CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Urban open spaces

The open space system in urban centers refers to the site system constructed by the open space outside the building entity in the central area of the city that provides public activities. It is an important place for people, people and nature to exchange information, material and energy (Yang et al., 2019).

“Architecture is about public space held by buildings”

- Richard Rogers

2.2 Significance of urban open spaces

Functional significance - Public open spaces give a specific form and shape to the overall cityscape and alters the urban neighborhood with green spaces. Apart from evolving a microclimate to the area and air purification it can establish a green corridor and promote communication between the urban users. It acts a space for recreation in the form of playgrounds, cycling tracks, parks amidst the busy lives of the people.

Social significance - Open spaces in bustling urban neighborhoods creates a chance for the users to interact with each other and improve connections. In most situations they act as a place for conducting several communal activities, exhibitions, flea markets and even a congregational space for meetings or assemblies.

Aesthetic significance - Open spaces are most often artistically designed with proper landscaping consisting of trees, walkways and plantings and can even include water scaping. It can essentially draw more people towards the space with its esthetic quality amidst the busting urban scape.

2.3 Types of urban open spaces

Streets- They are the main commutation route of the users emerging as the most public one among other urban open spaces. The street, normally defined as a public space with residential houses, commercial buildings and other structures on one or each side, therefore, has social and economic functions that are integral to urban life (Mboup et al., n.d.).

Plazas- An open public space located usually in the city Centre acts as a community amenity enabling a variety of users to come, relax, present public art. A potential public space where a new visitor usually approaches and creates their image of the city. Plazas are what creates a lively streetscape and engaging public life.

Recreational space- Recreational space involves functionally specialized green and grey spaces designed or used for leisure activities, such as sports or exercise (Stanley et al., 2012). Can be found in urban areas in the form of playgrounds, artificial turfs etc.

Parks/Gardens- A dedicated space that maybe natural/semi natural or planted set aside with spaces for human recreation or for protection of wildlife/natural habitats. Consists majorly softscape with grass covers, rock formations, shrubs, plants and trees. It may also contain built structures/hardscape with pavements, pergolas, fountains or other infrastructure necessary according the type of place.

To imagine a perfect urban space is merely a hypothetical concept. As well as fulfilling all of the city's functions, an ideal public space should have an ideal plan and form. Following are some design recommendations for the ideal urban space.

Location - The most successful ones are those that attract a variety of users, both active and passive. Studies show that the urban areas of high usage are in the areas of high density and diversity.

Size- Kevin Lynch proposes that the intimate zone should be up to 12 meters, the pleasant human scale at 24 meters, and the most successful enclosed space at 137 meters.

Visual complexity - Density and variety are far more perceptually significant than sparseness and repetition.

Microclimate - The conditions are monitored and controlled by shading, planting and evaporative cooling/solar exposure. The easy access to and from the indoor public spaces should also be considered.

Boundaries - There should be a proper flow of spaces or boundaries, not delineated by physical barriers but by the use of visual variety.

Sub spaces - The large spaces should be split up into comfortable small units called sub spaces to encourage the use more. Careful planning and allocation of areas are to be done.

Circulation - An uninterrupted and coherent movement pattern needs to be followed throughout for a simplified spatial layout.

Seating facility - Incentives such as seating can encourage people to commit to spending time in an area.

Planting - The variety and quality of textures, color, massing, and landscaping ideas can add immeasurably to a soothing atmosphere.

Level changes- The spaces can either be sunken or elevated based on various aesthetic and psychological factors.

Public art and sculpture - The public space should exhibit art as a contribution to the life of the city, and to the well-being of the citizens.

Food - Places with food vendors and kiosks are likely to attract more users than those without these features.

Activities - The construction of an open space is not the end of the project. For the area to be lively, it needs to be stocked with activities, such as food and entertainment.

Information signs - The daily user may be able to navigate, but a new user will most certainly need information.

Universal design - It entails understanding and designing for people of all ages and abilities. It meets legally mandated accessibility standards and extends beyond the details to ensure that no marginalized groups are harmed.

Maintenance and amenities -The factor of routine maintenance and amenities is one of the most important aspects of reattracting people to a space.

2.3 Open spaces in Kerala

2.3.1 Ancient typology

Temple grounds – This was a pluralistic space which drew multiple age groups all the time, and especially during festivals, became a significant gathering spot for the residents living in the proximity.

Markets – It is a weekly affair in rural areas to go to the market. Besides serving as an interaction place, the lively and colourful market offers a wide variety of items, deals, and bargains, as well as the chance to catch up with friends.

Riverbanks - In terms of recreational activities, riverbanks play an important role. Since ancient times, bathing, washing clothes, and even gathering have taken place along the riverbank. During the summer, when rivers dry up, riverbeds make great playgrounds for children.

Kaavu - Almost every nook of palatial houses of rich families and temples in Kerala had a thick piece of jungle called Kavu or Sarpakavu (grove or serpent grove). There is a mystical aura associated with this place because of its supernatural beliefs.

Aalthara (banyan tree grove) - Kerala history at its core is not complete without the presence of a banyan tree (aal) and a platform built around it (thara) normally found in temples which formed the quintessential gathering spot for small talks and discussions among peers.

