Learning
E
grammar Created by Yazmin Castro JimĂŠnez. Grammar 3
Present perfect The Present Perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.
THE PRESENT PERFECT IS USED TO DESCRIBE An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. I have lived in London since 1990 (and I still do.)
An action performed during a period that has not yet finished.
She has been to the cinema twice this week (and the week isn't over yet.)
A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now
We have visited Chile several times.
An action that was completed in the very recent past. I have already finished my work.
An action when the time is not important.
He has read 'The unique'
Signal words: just, ever, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now
Structure Subject + has / have + past participle Examples: You have painted your new home. She has gone to New York many times.
Statements Subject
Has / have
past participle
has
Forgiven.
hasn't
eaten.
Affirmative He Negative she Interrogative Has/ have Have
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subject they
past participle arrived?
2
Interrogative Negative Has/ have- in negative form
subject
past participle
Haven't
you
started?
Wh- question Wh- word
Have/ has + subject
Past participle
Where
have they
done?
Activity Let start to practice a little bit 1- Chose the correct verb from the box and complete the sentences using the present
perfect form. Answer Break buy
walk leave clean
Mateo
the rubbish.
Carmen
all the questions.
I
lose finish empty
seven kilometres.
They
their car keys.
John
a new television.
Ana
her leg.
Pedro and David The train Kaleb
the kitchen. the station. his piano practice.
2- Put the word in the right order. Left / the train / yet / has /? The train / the station / already / left / has
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They / bought / new / a / just / have / house We / had lunch / haven´t / yet He / home / gone / has / already I / homework / my / done / have / already has / where / gone / to swim / she/?
Past perfect The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it clear that one event happened before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first - the time makes it clear which one happened first.
Structure Subject + had + past participle Examples: I had traveled three times to New Zealand before he went. I had already spoken to Sam when I came here. Signal words: already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day Other signal words: before, after, when as a soon as, by the time
Statements Subject
had
past participle
had
Forgiven.
hadn't
eaten.
Affirmative She Negative She Interrogative had Had
subject they
past participle arrived?
Interrogative Negative
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Had + not
subject
past participle
Hadn't
you
started?
Wh-question Wh- word
Had + subject
Past participle
Where
had they
done?
Activity Let’s start to practice a little bit 1- Form sentences in past perfect using the words in the box.
I
They
visited
had finished
She You
She my homework
had
she
snow
We
before you
her sister eaten
so he didn´t
came to Provo? gone
I
He had already
worked
had not dinner?
had you
join us for lunch
had not
before
visited
had
went
to school stopped
before me to Guatemala
had
eaten
yet done it
had not
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Future perfect The future perfect tense refers to a completed action in the future. When we use this tense we are projecting ourselves forward into the future and looking back at an action that will be completed sometime later than now. It is most often used with a time expression.
Structure
Subject + will have + past participle of the main verb. Subject + am/is/are + going to have + past participle Examples
I am going to have been here for six months on June 23rd. By the time you read this I will have left. You are going to have finished your report by this time next week. Are not you going to have arrived by 3:00? Will you have eaten when I pick you up?
Note It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect. Signal words: before, after, when as a soon as, by the time.
statements Subject
Will have
past participle of the main verb
Will have
Forgiven.
Won´t have
eaten.
Affirmative He Negative He Interrogative Will Will Interrogative Negative Won’t Won´t
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subject they
subject you
have + past participle have arrived?
have + past participle have started?
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Wh- question Wh- word
Will + have
Past participle
Where
Will they have
done?
Activity Let’s start to practice a little bit 1- Imagine a situation about the picture and write six sentences using future perfect.
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Modals of advisability in the past We use modals to talk about actions and states that were advisable in the past, but did not happen.
Modals
Contractions
Should have (not)
should’ve – shouldn´t have
Could have
could’ve
Might have
might’ve
Ought (not) to have These modals often communicate a sense of regret or blame.
