Morphological transformation in urbanism

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A B S T R A C T

The purpose of this analysis is to better understand the links between urban form and morphology, in the context of the uncertain flows they might have to adapt.

These expression in the physiognomy or townscape are here to combine a pattern of Building Form, Urban Land Use and a Town Plan.

This have been mainly involved in forming and structuring cities. To understand this form and structure, systematically ‘Glasgow City’ was taken for various methods and tools.

A theoretical framework and quantative methodology for modeling urban form and structure, has been generated to clear the complexity of street plots and the building types of Glasgow. The basic elements of the urban fabric are explored in the integrated analyses of this Case-Study.

Town keeps changing by creating a lifetime history, written deeply into the outline and fabric of their built-up areas, and Glasgow is a city of progress with a diverse City Center. The vision from general society part, the private segment and the social economy, have conveyed huge recovery and social improvement which fills in as a stage for future achievement.

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure1: Urban Transect 10 Figure2: Different districts and Suburbs of City Centre 11 Figure3: Glasgow City Centre Districts 12 Figure4: Pedestrian Track-info 13 Figure5: Cycling track-info 13 Figure6: Public Transport Track-info 13 Figure7: Public Transport Provision 13 Figure8: Traffic Movement 14 Figure9: City Development Map Showing recent land-use 15 Figure10: Showing a Particular green area of City Centre 16 Figure11: Showing a Particular Part of City Centre that has changed a lot in these past year since this marked area is a mixed-use area 22 Figure12: 1980 23 Figure13: 1990 24 Figure14: 2000 25 Figure15: Comparing 1980, 1990, 2000 26 Figure16: Massing 27 Figure18: Appearance 29 Figure19: Plan unit of Medieval Bewdley 35 Figure20: Plan unit of Medieval Bridgnorth 37 Figure21: Planning Process in Bridgnorth 38 Figure22: Land use Around the Old City Wall 40 Figure23: Functional Plan Units of Lodz (1827) 43

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ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURES

C O N T E N T S

PART I ---- OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 1: GENERAL STUDIES 1.1 INTRODUCTION 05 1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM 05 1.3 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND 06 1.4 RESEARCH BASIS 06 1.4.1. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 06 1.4.2. STATEMENT 06 1.4.3. AIM OF THE STUDY 06 1.5. METHODOLOGY 07 PART II ---- BASELINE ANALYSIS CHAPTER 2: THE STRUCTURE 2.1 LOCATION AND GROWTH 09 2.2 STRUCTURE OF THE CITY 10 2.3 MATERIAL 10 2.4 ABOUT GLASGOW 11 CHAPTER 3: URBANFORM INFRASTRUCYURE 3.1 ABOUT CITY CENTRE 12 3.2 TRANSPORT OVERVIEW 13 3.3 DENSITY AND MIX 14 3.4 LANDSCAPING 16

CHAPTER 4: MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT 4.1 GEORGIAN CITY (1760-1830) 17 4.2 VICTORIAN CITY (1831-1914) 18 4.3 MODERN CITY (1915-1988) 19 PART III ---- PROCESS, PEOPLE AND BUILDINGS CHAPTER 5: CONSEQUENCE OF CURRENT URBANFORM 5.1 LAYOUT URBAN GRAIN 22 5.2 MASSING 27 5.3 APPEARANCE 29 5.4 OVERVIEW 31 5.4 TENEMENT 32 CHAPTER 6: APPROACHES TO UNDERSTAND URBANFORM 6.1 ABOUT URBANFORM 33 6.2 BEWDLEY 34 6.3 BRIDGNORTH 36 6.4 CASE OF LLEIDA 39 6.5 INSTANCE OF POLAND 42 PART IV ---- REVIEW OF FINDINGS CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION 45 REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY 47

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PART

1: OBJECTIVES

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CHAPTER

1:

GENERAL STUDIES

1.1. INTRODUCTION Urban Morphology is the study of the type of human settlements and the procedure of their development and change, trying to comprehend the spatial structure and character of a metropolitan zone, city, town or town by looking at the examples of its segment parts. This physical part of urbanism, stressing building writes, avenues, open space, frontages, and streetscapes however barring natural, utilitarian, financial and sociocultural viewpoint is known as Urban Fabric. What's more, the physical attributes that make up developed regions, including the shape, size, thickness and arrangement of settlements, considering diverse scales: local, urban, neighborhood, square and road is characterized as Urban Form.

So, basically, the urban morphology is one of the critical factors as a determinant of the urban Fabric and Urban Form. That can be categorized into three groups, (a) at city scale (b) at neighborhood scale (c) at street square and open space scale Further it is structured in four stages, Understanding, (a) the existing urban morphology situation (b) Policies and urban management institutions (c) The urban morphological zone and spatial patterns (d) The formation and transformations of land use patterns

1.2. RESEARCH PROBLEM Morphological analysis is of basic need within urban studies and one of the essential tools for architects, urban designers, planners and anyone who wants to investigate the urban space. This literature review will try to concentrate on the hierarchical changes within the urban features through the Glasgow City Centre, by following pattern of urban land use, zoning of Districts, comparative analysis between the street network and block pattern.

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1.3. THEORITICAL BACKGROUND The research problem mentioned above has also been the subject of many urban theoretical studies. Many theoretician have dealt with ways of understanding, evaluating and analysis of urban form and structure. Among these various valuable works and contributions, the research problem is constructed on the following notable attempts within urban theory: -A study in town-plan analysis, Alnwick, Northumberland (M.R.G. Conzen, 1960) -The built form of Western Cities (T. R. Slater, 1990) These hypothetical methodologies characterize the system of the examination and give the spine to this theory. The exploration will center around the thoughts, commitments, and discoveries of these hypothetical works in the second part.

1.4. RESEARCH BASIS A review of the literature suggests that the study in urban morphology research is based on the following questions, the statement aim and objectives.

1.4.1. QUESTIONS The following questions emerge from studying the literature of related issues: (i) Are end-all strategies equipped for adapting to urban change at the allinclusive scale? (ii) Can nearby plans control the molding of urban shape in the urban form? (iii) What ways can urban morphology add to arranging practice by detailing instruments for molding the assembled condition at both all-inclusive and neighborhood scales? (iv) Is it conceivable to extensively influence the metabolic execution of urban space by urban advancement approaches and arranging, and what amount? (v) As, we are transforming the city, but are we going to be proud of this transformation?

1.4.2. STATEMENT : Urban Morphology; exploring the form of the urban fabric and how it evolves in time, in relation to larger societal and economic changes; that includes investigations on quantitative/comparative approaches to urban form.