Kavala (village center) - Due to its location, the village center gains importance as it houses the only bus stop. Generally, local shops, such as grocery and barbershop, will be present, as well as a group that considers the kavala to be an imperative meeting place every day.

2.3.2 Historical importance of open spaces in Kerala

Kerala has always been known for its quaint villages with their own unique history and culture. We had vast stretches of paddy fields, rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and rocky lands. This openness had been also replicated in the interiors as well-a network of open space starting from the interior courtyards, the huge front yards and backyards, the surrounding property which sometimes had the family ponds around which the activities concentrated. The villages had maidans and playgrounds for the young people which is lacking in the present scenario. The village square would be the commercial hub with the market area and other small shops where people gathered in groups to interact with each other (Manoj Kumar Kini, 2014).

Various purposes or functions of open space in historical perspective included

 Daily gatherings

 Peer discussions

 Village meetings / announcements

 Political / religious gatherings

 Games arena etc.

With each open space attributing to specific functions and quality it was an indispensable part of everyday life of Keralites in the past which has become absurd over coming years.

2.5 Urbanization trend in Kerala

When analyzed in the world scenario, the urbanization in India is comparatively low but it is ‘massive’ due to the enormity of population. Within India, the level of urbanization varies among various states/union territories. Kerala is one of the states which shows high level of urbanization (Fig 7),(STATE URBANISATION REPORT KERALA, 2012)

According to the Urbanization report of Kerala the Urban population content is about to cross 50% mark with high rate of urbanization. If this trend is continued Kerala will become 100% urban in the future. The high level of urbanization and its high urban population growth rate is to be analyzed against the socio-economic development, the State has achieved over a period, to ascertain whether this pattern of urbanisation is suitable to the State or not.

2.3.2 Spatial Distribution of Urban Population

As per 2011 census data total urban population of Kerala is 15932171. Fig 8 illustrates the distribution of urban population among Kerala's fourteen districts. Wayanad is Kerala's least urbanized district while Ernakulum is its most urbanized. More than 50% of the population lives in urban areas in six districts (Ernakulam, Thrissur, Kozhikode, Kannur, Alappuzha and Thiruvananthapuram).

Fig 2. 8 District wise population density (Census 2011)

The districts of Idukki, Wayanad, and Pathanamthitta are among the least urbanized in 2001 and 2011. Central and northern Kerala is subject to high levels of urbanization from 20012011, whereas the eastern part of Kerala with forest cover is experiencing low levels of urbanisation since 2001. A mapping of the district-by-district urban content reveals that all coastal districts of Kerala have relatively elevated urbanization levels. In conclusion, Kerala experiences high levels of urbanisation throughout the State with the exception of the high range regions. The scattered settlement pattern of Kerala may explain this phenomenon.

2.3.2 Need for urban open spaces

With the rise in real estate prices, the urban landscape in Kerala has become increasingly enclosed, thus eliminating open spaces where people could congregate. Additionally, restrictions on the use of existing open spaces prevent the people from using them. Rapid urbanization and climatic changes are all leading to urban sprawls and congested development plans leaving little space for open areas in cities. The elimination of the breathing corridor has indeed led to vast problems such as diseases and mental stress in the people living around.

The WHO recommends a minimum of 9 square meters of green space per individual, with an ideal UGS value of 50 square meters per capita. With the statistics of urban areas in Kerala the values are far less than acceptable. Taking into consideration Kochi's enormous population of 2232564 and available green space of 113.79 ha, Kochi's green space per person would be approximately only 0.53 square meters. According to reports public open spaces have become a thing of the past while the city folks have turned to shopping malls for recreation with busy lives. This rising trend is also attributed to the inadequacy of safe, equitable and functional open spaces around urban agglomerations. With public space slipping into areas for vendor encroachments and parking spaces leading to congestion issues and pollution troubles it is significant for a proper future development plan with allocation of open spaces.

2.5 Introduction to geriatrics

Geriatrics, or geriatric medicine is a specialty that focusses on elderly healthcare. It aims to promote health, prevent and treating diseases and disabilities in older adults. There is no set age at which patients may be under the care of a geriatrician, or geriatric physician, a physician who specializes in the care of elderly people. Rather, this decision is determined by the individual patient's needs, and the availability of a specialist. Geriatrics is sometimes called medical gerontology.

2.5.1 Ageing

According to WHO, ageing results from the impact of the accumulation of a wide variety of molecular and cellular damage over time. This leads to a gradual decrease in physical and mental capacity, a growing risk of disease and ultimately death.

A person's age in years is not strongly correlated with these changes, since they are neither linear nor consistent. Experiencing diversity in old age isn't accidental. Aside from biological changes, ageing often includes other life transitions such as retirement, relocating to a better location, and losing a partner or a friend.

2.5.1 Factors influencing healthy ageing

A person's age in years is not strongly correlated with these changes, since they are neither linear nor consistent. Experiencing diversity in old age isn't accidental. Aside from biological changes, ageing often includes other life transitions such as retirement, relocating to a better location, and losing a partner or a friend.

It is possible for the built environment and social environment to directly affect health, or that they can influence opportunities, decisions, and health behavior indirectly. Taking part in regular physical activity, eating a balanced diet and refraining from tobacco use are all factors that reduce noncommunicable disease risks, improve mental and physical capacity, and delay dependency on care.

