and interests of the business community; to organise cultural events related to the promotion of the history and culture of Lavrion; and to promote the history of past activities at its premises.

The buildings of the LTCP constitute a unique monument of industrial archaeology and architecture, due to their monumental scale and the fact that nearly all the facilities and most of their mechanical equipment have been preserved. Its facilities include industrial and professional spaces of high aesthetic value and great architectural significance. All buildings have been proclaimed as preservable by the Greek Ministry of Culture and have been carefully renovated, combining style and ambience with functionality. Today, its renovated premises continue to support research, education and technology.

Every year a plethora of cultural events, meetings, congresses are taking place in LTCP’s Amphitheater and Machine Shop.

LTCP publishes a monthly News Journal.

A memorandum of cooperation has been already signed between LTCP and the Museum of Lesvos Petrified Forest (www.etp.ntua.gr/ltcp news), 4.0.09.

LAVRION ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM: The Museum is devoted to the cultural, religious, social and financial history of the area. One of its rooms is devoted to the mines and their function.

Significant exhibits from Lavrion, Sounion and Thorikos, dating from the Neolithic to the Early Christian Periods are also displayed.

LAVRION MINERALOGICAL MUSEUM: This unique Museum, established by the Lavrion Studies Society, exhibits approximately 500 minerals and rocks out of a total of 1000 items housed in its collection. It also exhibits several minerals that are unique in the world (nilite, phidlerite etc). The Museum's collection also includes silver coins of the 4th century B.C., lead ingots dating from antiquity to the 19th century, as well as miners' tools.

MINERALOGICAL MUSEUM OF KAMARIZA: This Museum is located in the Community of Agios Konstantinos, a settlement of former miners. It exhibits spectacular specimens of Lavreotiki minerals.

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HANDICRAFT INDUSTRIAL EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM: It is a non-profit educational and cultural organisation founded jointly by the Municipality of Lavrion, the LTCP and the Museums in the area.

It aims to promote knowledge regarding the industrial history of the area constituting an interesting workshop that collects, preserves, researches and presents to the public relevant material, promoting and enhancing the technological, economic, social and cultural life of Greece.

Moreover, it offers educational programmes for school groups.

SOUNIO NATIONAL PARK: It is open to the public all day-long all year-round. Visitors can stroll around using the numerous forest routes and trails as well as the routes for cyclists.

TEMPLE OF POSEIDON AT CAPE SOUNIO: It is one of the most renowned archaeological sites of the whole country. It can be visited from morning till sunset all days museums are open.

(For other sites of interest open to the public, such as the ANCIENT THEATRE OF THORIKO, please see also B.3) Furthermore, the following insitutions should be mentioned concerning the cultural heritage and relevant activities in the wider area attracting visitors:

l In the Municipality of Keratea “Ovriokastro Festival” takes place every year. l A Mediterranean Documentary Film Festival is organized. l The Library for Children “S. P. Demertzis” is welcoming young ones to its premises. l A noticeable wine tourism (“Wine Routes”) is developing since the wider area is famous for its wine production.

D.5 Future facilities planned According to the Management Plan of the Geopark and, more specifically, according to its Interpretation Plan, the following main interpretation facilities are planned: MAIN INFORMATION CENTRE: It will be hosted in the old industrial building where the Municipality of Lavrio organizes its Visitor Centre (please see just below). Through its exhibits (eg dioramas, hands-on, interactive presentations) it will instill to visitors a deeper understanding of and commitment to geological heritage.

INFORMATION AND EDUCATION CENTRE: Its aim being mainly environmental education, it will be hosted in the restored old school of the Community of Agios Konstantinos. It will offer a wide variety of environmental education programmes for all ages both on- and off- site. Most programmes can be tailored to the needs, abilities and interests of any group; they will connect people with the geological history and wealth of the area to inspire resonsibility and respect. During the first operational period, the Centre will host the Headquarters of the Geopark as well.

INTERPRETIVE PRESENTATIONS IN SITU: Such presentations (eg dioramas, information panels) will be organized in the following geosites: The ancient mining gallery in the premises of LTCP, the Serpieri No1 mining shaft, the mining galleries “Paron” and “80”, the Soureza miners’ settlement and the Kamariza mining centre “Megali Cariera”. During a next operational period, such presentations will also be organized elsewhere.

“MUSEUM” SHOPS: Each of the two planned Information Centres will have its own shop where visitors -and residents of the area- will have the opporunity not only to buy quality souvenirs but also to find books and other objects eg on geology, environmental protection and sustainable development, mining, archaeology, history of the district.

Facilities planned by others that the Geopark will take advantage of are the following: MUSEUM OF MINING AND METALLURGY: It is planned to operate within the premises of the Lavrion Technological and Cultural Park (LTCP); it will display materials and equipment related to the long mining and metallurgical history of the area. It is intended to become a powerful tool for further highlighting of the cultural heritage of Lavreotiki in an international level.

VISITOR INFORMATION CENTRE: This is a project of the Municipality of Lavrion. The Centre will be hosted in a restored old industrial building situated at the port of the town. Through its displays visitors will have the opportunity to learn more about the exceptional heritage of the area.

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