1.4.3. AIM OF THE STUDY While, studying the urban morphology, I learned that, the actual urban development analysis is the process of comparison between present urban developments to the urban changes for the next decade, restructuring the rapid urbanization processes. This dragged my attention to the shortage of public open spaces and fragmented or isolated open spaces to access for inhibits.

So as to see increasingly the urban streetscape as a position of social movement, I found a specialized investigation for estimating manufactured volume as far as building-road associations amassed inside a piece facing comes about an example to consider how morphological properties may offer ascent to road collaboration. These roads and their little developments are outfitted to suit people on foot with the delicate methods of transportation.

The nature of city's living condition spaces affects all parts of life. It is basic that the spaces we make and enhance through the standards of urban arranging will impact how we feel. For the quick extension of globalization with the impromptu association of an urban territory has influenced to build up a city's surroundings, social and monetary establishments. Notwithstanding, those unseemly methodologies of advancement procedures, for example, city's geometric power of thickness, unclear land-utilize design, diverse change frameworks and manufacture structures could enormous change to our urban climatology as well.

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1.5. METHODOLOGY The methodology development is concentrated on five urban ethics within the Glasgow City Centre. They are, a.

Structure of the city b.

Pattern of building form c.

Town plan d.

Pattern of urban land use e.

Urban tissue

The structure of the city will exhibit the metabolic performance of urban space by urban development. The pattern of building form will show the comparative analysis between plots, street and building type. Here town plan will show the zoning manner of the suburbs and districts that fall into Glasgow City Centre, including the thoroughfares. Here the pattern of urban land use will convey the land use formation of City Centre Area. And lastly, the Urban Tissue will show the aerial view of the different part of City Centre focusing on the grain.

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PART

2: BASELINE ANALYSIS

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CHAPTER 2: THE STRUCTURE 2.1. LOCATION AND GROWTH Glasgow is Scotland's biggest city, with a populace of more than 598.990 individuals. It is situated in west focal Scotland, on the River Clyde. The development of Glasgow can be separated into various periods, i. Medieval Glasgow, developed route ways and markets but still remained slow growth ii. 17th & 18th Century, development pf town of port of Glasgow iii. 19th Century, as the industrial revolution grew the population also increased at an incredible rate iv. 20th Century, improvement in the city with the emerged private housing area v. 21st Century, numerous development plan throughout the city resulting in distinctive city in Scotland In many respects, Glasgow has taken after a comparative way to certain European urban communities over the previous ten years - the scan for Another personality has concentrated consideration on the internal city and the part of legacy and group based undertakings to fill the vacuum left by the withdraw of customary town arranging.

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2.2. STRUCTURE OF THE CITY As the city extends, more up to date structures are fabricated further far from the City Center and the most established piece of the town. This adjustment in arrive utilize is appeared as urban transect underneath,

FIG1: URBAN TRANSECT

2.3. MATERIAL While expanding every area and tenements’ leaves an impact usually these are also measured in the materialistic nature of the city. Here, brick is regularly utilized for the new apartments of Glasgow since sandstone is out of the inquiry fiscally. Be that as it may, the apartment planners have utilized brick with aptitude and it is regularly point by point and shaded to recreate stone. As brick is stack bearing the window openings are fundamentally little and vertical which again inspires the soul of more established cases. Be that as it may, one issue remains - how to coordinate in tallness current apartments which remain nearby more established neighbors. As such a large amount of Victorian Glasgow lies inside preservation regions current fashioners are frequently required to manufacture apartments which share a similar cornice lines as nineteenth century neighbors. Sadly, story statures in current pads are generally much lower than in the customary apartment with the outcome that cutting edge loft squares have to be five stories high to coordinate four story Victorian neighbors. What's more, as building directions require lifts in lodging pieces more than four stories and pressurized stairwells (for flame assurance), the financial matters of present day development frequently run counter to townscape targets.

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2.4. ABOUT GLASGOW

FIGURE 2: DIFFERENT DISTRICTS AND SUBURBS OF CITYCENTRE

Glasgow is absolutely a people's city, there is however significantly more that makes Glasgow an interesting city, it's additionally the history, the shocking structures, the way of life, the numerous things to see and do and to wrap things up the general population. Local people, the Glaswegians, are inviting, useful and they have a decent comical inclination. It's for a vast part in view of them that Glasgow is an exceptionally inviting city with a lovely environment. That is the reason the new picked Slogan states, People Make Glasgow, to such an extent.

In 2013, when the new motto was picked, Council pioneer Gordon Matheson states -- the new trademark mirrors the Glaswegian character. It's strong, neighborly, certain, and it summons a genuine feeling of pride, the general population of Glasgow are at the core of this brand. A well-picked slogan which mirrors the considerable environment and amicable people in the city.

For me Glasgow is a People City.

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CHAPTER 3: URBANFORM INFRASTRUCTURE

3.1. ABOUT CITY CENTRE This City Center Area obliges a significant part of the city's shopping, business, and business work, with the style mile going about as retail spine tied down by Buchanan Galleries toward the North and St. Enoch Shopping Center toward the South.

George Square exists in the District going about as a Major Public, Civic, and Event Space. The territory's network design contains the two noteworthy prepare stations with focal station on Gordon St. furthermore, Queen St Station on George St. The chief transport courses associating with the more extensive city are situated on the Union St. /Renfield St. and Hope St.

FIGURE 3: GLASGOW CITY CENTRE DISTRICT

3.2. TRANSPORT OVERVIEW

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This segment presents information from various information sources to give data on movement conduct and transport in Glasgow keeping in mind the end goal to feature positive and negative patterns and to help distinguish future needs for activity.

FIGURE4: PEDESTERIAN TRACK-INFO

FIGURE6: PUBLIC TRANSPORT TRACK-INFO

FIGURE5: CYCLING TRACK-INFO

FIGURE7: PUBLIC TRANSPORT PROVISION

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FIGURE8: TRAFFIC MOVEMENT

To understand a city, and their order one needs to understand the traffic volume and transit movement of the particular area. The occurring changes in City Centre shows the day by day demands of the inhabitants.

Now, as we have explored the pedestrian track information, cycling track information, and public transport track information, we can easily determine the proportional changes that occurred due to the traffic movements and their demands.

In the race of the development of any area the form and structure of the place is always affected by the transportation network. We have a good idea of the impact of the character of houses that varies from roads within a town.

The lane form the skeleton of the settlement, as they give incentive to increase the development and also shaping the morphology of the particular place where accessibility is the main factor for the development of any type of settlement.

