bloq_aquaculture_magazine_dec2024_jan_2025_50-6 by Aquaculture Magazine

Transforming Sustainable Aquaculture by Applying Circularity Principles

Knowledge and Experience Towards the Strengthening and Growth of Aquaculture Volume 50 Number 6 December 2024 - January 2025

EDITOR’S COMMENTS

ARTICLE

Short-Weighting, Species Authentication, and Labeling Compliance of Prepackaged Frozen Shrimp Sold in Grocery Stores in Southern California

ARTICLE

Impacts of Climate Change on Fish Reproduction

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editor`s comments

* Marco Linné Unzueta Associate Editor

Knowledge and Experience Towards the Strengthening and Growth of Aquaculture

Closing cycles 2024 and with great expectations for 2025, aquaculture is transforming day by day, generating great opportunities but also great challenges, changes and above all, seeking sustainability in the production of aquaculture protein, supported under criteria and principles aimed at animal welfare and, of course, with a comprehensive approach to ensure growth, sustainability and above all quality of the products that will be offered to the consumer.

One of the critical points of attention in view of the above, and in the context of working with strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in current and future diets, is to promote, in most cases, “green” diets based on vegetable sources; for this purpose, strategies should be established to promote growth, programming and standardization of production, without neglecting the increase in profitability and favoring the sustainable use of resources, reflected in actions that allow the reduction of emissions, adopting fuel-efficient technologies and working on the production of aquatic organisms, with alternative sources for the manufacture of “environmentally friendly” foodstuffs.

In addition, and in accordance with the basic principle that governs aquaculture, development depends on the biotechnological knowledge of the species to be managed and the environment in which the culture is carried out, as well as on the strategy of using “friendly” food, so R&D&I must be considered as a continuous strategy in aquaculture development, In particular, the experience of Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS), together with intensive management and production levels, systems that, for multiple reasons such as sustainability issues, efficiency in water-space consumption, as well as the growing demand for fish in the markets, have been taken up again in recent years and evaluated in different commercial environments with very good results.

Finally, it should be considered that the achievements and achievements obtained to date in the strengthening and development of aquaculture worldwide should not ignore the collaboration, resilience, investment capital, considering that, in this new cycle that begins, there are the necessary tools and investments for innovation in aquaculture, with the support of quality production through production under standards

of sustainable practices that allow the development of sustainable strategies in the immediate term, including robotics (AI), nanotechnology, biofortification, vertical cultures, among others, which should be privileged:

» Promote strategic projects of sectoral scope that allow for the consolidation of the aquaculture industry through the advancement of multidisciplinary knowledge aimed at developing technologies for species with farming potential.

» Promote linkages with the productive sectors to take advantage of technological innovations in the areas of aquaculture and biotechnology.

» Propose new models for sustainable development of marine and freshwater aquaculture to increase and diversify regional production.

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Transforming Sustainable Aquaculture by Applying Circularity Principles

* By Aquaculture Magazine Editorial Team

The environmental impact of global food systems has driven a shift towards a circular economy (CE), which focuses on efficient resource use, waste reduction, and emissions minimization. CE principles, including ecosystem regeneration, waste minimization, biomass prioritization, and renewable energy use, have been explored in agriculture and livestock but are less studied in aquaculture. This study extends Muscat et al.’s CE framework to aquaculture, addressing waste management, nutrient recycling, and feed ingredients. While some aspects of CE in aquaculture have been investigated, a comprehensive review of the framework’s application across different aquaculture species and systems is lacking, highlighting the need for further exploration. This review translates Muscat et al.’s principles to aquaculture, examining their implications for species and production systems, and identifies pathways to enhance circularity.

First principle: Safeguarding and Regenerating the Health of Aquatic Ecosystems

The “safeguard” principle in aquaculture focuses on protecting and

A

circular economy offers a promising approach to lessen the environmental impact of human activities through improved resource use and waste reduction. Five ecological principles, applied primarily to land-based food systems, have not yet been fully explored in aquaculture. This study adapts these principles to aquaculture, revealing key opportunities to enhance sustainability.

enhancing the health of aquatic ecosystems by operating within their carrying capacity. This involves using regenerative practices that prevent or reduce ecological damage and improve ecosystem services.

1.1 Production systems and their environmental impacts

Aquaculture affects both resource ecosystems (inputs) and receiving ecosystems (outputs). The environmental impacts vary based on production systems—fed vs. unfed, intensive vs. extensive. For instance, high-quality feeds in finfish and crustacean farming can stress local and

distant ecosystems through nutrient emissions and land use. Plant-based feeds for carnivorous fish further impact terrestrial ecosystems. Freshwater aquaculture increases competition for water resources. To alleviate these pressures, adopting water-efficient systems like recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) and non-foodcompeting feeds can help mitigate environmental impacts (Figure 1).

1.2 Carrying capacity and resilience

Ecological carrying capacity is the ecosystem’s ability to absorb aquaculture impacts without harm, in-

cluding nutrient management and disease control. A broader approach is needed to consider impacts on distant ecosystems and long-term ecosystem services.

1.3 Regenerative practices

Regenerative aquaculture aims to enhance ecosystem services by reducing feed use, avoiding pollutants, and integrating mixed species systems like Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA). These practices aim to improve water quality, preserve habitats, and offer new ecosystem services while maintaining existing ones, potentially leading to restorative outcomes and innovative business models.

Second principle: Avoiding Producing Non-Essential Products and Wasting Those That Are Essential

The “avoid” principle emphasizes the need to minimize the extraction of natural resources and environmental impacts by producing only essential products and avoiding waste. This involves assessing the value and necessity of different aquaculture products and addressing waste throughout the value chain.

2.1 Nutritional and health benefits of fresh aquaculture products

Aquaculture primarily produces food that provides essential nutrients such

as high-quality protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and bioavailable micronutrients. The nutritional value of these products varies among species and depends on their feed composition. Aquaculture products are particularly important for vulnerable populations in the Global South, where they can significantly impact health, especially during critical periods like the first 1,000 days of life.

2.2 Contribution to food security

Aquaculture’s impact

on

food security should be evaluated by species. Species like carp, tilapia, and bivalves, classified as ‘accessible commodities,’ are crucial due to their affordability and availability. In contrast, ‘luxury commodities’ like Atlantic salmon and abalone are less accessible to low-income consumers due to high costs and intensive resource use. While luxury products like Atlantic salmon contribute economically, prioritizing accessible commodities like carp and tilapia is more beneficial for food security and resource efficiency.

2.3

Loss and waste in aquaculture value chains

Reducing loss and waste in aquaculture is critical for ensuring nutrition security. Aquatic food chains experience significant losses, with estimates ranging from 29% to 50%, higher than for terrestrial products.

Effective strategies to minimize these losses, tailored to specific regional contexts, are essential for enhancing the overall efficiency and impact of aquaculture systems.

Third Principle: Prioritizing Biomass Streams for Basic Human Needs

The third principle emphasizes prioritizing the use of biomass and resources to meet basic human needs, avoiding feed-food competition. This involves using resources like arable land to produce human food rather than feed, and using non-food competing feedstuffs, such as byproducts from human food systems.

3.1

Efficiency of using land, fresh water, and feed at the product level

Optimizing land, water, and feed use involves directing resources to the most efficient food production systems. While aquaculture generally has lower land use compared to terrestrial animal farming, resource efficiency varies by species and system. Extractive species like seaweeds and bivalves are more resource-efficient than fed aquaculture species. Using byproducts from food systems as feed can further reduce land use. Aquaculture’s feed-use efficiency, particularly in fish, often surpasses that of terrestrial animals due to their poikilothermic metabolism and buoyancy.

While luxury products like Atlantic salmon contribute economically, prioritizing accessible commodities like carp and tilapia is more beneficial for food security and resource efficiency.