Structure Subject + modal + have + past participle
Example She ought to have bought it. He should have called a doctor. They could have gone many times. Should Joel have cleaned our home? Yes, he should have or No, he shouldn´t have Should don’t have and ought not have are the only form used in negative statements. Should have is the most common form used in questions. Remember modals only have one form. They do not have –s in the third person singular
Statements Subject
Modal
have
Past participle
Might
Have
done
right
Ought not to Should not
have
done
right
Affirmative He Negative She
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Interrogative Modal Should
subject they
Wh- questions participle Where
have Have
modal Should
past participle done
subject He
right? have
have
past done right?
Activity Let’s start to practice a little bit 1-
These are some problem that Marco faced yesterday. What should Marco have done? a) Marco had not clean underwear.
b) Marco couldn´t fine motorcycle keys.
c) Marco forgot to feed the cat.
d) Marco overslept and were late to university.
e) There was not hot water.
f)
Marco failed the Frances test.
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Passive voice The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an action rather than the person or object that performs the action. In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence. Sometimes we use the passive voice because we don't know or do not want to express who performed the action.
Structure Subject + verb to be + Past Participle (by + object) Example  
The paint was painted by me. (we are interested in the paint, not in who did it) The building was built in 1654. (we are interested in the house, not in who built it.)
Active Tom cleans the house twice a week Carlos repaired the car
Passive The house is cleaned (by Tom) The car was repaired (by Carlos)
Statements Subject
Verb to be
Past participle
(by + object)
was
made
by my uncle
The cake
Was not
made
by my uncle
Interrogative Verb to Was
subject the cake
past participle Made?
Affirmative The cake Negative
Wh- question Wh- word Where
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verb to be Was
subject the cake
past participle Made?
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VERB TENSES WITH PASSIVE VOICE Subject
to be (conjugated)
past participle
(by + object) rest of sentence
fixed
every day.
is being
fixed
at the moment.
Was
fixed
yesterday.
fixed
last week.
has been
fixed
since you left.
had been
fixed
before they arrived.
Fixed
next week.
fixed
tomorrow.
fixed
by my father
Simple present The car
Is
Present continuous The car Simple past The car
Past continuous The car
was being
Present perfect The car Past perfect The car
Future simple The car
will be is going to be
Future continuous The car
will be being
Future perfect The car
Will have been
Present perfect continuous
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The car
Have been being
fixed
by Carlos
fixed
by Tom
fixed
by john
Past perfect continuous The car
Had been being
Future perfect continuous The car
Will have been being
Activity Lets start to practice a little bit 1- Create your own crime scene, describing what happened in this crime scene using passive voice.
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2- Investigate on the internet what is the process to make chocolate and write it utilizing passive voice.
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Special work I have been done Well since I started this course I have taken the habit of read more often to improve my language skills. Moreover, I always carry with me a notebook to write down the words that I do not understand and then I look for their meanings. For example, I really like listening music so I translate songs to learn new vocabulary, since it is easier for me to learn that way because I like it and it is more entertaining. Furthermore, I do other things more such as watching news, movies, videos, reading information in English, writing text and learning new thing with my classmates. Also I often go to a teacher to speak with him in English. All that and other things have helped me to learn and improve. I hope someday be able to speak, listen, read and write in English in an excellent way.
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Reflection 1- What do you know as a result of participating in the class discussion that you did not know before? Thanks to the participation and discussion in class now I know about how to use correctly some grammatical points, since before I could not understand them very well or I was a little bit confused about some grammatical topics, now I feel more confident about how and when I should use them properly 2- What can you do as a result of participating in the class discussions that you couldn’t do before? Now I can write and read better than before because now I understand more about grammar. So the participation and discussion in class has helped me to know more vocabulary in order to write or read an article. Furthermore, When I listen someone talking or when I listen to music I can understand more what they say and I can remember the grammatical points, words or phrases I have learned in class with my classmates.
3- What could you teach someone to know or do as a result of participating in the class discussions that you couldn’t teach them before? I think that I could teach and explain a little more to someone how to improve in English grammar because my knowledge about it has increased. In fact, sometimes I teach and prepare students, so they can do their exams or assignments. And all this makes me feel more confident because I am practicing what I have learned. At last this project has helped me a lot to improve my English grammar knowledge.
References EF education first (http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/passive-voice/) English Grammar Online (https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar) English page (http://www.englishpage.com/)
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