Despite losses in capacity, supportive physical and social environments enable people to do the things they value. An environment that provides safe and accessible public buildings and transport, as well as easy walking routes, is an example of a supportive environment. The development of an effective public-health response to ageing must not only consider individual and environmental approaches aimed at alleviating the losses experienced by older people, but also those that could enhance their recovery, adaptability, and psychosocial development.

2.5 Barriers in public space for elderly

 Level changes - Poorly designed steps or the absence of ramps can make moving around difficult for the elderly.

 Ground cover/ finish - Wheelchair movement is dependent on the nature of the ground.

 Concreted floors or compacted gravel are preferrable.

 Resting place – Lack of proper resting place or congregational space can disinterest elderly to come over to a place.

 Protection from nature – Addressing the micro climate is an important aspect to aid comfort of the users especially elderly as they are more sensitive to sun etc.

 Improper lighting - Lighting is a desired feature for the sake of safety as well as to feel familiar to the space. It helps to keep track of your path and provide good visual connectivity.

 Security - There is no limit to the extent of security that can be provided. The elderly always fears the state of isolation and that nobody will know when they might need help. So, the security of a space is a subjective matter and is also a crucial one too.

2.6 Age friendly environment

According to the World report on ageing and health, cities and communities need to help older people build their abilities to:

 Achieve their basic needs

 Make decisions, learn, and grow

 Become mobile

 Establish and maintain relationships

 Contribute

An age-friendly environment is devoid of physical and social barriers, and it is supported by policies and services that:

 Promote health and the development and maintenance of physical and mental capabilities throughout life

 Allow individuals to continue doing the activities they enjoy even when their ability is reduced

Thus, age friendly environments aids in recognizing

 Older people's diverse capacities and resources

 Anticipate and respond cautiously to ageing related needs and preferences

 Respect the decisions and choices of elderly

 Protect and care the vulnerable community

 Engage the inclusion of aged people in all areas of community life

2.6.1 Characteristics of age friendliness in public space

The outside environment and public buildings have a major impact on the mobility, independence and quality of life of older people and affect their ability to “age in place”(WHO., 2007).

 Pleasant and clean environment - The beauty of the city's natural surrounds is something that many individuals in various places immediately cite as an age-friendly aspect. A well maintained clean public space with no disturbing noise levels or odour can encourage more elderly visitors.

 Provision of green spaces – Safe and well-designed green spaces can reduce stress and alleviate mood in the elderly and according to reports can even evoke childhood memories.

 Resting areas - The availability of seating areas is generally viewed as a necessary urban feature for older people: it is difficult for many older people to walk around their local area without somewhere to rest.

 Age friendly pavements - The condition of the pavements has a direct influence on one's ability to stroll around the neighborhood. Pavements that are small, uneven, cracked, have high curbs, are congested, or have obstacles pose possible risks and impair older people's ability to walk.

2.6.2 Cities alive – designing for ageing communities

According to the report Cities alive – designing for ageing communities the author offers various strategies and actions that built environment professionals can take to improve the quality of life for older residents. These strategies are distilled into a vision of the future, showing how communities around the world can achieve this vision and empower their older residents to live happy and fulfilling lives. The main needs of aged people were distilled into components as shown in Fig 2.10

Walkable environments

Autonomy/Independence

Health and well being

Social connectedness

Security and resilience

Proper wayfinding

Spaces for recreation, meditation

Nature connections

Inclusion and civic participation

Intergenerational approach

Design safe public areas

Dementia safety

Fig 2. 10 Age friendly components

After discussing the needs the report moves on to explain the age friendly strategies that could be adopted depending on the components identified and finally the paper synthesizes these ideas into a future vision, demonstrating how communities throughout the world may realize this goal and empower their elderly inhabitants to live happy and fulfilled lives.

2.7 Standard guidelines for age friendly environment, CPWD

Walks should have a smooth, level surface that is good for walking and wheeling. Cobblestones, coarsely exposed aggregate concrete, bricks, and other irregular surfaces frequently induce bumpy rides. The minimum walk way width would be 1200 mm and for moderate two-way traffic it should be 1650 mm - 1800 mm.

The casters on a wheelchair are about 180 mm in diameter. Therefore, a wheelchair can only get over a small level difference. Devise methods that can reduce the height of the level difference.

Walkways should be constructed with a non-slip material and should be different from rest of the area. Try to avoid all manholes, trees etc. on walkway.

During the approach to a park and/or the road leading to it, there should be no difference in level. In cases where a level difference is unavoidable, ramps or staircases plus ramps are needed. It is imperative to use non-slip materials on paved surfaces. Color contrast schemes and guiding blocks should be used in places where there is a difference in level, such as stairs.

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

Basic understanding of aspects of public open space

Data collection

Extraction of relevant data and parameters

Primary data

Secondary data

Observations of elderly behaviours/activities

In person interviews

Publications on age friendly design in open spaces

Open space features in Kerala

Comparison and analysis with set parameters

Live case studies

Literature case studies

Formulation of design guidelines wrt Kerala context

3.1 Identification of the problem/question

 What are the types of open spaces existing in Kerala?