3.2 Feed-food competition

Feed-food competition arises when food-grade ingredients are used in aquafeeds. Direct competition occurs when ingredients like fishmeal and soy are used in feeds. Although some of these ingredients could be used for human food, most are not. Indirect competition includes using arable land for feed crops instead of food crops. Reducing feed-food competition involves utilizing non-food competing feedstuffs, such as food waste and byproducts (Figure 2 and Figure 3). Balancing species production and increasing human-edible yields can also minimize competition and enhance overall resource efficiency.

Fourth

Principle: Using and Recycling Byproducts of Agro and Aquatic Ecosystems

The “recycle” principle emphasizes the safe recycling of nutrients and carbon from byproducts into biobased systems, ensuring environmental safety.

Regenerative aquaculture aims to enhance ecosystem services by reducing feed use, avoiding pollutants, and integrating mixed species systems like Integrated MultiTrophic Aquaculture (IMTA).

4.1 Nutrient waste from aquaculture and opportunities to recycle it

Aquaculture generates nutrientrich byproducts, including metabolic waste, uneaten feed, mortality, and biofouling. Uneaten feed often constitutes a significant portion of waste, with up to 6% of distributed feed remaining uneaten in well-managed systems. Advances in animal nutrition and management practices have reduced metabolic waste, but zerowaste systems are not yet achievable. Waste collection and recycling depend on the system; for example, freshwater ponds and RAS can utilize waste for fertilization or biogas production, though logistical challenges

exist. Marine systems face difficulties in recycling due to salt content, and pond sediment recycling is limited by labor intensity and low profitability.

4.2 Recycling waste in Integrated Aquaculture Systems

Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) and other circular systems recycle waste across various farming technologies. IMTA systems, theoretically adaptable to various environments, face barriers such as economic constraints, complexity, and lack of support. Integrated aquaculture can also involve interactions with terrestrial and urban systems, recycling nutrients from livestock and human waste. Although promis-

ing, large-scale studies are needed to fully assess the effectiveness and commercial viability of these systems.

Fifth Principle: Using Renewable Energy While Minimizing Overall Energy Use

The ‘entropy’ principle advocates for reducing overall energy demand, prioritizing renewable energy sources, and enhancing energy efficiency in aquaculture systems.

5.1

Hotspots of energy use

Energy analysis methods like Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and emergy accounting reveal that feed production, on-farm operations, and juvenile production are major energy consumers

in aquaculture. Feed production is particularly energyintensive due to the processing and transportation of raw ingredients. On-farm operations, including aeration, recirculation, and temperature control, also contribute significantly to energy use, especially in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS). Post-harvest processes, such as transport, further add to energy consumption.

5.2 Production system, species, and key drivers of energy efficiency

Energy use varies by aquaculture system: intensive systems like RAS and aquaponics use more energy than cage or extractive systems. Species also impact energy efficiency; carnivorous species typically require more energy than extractive ones. Additionally, the energy needed to maintain suitable water temperatures in different climates affects energy use. Transitioning to renewable energy sources and improving energy efficiency, such as through industrial symbiosis or on-farm renewable energy, are crucial for reducing the environmental footprint and managing energy costs in aquaculture.

Recommendations for More Circularity

Species Selection: Emphasize aquaculture of essential, resource-efficient species over luxury species. Nutritionsensitive species, which support vulnerable populations, are more beneficial for global food security than luxury species that primarily serve wealthier markets. Shifting towards species with lower environmental footprints, like bivalves and carp, is advocated.

Feed Management: Address feed-food competition by reducing the use of food-competing feedstuffs. This shift could increase global food supply and reduce environmental impacts, though it may also decrease the scale of fed aquaculture.

Policy and Market Adjustments: Develop policies to promote the production of essential species and improve

market conditions for omnivorous species. Support nutrient recycling and better waste management to enhance circularity in aquaculture systems.

Consumer Education: Improve consumer awareness about the benefits of low-trophic-level species and sustainable aquaculture practices.

Research Needs: Address gaps in understanding ecosystem resilience, food loss, and efficiency of feed conversion in aquaculture to support the transition to more circular practices.

Overall, implementing these recommendations can enhance sustainability and efficiency in aquaculture, benefiting both the environment and food security.

This is a summarized version developed by the editorial team of Aquaculture Magazine based on the review article titled “TRANSFORMING SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE BY APPLYING CIRCULARITY PRINCIPLES” developed by: KILLIAN CHARY, K, VAN RIEL, K and MUSCAT, A – Wageningen University & Research; WILFART, A. and HARCHAOUI, S. - Institut Agro, Rennes; VERDEGEM, M. - Wageningen University & Research; FILGUEIRA, R. - Dalhousie University, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen. The original article was published, including tables and figures, on SEPTEMBER, 2023, through REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE. The full version can be accessed online through this DOI: 10.1111/raq.12860

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Short-Weighting, Species Authentication, and Labeling

Compliance of Prepackaged Frozen Shrimp Sold in Grocery Stores in Southern California

Shrimp is the most-consumed seafood product in the United States, yet research into the short-weighting and mislabeling of shrimp in the commercial market is limited. This study investigated Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) compliance, species authentication, market names, net weights, and glaze percentages in 106 frozen shrimp packages from Southern California grocery stores. Results showed high COOL compliance but highlighted issues with species mislabeling and short-weighting.

* By Aquaculture Magazine Editorial Team

Shrimp is the top-consumed seafood in the U.S., accounting for one-fourth of annual per capita seafood consumption. The market includes species like whiteleg shrimp, giant tiger prawn, and giant freshwater prawn, with over

90% farmed and imported. Seafood fraud, including mislabeling, poses risks such as exposure to allergens and economic deception. The FDA`s Seafood List and DNA barcoding help ensure accurate labeling. Despite regulations, studies show high rates

of species misrepresentation and COOL noncompliance. Additionally, overglazing and short-weighting of frozen seafood are common, impacting net weight accuracy.

This study aims to investigate COOL compliance, species labeling,

The study found that 94.3% of products were compliant with the Country-of-Origin Labeling (COOL) requirements. Among the six noncompliant products, issues included conflicting country of origin listings, missing procurement method information, and retail stickers covering crucial product information.

Overglazing was more prevalent in farmraised than wild-caught shrimp and slightly more common in domestic than imported samples. This variation highlights the need for a standardized glaze range to ensure consistency and prevent overglazing, which can inflate product weight artificially.

glazing, and short-weighting of frozen shrimp sold in Orange County, CA. It is the first to assess these combined factors in prepackaged frozen shrimp.

Materials and Methods

Sample collection

A total of 106 frozen uncooked shrimp samples were collected from 37 PACA-licensed grocery retailers in Orange County, CA. Samples were categorized by size descriptors: small, medium, large, extra-large, jumbo, extra-jumbo, colossal, and extra/super colossal. Four additional samples had non-standard size descriptors. COOL compliance and species labeling were reviewed based on package labels and store signage. Samples were transferred to Chapman Uni-

versity and stored at -20°C until processing.

Deglazing and net weight determination

Net weight determination followed AOAC International methods for IQF and block frozen shrimp using an Ohaus Scout H-5853 Balance Scale. Samples were weighed to determine glazed weight, deglazed under cold water, drained, and weighted again to determine net weight. Block frozen samples were processed similarly, using nylon mesh bags and a controlled water bath for thawing. Net weights were compared to declared weights, and samples exceeding NIST`s MAV were considered shortweighted. Percent glaze was calculated and shrimp counts verified against declared counts.

DNA extraction of deglazed shrimp

A 20-30 mg tissue sample was taken from each shrimp and DNA was extracted using a DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit with modifications for smaller volumes. DNA was eluted and stored at -20ºC. Negative controls were included in each batch.

Results and Discussion

COOL compliance

were noncompliant, with two noncompliant products originating from the same store.

The discrepancies in country of origin were notable, such as labeling a product as from Bangladesh on the packaging but from India on the placard. Such inconsistencies confuse consumers and prevent informed

purchasing decisions. These errors might stem from retailers not updating placards when new or updated products are displayed.

