Rajkot DP 2041 | Development Plan Studio | Master of Urban Planning | CEPT University

Page 1

RAJKOT DEVELOPMENT PLAN

2041

SAUMYA SHARMA|PG180904|MUP SPRING SEMESTER 2019|CEPT UNIVERSITY|AHMEDABAD



03

Precinct Planning of Ahmedabad

Economic Centers

Development Plan Case Study: Canberra

Estimations for 2041 Vision and Objectives Strategy for connectivity Road Network Approach to Zoning Zones and their DCR Proposals

02

04

Rajkot: City at a glance

- Skill Based: Onsite and off-site

About Studio

Transect Study Layers Studied Built Typology Stakeholders Consultation

Key learnings

- Knowledge Based

CONTENTS

01



Section 01 Precinct Planning of Ahmedabad

Development Plan Case Study: Canberra


PRECINCT PLANNING AT FRINGE OF AHMEDABAD Existing Scenario

Location

Existing Land Use

71%

68%

3% 1% 2%

Vacant Plot

Private

Residental Multi Unit

Institutional

Limited Accessibility

Open spaces

Commercial

Universally accessible at all time

Issues Location: Chandkheda Area : 1 sq.km. North-west of Ahmedabad Predominantly Residential neighbourhood at fringe Almost equidistant from Gandhinagar (15km) and Navrangpura (13km)

8%

Residental Single Unit

Strength • • • •

15%

Strength

Opportunity

10%

22%

: Availability of Land : Awaited or inadequate infrastructure : Scope of development of public spaces in wide under developed ROWs


PRECINCT PLANNING AT FRINGE OF AHMEDABAD Strengths and Issues • Infrastructure development: Storm water

Existing condition is Low rise, Dense and Organic Growth

• Revival of Existing Open Spaces

Short Term Goals

Planning Interventions proposed Re-densify

- Wider streets for movement -Designated for Parking

• Revival of Public amenities

- Planned public spaces

• Street Vendor Formalisation • Regularizing Traffic Junction • Designing Street Scape

Long Term Goals

Existing Vendor Condition

Redesigning Street Market

• Re-densification - Replace dilapidating houses with apartments

- Formalise

• Interactive Neighbourhood Making compounded open spaces open to public

- Restrict spillovers

• Elevation modification Designing arcade and pedestrian movement spaces between carriage way and shops

- Provide designated place - Plan platforms and pavements

Existing Road Condition

Redesigning Street Section - Formalised street activies and restrict them to designated spaces - Installation of Street lights, CCTV’s etc - Creating shaded urban parkways


CASE STUDY: CANBERRA - A CITY WITH MIXED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Developable and developed land

Darwin Northern Territory Western Australia Perth

South Australia Adelaide

Clearance Zone map MAP 9

Bushfire Abatement Zone

Queensland Brisbane New South Wales Sydney Victoria Melbourne

Canberra

Most developable land is developed in Abatement zone.

31%

of developable

Urban growth Containment line

land is developed

Residential Intensification line Areas targeted for residential intesification Urban Future Urban Civic (City centre) Town Centre Activity Node Industrial

Developed Land : 78.72 sq.km. (approx.) Developable

Developed

Developable Land : 173 sq.km. (approx)

T H E C A N B E R R A S PAT I A L P L A N

Future Employment Corridor Landscape Setting Rural Setting Rural Village Under Investigation for rural village Major Roads Canberra International Airport Planned Major road Potential high speed rail Waterways and lakes ACT Border

Source: Australia National Capital Authority

• Zoning is done at regional level where as Landuse planning and regulation is done at neighbourhood level and is further detailed at precinct level. • Unlike Gujarat modal where landuse is decided at city level. Canberra here has advantage of each precinct getting specification and details as per it’s character and requirement.

25


CASE STUDY: CANBERRA - A CITY WITH MIXED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Location for Neighbourhood Plan

Neighbourhood Plan

Public Transport Routes

Controls and Regulations

Permissible Heights

Building Envelopes

• Multiple uses are defined but are not segregated. With regulations at precinct level, a lot of scope is provided for overlapping of activities, thereby enhancing interaction within neighbourhood. • Equal weight-age is given to green spaces and to built environment. The planning is extremely eco-sensetive and prohibits any intrusion in ecological sensitive spaces.