 What are the existing flaws and strengths if any considering age friendliness?

 What are the aspects that can be utilized to analyse age friendliness?

 What are the guidelines that can be formulated for an ideal age inclusive open space in Kerala?

3.2 Review of literature

Throughout the course of the study, research papers, journals, dissertations, and other valid documents about open spaces in urban context, typology of open spaces, geriatric considerations, and design standards are read and analyzed to develop a parameter set to assist with the study of geriatric friendliness in open spaces of Kerala.

3.3 Identification of parameters

A set of parameters are derived from the understanding of various literature reports which are further used for the analysis of case studies.

Urban context

Type of space Main character

Open space aspects

Scale of space

Social aspects

Circulation and seating

Neighbourhood typology Linkages/ accessibility

Amenities/ infrastructure Plantings/ waterscapes

Geriatric aspects

3.4 Data collection

This part involves collecting primary and secondary data to understand and analyze geriatric friendly aspects in open spaces of Kerala and further analyze it.

Primary data is collected by visual survey/ observations of elderly behaviors and activities in open spaces, in person interviews with aged people to know their preferences and interests in a public open space. Live case studies are conducted in selected urban open spaces of Kerala to understand existing conditions and features and analyze it for geriatric friendliness further with the developed parameter set.

Secondary data collection involves study on age friendly design aspects and guidelines through published reports, newspaper articles, journals, world reports and international literature case studies.

3.5 Results and inference

Based on the understandings from review of literature and findings from case studies by comparative analysis a set of design components and guidelines for each are derived finally.

CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDIES

4.1 Literature case studies

4.1.1 Portland memory garden

Selection crieria - The Portland Memory Garden - a project of the Alzheimer’s Association is the first and only publicly owned garden designed for individuals suffering from memory loss. Run by a non-profit organization it provides therapeutic and educational activities in addition.

Urban context- The Portland memory garden is nestled within Ed Benedict Park, a 12.75acre city park at Southeast Portland with basketball courts, soccer fields and adjacent community garden. The surrounding areas majorly involve a residential neighborhood on one side while the main highway runs along the other side of the park enabling easy access.

Situated in the city Centre with commercial and industrial Centers adjacent the site has an increased potential too.

About- The Portland memory garden is part of the Portland parks and recreation system designed specifically for people with memory affecting diseases and it is one of the only two such memory gardens in the US built on public land. Additionally, it is still well used by the neighborhood and larger Portland community. It provides a fully accessible circular pathway and unique visual landmarks with four seasons of plants and flowers in raised beds that are chosen to stimulate the senses and spark past memories. They also offer free horticultural therapy sessions to senior communities, hosts free Summer open house and even provide opportunities to raise vegetables, herbs and flowers in raised beds in the adjacent community garden.

Open space aspects – A public open garden space in Portland within human scale comprises mainly open lawn with designated plantings, pavements and pergolas. Infrastructural amenities to aid users such as covered seating, restrooms and drinking water fountains are also provided within the vicinity. Regular activities are also conducted in the space engaging the general public and keeping the place alive in the urban scape.

Social aspects – The garden is located in a prime location along a residential neighborhood increasing the engagement of the garden area. Additionally, the presence of the basketball courts and soccer fields invite variety of users to the garden throughout the day. Planned sessions by registered horticultural therapists are conducted weekly here for people affected by memory loss also frequent senior activities and summer programs are also held here. All the maintenance and upkeep of the garden is completely done by community volunteers and horticultural therapy students, many of whom were involved in the initial design of the garden. Involving these wide range of users thereby can promote interaction between various age groups and build community support and awareness.

Geriatric compatibility – Understanding the tendency of people with memory disorders to wander and get lost, an enclosed space with only one entrance is provided in the garden allowing them to explore the place freely. Additionally, all the paths are circular without dead ends for easy navigation and a visual connectivity is maintained thoroughly. Pathways are eight feet wide with one-foot-wide edging on either side cuing the change of materiality and surface. Since eyesight deteriorates with age clear distinction is given by pathways preventing falls.

Senior citizens are also mostly sensitive to direct sun. This has been taken into account and shaded areas with seating options are provided throughout the area. Provision of resting options are quite significant for elderly people especially those with physical frails. Hence resting benches are set back from the main pathways and open spaces provided adjacent for wheelchair users. The design of seating is further sensitive to elderly with high armrests aiding while sitting and standing up.

Safety in the garden area is maintained by well-lit tall lanterns that illuminates the space from dusk till dawn thereby allowing easy navigation for users and prevents vandalism. Further the fenced perimeter secures the garden and it is veiled by plants to prevent the feel of a jail yard and the plants within the garden are oriented towards the circumnavigating pathways such that large trees and shrubs are closer to the fence while low lying plants line the edge of pathways.

According to the Center for an Aging Society, “Planting evokes childhood memories. Many plant varieties common in older gardens are featured to spark pleasant memories of the past”. Thus, the visitors here can experience a four-season combination of visual, tactile, and

The section depicts the 8 feet wide pathways with distinct edging for clear demarcation and avoiding confusions. The plants and trees arranged in a way as to not block possible vistas and create safe feeling for the elderly users.