Two products failed to mention the procurement method. One of these products lacked this information due to stickers covering the necessary details. The other did not use

the COOL-required terms of “farmed” or “farm-raised,” instead referring to “naturally grown in mangrove forests.” The high level of compliance (94%) aligns with previous studies on seafood, showing similar compliance rates between 90% and 99%. However, lower compliance rates were noted in some studies, like Warner et al. (2014), which reported 41% compliance, likely due to focusing on prepackaged products where labels are applied at processing facilities rather than at retail levels.

Shrimp size category

There is no industry-wide standard for shrimp size labeling. The National Conference for Weights and Measures (NCWM) suggests including a count-per-pound statement alongside size descriptors. Of the 106 products examined, 13.2% listed only the size descriptor without the countper-pound statement, potentially causing confusion for consumers.

Most products (90.6%) had accurate shrimp counts within the declared range, although some discrepancies were found, such as products declaring 51-60 shrimp per pound but containing only 30. Establishing standardized nomenclature for shrimp sizes and ensuring clear count-per-pound information on packaging is recommended to improve consumer clarity.

Of the 106 products examined, 13.2% listed only the size descriptor without the count-per-pound statement, potentially confusing consumers.

Short-weighting was observed across various brands and was more common in farm-raised (40%) than wild-caught (29%) shrimp.

Glaze levels

Glaze levels in the shrimp samples ranged from 0.58% to 63.67%, with an average of 16.58%. While 33 samples were within the recommended 1520% glaze range, 28 samples were overglazed (i.e., >20%), with most of these also being short-weighted (Figure 1). Overglazing was more prevalent in farm-raised than wild-caught shrimp and slightly more common in domestic than imported samples. This variation highlights the need for a standardized glaze range to ensure consistency and prevent overglazing, which can inflate product weight artificially.

Short-weighting

Short-weighting was found in 36.8% of the samples, significantly higher than previously reported for frozen fish (9%). Out of the 11 size categories of shrimp tested, eight had at least three short-weighted samples (Figure 2). Among the short-weighed samples, consumers overpaid an average of US$ 1.76/kg, with some instances as high as US$3.26/kg. The extra/super colossal shrimp size category had the highest short-weighting rate (57.1%).

Short-weighting was observed across various brands and was more common in farm-raised (40%) than wild-caught (29%) shrimp. The practice was equally prevalent in imported and domestic products. The need for increased regulatory oversight is evident to protect consumers from overpaying due to short-weighting.

DNA sequencing results

Out of 100 shrimp samples, 96% were identified with ≥98% genetic similarity to species in GenBank. Some sequences showed equivalent genetic matches to multiple species, resolved through UPGMA analysis. For example, whiteleg shrimp were confirmed despite matches to other species. Four samples showed lower genetic identity, suggesting they might belong to related but unrepresented species in GenBank.

Species authentication and acceptable

market names

Species labeling errors were found in 37 of the samples. Substitution occurred in 21 products due to errors in packaging/processing stickers on retail price tags. Most substitutions

involved labeling whiteleg shrimp as “White Shrimp,” a domestic species more desirable to consumers. Some errors might be due to labeling confusion or supply chain miscommunications.

In cases of species substitution one product labeled as “wild-caught blue shrimp” was identified as whiteleg shrimp, with no clear economic incentive for the substitution. Other products had conflicting market names, such as labeling whiteleg shrimp as “White Shrimp” or “Vanme Shrimp,” which are not acceptable market names.

Species labeling errors were most common in the extra-large shrimp category (60%) and predominantly occurred in imported products (97%). This highlights the need for stringent labeling standards to prevent consumer deception.

Conclusion

This is the first study to present information on COOL compliance, shortweighting, overglazing, and species labeling of frozen shrimp sold in Southern California. Taken together, the results of the current study illus-

Taken together, the results of the current study illustrate the various ways in which labeling errors undermine the fair trading of products and consumer protection.

trate the various ways in which labeling errors undermine the fair trading of products and consumer protection. A high level of COOL compliance (94.3%) was observed; however, overglazing and short-weighting of samples were both higher than expected, with rates of 26% and 37%, respectively. These results suggest that some shrimp processors may be artificially increasing the weight of their product through overglazing and that consumers are unknowingly paying for extra ice while receiving less product than advertised. Species substitution was detected in 21% of products identified with DNA barcoding, meaning that consumers are not always receiving the species they intended to buy. The use of the

name “white shrimp” to erroneously describe the predominantly farmed and imported whiteleg shrimp was found to be a prevalent practice. The results of this study indicate a need for increased scrutiny about shortweighting and species mislabeling to decrease the occurrence of shrimp fraud in the United States. Industrywide training and outreach on the importance of proper labeling of seafood throughout the supply chain is also recommended.

Additionally, implementation of a standardized glaze range for frozen shrimp may assist in lowering the rate of overglazing and short-weighting, while also preventing the dehydration of frozen shrimp for both block frozen and IQF shrimp products. Fur-

ther research into overglazing, shortweighting, and species mislabeling of frozen shrimp and other shellfish is needed globally to better understand the extent of these practices .

This is a summarized version developed by the editorial team of Aquaculture Magazine based on the review article titled “SHORTWEIGHTING, SPECIES AUTHENTICATION, AND LABELING COMPLIANCE OF PREPACKAGED FROZEN SHRIMP SOLD IN GROCERY STORES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA” developed by: RIVERS, M., CAMPBELL, A., HANEUL LEE, C., KAPOOR, P. and HELLBERG, R. - Chapman University, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Food Science Program. The original article was published, including tables and figures, on SEPTEMBER, 2023, through FOOD CONTROL. The full version can be accessed online through

Impacts of Climate Change on Fish Reproduction

It is becoming clearer that climate change is a direct threat to the biological diversity of the planet with aquatic ecosystems being the most impacted biological niches. More affected aspects include the fish populations, whose successful reproduction is highly reliant on the environmental factors.

* By Bhavesh Choudhary, Arup Das and Nayan Chouhan

Introduction

The warming climate has now started to show its ugly side on reproduction amongst fishes, with the threats expanding from the modified habitat to the developmental, ecological, and nutritional alterations required for breeding. Many of these impacts are interfacing and sundry in nature, involving several environmental variables such as global temperature rises, increased CO2 leading to ocean acidification, pollution, or changes in the water balance that could all severely damage the fish populations’ habitats and integrity.

One of the issues that rank the highest on the lists of the researchers is the alteration of the fish habitats and spawning sites, which are extremely crucial for the successful

reproduction of the species. In driftnet fishery causes several water-related stressors namely the changes in water flow rate, sedimentation, and vegetation which changes habitats while increased temperature and change in the current patterns alters migration timing of the species like juvenile salmon. Additionally, climate change-induced ocean acidification further threatens the sensory systems of the fish impacting their navigation capabilities and significantly.

1. Habitat Alteration

Fish reproduction is severely hampered by climate-induced changes in habitat availability and structure. Successful reproduction can be hampered by changes to the dynamics of

water flow, sedimentation patterns, and vegetation cover, which can upset established spawning sites and nesting habitats.

Migration: Many fish species depend on seasonal migrations to reach appropriate breeding grounds, and patterns of fish migration are closely related to reproductive behaviors. Changes in water temperatures and currents brought on by climate change may interfere with these migratory patterns, making it more difficult for populations to persist and reproduce. Studies suggest that migration timing in juvenile salmon has advanced in response to rising water temperatures (Russell et al., 2012; Todd et al., 2012). This response is considered mostly plastic, occurring within a relatively short time frame

Many fish species depend on seasonal migrations to reach appropriate breeding grounds, and patterns of fish migration are closely related to reproductive behaviors.

(<35 years), and is likely influenced by temperature as a strong proximate cue for smolt migration. Juanes et al. (2004) found that long-term trends in migration timing of Atlantic salmon align with temperature changes, suggesting a plastic response.

2. Developmental Stages

Egg Incubation: Small temperature increases can dramatically increase egg mortality, particularly in tropical species (Gagliano et al., 2007). Eggs are highly sensitive to temperature, with tolerance limits typically within ±6°C of the spawning temperature for many fish species (Rombough, 1997).