3.3. DENSITY AND MIX The land use map highlights all the different and significant land uses in the Glasgow. We can see it is currently a well laid out neighborhood with potential for development. The Glasgow has a complete mix of buildings, ranging from residential tenements, churches, schools and commercial. The residential units spread in along the secondary and tertiary streets, to avoid congestion on main road, few tenements still enjoy the direct access from the main streets.

The public and institutional buildings are well linked to the primary and secondary streets. A mix of housing, both social and private, has been presented. Passerby conditions and open spaces have been enhanced and space for work openings have been given.

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FIGURE9: CITY DEVELOPMENT MAP SHOWING RECENT LAND USE > CITYCENTRE> GLASGOW CITY

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3.4. LANDSCAPING The 21st century redevelopment of the Glasgow explored the social and spatial ramifications of new ways of life, values, states of mind to nature, and the examples of urban open space that may oblige these.

One fundamental part that these urban parks play is giving space to the declaration of decent variety, both individual and social; this raises issues of vote-based arrangement for and access to open space. It recommends, that the part of the urban road as open space may should be reconsidered. The social and social estimations of open space incorporate dispositions towards nature and the want for contact with it. It has been proposed that the urbanity of open space is undermined by the expansion in 'virtual' exchanges, hindering the requirement without a doubt, social collaboration, however there is likewise prove that utilization of new correspondences innovation can increment and upgrade utilization of open space; this may incorporate engagement in the beneficial part of our scene.

FIGURE10 SHOWING A PARTICULAR GREEN AREA OF CITY CENTER

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4

CHAPTER : MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

4.1. GEORGIAN CITY: 1760-1830 The Georgian period of urban development in Scotland was encouraged and advanced by a long-haul change in the Scottish economy.

This procedure started in the seventh century yet quickened quickly with the rebuilding of the political soundness after the thrashing of the 1745 Jacobite defiance. Scotland might not have turned out to be accommodated to the association, but rather dealers were seizing on the open doors offered by the extended exchanging markets accessible to them, industry was developing and agrarian yield expanding.

From multiple points of view, the development of Glasgow gave a striking declaration to the long haul rise in the rising urban-mechanical economy of the country. The limited direct north-east to south-west arrangement of the medieval burgh along the hub of High Street was changed in the eighteen centuries. A couple of augmentations were based on the eastern flank, yet the mind-boggling focal point of development was towards the west. Although a couple of roads were laid out in the 1720s, the essential period of expansion dated from the 1750s, Gibb (1983:73) found that there were solid likenesses and differentiations in the methodologies and encounters of open and private designers. Among the likenesses were the utilization of the administrations of land surveyors, especially one surveyor, James Barrie, to lay out plots; inclinations for the sort of working to be raised and every now and again, a protracted postponement in pulling in buyers.

Positively the confirmation from Glasgow Substantiates the proposal that Scottish urban areas encountered the dispersion of an advancement in the 1750s: specifically, the laying out of wide new roads, basically on framework design the distinction in exact planning amongst Glasgow and Edinburgh being clarified by the political restriction which the last experienced from Midlothian interest.

4.2. VICTORIAN CITY: 1831-1914 On the off chance that the Georgian Period was portrayed by the development of arranged, select rural areas and the breaking of the medieval limits of the burghs, what patterns recognized the Victorian time frame? A noteworthy power was the improvement of the railroads and later in the period, urban tramways. Exceptional rivalry between various railroad organizations prompted a region of lines, sidings, terminals and stations, adequately prompting a submergence of cognizant townarranging (Hague 1984: 137). However, while the morphological effect of the railroads was impressive, some measure of arranging control was held, both formally and from the 1860s onwards by and by.

There were additionally components of progression and change in connection to townscapes. The previous was shown by the way that a portion of the biggest terraced homes were raised amid the Victorian Era at areas, for example, Park Circus in Glasgow and Drumsheugh Gardens in Edinburgh, while the last discovered articulation in the expanding notoriety of the stone-assembled estate as a white-collar class rural home and the transcendence of the apartment in regular workers regions.

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If spatial isolation of social classes was an attribute highlight of the change from the pre-industrialist to entrepreneur city, it can be contended that, from that point the procedure was assisted with an expanding wellness of social shadings.

There were additionally components of progression and change in connection to townscapes. The previous was shown by the way that a portion of the biggest terraced homes were raised amid the Victorian Era at areas, for example, Park Circus in Glasgow and Drumsheugh Gardens in Edinburgh, while the last discovered articulation in the expanding notoriety of the stoneassembled estate as a white-collar class rural home and the transcendence of the apartment in regular workers regions. If spatial isolation of social classes was an attribute highlight of the change from the pre-industrialist to entrepreneur city, it can be contended that, from that point the procedure was assisted with an expanding wellness of social shadings. (a) Transport developments and industry The morphological effect of advancements in transportation were served and changed to an extensive degree, the distinction was reliant upon the type of transportation. Consequently, the development of docks in the Victorian period had a noteworthy effect upon the urban type of the harbor at Leith and of specific riverside areas in Glasgow, for example, at Partick and Govan. The way that the tramlines were laid along the avenues of the urban communities had suggestion for street building and plan, and for activity clog. In numerous rural locale it likewise created a circumstance where apartments were developed flanking the lanes going about as courses for the tramways while manors or porches were worked at adjoining open, yet more confined, areas. By correlation Victorian Glasgow had a virtual cornucopia of industry; materials, tobacco producing, press establishing, steel-production, shipbuilding, railroad train building and various parts of marine and different branches of light and overwhelming designing.

(b) The central business districts Despite the significance of industry to the physical and monetary development of Glasgow, the city likewise built up a huge and thriving supporting office division which contributed altogether to the expansion and modification of the focal business area amid the Victorian time frame. In this Victorian stage aside from bank structures, most workplaces involved past terraced living arrangements. Amid this period the retailing turned into the prevailing ground floor use in a considerable lot of the properties flanking the chief avenues driving from the business center. Such Redevelopment included new structures as well as, in numerous examples, changes to the example of building plots. Because of the modification established under the change demonstrations in the two refers to, it likewise involved adjustments to the design of the street. (c) Improvement Acts and housing To a great extent because of the unpleasant records of natural conditions portrayed by Dr. Henry Littlejohn, Edinburgh's first Medical Officer of Health, the Town Council, in 1865, chose to make a move and redevelop a portion of the more congested locale of the Old Town. As indicated by the Parliament passed the change Act in 1867, approving the chamber to clear thirty-four regions to grow new roads and augment existing ones, and to build up the staying cleared land. In this manner, what had initially given off an impression of being an activity in sterile change was a costly plan for enhancing movement development and providing food for institutional space prerequisites. Afterward, Partick Geddes denounced crafted by the change Act as a procedure of dehousing. There was a net loss of houses in the redevelopment. Also, higher rents were charged for pads in the new apartments, putting them past the methods for a large portion of the dislodged families and adequately adding to an early type of gentrification.