Attributes Observation

Type of open space

Scale

Built spaces

Landscaping

Activities held

Public space

Human scale

Entry structure, basketball court, restroom and tool shed

Bounty of plants and flowers, horticulture

Planned senior activities, summer programs with horticultural therapists

Table 4. 2 Geriatric friendly aspects

Attributes

Walkable environment

Level differences

Lighting levels

Seating facilities

Amenities

Recreational activities

Social inclusion

Security

Observation

Circular paths, no dead ends allow easy navigation and less edges

Wheel chair accessible throughout the garden space

Well-lit lanterns provide ample lighting throughout night

Vast resting benches with high armrests aid senior citizens while sitting & getting up

Covered seating spaces, restrooms, drinking water fountains

Wheelchair accessible picnic tables, horticulture therapy sessions, pergola spaces for meditation/exercise

Open to public summer programs, community gardens for vegetable growing, volunteering by horticultural students

Less obstructions, visual continuity and ample lighting discourages vandalism

Selection criteria – Ken Malloy Harbour Regional Park is an extensive restoration project of natural habitat that now hosts an outdoor gym designed to engage people of all ages and disabilities.

Urban context- Ken Malloy Harbor Regional fitness park is situated in a 231-acre park in Los Angeles City Park serving Wilmington and Harbor City areas as well as the South Bay region of California. The Park contains 40-acre Machado Lake, one of the last wetlands in Los Angeles, which also serves as a flood control retention basin during storm events. The fitness situated in the vicinity of Southern Bay medical center increases the site potential further.

(playcore.com)

About- Ken Malloy Harbor Regional Park is the site of one of the largest outdoor fitness parks in the Los Angeles area. It includes three distinct areas of fitness products: standard (bodyweight and motion products, including accessible/inclusive options), therapeutic (designed specifically for users age 55 and up), and elite (advanced training options for athletes). Each fitness area is installed on color-coded safety surfacing and includes instructional signage. Adults and older teens use the park on a regular basis to achieve their health and wellness goals, and personal trainers routinely schedule bootcamp classes and other group fitness sessions. Open space aspects – The space is spread over an area of 231 acre making it an extensive scale but separated by varied functions making it possible to perceive by senior citizens. The park features paved pathways most of them in curved pattern with no edges and level differences creating a simple and easy approach for elders. In addition, hiking and bike trails, nature deck, hundreds of additional trees, and new grass, pedestrian bridges, benches, and a large outdoor fitness area are presented for the multiple user groups at the park. Situated next to the Machao lake it presents opportunities for meditation zones and sensory experiences with migratory birds

Social aspects – Located in a prime location and the vicinity of medical center increases the scope of the fitness park. Designed to engage the family together in fitness activities the park has become a huge success with aiding from medical center. Provision of fitness club and fitness equipment with the medical center amps up the space and invites more people especially geriatric community. With spaces for well-rounded group workouts the park is a favorite spot among users in the vicinity. Also, trainers routinely schedule bootcamp classes and other group fitness sessions engaging the geriatric community and improving their wellbeing.

Geriatric compatibility – One of the first age inclusive fitness park consists of demarcated zones for senior citizens. Colour coding on contrasting colours helps people with loss of vision.

A clear legible space is created with curved pathways and visual connectivity maintained continuously. The pathways designed with proper width and no major level differences makes it wheelchair accessible throughout.

Multiple seating options are provided near lakeside and other areas along the pathways but very less seating options along the fitness area to engage people in fitness training. Demarcated therapy space with advanced training equipment is provided creating an allround fitness park for all ages. The three-color coded spaces create a comfortable workout zone for families to bring in elderly and children and allow to involve in fitness activities

The therapeutic area included for adults focus on rehabilitation, active aging, deconditioned users, and balance and flexibility.

Fig create

The refreshing cool breeze from the adjacent Machao lake adds an input for the users for a comfortable experience. The long pathways lined with greenery approaching the lakes provides nature trails for releasing their stresses and increases energy levels in users.

Being a vast open space with no such physical barriers the park remains well-lit all along the day thus offering a legible space for conceiving by the elderly and offers proper security. Additionally with all age group workout areas clubbed together avoids a need for separate surveillance for the senior citizens thus encouraging families to come and bond together. Overall, the park offers an inclusive space at an enormous scale with various activities incorporated for geriatric community

Attributes

Type of open space

Scale

Built spaces

Landscaping

Activities held

Observation

Public space

Large scale

Bike trails, nature decks, restrooms

Extensive lawn space

Routine fitness activities and programs

Table 4. 4 Geriatric friendly aspects

Attributes

Walkable environment

Level differences

Sharp edges

Suitability of furniture

Amenities

Recreational/meditation spaces

Nature connectivity

Lighting levels

Security

Observation

Circular paths, no dead ends allow easy navigation and less edges

Wheel chair accessible throughout the garden space

Most corners and edges are rounded off

Less seating options near play area, backrests not provided

Covered seating spaces, restrooms, drinking water fountains

Demarcated therapy space for aged people, viewing decks with seating options near lake

Expanse of lawn and greenery with stretch of lake adjoining one side

Naturally lit. closes by 7 pm

Less obstructions, visual continuity maintained due to the shape of plan

4.2 Live case studies

4.2.1 Kozhikode beach, Calicut

Selection criteria – Kozhikode beach is one of the main happening places located in the heart of Calicut with a wide group of visitors flocking from even nearby districts and is main venue for public protests, meetings and various other remarkable events.