Temperature significantly affects the rate of embryonic development, with the rate more than tripling for each 10°C increase in temperature (Rombough, 1997). Adjustments in spawn-

ing timing may be necessary to optimize embryo development as oceans and rivers warm, given the temperature sensitivity of gametogenesis in many fish species.

Larvae: Temperature influences various aspects of larval development including metabolism, growth, developmental rate, and stage duration (Benoît et al., 2000). Larval growth rates increase with temperature for both temperate and tropical species, with temperature explaining up to 89% of the variation in growth rates among cohorts of some species (Sponaugle and Cowen, 1996). Developmental rates increase in warmer water, leading to shorter stage durations including time until yolk absorption, metamorphosis, and pelagic larval duration (PLD) (Rombough, 1997). Larval survivorship may increase

with faster growth and reduced PLD at higher temperatures, although mortality rates are usually high during the larval phase (Houde, 1989).

3. Ocean Acidification

When the seas absorb too much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, it causes ocean acidification, which can be harmful to fish reproduction. Many marine creatures have their calcification processes disturbed by acidification, which affects fish eggs and larvae’s ability to form shells and changes the sensory cues that fish utilize for mating and navigation. Effects of acidification on estuarine fishes have been largely ignored, but recent data suggest significant acidification in estuarine environments, which could have implications for fish populations (Feely et al., 2010).

Larval Stages: Larval stages are predicted to be more sensitive to elevated pCO2 due to their larger surface area-to-volume ratio and potentially less-developed mechanisms for acid–base balance compensation (Ishimatsu et al., 2008;). Limited evidence suggests that pCO2 levels predicted for the next 50–100 years may not have serious effects on the growth and development of larval fishes (Kikkawa et al., 2003).

Olfactory System and Behavior: Elevated pCO2 can impair the olfactory system of some marine fishes, affecting their ability to distinguish between ecologically important chemical cues. Larval clownfish and damselfish exposed to elevated CO2 levels exhibited altered behavior, leading to increased mortality from predation, which could significantly affect reef fish population replenishment (Dixson et al., 2010).

4. Environmental Pollution

Anthropogenic pollution occurs from a range of sources and introduces toxins and other pollutants into aquatic ecosystems. It presents major concerns to fish reproductive health. Chemical pollutants provide a long-term hazard to fish populations because they can disrupt hormone regulation, lead to developmental abnormalities, and impede reproduction.

Research has been done on pollution and how different contaminants affect fish, and this field is continually being studied. Even though there have been recent studies on the effects of nanoparticles, the most common pollutants are pesticides and heavy metals (Khoshnood, 2016). Globally, heavy metals are among the most researched pollutants. It has been demonstrated that they interact with aquatic habitats in several ways. Two main routes have been demonstrated: both human-made and natural. One may list wind-blown dust, forest fires, volcanic activity (both terrestrial and marine), and erosion of ore-bearing rocks as natural pathways by which heavy metals can reach aquatic habitats. The anthropogenic route of heavy metals

is caused by solid waste dumped in coastal areas and wastewater from industry, agriculture, and cities. The anthropogenic source of heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu) is one to three orders of magnitude more than the natural release of these elements, despite the fact that heavy metals have enormous natural sources. The primary source of anthropogenic heavy metal contamination is industrial effluent, which has an impact on a variety of aquatic habitats, including lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, seas, and oceans.

Due to their widespread use and great diversity, pesticides are among the most significant pollutants of aquatic environments. In addition to their effects on target organisms, these pollutants have a significant effect on non-target organisms (Khoshnood, 2016). According to estimates, about 98% and 95% of pesticides and herbicides applied, respectively, end up on non-target species (USEPA, 2002). These compounds have been described to move in a variety of ways. For example, wind can transport the pesticides from one field to another, runoff from heavy irrigation or rain can carry them to other bodies of water, including underground reservoirs, and pesticides can affect non-target organisms in all of these ways. Human errors in the manufacture, use, distribution, and storage of pesticides have an impact on other species as well (USEPA, 2002). However, due to their unique chemical features, a large range of pesticides have distinct environmental destinations and activities. Many of these chemicals have been outlawed throughout time because to their negative effects on non-target species, and the usage of many others is subject to stringent controls. Today’s pesticides are less motile, less persistent, and more species-specific, which helps to lessen their impacts on non-target creatures (Khoshnood et al., 2014).

5. Natural Food Availability

Climate change is predicted to increase average water temperature

and affect food supply for marine fishes, but how these changes will influence reproductive performance is still poorly understood. Both temperature and food level had substantial effects on some reproductive attributes and physical condition of fish. Most noticeably, increases in water temperature caused a substantial reduction in reproduction, with complete reproductive failure at elevated temperatures and low food supply. Fish that reproduced at higher temperatures produced smaller eggs, which has important implications for juvenile success (Donelson et al., 2008). There was no indication of plasticity in the timing of reproduction relative to water temperature, with individuals at all temperatures commencing breeding within a week of each other. Although the lack of breeding in some pairs may represent a delay in reproduction, and thus some plasticity in this trait, the loss of a season’s breeding in a population with average ages of 2 to 8 yr would represent a significant loss of individual fitness. Understanding the acclimation and adaptation potential for fish species is vital for predicting the long-term effects of climate change.

Many marine creatures have their calcification processes disturbed by acidification, which affects fish eggs and larvae’s ability to form shells and changes the sensory cues that fish utilize for mating and navigation.

The presence of similar amounts of visceral fat in fish on the high ration diet at all temperatures suggests that daily energetic requirements might still have been met at higher temperatures. Consequently, it appears that elevated water temperature alone can affect reproductive success and could result in reduced reproductive capacity. of tropical fish regardless of food availability. There is limited information on the combined effects of temperature and food availability on reproduction in ectothermic vertebrates, but studies on invertebrates show similar trends to those observed here, with egg production suppressed at high temperatures even when ample food was provided (Woodward & White, 1981; Snell, 1986).

6. Stress

Depending on the stage of life at which stress is encountered as well as the intensity and duration of the stressor, stress can have different effects on reproduction. It has the ability to suppress reproduction or hasten ovulation. In order to make up for lowquality gametes, restrictions on mate selection may also lead to an increase in the quantity of gametes (Gowaty

et al., 2007). Stressors experienced in one developmental stage might also have an impact on subsequent periods. The multiple facets of physiology that fish experience as they develop and reproduce were skillfully shown by these “aspects” may be susceptible to the impacts of stresses. A fish’s social environment can also affect reproduction through interactions with the endocrine stress response.

Conclusion

The survival and endurance of fish populations are significantly affected with climate change posing as a serious threat for their reproductive success impacting the fisheries and aquatic ecosystems as a whole. There is a confluence of habitat loss, migratory disruptions, ocean’s acidification, pollution, water quality, and food availability which causes stress in fish spawning. With the increase of temperature, breeding events become out of synchronization, and the success of egg-laying becomes compromised while increasing acidity and pollution levels further damper the development and survivability of fish at embryonic and larval stages. In addition, the changes in food re-

Climate change is predicted to increase average water temperature and affect food supply for marine fishes, but how these changes will influence reproductive performance is still poorly understood.

sources and water quality further worsen the negative impacts on fecundity resulting in the production of small fish in size and weak in many species. Some species are likely to have some amount of plasticity to such stressors but the rate at which climate change is occurring, every population of fish will not be able to adapt to the situation in the immediate future. How these factors act in unison is not well clearly understood which in turn makes it difficult to predict the future condition of fish diversity and ecosystems’ health. As a result, promoting conservation and adaptive measures will much more needed in future.

References and sources consulted by the author on

Bhavesh Choudhary* Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Agartala, 799210, Tripura (West), India.

*Corresponding author email –bhaveshchoudhary@yahoo.com

Arup Das College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Agartala, 799210, Tripura (West), India. Nayan Chouhan Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Aquatic Health & Environment, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Agartala, 799210, Tripura (West), India.

