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Fish-Free feed for largemouth bass is feasible and, economically viable
New study reports that fishmeal, fish oil-free feeds deliver excellent growth, survival, feed conversion and fillet quality
In the study, largemouth bass (LMB) Micropterus salmoides of ~15.2g initial weight, was fed one of the five experimental, and a fishmeal/fish oil control diet and two commercial (Xinxin, Coppens) LMB feeds for 10 weeks. Fish were dispersed into 24, 110L aquaria at 20 fish/tank) configured as a recirculating system. There were triplicate treatments with 60 fish/diet.
Total replacement of fishmeal and fish oil in largemouth bass feed is both feasible and economically viable, according to a new study published in the journal Aquaculture Research.
The fish fed experimental feeds without fishmeal or fish oil also had higher DHA-to-EPA ratios than those fed commercial feeds, with algae oil having the highest ratio. Consumers ultimately benefit from these higher amounts of heart and brain healthy DHA and EPA from eating the fish.
The vast majority of the farm-raised largemouth bass is farmed and consumed in China—an estimated 432,000 tonnes in 2018 according to the China Fishery Statistics Yearbook. As the world’s largest producer of farmed fish, China is working toward more sustainable farming practices nationwide. Largemouth bass, which is native to North America, was first introduced into mainland China in 1983 and today is a major freshwater aquaculture product throughout the county.
“This will also come as good news for fish farmers in China at a time when consumers are shifting their appetites toward high-value species like largemouth bass that consume large amounts of fishmeal and fish oil,” said Ewen McLean, lead author of the study and principal at Aqua Cognoscent. “Switching to locally sourced, and often cheaper feed ingredients could help put more money in the pockets of fish farmers.” The price of fishmeal has increased 3.4-fold over the last 20 years, and the present-day cost is around USD1429/ tonne. On the other hand, the price for soybean meal, an often-used substitute for fishmeal in aquafeeds, has risen 2.8-fold over the same timeframe and is roughly half the price according to Index Mundi. Alternatives to fish oil, such as soybean and canola oils are on average less expensive as well.
During the 10-week feeding trial conducted in a recirculating aquaculture system at Texas A&M, McLean and colleagues compared weight gain, survival rates, feed conversion ratio and fillet quality of fish fed fishmeal, fish-oil free experimental diets against two commercial feeds (Huifu, Xinxin Tian’en Company, Zhejiang Province, PR China and Alltech Coppens, Leende, The Netherlands), specifically designed for juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The fishmeal component of experimental diets was replaced using poultry by-product meal and soy protein concentrate. One experimental diet contained fish oil whereas in others, fish oil was replaced with canola, flax and/or algal oil or combinations thereof.
At the end of the trial all fish fed the experimental fishmeal and fish-oil free diets had similar weight gain and survival rates matching those fed the Xinxin commercial feed. The Coppens commercial feed had the lowest growth and survival rates. The experimental diets also had excellent feed conversion ratios.
According to a 2018 study in Nature Sustainability if current use of fishmeal and fish oil by the animal feed sectors remain the same, forage fish populations will be overextended by 2050, or before. Commercially valuable species such as salmon, cod and tuna, as well as marine mammals and seabirds depend on forage fish in the wild. Since over 50 percent of seafood is farmed, the variety of seafood on consumers’ plates could shrink without innovation in “fish-free” feeds, since they rely on wildcaught resources.
This study is a step towards removing the supply chain bottlenecks by testing more available and sustainable ingredients that will make seafood available into the future.
The study was supported by the F3 – Future of Fish Feed’s Feed Innovation Network. The F3 - Future of Fish Feed is a collaborative effort between NGOs, academic institutions, and private partnerships to accelerate the commercialisation of innovative, substitute aquaculture feed ingredients to replace wild-caught fish. The study is available as open access. https://f3fin.org
McLean, E., Alfrey, K. B., Gatlin, D. M., & Barrows, F. T. (2022). Responses of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides, Lacépède, 1802) to fishmeal-, and fish oilfree diets. Aquaculture Research, 00, 1– 12. https://doi. org/10.1111/are.15815
Reference
Froehlich, H.E., Jacobsen, N.S., Essington, T.E. et al. Avoiding the ecological limits of forage fish for fed aquaculture. Nat Sustain 1, 298–303 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893018-0077-1
July/August 2022
Issue focus: Demand and Supply Equilibrium Industry Review: Tilapia Feed/Production Technology: Functional Feeds/Additives/ Real Time Monitoring/Big Data
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