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Some huge, halfway found, Georgian terraced properties were subdivided into pads or changed over to business utilizes, Extensive new rural areas were worked with estates as the overwhelming abiding write, even though the terraced house never left form totally and recovered a measure of notoriety towards the finish of the century, perhaps because of the fast acceleration in arrive costs. (d) The Urban Fringe For a significant part of the nineteenth century urban development was constrained to the prompt region of the current city, even though that confinement was broken by the development of the rural railroad courses. The development of considerable institutional structures was a component of the Victorian time. In total, the Victorian time frame delivered a bigger, more isolated and from multiple points of view a more unpredictable city. While the procedures portrayed above were not curious to Scottish urban communities, the articulations in space and time were unmistakable, as well as critical between city contrasts. The change in Glasgow was, whether anything, broader.

Such was the size of development and development that Glasgow at the beginning of the twentieth century competed for the title of second city of the Empire.

4.3. THE MODERN CITY: 1915-88 Knox has remarked that, 'similar to urban areas of prior circumstances, the advanced city can be viewed as the result of changing monetary association, mirroring the social connections inborn to these progressions, shaped by the general population strategies and individual ways of life which come from the predominant soul of the age. Proficient arranging has built up the rules for the greater part of the physical and spatial changes which have influenced the cutting-edge city, although the degree of control and the exact course of strategy have not been consistent.

(a) Housing At first this comprised of flatted estates in planted rural areas yet by the mid-1930s the cutting-edge form of the apartment piece recaptured predominance. Development happened in a recurrent and spatially differential way in the secretly possessed division. Amid between war a long time there were times of stop and of furious action in this area in Scottish urban areas.

In second 50% of the 1930s a further unmistakable segment was included the type of bequests of flatted manors for leasing at a settled aggregate over a set term. The improvement of these planted rural areas came about because of government weight upon neighborhood specialists to expand the scope of accessible rural lodging choice, to empower house building, advance the private part and present an extra method for diminishing vast, and developing, arrangements of families anticipating rehousing from more established locale.

At the point when the set term terminated, the tenants of these houses had limited inheritable privileges of exchange of leased inhabitants. From that point the rights to the property returned to the designer who offered the houses available to be purchased. Presently the greater part of these flatted manors is proprietor possessed. (b) City Centre change It is enticing to reject many the results of twentieth-century engineering however that would be both clearing and crooked. The period has pulled in impressive feedback, for example, the view that Edwardian Grandeur was supplanted by something mechanical and charmless to be followed thusly by 'the stripped intruder of current design' Classicism ruled in the distinction structures of the between war years although there were numerous fascinating cases of Art Deco: in Glasgow.

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Innovation was offered the chance of a limited time showground with the choice to hold the 1938 Empire Exhibition in Glasgow at Bella Houston Park. The Empire Exhibition was obviously principally expected to extend a positive perspective of the Scottish economy and give a lift to the wretchedness wounded assurance of mechanical Scotland. Among the activities presented in the mid-1930s was the development of mechanical domains, for example, a Hillington, expected to draw in current light enterprises to new, roomy, single-story structures at rural areas. (c) Planning Reference was made before to the essential pretended by arranging in the Post-war years, in forming, controlling and directing both the Policies and subtle elements of urban change. Significant arranging overviews, for example, the Clyde Valley Plan, and those for Central and South East Scotland and for Edinburgh, dispatched amid the Second World War, alongside the national arranging enactment sanctioned in the prompt Post-war years, built up the atmosphere for the greater part of the aggregate activity in the following three decades. Only one out of every odd proposal in the arrangement was received or actualized. Besides, numerous proposition was reshaped in detail in the light of evolving conditions, observation, practices and inclinations. None the less, these varying plans and the real bits of arranging enactment had an effective effect upon the heading and nature of ensuing urban advancement and redevelopment. Focal precepts of the new age were the redevelopment of low quality private situations, the formation of deliberate examples of non-clashing area utilize, the making of appealing new conditions and the regulation and association of urban development. (d) Conservation and redevelopment Despite these patterns, the weight upon the downtown area, and the requirement for change, has expanded. To a significant degree it has been caused by the developing significance of the administration division in the urban and national economy. Edinburgh, specifically, has picked up from these patterns which have cultivated considerable development of the officer segment and of traveller related exercises. Encourage attack and protection of focal properties has happened considering these patterns yet there has additionally been new advancement. In connection to workplaces, a significant part of the current constructional action has been arranged around the outskirts of the New Town and Old Town Conservation Areas yet the evident achievement of a theoretical wander close to the western edge may proclaim more maintained improvement of comparable areas. The blast of aggregate activity through arranging in this period was one-sided for change; more as of late the accentuation has moved with preservation of townscape and of other morphological segments and the recovery of structures accepting more extensive expert and financial help. Additionally, swings of the pendulum may happen later, yet it is probably not going to return to the arranging ethos of the 1950s.

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PART

3:

PROCESS, PEOPLE AND BUILDINGS

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5

CHAPTER : CONSEQUENCE OF CURRENT URBANFORM 5.1. LAYOUT: URBAN GRAIN The development of the grid plan city over time is a significant indicator of human society and urban history. A fine urban grain like the Glasgow, allows it to adapt to the constant changing needs of the town, such an urban development strategies. It contains fewer intersections and provides a higher level of safety for all users’ pedestrians and vehicles.

In order to discuss it here is a comparative demonstration between maps of 80’s, 90’s and present. Since in this large Glasgow City Centre I chose an area to exhibit the further morphology.

FIG: 11 SHOWING A PARTICULAR PART OF CITY CENTER THAT HAS CHANGED A LOT IN THESE PAST YEAR. SINCE THIS MARKED AREA IS A MIXED-USE AREA

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FIG12:80’s

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FIG13: 90’s

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FIG14: 2000’s

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1980’s

1990’s

2000’s

FIGURE15 Whilst analyzing the Glasgow, through three different years, 1980’s, 1990’s, and 2000’s, what became evident was the quick progression of new structures and re-development of existing buildings. Although the changes are apparent, it had contributed a lot in developing progress of urban fabric.