Updates from Singapore

For me, Singapore has always been an example of what can be achieved with desire, discipline and hard work. It is amazing to see how a country that only declared itself an independent republic in 1965, living under very different conditions than today, has become one of the most prosperous, civilized and secure places in the world. It is clear that the vision of the country, yesterday and today, has everything to do with it. A state that has invested in its people, both in education and in public health, and that has fought the greatest problem of humanity, corruption, is seeing how the great efforts it has made have paid

off, and its citizens now have the most powerful passport in the world and a prosperous future.

When visiting Singapore, it is always interesting to see what new developments are on offer. With this in mind, I recently had the opportunity to participate in two events that took place concurrently a few weeks ago: the “Singapore International AgriFood Week (SIAW)” and the “Asia-Pacific Agri-Food Innovation Summit”. Both were held at the impressive Marina Bay Sands convention center. Overall, the experience was as anticipated.

On the one hand, there were at least three companies dedicated not only to the production of black sol-

dier fly meal, but also to the production of oil, which, as we know, is the biggest bottleneck in the production of aquafeed, to be able to satisfy the demand that we will have in a shorter and shorter time. I tried to see some publications on the results of these oils on the growth of aquaculture species, but no one could point me to any publication; however, I do not imagine that it will take long.

I had the opportunity to speak with several manufacturers of marine algae products who are not dedicated to the business of replacing fishmeal in aquaculture species, but rather to the inclusion of their products for the pet market, but un-

When visiting Singapore, it is always interesting to see what new developments are on offer. With this in mind, I recently had the opportunity to participate in two events that took place concurrently a few weeks ago: the “Singapore International Agri-Food Week (SIAW)” and the “Asia-Pacific Agri-Food Innovation Summit”. Both were held at the impressive Marina Bay Sands convention center. Overall, the experience was as anticipated.

doubtedly marine algae have more acceptance and a larger market. The big problem we have today is that the protein content is only 6%, and this obviously makes the large-scale inclusion of these meals not yet practical or economically viable. But I want to emphasize this because for anyone who understands the global scarcity of resources and the potential of algae, it is obvious that algae is undoubtedly the future of feed for all farmed animals. Yes, there is still a lot of work to be done, a lot of research to be done, especially in genetic improvements that will produce algae with lower water content and higher content of easily digestible protein, but Rome was not built in a day and we had better get to work as soon as possible if we want to contribute to a real solution to the problems of future generations.

Finally, what caught my attention the most was the large amount of animal protein produced in laboratories. Just a few years ago this was a very attractive idea, but today there are several companies offering this product, not only from fish and seafood, but also from land animals. It is clear that this market will grow in size and value and that part of the market will be satisfied with protein from this source. They have the same challenges that we all have to reduce and optimize the cost of production per

gram of meat or protein, which is ultimately the business that we are all in.

Let’s follow these trends very closely, because they are coming from a place that in many ways is several decades ahead of most of the world. Let’s keep our eyes open and our minds open even more. The only constant in humanity is change, and the future will most likely be different from what we imagine today, but whatever it is, aquaculture will be at the forefront. The greatest wealth of our industry is diversity, and whatever we produce, wherever we produce it, our business and the future of mankind depends on us getting better and better at it.

* Antonio Garza de Yta is COO of Blue Aqua International-Gulf, Vice President of the International Center for Strategic Studies in Aquaculture (CIDEEA), President of Aquaculture Without Frontiers (AwF), Past President of the World Aquaculture Society (WAS), Former Secretary of Fisheries and Aquaculture of Tamaulipas, Mexico, and Creator of the Certification for Aquaculture Professionals (CAP) Program with Auburn University.

Once Again, I Feel Compelled to Discuss the Subject of Sustainability: Comments

* By Stephen Newman, Ph.D.

More than 45 years of working with the global aquaculture industry, an undergraduate degree in Fish and Wildlife Management with a focus on ecology and a Ph.D. on a vibrio that causes disease in farmed salmon and shrimp and thousands of hours in the field in dozens of countries consulting on a wide variety of aquaculture related topics and selling products for improving animal health and the aquatic environment. As I have written before, while the definition might be simple it is not a straightforward concept.

I would define sustainability as the ability to conduct an activity in a manner that is consistent and that can be done more less in a similar manner generation after generation. While it can evolve with time, these activities cannot negatively impact the production environment in a significant manner, either directly or indirectly. They must be such that the farmers can generate consistent profits, although there are greater economic forces at work, notably supply and demand, which can impact short term profitability. Unfortunately, as is all too common with similar words, such as green, eco, etc., the use of the term sustainable has become a marketing term muddying the reality.

Focusing on shrimp farming there are three primaries, albeit overlapping, production paradigms. One

As

if I have not talked enough about sustainability, I felt compelled to reiterate some of what I have said and add a few other things. The more I read about sustainability the more I think that there is confusion about what it means. What is it and what isn’t it? What makes me qualified to offer my perspective?

is extensive with very low stocking densities with little if any added feed. Fertilizing the ponds may be all that is needed to ensure optimal productivity. The second is semi-intensive. An example of this would be what is dominating the Ecuadorean production system. Stocking densities are in the 10 to 24 animals per m2. Shrimp are fed compound feeds and ponds are aerated. Finally, there are high density systems. These are typically small ponds with liners and can be stocked with 100’s of animals per m2. Each of these has it challenges although there are many elements in common as well.

Can shrimp farming as it is currently practiced be considered a sustainable activity? As a whole, I do not think so. Some elements appear to be, but most are not. Several NGOs are involved in the process of determining, often with some farmer input,

what they consider to be sustainable, and this can entail things like treating animals in a manner that they consider to be humane, ensuring that other NGOs comply with their perspectives, etc. More on this later.

In aquaculture, sustainable production includes feed manufacture and its components. This is both larval and grow out diets. It also includes water treatment before, during and after use (from the farming process as well as from the feed mills and processing plants). Other factors are animal health and animal productivity (survivals, growth rates, etc.). Some consider “humane” treatment of the animals as a critical element as well. The impact of climate change on the ability to produce animals consistently also needs to be considered. As this article is an op-ed and not a treatise on sustainability with references, etc. it is not going to be all encompassing.

Ecuador semi-intensive farms.

High density shrimp farm in Vietnam.

What do I see as the weaknesses? Each of the components mentioned above has its considerations and, in some instances, there is substantial controversy about what needs to change and what can change to ensure true sustainability.

What do I see as the weaknesses?

Each of the components mentioned above has its considerations and, in some instances, there is substantial controversy about what needs to change and what can change to ensure true sustainability. One very important issue is how the waste streams are handled. These differ depending upon the production paradigm. Wastes typically are high in organic matter and come from a variety of sources, including but not limited to feed, feces and molts. The nature

of the production environment impacts the nature of the waste stream. Extensive systems generate relatively small amounts of waste while the intensive systems can generate very large amounts of waste. When wastes are returned untreated or in some instances partially treated to the environment, this can add pollutants (defined here as nutrients that support algal blooms and by products that may be toxic as they accumulate over time) which risks reducing the efficiency of the production process. The widespread use and abuse of antibiotics, disinfectants and marketers selling pseudoscience-based products and even some well-intentioned scientists whose research suggests utility of some compounds that appear well suited based on aquarium studies all contribute to the presence of potential pollutants. Pollutants are inconsistent with sustainability especially when they are nutrients and/or persistent non-biodegradable materials.

For many species, focusing on shrimp, feed makes up a significant component of the cost of production. The inclusion of animal-based sources of protein (today fish meal makes up a significant percentage) in feeds are controversial among some groups while others are content that responsible science based, well founded ecological principles ensure that these sources are sustainable. Fisheries are typically “regulated” al-

though it would be naïve to think that this means that this is always done in responsible manner. With climate change consistency will likely be elusive. Food sources for fish can change forcing populations to move. Changes in reproductive rates can influence population dynamics resulting in slower growing animals and potential overfishing. Fish meal is widely held to be an essential ingredient in feeds for farmed shrimp and for many fish. There is a great deal of interest in insect meals and other terrestrial animal meal sources (poultry).