Section 02 About Studio

Rajkot: City at a glance Transect Study Layers Studied Built Typology Stakeholders Consultation


METHODOLOGY


RAJKOT : CITY AT A GLANCE

Importance of Rajkot for Saurashatra Industrial Hub

Commercial Center

Educational Center

Cultural Center

What makes Rajkot a preferred choice? City Demographics and location Availability of Manpower Business Environment Regional Connectivity Industrialisation Infrastructure

RUDA Area

Population Density

RMC Area

Literacy rate

733.68 Sq.km 104.85 Sq.km Population

15,35,112

2237 per Sq.km 79.72% Sex Ratio

905

Forward linkages of some major industries in Rajkot Diesel Engines and Pumps South Africa | Middle East

23

Slum population

2,04,000

Surendranagar Amreli 6% 3% Bhavnagar 13% Somnath 0% Jamnagar 8% Junagadh 4% Morbi 3%

MorbiPorbandar 1% 1% Jamnagar Junagadh 13% 6% Bhavnagar 18%

Agricultural Equipment Middle East | South Africa

Rajkot 62%

Rajkot 51%

Amreli 3%

Industrial Profile of Rajkot Others 18%

Middle East | USA | UK | Germany | Italy| Australia

Gold & Silver Jewellery

Porbandar 1%

Investment profile of Saurahtra

Casting & Forging Industries

Middle East | USA

Number of Wards

Employment generation profile of Saurahtra

Food Processing 4%ITeS IT & 5% Textiles 5%

Auto Components 20%

Engineering 48%


PERCEIVING CITY THROUGH ITS TRANSECTS na

Landmark: RK Industrial Zone | IOCL botteling plant

gar

Transects Character

d Roa

Ahmedabad transect

Jam

Ro a

d

bi Mor

Transects Character

Industrial and commercial land use

ad

dab

e Ahm

way igh

H

Gondal transect Landmark: GIDC | GSRTC

Landmark: APMC| Marwadi University

Urban Core Low Rise High Density Street Vending Congested Roads

Gondal Road

d

Industrial and residential land use

Industrial and mixed use land use

d Roa

a Ro

Landmark: Cricket Stadium | Airport

vad Kala

r ga na av Bh

Jamnagar transect

Landmark: Kotecha chowk | Amtiya University

Institutional and mixed use land use

Morbi transect

Agricultural and residential land use

Kalawad transect

Bhavnagar transect Landmark: Amul chowk | Aji Dam

Institutional and residential land use

General Urban Mixed Use Local gathering spaces

Sub Urban and rural Sparsely Dense Deep Setbacks Irregular Roads


LAYERS STUDIED

Existing Land Use

Population per Hectare

Land Prices : Jantri rates

0-500 501-2500 2500-5000 5001-10000 10001-22000 RUDA Boundary RMC Boundary

Apart from 42% agriculture, Residential Also Other than RMC, villages near Shapar Demand towards west is evident with and Industrial uses are second highest veraval, Khirasar and metoda is denser as higher prices and higher population with approximately 7% each. compared to others due to industrial es- density. tablishments.


UNDERSTANDING CITY TRENDS THROUGH BUILT TYPOLOGY

Walled City Area

150 feet Ring road

Mavdi Chowk

Shapar Veeraval Industrial estate

Commercials in front, residentials in rear Narrow but well Paved Lanes

Plots facing arterial roads have mixed or commercial usage Residential type is primarily apartments

Retail outlets can be seen along crossing, making it lively during late hours. Mixed use dominating

Katcha settlements and slums have come up amongst industrial setups


STAKEHOLDERS PERCEPTION Real Estate Developers Village: Sarpanch & Talati

Residents

Builders Town Planners

Collectorate

Academician Industrialists and Traders

Taluka Office Infrastructure Engineers

Environmentalists Socialist

• Industrialists perceive industrial setups as drivers of development. • As per residents, water scarcity is the biggest challenge and land prices demand is largely influenced by ground water levels of the place. • Environmentalist and socialist suggested, environment concerns are left un-addressed in present scenario.