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5.2. MASSING The Glasgow development throughout the 2000’s aimed to regularize plot sizes, with the intent that this would create a greater amount of versatility of land use, much like the traditional Glaswegian urban structure that had characterized the Glasgow’s early built environment. The main change in the built environment during the early 2000’s was the demolition of many large residential tower blocks, initiated by the new Glasgow Association.

The Glasgow continues to re-organize its urban layout-aiming for versatility within the urban grain in order to support future growth and resilience for the Inhabitants.

FIGURE 16: MASSING

2

1 4 3

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The type of advancement in view of Glasgow's Tenement convention, has given an unmistakable refinement between open spaces, and characterized by the front exteriors, and the semi-private space in the courtyard. The scale of each block is no more than 3 storeys high which mimics the traditional tenement in size. The length of each block has also been based upon the old tenements of Glasgow and are roughly 100m in length. The size of block helps define the new streets and brings an urban feel to the area which lacked before.

Simple facades keep the street line easily understandable. It is obvious for passersby to discern each building’s purpose making the Glasgow easy to navigate, inviting and clear. The level of detailing and ornamentation is very low; the visual form tends to be rather simple. The surface is straight with brick pattern with one dominant elements.

1

3

2

1

4

3

FIGURE 17 : MASSING : MASSING

4

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5.3. APPEARANCE Simple facades keep the street line easily understandable. It is obvious for passersby to discern each building’s purpose making the Glasgow easy to navigate, inviting and clear.

The level of detailing and ornamentation is very low; the visual form tends to be rather simple.

The surface is straight with brick pattern with one dominant elements.

FIGURE 18: APPEARANCE : MASSING

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Appearance permitted the cutting edge development to connote a disobedience to the fizzling design of the past and propose a future vision on the best way to enhance the territory. The persistent utilization of a similar building materials in these previous years permitted a steady character to rise in the Glasgow, influencing occupants to feel more associated with their neighbors.

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5.4. AN OVERVIEW On the off chance that present developers are focusing their consideration of Broomielaw, past ones concentrated their endeavors inside the Merchant City. This territory, once possessed by the places of eighteenth-century tobacco dealers and the supporting structures of business, for example, the Trades house (1791) by Robert Adam and the Royal Exchange (1827) by David Hamilton, turned into a warehousing territory in the nineteenth century. By the mid-twentieth century the Merchant City was in decrease, yet its locational focal points due east and south of the City Chambers implied that discount leeway was never engaged. Rather an expansive part was set inside a protection territory in 1974, and however no master plan was arranged, regionbased restoration which held the best old structures and generally significantly its road design was empowered by both the Scottish Development Agency and the Locale Council accordingly private engineers were pulled in to the territory by the prospect of changing over the nineteenthcentury distribution centers to pads for Glasgow's new urban white collar class. Kantel took an early lead in the rebuilding and incomplete redevelopment of Ingram Square (1985-89) utilizing neighborhood Architects Elder and Cannon.

A blend of arrive utilizes (workplaces, studios, pads, understudy convenience) and building styles have been fused into an engaging the plan which through property maintenance and the new form has made Ingram Square, an extensive city obstruct with three inner courts. Not far away the Burrell Company, framed by nearby planners keen on property improvement, have changed over close forsaken property into pads. Give help gave by the SDA and Glasgow District Council has guaranteed that undertakings of peripheral money related feasibility have achieved fulfilment and these have made ready for a surge of interest in the region. Substantial reinforced stockrooms in Bell Street which once put away whisky have been adjusted into Piranesi-styled loft pieces and, appropriate on the doorstep of the City Chambers, the Italian Center has been finished.

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5.4. TENEMENTS Where new apartment blocks have been developed in the area they have for the most part utilized the customary tenement shape.

In the course of recent years Glasgow has explored different avenues regarding different types of lodging from balcony access flats, to tower squares what's more, rural new towns. In the wake of finding that most have flopped socially (the fringe homes, for example, Easter house) or actually what's more, authoritatively (the pinnacle hinders), there has been a checked come back to custom. The recovery of the apartment has been a component of Glasgow's urban renaissance as imperative as the rediscovery of urban plan.

Actually numerous in the city see the apartment as the vernacular lodging sort of urban Scotland similarly as those in England utilize comparable terms for the terraced house. The new apartments are essentially like their nineteenth century antecedents - both utilize brick work or on the other hand block development, cove windows an shared normal access stairs, and are assembled hard against the road encasing a semiprivate region to the back It is a type of lodging well-known in Europe, however very outsider to numerous English eyes.

The restoration of the apartment in Glasgow has happened for sound money related, climatic parched social reasons, yet there is a social measurement to the contention. Numerous in Scotland as of now liken the apartment with the resurgence of Scottish patriotism - an endeavor on the off chance that you jump at the chance to fortify the uniqueness between Scotland and England.

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CHAPTER

6: APPROACHES TO UNDERSTAND URBANFORM

6.1. ABOUT URBANFORMS Urban-design investigation has been nearly minimal utilized as a part of Britain by classicist, students of history or chronicled geographers contrasted and an unbroken convention of point by point examination of town designs in the nations of focal and eastern Europe. Despite M. R. G. Conzen's presentation of this custom into the English-talking writing, and its improvement with the distribution of his original investigation of Alnwick (Conzen 1960), there have been no endeavours to recreate point by point investigations of this kind for other English towns (Whiteland1981:128). Then again, the applied wealth of the Alnwick considers have remained relatively obscure to scientists in Europe until similarly as of late.

The acknowledgment that the dominant part of English town designs is composite in nature, comprising of various discrete arrangement units, which mirror the specific conditions of their innovative stage, is one of Conzen's more vital commitments to our comprehension of the idea of medieval towns in this nation. Be that as it may, little advance has been made in sorting the assortment of medieval arrangement units broadly, nor in giving an ordered structure to the development of plan composes.

Conzen has been made making careful effort to clarify the different units of the Ludlow design as far as an expanding modernity of arranging mastery and of contact with further developed arranging in other European nations (Conzen 1988). Ludlow isn't recorded as a settlement in 1086 however, by 1290, a burgage rental demonstrates that all the current components of its unpredictable arrangement, with its five noteworthy arrangement units, were in presence. Those arrangement units fluctuate from the morphologically basic, single-road components of High Street and Corve Street, to the perplexing Broad Street-Mill Street unit with its practically separated back administration paths.