There is solid data that supports the use of supplemented vegetable sources as being able to partially or even wholly replace fish meal. Some are skeptical about this and with recent genetic innovations, such as the lines being produced by CP, high growth rates may require the use of fish meal or other meat-based substitutes for optimization. Growing a 38 plus gram animal in less than 90 days is not the same as producing a 15gram animal in the same time frame. The scientific community must conduct solid, non-biased research under field conditions with appropriate controls to optimize feeding rations as the tonnage continues to increase overall, not just of farmed shrimp but of fish as well.

Animal health, for many, is probably the single most challenging aspect of shrimp (and fish) production.

Untreated effluent is not a component of sustainability.

Rearing animals under stressful conditions can result in increased susceptibility to both obligate and opportunistic pathogens. The very nature of some production paradigms in which there is a failure to control the presence of other crustaceans such as crabs as well as fish, among others, ensures that the milieu is such that pathogens can be present and even evolve. The closer animals are to each other in high density production systems, the greater the potential for pathogens to move between animals. It is important to understand the distinction between disease and pathogens. Many pathogens can be present in healthy animals with no overt pathology being present. Disease is a pathological process by which a bacterium, virus, toxin(s), heavy metals,

poisons and/or parasites, etc. cause structural damage to an animal that result in overt changes in appearance, function and survivability. It can be chronic or acute or even transitory with animals’ immune systems dealing with the invasion and the affected animals returning to health. The mere presence of a pathogen does not mean that there will be a disease outbreak.

Some of the tools that are available to mitigate the impact of disease are vaccines-widely used ins fish culture, usually against specific pathogens and non-specific immune stimulants, typically the generic cell walls of bacteria, such as LPS and PG and yeast such as the glucans in use in shrimp farming. A wide variety of homeopathic substances also have

the potential to assist in the control and prevention of diseases although what works in the lab does not invariably work in the field. The best approach to disease is avoidance. When this is not possible, or impractical, efforts should be made to minimize the loads of obligate pathogens and maximize the animal’s ability to tolerate exposure.

Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) animals play an important role in minimizing the presence of specific pathogens. Typically, these animals are not necessarily free of all pathogens, but certain pathogens have been eliminated from the broodstock and the manner that each life stage is produced is consistent with keeping these specific pathogens out of the production system. Eliminating all

The very nature of some production paradigms in which there is a failure to control the presence of other crustaceans such as crabs as well as fish, among others, ensures that the milieu is such that pathogens can be present and even evolve.

potential pathogens, as many are opportunistic, is not practical and difficult to maintain although RAS systems can be designed that minimize the potential exposure. I do not believe that sustainability requires that there be no disease, but that the factors that contribute to susceptibility are controlled to the extent that they can be. This includes ensuring proper nutrition which varies between species and environments. It also includes keeping obligate pathogens below threshold levels and ensuring that those factors that contribute to susceptibility are minimized. Consistent massive disease outbreaks ensure non-sustainability.

Another critical element of sustainability is profitability. The market

must be willing to pay enough for the product for the producer to make sufficient profit that justifies the effort. The supply chain has multiple nodes all of which must make a profit. If the production is constrained in a manner that precludes generating a profit, then the supply chain will collapse or worse develop a means to continue to operate that are unethical, immoral and/or illegal.

Some attempt to shape the way animals are produced to their own ideas and if others do not agree, they argue that this means that this lack of compliance equals unsustainability. A relatively recent issue of this nature is the admonition that ablating the eye stalk of adult shrimp to induce spawning is cruel to the animal.

There is solid data to show that the economic benefits from doing this in a manner that minimizes animal discomfort (using a hot pair of forceps to pinch the eyestalk) far outweighs the costs of not doing it. Whether or not shrimp feel pain is not central to the concept of sustainability. The point is that sustainability is less about being nice to the animals we consume than it is about developing cost effective, rational, reproducible sciencebased approaches to food production. There are many who espouse that lab grown meat will fill this need, and we can stop eating animal flesh. I do not think that this will happen in the manner that many would have us believe. Humans are animals and driven by their animal natures. I am in no

way saying that mitigation of animal cruelty is not important. However, it needs to be based on solid science and must also take into account the economic impacts and the nature of the animal being farmed.

Once there is some consensus as to what constitutes sustainability, the subsequent challenge will be to figure out how to verify that those who claim to be sustainable are in fact compliant with the consensus. Several NGOs are selling their approaches and there is, as of yet, no widespread

Can shrimp farming as it is currently practiced be considered a sustainable activity? As a whole, I do not think so. Some elements appear to be, but most are not.

and universal agreement that what is being advocated is indeed the path to sustainability. There are hundreds of thousands of shrimp and fish farms globally. The task of ensuring that they all are complying all the time is monumental and more than likely cannot be done economically. Driving these industries towards consolidation and vertical integration, much as has happened with farmed salmon, will be challenging.

The one subject that I have not broached is that of corruption. It is unfortunate but this is an aspect of many countries that farm shrimp. Some companies and in some instances government officials, including regulators, readily accept compensation for the use of products. This is a huge impediment to sustainability and until it is history, there is little hope that even if all the other criteria are met that one would be able to consider the industry sustainable.

In conclusion, there does not seem to be a universal agreement as to what constitutes sustainability. Economic considerations play an important role in driving this as sustainable practices must also ensure prof-

itability. Trying to make a “perfect” system may drive costs up resulting ultimately in a reduction in demand. Seafood produced by aquaculture may become a luxury item beyond the financial wherewithal of the average consumer in countries that rely heavily on imported seafood.

* Stephen G. Newman has a bachelor’s degree from the University of Maryland in Conservation and Resource Management (ecology) and a Ph.D. from the University of Miami, in Marine Microbiology. He has over 40 years of experience working within a range of topics and approaches on aquaculture such as water quality, animal health, biosecurity with special focus on shrimp and salmonids. He founded Aquaintech in 1996 and continues to be CEO of this company to the present day. It is heavily focused on providing consulting services around the world on microbial technologies and biosecurity issues.

sgnewm@aqua-in-tech.com www.aqua-in-tech.com www.bioremediationaquaculture.com www.sustainablegreenaquaculture.com.

Musseling in on CONXEMAR

Spain is the center of attention in the international seafood world since Seafood Expo Global moved to Barcelona (from its original roots in Brussels) but this has not stopped the people of Spain having their own event, based in their largest fishing port, Vigo, Galicia. This year was the 25th CONXEMAR and it attracted over 27,000 people over a 3 days period in October 2024 held at Vigo Trade Fair Institute (IFEVI). The FishProf was invited by ICEX.

* By FishProf

Spain brings back so many great memories for the FishProf. Lots of great friends, places and experiences enjoyed. The seafood in Spain is just next level, and the people just know their fish, they know what they like, and they eat it constantly but, sadly, things are shifting in Spain with generational change.

Spain is surrounded by 8,000 km of coastline, with an ancestral fishing tradition and a seafaring culture that runs through their veins. Spain is a power in the world of fishing, and their coastal towns have been built on seafood tourism. Like Japan, Spanish people have been lovers of fish and in both countries, they are now seeing declines in local consumption.

The Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food have reported that consumption has dropped by 30% in the last ten years. What has happened?

During COVID-19 it was researched and reported (de la Iglesia, R. et al.) in their paper “Fish, Seafood, and Fish Products Purchasing Habits in the Spanish Population during COVID-19”

that there was a 45% general increase in purchases of fish, seafood, and fish products by Spanish households during the months of lockdown in Spain. They particularly noted the significant difference between the retiree and the youngest populations in the relative increment of fish, seafood, and fish products purchases, being much higher in the elderly. Surprisingly, the

use of e-commerce was high among the group of older age.

In another paper on consumer preferences of five European Union countries (Menozzi, D. et al.) it highlighted that seafood products are accepted as important sources of protein and components of a healthy and sustainable diet. The need to understanding consumers’ preferences for fish products is crucial for increasing fish consumption. In this research consumer choices were investigated for fresh fish in the retail markets where small and medium enterprises are the operators as against the mammoth international supermarket chains. Species such as Cod, herring, seabass, seabream, salmon, trout, and pangasius head the sales. The

research results showed the highest premiums were for wild-caught fish rather than farm-raised alternatives. Ready-to-cook products were generally preferred to whole fish, whereas fish fillet preference was more a species-specific determination. This report (produced through the Primefish Project, a project funded by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program) promoted that public authorities’ campaigns should inform consumers about the tangible benefits related with health and environmental advantages.