Context- Kozhikode Beach or Calicut Beach is a beach on the western side of Kozhikode, situated on the Malabar Coast of India. Also consists of Lions Park near the beachside. Gains more importance due to cultural & historical aspects and the surrounding numerous food spots. It is accessible by 4 over bridges in the city

About- There are two parts to Kozhikode beach, north and south, north is the way to Kannur and northern Kerala, south is the way to Thrissur. Paved areas with illuminating lamps follow the stretch of beach. Multiple seating types are also provided along the pathways. A famous destination among tourists with cultural and heritage value. Frequent public meetings, daily recreational activities and yearly events are carried out in the beach premises.

Open space aspects – A major public waterfront open space predominantly within human scale continued along a long stretch of almost 2kms. The circulation pattern is relatively simple with an uninterrupted straight stretch, concrete paved pathways are laid out with multiple seating types with covered seating, gathering seating and green pockets at rare intervals.

The only infrastructural amenities provided are a single restroom block and temporary shops and vendors for refreshments along the paths and beach area. Very less vegetation found along the beach stretch, the only green patches are shrubs and small plants with seating around it.

Pedestrian movement

Vehicular movement

Built structures

Social aspects – Kozhikode beach is situated in the city center with a commercial belt surrounding and residential neighborhood beyond. Boasting of a rich history and with heritage structures such as Mishkal mosque nearby site potential is further increased. This is clearly visible from the vast number of tourists flocking to the region and the various cultural events happening in the place engaging the community. Yearly events like Kerala literature festival, film festivals usually occur here. Still there are no allocated spaces for performances or events and crowds usually block the roadsides.

Vast community involvement is a main aspect of the beach ranging from routine activities, cleaning volunteers, yearly festivals and much more. As a result, the beach and surrounding areas are always bustling with a multitude of activities all-round the year.

Geriatric compatibility – With a linear stretch of path and less turnings or edges there is a simple walkable environment created for the elderly, additionally there are semi open walls that makes it easy to conceive the space from outside.

There are level differences present at the walkway stretch and further vast differences at the beach area although ramps are provided at certain spots, they are not present at proper intervals or at accurate standards for easy navigation. Ample seating spaces are present throughout the walkway stretch with various options such as covered seating, round gathering

Sharp edges have been created at various spots due to the square seating and large lamp posts in between pathways thus creating trouble for elderly citizens. Although there are no specific spaces allocated for recreation the round seating areas overlooking the beach acts as a meditation spot during mornings. The pathways are three-meter-wide accommodating for easy strolling but it is interrupted at intervals by the seating in the middle. Even with a vast space, mornings and evenings at beach becomes very crowded making it difficult for elderly citizens to stroll through or sit peacefully. The presence of natural waterbody and the soothing sounds of waves calm the users and relieve their stresses. Although lanterns are provided throughout the stretch due to level differences night time at beach area remains dark and prone to crimes.

Table 4. 5 Main aspects at a glance

Attributes Observation

Type of open space

Scale

Built spaces

Public space

Human scale with large stretch

Restroom sheds, temporary shops, covered seating

Landscaping Small green pockets along pathways

Activities held

Table 4. 6 Geriatric friendly aspects

Attributes Observation

Walkable environment

Level differences

Sharp edges

Suitability of furniture

Recreational/meditation spaces

Nature connectivity

Lighting levels

Security

Daily recreational activities, public meetings, protests, Yearly events

Straight stretch of paths with less turns, easy navigation

Level differences present, no ramps provided everywhere

Square seating with sharp corners

Ample seating spaces of different types provided along the stretch

Daily meditation, aerobics and exercise around the seating areas

Natural waterbody presence, greenery only rarely placed patches and palm trees

Well-lit lanterns throughout the stretch but due to level difference, beach area not illuminated well

Visual connection disrupted, insufficient lighting causing dead ends leads to vandalism, social activities

Selection criteria – Thekkinkadu maidan situated in the heart of Thrissur city is an enormous vibrant open ground occupied almost every day by a variety of users and hosts the spectacular cultural Thrissur pooram festival every year forming one of the greatest gatherings of India.

Context- A 65-acre hillock in the center of Thrissur, Thekkinkadu Maidan is surrounded by the Swaraj Round, which houses the Vadakkunnathan Temple. The whole of city branches out from here through nine roads. Surrounded mostly by commercial buildings the open ground with abundant vegetation acts as a breathing space in the urban area.

About- The 65-acre open space can be perceived as a cultural landscape housing the Vadukkanathan temple, a recreation space with Nehru Park and large spreading foliage, a frequent congregational space for political rallies, public events and evening gaming corner for card players. Additionally, there are famous spaces like students corner and labour corner where historical events have happened. With not much infrastructure or built interventions the natural habitat is flourished in this space with almost 93 species of trees including mango, teak and mahogany.