The Montgomery's likewise held broad homes toward the east at Bridgnorth, a town of awesome vital significance in the medieval period as it was one of just three crossing over focuses on the focal piece of the River Severn. Early Norman improvements were thought advance south, in any case, and on the east bank of the waterway, at Quatford, where a university church, braced house and beginning district were established in the late eleventh century. It has no less than six noteworthy arrangement units which appear to have created with hardly a pause in between, again as at Ludlow.

Bewdley is likewise settled at a Severn crossing point, for this situation a passage, where the street eastwards from Ludlow crosses the waterway. Be that as it may, this time of quick advancement is portrayed in the arrangement by six unmistakable arrangement units which offer substances to progressive stages inside this period. These towns have various practically identical highlights; (i) all are on routeways at a point where they cross a noteworthy stream (ii) all contain the private working of their high-status ruler, a stronghold in two cases and a castle in the third, (iii) all contain an assortment of conspicuous arrangement units, both arranged and impromptu.

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6.2. BEWDLEY The Urban design of Bewdley contains six important arrangement units. The most obviously arranged is the burgages on the level best at Wyre Hill. It appears to be likely that this piece of the town was intentionally settled ashore taken from inside the limits of the deer stop by the Countess of March along another, straight street which made a more straightforward, yet more extreme, plunge to the Severn. The general measurements of the burgage arrangement along the new street are yet evident and there was a back-administration path on the southern side.

One of the surviving timber-confined structures is yet known as 'the old town hall'.

This initially country settlement is the most established piece of Bewdley, there is the High Street design unit, not in this example the most vital road but rather, truly, the higher road. It runs south, parallel to the stream, and the eastern burgage arrangement is of sporadic frame. The western plot arrangement adjoins the deer stop and is plainly arranged, most likely ashore taken from the recreation centre. The burgage arrangement on either side are altogether different. Those on the northern side are amazingly prolonged with bending limits running back to Dog path which may speak to the line of an undocumented jettison connecting the town entryways with the waterway. Likewise, remarkable is the profound mishap in the frontages on this side of the street to build the space accessible for advertise work. It appears to be likely that at some stage this region contained by the back of the High Street Plots and Load Street was replanned, or arranged once again, and laid out frequently.

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FIGURE 19: THE PLAN UNITS OF MEDIEVAL BEWDLEY

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6.3. BRIDGNORTH Bridgnorth, however a considerably bigger town than Bewdley, can likewise be separated into six noteworthy arrangement units. The most seasoned contains both the site of the Anglo-Saxon projection was set apart by a generous dump, apparently of the Burh, which is yet obvious in the townscape. East Castle Street was considerably remade in the seventeenth century as a standout amongst the most in vogue boulevards of the town and its plots are of altogether different widths in view of plot amalgamation. In any case, it might well speak to the medieval successor to a characterized fenced in area which, together with the extension and the projection burh, framed one bound together protective framework intended to forestall Viking entrance up the Severn. On the west bank of the Severn, climbing steeply up the slants of the projection, is an unpredictably created zone of little plots and curve paths which frames the third arrangement unit. Connected with this arrangement unit is the round walled in area of St Leonard's congregation and its related structures.

The High Street frames the fifth arrangement unit and is strikingly like the Market Place unit in Ludlow. High road leads from the passage door of the palace and, however the customary width of the road gives an impression of cautious arranging, the plot design uncovers that it created by piecemeal advancement along its length from south to north as the town developed. In any case, the Bridgnorth unit isn't as advanced a bit of town-arranging as it does not have the practically separated administration paths between the principle get to streets.

ADJUSTMENT TO EXISTING ADVANCEMENT Medieval Surveyors authorized to lay out new-arranged zones inside existing towns confronted various issues. The most hard to unravel was the melding of the new territory onto the old with the base of detachment from, and interruption to, that more seasoned region. Most new improvements consequently spoke with existing burgages likewise required a unified power structure and hence existing plots were occasionally meddled with. Dissimilar to present day advancement forms, it was bizarre in the outrageous for a medieval surveyor to have the capacity to force a perfect arrangement upon a land surface that could be wiped clean of any current highlights, regardless of whether characteristic or man-made.

Every medieval arrangement subsequently has both a perfect projection which can for the most part be considered as some geometrical figure, and which existed just in the brain of the surveyor, and an actuality-which was that perfect arrangement adjusted by the surveyor to both the characteristic geography and to any current highlights of the rustic and sub-urban scene. Similarly, as with property deals in the mechanical and present-day time spans, property assignment in medieval towns was regularly set apart by the numerous buy of plots by a solitary burgess with the point of improving his pay by the sub-letting of property.

Once a burgess held three or four bordering plots there was nothing to prevent him withdrawing from either the perfect, or the real arrangement formulated by the surveyor inside the external limit of his holding.

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FIGURE 20: THE PLAN UNITS OF MEDIEVAL BRIDGNORTH

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This was particularly so in the period before structures were added to the road frontages, however it could likewise be valid for a later period. A progression of adjoining medieval structures could be crushed, or incidentally decimated by flame and redevelopment could be attempted without respect to existing plot limits if those structures and plots were all inside a solitary holding.

Documentation of these procedures from the later medieval period are currently accessible for some bigger towns and for a few territories of Ludlow however in most littler towns such adjustment of the plot design is far less normal than may be gathered. Indeed, even after significant fires or war-time annihilation, for example, happened in Bridgnorth in the common war time frame, towns were modified inside the current system of plots. This natural conservatism around the local area designs can be represented in both Bewdley and Bridgnorth for the period of arranged improvement in the medieval period.

A comparable procedure of joining another plot arrangement onto a set up one can be seen at Bridgnorth where the arranged design toward the west of the High town commercial centre was added to the unpredictable plot arrangement which lined its western side. In this occurrence the new roads of the format give access to the sporadic interceding grounds and they moved toward becoming plots. The imperative point, however is that the arranged plot arrangement of the side avenues started with a straight line laid out past the unpredictable back limits of the high road plots they didn't attach arrive officially possessed by those plot holders.

FIGURE 21: PLANNING PROCESSES IN BRIDGNORTH

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6.4. THE CASE OF LLEIDA This investigation is an examination of the procedures engaged with the transformation of fringe arrive into the Urban developed zone.

It centres around the effect of development in Lleida, a medium-sized Catalan town, at various phases of its current history. A long way from being a straightforward observational examination, it looks to contribute general hypotheses valuable for the chronicled understanding the types of urban development on the peripheries of Spanish urban areas since the common war. To this end, the Conzenian idea of the periphery belt and thoughts concerning building cycles are utilized.