The FishProf believes that many NGO’s along with Certification organizations have ‘muddied the waters’ with campaigns and logos and the seafood consumers have become confused. Governments and industry are to be blamed. Both have allowed

this confusion to be driven by the major supermarkets lazy approach to purchasing so this has proliferated and with the added strength of global organizations pushing ‘fast food’ alternatives promoting poor health outcomes the community is falling well short of the nutritional value that fish/seafood delivers.

The Spanish government are attempting to turn things around by supporting grass roots industry and have launched the campaign “Fill your sea table”, designed especially for their citizens who are looking for fresh, nutritious and easy-to-prepare options and clearly targeting increased seafood consumption. The initiative, part of the “Alimentos de España” (Foods of Spain) strategy, will see gastronomic events featuring fish and seafood taking place in culinary

schools, municipal markets, and Paradors (the network of state-run hotels housed in historic buildings).

Additionally, Spain is through ICEX (essentially its Trade & Marketing arm) working to assist their industry in exporting more seafood.

People are missing the point on seafood. It is healthy, sustainable and versatile and is generally well managed through government processes. Certification has not changed poorly managed country resources. All that has happened is that it has added additional costs to already well managed resources and created another industry between the harvester and the customer!

Every seafood meal that comes out of the water is packed full of flavor and essential nutrients, micro-nutrients, vitamins and high-quality pro-

Welcome to Conxemar in Vigo

The

FishProf thought that the most pertinent point made came from the media session where it was highlighted that the industry was its own worst enemy.

tein. Good harvesters, be they farmers or fishers, are essential to global health and well-being. They need to be supported.

Spain’s new campaign, currently underway, “Un país infinito en productos del mar y recetas” (A country infinite in seafood products and recipes), aims to raise awareness about the importance of seafood consumption and the sustainability of fish and shellfish production. Events are taking place featuring fish products from Mediterranean and Cantabrian fishing guilds prepared by top Parador chefs, highlighting the variety and richness of Spanish seafood. Participating guilds include those from Calpe, Santa Pola (Alicante), Gandía (Valencia), Vinaroz (Castellón), Portosín (La Coruña), Luarca (Asturias), and Colindres (Cantabria).

CONXEMAR takes seafood to the whole city of Vigo, flags are flying and there is a real buzz about seafood generated whilst you are there. Besides the economic impact various recreational and educational activities involving the whole city were scheduled. Among them, the ‘Fish & Kids CONXEMAR’ children’s days and the ‘ConxeFest, Fish & Hits’ music band contest – seemed to be well received.

Children between 9 and 11 years were the focus of the educational workshops ‘Fish & Kids CONXEMAR’ which went for two weeks. At this event the children were discovering marine biodiversity, getting an understanding of the entire seafood production chain and guided by a chef, cooking and tasting different varieties of fish. This experience

also allows them to become aware of the circular economy through the recycling of packaging.

‘ConxeFest, Fish & Hits’ was aimed at teenager audiences and over 130 emerging Galician bands applied for the final. Through social networks those that achieved the popular vote saw five bands participate in the final. The final was live, and it gave opportunity for seafood truck gastronomy to be on hand with many funds donated to charity.

Conxemar Conference

27,000 people over a 3 days period in October 2024 held at Vigo Trade Fair Institute (IFEVI). The FishProf was invited by ICEX.

As far as the FishProf can determine ‘CONXEMAR’ means ‘congeal’ assuming it has some connection to ‘the industry taking shape or coming together’. That is exactly what happens, and its focus is for people wanting to sell their seafood or related goods into Spain and for Spanish organizations to bring their teams and their customers together and update with new products, set new horizons for their sales, meet new clients and impress the old ones. There is a focus on Vigo and Galicia for sure but that in itself is a seafood paradise.

This year, CONXEMAR had more than 750 stands located on 37,000 square meters and they report-

edly generate 235 million euros and 6,500 jobs each year in the Vigo area. Their figures show that 110 different countries were represented through both the expo stands (46 different countries) and delegates. Dominican Republic, South Africa, Mexico, Indonesia, Namibia, Poland and Slovenia were first time exhibitors.

To measure the impact the organizers, engage Zona Franca and the Ardán Chair of the University of Vigo according to the CONXEMAR president, Eloy García. He stated the study highlights the importance of meeting the needs of the industry in order to continue growing, given that for every 6,000 square meters of unmet demand, 20 million euros (USD 21.16 million) are lost.

This special edition of the Expo recognized the 25th anniversary of

CONXEMAR. There were many interconnections with the public including a music attraction and a special competition (ConxeTapas) that aims to bring the flavor of frozen seafood to Vigo’s Old Town. Adding value to the Spanish government’s promotions. Approximately twenty establishments made offerings of their best seafood tapas, people could then scan the QR code found on the promotional supports and vote for the best tapa, thus entering the draw to be known as the Champion Seafood Tapas in Vigo. Prizes and awards were made to the winners.

Paparota restaurant triumphed at ConxeTapas, the gastronomic competition with the best frozen seafood product. Their winning tapa was the Gambonia Garden, a recipe based on prawns, mushrooms (boletus), tetilla (soft local cheese with a nipple shape) and zucchini flowers with corn bread. Restaurants Paparrúa and Pintxoteca finished 2nd and 3rd respectively.

FAO International Congress @CONXEMAR

The FishProf was able to attend the 12th edition of the CONXEMAR FAO International Congress which is the beginning of the intense seafood focus days in Vigo. Focusing on ‘Responsibility for the future’, and especially on the SOFIA 2024 Report - Sustainable Development Goals: Responsibility for the Future report. This conference brought together many specialist speakers who, in groups, were analyzing the current challenges and opportunities of the seafood processing and marketing industry and its commitment to sustainability.

The panel discussions of international experts dealt with topics such as the global context of fisheries and aquaculture, sustainable management of fishery resources, challenges and opportunities for the sector in terms of regulations, innovation in the value chain, and the responsibility of the media and its social influence on the management of sustainability messages. The FishProf thought that the most pertinent

Mussel harvester

Chile currently exports frozen and fresh salmon to 76 countries, with the main destination markets being the United States, Brazil, Russia, China and the European Union. Chilean salmon exports are vital to the national economy and regions with strong aquaculture industries.

point made came from the media session where it was highlighted that the industry was its own worst enemy. The issue was the failure to rid itself of the ‘dodgy’ elements (people and practices) and lifting the veil of secrecy to be more transparent. The industry, if really genuine, could change this very quickly.

CONXEMAR exhibition serves as a meeting point for wholesalers, importers, exporters, processors, manufacturers, distributors, refrigerators, machinery, and auxiliary industry (refrigeration, packaging, plastics, etc.) over three days. Aligning with the Conference theme the emphasis was on the transition of aquatic food towards responsible food systems.

CONXEMAR have a hosted buyer program, in conjunction with ICEX, where people from Rumania, USA, Australia, South Africa, Korea, UAE, Namibia, Argentina, Slovenia and others are introduced to many of the Spanish exporters and additionally are escorted on tours around Vigo visiting government institutions, processing plants, fish markets, aquaculture farms and especially seafood restaurants. The FishProf was very grateful to have been treated to all those extras.

In addition to the companies associated with CONXEMAR the Spanish Association of Wholesalers, Importers, Exporters, and Processors of Fishery and Aquaculture Products,

which includes a total of 260 companies representing 65.6% of the turnover and 57.9% of the direct employment in the industry and marketing of fishery products in Spain, the exhibition had a large international presence both in-country pavilions and in foreign and European exhibiting companies.