Open space aspects – An enlarged scale of space features a 6m level difference from the existing road level. There are no specific pathways provided for circulation and have been

Pedestrian movement

Vehicular movement

Built structures

The only seating options are concrete round seating around trees with large foliage which thus becomes isolated during monsoon seasons. The Vadukkunathan temple is situated in the highest point of site and other structures in the site premises include the Nehru Park and water authority wells. Despite the large crowd that arrives at this space basic necessities like proper washrooms or water fountains are not provided here.

The evergreen trees form the iconic aspect of the site with over 93 species of both local and exotic species including flowering trees that bloom over the extensive foliage to provide enchanting backdrops to the open space. Still a proper maintenance of the landscape is not visible here both plants and trees growing enormously blocking pathways and creating negative spaces.

Social aspects – Thekkinkadu maidan is historically famous for hosting the spectacular festival of Thrissur pooram every year with a vast flock of visitors filling the ground. Apart from that frequent political rallies occur here at various spots, various speeches by eminent personalities and discussions are also held on a routine basis at the student’s corner, labor’s corner and Nehru Park. This open space in the heart of Thrissur thus acts as the main event hub and gathering spot for major events

Various zones in the ground are generally occupied by certain routine activities throughout the day although there is no physical segregation creating some active and some quieter areas in the vast space. The various functions and activities happening around the site are as shown in Fig

Temple premises

Elephant ground

Children’s Park

Card players

Planted teak trees

Water tank

Geriatric compatibility – With no defined pathways and potholes along with on street parking there is no proper navigation and makes it difficult to perceive way for elderly without supervision. The vast level differences in the site are not treated properly, no ramps

4. 23 Existing level difference in site

Since there are no built interventions the presence of sharp edges is not visible creating a secure movement. Seating options available are only under trees although present at frequent intervals some spots left out without shading or seats invites trouble for elderly citizens while strolling.

There are no assigned recreational/ meditation spaces provided although there is a jogging track but not well maintained. The vast vegetation and trees offer a soothing experience for aged people and aid in their mental wellbeing hence preferred by aged groups of people to hang out frequently.

The lack of infrastructure especially lights create a lack of activity here from dusk and makes it unsafe for the geriatric community, additionally this invites chances of crime and illegal activities around the ground making it a negative space during nights.

Improper utilization of land and no proper amenities increases issues during excessive crowds and makes it unsuitable for elder citizens during festivals etc.

Table 4. 7 Main aspects at a glance

Attributes Observation

Type of open space

Public space

Scale Large scale

Built spaces

Restroom sheds, temporary shops, covered seating

Landscaping Green lawns formed naturally

Activities held

Daily jogging, public protests, cultural events

Table 4. 8 Geriatric friendly aspects

Attributes Observation

Walkable environment

Level differences

Sharp edges

Suitability of furniture

Recreational/meditation spaces

Nature connectivity

Lighting levels

No defined pathways, potholes and on street parking creates trouble

Vast level difference throughout

Mostly open spaces with less edges

Only seating option are under trees, offers shade

Jogging track present around the site, although not well maintained

Natural habitat with local trees and greenery

Not well lit in nights, level differences create difficulty

Security Illegal activities and improper planning create excessive crowd and crimes during festivals

4.2.3 Panampilly Streetscape, Ernakulam

Selection criteria – Being in one of the prestigious residential locations Panampilly Nagar is one of the most favored spots for people to hang out and spend quality time. Additionally, it is easily accessible and forming on of the main point of interest in the urban area of Kochi.

Context- The Panampilly streetscape developed by Kochi metro rail Ltd (KMRL) is located in a major urban residential colony. Starting from the South over bridge and ending at Airforce navel housing board it covers about 1km. In the past years various commercial stretches have also been risen up here increasing the land value. It is also easily accessible by adjacent main road network making it a site with high potential for an inclusive design.

About- Panampilly streetscape is a 1km long stretch of walkway with bicycle track designed to encourage non-motorised transportation among people. It forms one of the active open places in the city. Although daytime seems pretty normal, by evening crowds of different age groups forms along the stretch and the night becomes most active with food trucks and bustling crowd.

Open space aspects – A humanized scale of space easily perceivable from outside since there are no built interventions present. The circulation pattern is relatively simple with the straight stretch of pedestrian pathways with no turnings.

Pedestrian movement

Vehicular movement

Built structures

Iron bench seating at intervals is the only seating provided along the walkway as shown in

Fig 4.27. Although there are cafes and shops along the walkway there are no necessary infrastructure or amenities provided for the public such as public toilets or water fountain etc. There is no particular landscaping or vegetation provided in the space, a canal running alongside is not well-maintained creating eyesore and odor issues.

Social aspects – The burgeoning streets of Panampilly comprises of varied activities created by the arriving public although there are no allocated congregational spaces or provisions for get togethers.

With the daytime relatively less active due to harsh sunlight and no covered spaces evenings and nights see a rise in activities including food vendor gathering and performances.

Although overall the space remains silent due to the presence of surrounding residences but has the potential to create a vibrant public space with various activities.

Geriatric compatibility – The defined pathways that are laid out in a straight stretch makes it simple for movement for elderly and visually connect areas although level differences from road are not treated properly with edging or ramps for wheelchair access.

Sharp edges are not created in the walkway stretch and iron benches are the only seating option provided for users. No allocation for wheelchair placement provided near the seating area and most often the benches placed can intervene the space for walking in the pathways.