This periphery belts bargain new components in the urban arrangement that show up on occasion of minimal financial improvement and low populace development. As per Conzen propositions components are prevalently low-thickness arrive employments. He proposes that for urban areas with long histories, morphological periods and phases of the city development can be identified with a progression of recorded periphery belts. In the settlement design, each periphery however hence changed is prevailing by a territory of more serious land utilize, beginning during financial and statistic development.

Whitehand added to the combination of the periphery belt as a scientific idea for morphological research by connecting it with building cycles and land-lease hypothesis (Whitehand 1972a, 1972b, 1974). He expresses that the arrangement of periphery belts harmonizes with times of stagnation in house building when fringe arrive is modest. On the other hand, times of development in development match with increment in arrive costs.

Now and again of building subsidence and swamp costs, the urban outskirts tend to be colonized by institutional and broad land clients. In building blasts, arrive utilize is primarily private and of a concentrated nature. The relationship is clarified by the hypothesis of land lease, which propose a more noteworthy ability to buy arrive for private improvement amid blasts and the more prominent aggressiveness of institutional land utilizes, contrasted and private ones amid droops inferable from a decreased powerful interest for lodging.

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FIGURE 22: LANDUSES AROUND THE OLD CITY WALL

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This expository system proposed here looks at four changed viewpoints, I. The relationships can be built up between statistic development and building improvement, yet in some cases these don't really harmonizes.

II. The structure expects a heterogenous lodging market, divisions are made based on contrasts in the providers of private improvement as opposed to base on contrasts in the capacity to pay for specific kinds of lodging which assume varying structures, designs, areas and availabilities.

III. The logical idea of the periphery belt is consolidated. The most proper meaning of a periphery belt is taken to be that utilized by Conzen in the glossary of specialized terms in the 1969 version of his investigation of Alnwick: 'A belt-like zone starting from the incidentally stationary or gradually propelling edge of a town and made from a trademark blend of land-utilize units at first looking for fringe areas. This recommends the outskirts looking for arrive utilizations could be assorted and that, under a few conditions, they may likewise incorporate private ones.

IV. The examination is embraced of both the qualities of the lodging market and the methodologies utilized via arrive proprietors, lodging engineers and foundations. This reformulation fuses into periphery belt hypothesis the investigation of specialists who actuate urban change.

There was the state lodging approach, whose fundamental impact was to solidify lodging rent on the other, there was the shortage and cost of building materials which antagonistically influenced an exceptionally divided monetary division which had not very many organizations with a vast monetary potential and money related limit. Although this elucidation of the procedure of late urbanization in Spanish urban communities can be adjusted to the fundamental plan of periphery belt improvement, it brings up issues about some of its focal ideas.

In a general sense the primary issue is the fortuitous event between the making of non-private land utilizes and the outward development of the developed zone, since private uses assumed a vital part in the arrangement of the outskirts amid building droops. In addition, it is hard to accommodate the development of unlawful and social lodging with the established hypothesis of a lodging market administered by a supply-request balance, inferable from the converse relationship saw between such development and house-working by and large. Besides, metropolitan land has been progressively offered over to private and non-private employments. This recently characterized periphery belt idea is been connected to the advancement of the design of the Catalan town of Lleida in north-east Spain.

To this end, three unique stages in urban history of the town which have offered ascend to various periphery belts have been picked. Their examination considers a more prominent comprehension of a portion of the more important parameters of the present urban structure and a capacity to put them in their verifiable setting.

THE TOWN DIVIDER AS AN OBSESSION LINE In Lleida this started in the 1860s with the event of the qualities wonders of nineteenth-century Spanish urban development, the landing of the railway (1860), imperial authorization to thump down the city dividers and the primary arrangement for urbanization outside the city dividers (1865). Their plenitude recommend that the formation of periphery belts is expected to non-private advancements. The fundamental time of periphery belt arrangement was the years from the decimation of the city divider until the point when the primary decade of the twentieth century, with religious, and in addition board and focal government properties as key attractions. Then again, the principal third of the twentieth century can be portrayed as a time of lodging gradual addition, critical for the colonization of additional wall painting space by private land employments. It would thus be able to be inferred that there is a positive connection between the making of these periphery belts and socioeconomics and building droops. This combined with the nonattendance of institutional lodging and land strategies underpins the traditional suggestion construct for the most part considering the investigation of land utilize.

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6.5. INSTANCE OF POLAND The improvement of M. R. G. Conzen's numerous important ideas in his great papers on Alnwick and New palace upon Tyne has fluctuated extensively in the degree to which they have been taken up by different geographers. Plainly the periphery belt idea has met with the promptest reaction and the inconstancy of medieval plot size and shape has more as of late been investigated by Slater. Little consideration has up to this point been agreed to the idea of the burgage cycle of improvement on the long-limited plots of medieval 'old town' territories, other than passing reference to its legitimacy.

The possibility of an urban building plot experiencing procedures of progress through time whereby an expanding extent of the zone of the plot is secured by structures as it ends up enmeshed in the constructed texture of the town has an equivalent sensibility for plots other than medieval burgages obviously. It is one of the points of this part to investigate Conzen's thoughts regarding the burgage cycle with regards to nineteenth century urban building plots and in this manner to expand its value and materialness.

The contextual analysis decided for the nitty gritty town design investigation important to test the burgage cycle idea in this new setting is Lodz. Lodz the second most crowded city of Poland is a decent case of a town which experienced touchy physical development amid the time of industrialization. It grew quickly from a populace of inly exactly 500 people in 1820, to more than 300,000 toward the finish of the nineteenth century, close to 600,000 out of 1914, and to right around 900,000 at display. The main core of the settlement, an episcopally-claimed town, had been built up toward the start of the fourteenth century.

The genuine improvement of Lodz started in the 1820s when the legislature of the self-governing Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland) began to impact its program to industrialize the nation. Before long the recently made material, industry which was picked as an inside turned into the principle material mechanical focus in Poland and before the finish of the nineteenth century, likely the greatest material focusses in the entire of Europe. Lodz is a magnificent case of another arranged and homogeneous modern town altogether worked by the administration over a brief span traverse. The kingdom of Poland's administration made the new mechanical town in everything about.

It laid out a urban example for the entire region and assembled the main manufactories and several indistinguishable houses for craftsmanship specialists acquired from abroad from Great Poland and Silesia and additionally from Moravia, Saxony and other German nations. The new Town had an exceptionally consistent design with an octagonal commercial centre in the inside and drapers cultivates independently toward the east of the developed territory. This sensible and utilitarian design of the new modern town had a fundamental shortcoming be that as it may, in particular, the absence of a typical town place for the urban region in general. It is the point of this Part to break down the procedures of morphological change inside the plots of this previous weavers' province as it formed into the focal business region.