The importance and potential of this sector is reflected in the socioeconomic impact of CONXEMAR week for the Vigo area, which last year exceeded EUR 750 million (USD 832.9 million). As mentioned, the concept of responsibility, and under the slogan ‘We are one planet, one commitment, one fair’, was strong among the exhibitors and suppliers

Half shell mussels

People are missing the point on seafood. It is healthy, sustainable and versatile and is generally well managed through government processes. Certification has not changed poorly managed country resources. All that has happened is that it has added additional costs to already well managed resources and created another industry between the harvester and the customer!

who were encouraged to prioritize the supply of local products to boost the regional economy while reducing carbon emissions from transport.

Chile Salmon to Australia

Announced during CONXEMAR

After a long audit process carried out by the Australian Government’s Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF), Chile has been notified of its official recognition for the export of Chilean processed salmonids to Australia with the National Fisheries and Aquaculture Service (Sernapesca) as the Competent Authority authorized for its certification.

This news came through during CONXEMAR and FishProf was able to discuss this opportunity with Mau-

ricio Toirkens (Chilean Commercial Director of Salmones Austral) and Manuel Garcia from their European Commercial Office. Both were looking forward to ProChile and Sernapesca online seminar to provide information to interested companies about the technical aspects of this opening and the promotion of the product in the market because they were not fully across the opportunity.

Salmones Austral brands of Pacific Star & Trusal they said would be well received in Australia and they were looking forward to developing those brands in that market.

The General Director of ProChile, Ignacio Fernández said “This is undoubtedly great news. The salmon industry in Chile is one of the main

exporters in the food sector, with shipments exceeding USD 6 billion in 2023 and so far, this year, we see figures reaching USD 4.1 billion. The opening of Australia means the diversification of markets for this product and a recognition of the quality of our food.”

“It was a long audit process carried out on the inspection, control and certification systems that Sernapesca maintains throughout the

Impossible to visit Vigo and not show Octopus

salmonid value chain, and it is a great recognition coming from one of the most demanding markets in the world in terms of biosecurity, which opens a new market where Sernapesca will be able to certify and facilitate the export process,” National Director of Sernapesca, Soledad Tapia Almonacid reportedly said.

Meanwhile the politics of this decision is creating a lot of heat in Australia. The opposition stated that the Albanese Australian Government’s contempt for Tasmania’s salmon industry has plunged to an astounding new low with news that it has now approved Chilean salmon imports for entry into the Australian market.

In their press release they stated, ‘the decision to green-light imports from a country with a long catalogue of environmental and human rights problems in its salmon industry is all the more galling given that it comes at the very same time as Labor’s Environment Minister, Tanya Plibersek, has handicapped salmon farming in Tasmania’s Macquarie Harbour with an indefinite review into its environmental credentials.’

They added “Our salmon industry abides by the highest environmental standards and goes out of its way to invest in research and regulate its activities to ensure its sustainability and to maintain its social license. The Chilean salmon industry on the other hand has some of the worst compliance and instances of environmental harm one could think of. Is it right for Australia to import Chilean salmon when our environmental standards are so different to one another?”

“We absolutely support free trade, but this has to be done on equal terms. We can’t disadvantage ourselves through having high environmental standards and worker rights while allowing salmon into our market from a country with arguably some of the lowest environmental standards and an abysmal record of worker rights within their own salmon industry.”

“Federal Labor bowed to activists by instigating a review into salmon farming at Macquarie Harbour which could see this industry shut down on

the West Coast. If that happens, they undoubtedly won’t stop until salmon farming throughout our state is finished. The outcome would be that we would ultimately be consuming salmon from countries that have worse standards than Australia: a horrible outcome for our workers, our economy and the global environment.”

“This decision has been quietly lodged on a Chilean Government website with no mention from Federal Agriculture and Fisheries Minister Julie Collins. This issue can’t be swept under the carpet. The Minister needs to front up and explain why allowing Chilean salmon into Australia, with the baggage of an awful history of environmental harm and worker abuse, is acceptable when our own industry is under threat from her government and activists who want it shut down because of ideology.”

The Tasmanian State Minister for Business, Industry and Resources, Eric Abetz, (a former federal minister) stated “Federal Labor have taken another alarming step towards closing down Tasmania’s salmon industry, opening the door to imported salmon. It’s a smack in the face to

the hundreds of hardworking Tasmanians to have Federal Labor priorities importing product from South America, rather than providing much needed certainty to Tasmania’s own salmon industry.”

Further he made it very clear that Tasmania will only sell Tasmanian salmon in stating “Thankfully Tasmania has well established biosecurity controls in place that prohibit the importation of high-risk salmon products into our State. There’s no way the products that have been approved by Minister Collins for importation into Australia will make their way onto Tasmanian shelves.”

Carrefour supermarket fresh fish display in Madrid 24 hr shopOctopus

FEBRUARY 2025

SIMEC AQUAFISH

Feb. 3-5, 2025

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T: +966 506467847

E: exhibition@cityevents.com.sa

W: https://en.simec-expo.com

AQUAFARM

Feb 12-13, 2025

Pordenone, Italy

T: +39 0434 232111

Fax: +39 0434 57415

E: pdeodorico@fierapordenone.it

W: www.fierapordenone.it

GULFOOD 30TH EDITION

Feb 17-21, 2025

Duba, United Arab Emirates

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MARCH 2025

AQUACULTURE 2025

March 6-10, 2025

New Orleans, USA

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Fax: (+1) 760 751 5003

E: worldaqua@was.org

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EVENTS AND EXHIBITIONS

AQUAFUTURE SPAIN 2025...........BACK COVER May 20-22, 2025

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AQUASUR TECH

March 26-27, 2025

Punta Arenas, Chile

T: +56 2 2530 7209

E: ventas@aquasur.cl

W: https://www.aquasurtech.cl/

APRIL 2025

WORLD AQUACULTURE 2025

April 24-27, 2025

Qingdao, China

T: (+1) 760 751 5005

Fax: (+1) 760 751 5003

E: worldaqua@was.org

W: www.was.org

3rd. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION ON AQUACULTURE & FISHERIES (AQUACULTURE HORIZONS 2025)

April 28-30, 2025

Lisbon, Portugal

W: https://www.europeaquacultureconference. com/

MAY 2025

AQUAFUTURE SPAIN

May 20-22, 2025

Vigo, Spain

T: +34620681861

W: https://www.aquafuturespain.com

AUGUST 2025

AQUA NOR

Aug. 19-21, 2025

Trondhein, Norway

T: +47 73 56 86 40

E: post@nor-fishing.no

W: https://www.aquanor.no/en/

SEPTEMBER 2025

11th. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES & AQUACULTURE TRADESHOW - ACUIPERU

Sept. 03-05, 2025

Lima, Peru

T: +51 989 177 352

E: thais@thaiscorp.com

W: www.thaiscorp.com/expopesca

VICTAM LATAM

Sept. 16-18, 2025

Sao Paulo, Brazil

T: +31 33 246 4404

E: expo@victam.com

W: https://www.allaquaculture.com/events/ victam-latam-2025/

AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2025

Sept. 22-25, 2025

Valencia, Spain

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E: worldaqua@was.org

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AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2025 1

Sept. 22-25, 2025

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T: (+1) 760 751 5005

Fax: (+1) 760 751 5003

E: worldaqua@was.org W: www.was.org

11th. INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES & AQUACULTURE TRADESHOW – ACUIPERU ......................................... INSIDE BACK COVER

Sept. 03-05, 2025

Lima, Peru

T: +51 989 177 352

E: thais@thaiscorp.com W: www.thaiscorp.com/expopesca

AQUACULTURE MAGAZINE

Design Publications International Inc. 401 E Sonterra Blvd. Sté. 375. San Antonio, TX. 78258, USA

Office: +210 504 3642

Office in Mexico: +52(33) 8000 0578 - Ext: 8578

Subscriptions: iwantasubscription@

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Cell: +521 33 1466 0392

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Cell: +521 333 968 8515 www.aquaculturemag.com

PANORAMA ACUÍCOLA MAGAZINE

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Contact 1: Subscriptions

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Cell: +521 33 1466 0392

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