No specific congregational spots for recreation or meditation makes it unsuitable for the aged people seeking company.

Vegetation or water scaping being an important element for mental peace and stress relief in elderly it is not planned in the street corridor. The existing canal is not well maintained and causes an eyesore for the passerby

The proper street lighting keeps the space well-lit throughout nights and with the residences surrounding a safe street is created with no possibility for any crimes.

Table 4. 9 Main aspects at a glance

Attributes Observation

Type of open space

Scale

Built spaces

Landscaping

Activities held

Public space

Large scale

Restroom sheds, temporary shops, covered seating

Green lawns formed naturally

Daily jogging, public protests, cultural events

Table 4. 10 Geriatric friendly aspects

Attributes Observation

Walkability

Level differences

Sharp edges

Seating facilities suitability

Recreational /meditation spaces

Nature connection

Lighting levels

Straight stretch of paths with less corners, easy navigation

No change in levels along the stretch

No visible edges along the stretch

Iron benches for seating at intervals, not covered

Cycling tracks and pathways for walking, less gathering spaces

Less greenery more manmade intervention, canal nearby not well maintained

Lampposts at regular intervals, no blind spots formed hence

Security Residential area with a welcoming feel, no security concerns

CHAPTER 5: FINDINGS AND RESULTS

5.1 Findings from literature case studies

The international literature case studies aided in understanding the geriatric friendly measures that can be adopted in the design of an urban open space and analyze the components/ factors which aid in creating an inclusive space. A comparative analysis done as in Table 5.1 aided to analyze the geriatric aspects that was successful in creating age friendliness in public open spaces in urban areas. Further the main three components that made the space preferred by elderly have been identified as follows in Fig 5.1.

Table 5. 1 Comparative analysis of geriatric aspects in literature case studies

5. 1 Identified age friendly components

5.1 Findings from live case studies

Three case studies were selected in the three districts of Kerala – Kozhikode. Thrissur and Ernakulam with an increased urban population. The urban context was initially studied and analyzed to understand how contextual factors influence age friendliness in a public space. Comparative analysis of the case studies is as given in Table 5.1.

Table 5. 2 Comparative analysis of urban context in live case studies

According to the comparative analysis and understandings contextual factors that aid in encouraging elderly citizens to visit public spaces include

 Easy access to space

 Safe neighborhoods

 Active and lively context

Next the open space aspects of the live case studies were compared to understand the deficiencies and requirements in the current public space.

Social factor is an essential component of age friendliness that has to be looked upon in open spaces and compared as shown in Table 5.4. The analyzed live case studies showed an increased activity cycle with varied user groups and kept the space active even though necessary supporting amenities weren’t present at the open space.

Table 5. 4 Comparative analysis of social aspects in live case studies

Social aspects Kozhikode beach Thekkinkadu maidan Panampilly streetscape

Activity

Events/

Finally analyzing the geriatric compatibility in the open spaces of the selected case studies, although the spaces aren’t planned as age inclusive ones some aspects aid in creating geriatric friendliness as visible in the comparative analysis Table 5.5.

Some modifications and changes can encourage more elderly persons to come and utilize the public spaces and create an inclusive community level space in the urban context. Geriatric elements that invited people to the selected cases include

 Easily perceivable or simple navigation

 Seating or congregational spaces

 Prescence of natural habitat

 Tranquil/ peaceful atmosphere

Geriatric aspects Kozhikode beach Thekkinkadu maidan Panampilly streetscape

Walkability Mostly simple Creates confusion Mostly simple

Level differences Ramps provided No ramps No level changes

Sharp edges Sharp corners present No sharp edges No visible edges

Seating facilities suitability Ample seating spaces Only seating option are under trees Iron benches for seating at intervals

Recreational /meditation spaces Some space allocated No dedicated space Cycling tracks provided

Nature connection Natural waterbody presence

Natural habitat with local trees and greenery Less greenery

Lighting levels Poor at late night Not well lit in nights, Well-lit lamps

Security Some dead ends created Improper planning and low lighting Very less security concerns Kozhikode beach

The main geriatric needs in Kozhikode beach include

 Continuous lit pathways

 Covered gathering zones

 Ramps for level changes

The main geriatric needs in Thekkinkadu maidan include

 Legible pathways

 Activity zone demarcation

 Necessary infrastructure

The main geriatric needs in Panampilly Nagar include

 Ramps and handrails for pathways

 Gathering spaces near canal

 More inclusion of natural habitat

5.1 Findings from in person interview

In person interviews were conducted with elderly focus group to understand their preferences and needs that encourage them to utilize the public open spaces which are formulated as shown in Table 5.6.

Table 5. 6 Geriatric preferences in open spaces

Type of open space Characteristics of preference

Open plaza

Easily perceivable, visual connectivity, Various engagement zones

Streets/Markets Very lively place, Numerous activities happening, public protests and events with crowds

Waterbody

Urban parks

Temple grounds

Peaceful place for family get-togethers, friendly chats and meditation

Greenery and trees evoke memories, children playing creates liveliness

Cultural place evokes calmness, daily routines, friendly neighborhood chats

All the findings from case studies and interviews formed way to coin the design guidelines as discussed later in the next chapter.