Cartographical town design investigation in view of Conzen's burgage cycle strategy has been utilized as a part of the examination. Morphological changes were analysed as to two procedures, First the procedures of versatile change, that is the topping off existing plots with different structures and the transformative changes prompting modifications in the state of the first plots. Unique urban pieces have been taken as the essential morphological units in this work. Out and out somewhere in the range of 227 plots gathered in fourteen urban pieces were dissected set apart with uneven numbers on the west side of Piotrkowska road and even ones on its east side.

In situations where unique squares had been partitioned into two by the laying out of another road the computations allude both to the zone of the previous pieces.

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1. LINEN AND COTTON WEAVERS COLONY 2-3. LINEN SPINNERS COLONIES 4. CLOTH COLONY 5. HYDRO-MANUFACTURING PROPERTIES 6. DRAPERS GARDENS

FIGURE 23: FUNCTIONAL PLAN-UNITS OF LODZ (1827)

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PART

4:

REVIEW OF FINDINGS

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CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION Scotland is more than a region of the United Kingdom. It was for many centuries an independent country, it has a distinct cultural tradition, it retains many separate institutions and separate Scottish orders of many professions. Collectively these agent’s forces introduce an additional component, urban form to understand the morphology of cities.

Here Conzen suggests that there are no evident, observable relationships between the process of additive repletive changes and transformative ones, this study has suggested that such a relationship may exist. It seems then that Conzen’s concept of orthomorphic, hypometamorphic and metamorphic stages of transformative change might also be of wider application as they can be identified in the development of different plan units, yet the symptoms of the approach of these stages, as well as the criteria of their distinguishing characteristics, may, in each case, be greatly individualized.

The goal of the chapter has been to provide a discussion of these relationships and an airing of the thesis that a distinctive, if elusive, Scottish dimension played a significant part in the story. Scotland is more than a region of the United Kingdom. It was for many centuries an independent country, it has a distinct cultural tradition, it retains many separate institutions and separate Scottish orders of many professions.

M. R. G. Conzen has long advocated the necessity for comparative studies if the understanding of medieval plan development is to be advanced. However, though the number of detailed case-studies is still small, some common threads are beginning to emerge and the process of medieval property development and speculation and of town-planning are becoming clearer. Nonetheless although Bridgnorth was a royal town with a population and level of economy. Bridgnorth and Bewdley are beside the Severn itself. Speculations such as these and further refinement of ideas on medieval plan development, will only be advanced by continuing comparative studies on a European Scale.

A wide-ranging analysis has been adopted to accommodate strands from various analytical traditions to extend the treatment of complex inter-relationships of factors and causative forces. Most studies seek a dominating, though not exclusive, organizational force or process. That would have been inappropriate in the present context, but an important ingredient of the analysis has been the discussion of the changing influences of three levels of spatial scale: Scottish; British and international; local or city-specific. Given the multifunctional nature of morphological change it was perhaps unlikely that definitive answers could be provided in respect of the precise weighting of each component in every situation.

Here if we see some of the elements underlying the development of land peripheral to Lleida, the study suggests that there are two features common to building and housing sectors, is the lack of competitiveness of the private sector with the public which allows institutions a greater capacity for acquiring peripheral land. The second characteristics is that of the persistence of one of the driving forces behind institutional action on the urban fringe namely the adjustment of deficits in infrastructural services and equipment from previous times. In general, changes in the condition of land and housing markets and urban policies have been shown as keys to understanding the process. What has been demonstrated is the importance of focusing on the process of land development from land acquisition to building. This is fundamental if the genesis of land-use is to be understood.

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There is also an attempt to place urban fringe-belt in this chapter that is a factor which helps to explain the occasional blurring of the concept. It is in the nature of a fringe belt that it owes its existence to a permanent state of flux. Urban fringe-belt elements are too heterogenous in their function, plan and built form to be understood as a priori zones. Conzen’s demonstration of the persistence of the inner urban fringe belt was, as expected, confirmed more clearly for the medieval and the early modern periods than for the nineteenth century.

The factors highlighted by Conzen regarding the penetration of city-centre functions into the inner fringe-belt is, with certain reservations only identifiable in the twentieth century. In this century, Conzen’s concepts apply only to the recognition and explanation of relict urban fringe-belts since the totality of urban life-styles has transformed the countryside into an all-encompassing urban region.

Buildings in Glasgow have an average height of six stories which comprise with a smaller unit of massing. Glasgow generates more sense of enclosure of the streets and spaces exhibiting higher density living. However, Glasgow uses a very uniform typology of stone buildings with ground floor consisting retail space and upper level accommodation. Also, the buildings of Glasgow are predominately organized around a consistent central courtyard.

Glasgow has many long lanes and direct routes.

To conclude, the latest period of the Glasgow creating process has gained ground to enhance the morphology of an exceptionally congested territory, however, is a long way from the finish. It is clear from the positive insights how critical urban outline is on a social level. The different diverse classifications of examination all concur that this period of recovery has been educated by the site's authentic character and lessons learnt from past urban outline tests.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY& 1. A study in town-plan analysis, Alnwick, Northumberland (M.R.G. Conzen,1960) R 2. The built form of Western Cities (T. R. Slater,1990) 3. Our common future in urban morphology, ISUF, 2014 E 4. Urban Morphology, Journal of the International Seminar on Urban Form, 2016, vol.20, No.2 5. Urban Morphology, Journal of the International Seminar on Urban Form, 2017, vol.21, No.2 F 6. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF URBAN MORPHOLOGY, By Sabri ALPER, March 2000 7. PART-3, DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND DESIGN GUIDANCE, Glasgow City Council, 2014 E 8. GLASGOW CITY CENTRE TRANSPORT, Glasgow City Council, 2015 9. DEVELOPMENT POLICY PRINCIPLE, Glasgow City Council, 2015 R 10. GLASGOW CITY CENTRE STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN, Glasgow City Council, 2014 11. MITCHELL’S LIBRARY, Glasgow E 12. http://maps.nls.uk/ NATIONAL LIBRARY OF SCOTLAND 13. http://www.theglasgowstory.com/story/?id=TGSEF10 N 14. https://issuu.com/jessiehu5/docs/yang_hu_15107065 15. [Article] The sociability of the Street Interface, 2014 C 16. [Article] configuration of Urban Grid and the relationship between apartments building location, 2014 17. Urban Morphology- Formation, Form and Transformation, Peter Naibei, 2014 E S