Section 03 Economic Centers

Estimations for 2041 Vision and Objectives Strategy for connectivity Road Network Approach to Zoning Zones and their DCR Proposals


ECONOMIC GROWTH CENTERS Since economy is the base for any city to thrive, it is important to identify and locate economic drivers of Rajkot. LIGHT INDUSTRIES , JAMNAGAR ROAD Cotton Ginning & Pressing Industries, Agro - Based Industries, Party Plots, Hotels

APMC MARKET, MORBI ROAD

AIIMS Upcoming Medical institution in Rajkot

LIGHT INDUSTRIES ,KUVADVA Agro - Based Industries, Hand Pumps, Agriculture Tools, Krishi Vigyan Kendra

UPCOMING SMART CITY ABD Commercial Centres, Banks, Offices, Trade Centres & reccreational spaces

LIGHT INDUSTRIES ,ANADPAR IOCL, Indane Bottling Plant, Gujarat State Seeds Corporation

MAVDI CHOWK Commercial Centres, Banks, Offices, Trade Centres

WALLED CITY Gold & Silver Jewellery Workshops

LODHIKA GIDC AND UPCOMING KHIRASAR GIDC Forging Industries, Casting Foundry, Pipes and Pipe Manufacturing, Automobile Parts

AJI INDUSTRIAL ESTATE Metal Forging & Casting Industries, Diesel Engines

SHAPAR - VERAVAL INDUSTRIAL ESTATE Forging Industries, Casting Foundry, Pipes and Pipe Manufacturing, Automobile Parts

BHAKTINAGAR INDUSTRIAL ESTATE Metal Forging & Casting Industries, Diesel Engines

On studying varoius economic centers of Rajkot, they can be classified under follow 4 heads. Further moving foreward by taking development of inclusive economy as prime approach for development plan 20141 INDUSTRIAL

COMMERCIAL

INSTITUTIONAL

AGRICULTURE


ESTIMATIONS FOR 2041

VISION FOR RAJKOT 2041 To stimulate development of all sectors of economy in cohesive manner in order to facilitate equal opportunity and choice of live and work.

Duration of DP: 20 years Horizon year: 2041 Total planning area: 733.68 sq.km. Estimated population: 44Lacs Estimated population density: 60 persons/Ha

Institutions

Skill development

Population Projection 5000000 4500000 4000000

Infrastructure

Population

3500000 3000000

Housing

Inclusive streets

2500000 2000000 1500000

Jobs

Young population

SOCIAL EQUITY

1000000 500000 0

NMT

SKILL DEVELOPMENT

1981

1991

2001

2011

2019

2021

2031

2041

Years Arithmetic increase mean

Geometric increase method

Incremental increase method

Graphical method

Present per capita floor space comsumption for residential: 30sq.m. Minimum additional per capita floor space required for residential by 2041: 9,50,64,643sq.m.

Green cover

Park

EQUITABLE PLANNING

Water Live & Work Regional Connections

Industries

MIXED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable

Densification Interlinked economies

• Plan is to be robust enough to cater more than double the estimated population requirements. • Facilitating development of all sectors of economy and not just industrial. • Giving due importance to environment concerns and preserving existing water bodies

Agro tourism


Identifying Missing Links

Jam

ana

gar

Ro ad

M

Identifying Congestion Points Due to Regional Traffic

ad i Ro b r o

STRATEGY FOR CONNECTIVITY

bad

da me

Ah

Hospital Chowk

Madhapar Chowk Raiya Circle

Smart City ABD Area

Greenland Chowk Manila college

Trikaun Baug

Institutional

d ava Kal

d Roa

ar ag

n av

Bhavnagar Circle

Bh

Malviya Fatak

ay hw g i H

Gonda l Road

Industrial setups

Connecting missing links: • Linking various economic centers • Promoting ribbon development • Facilitatting alternate routes

ay w gh

Providing alternate Regional Bypass: • Moving regional traffic at outer periphery • Alternate route to regional traffic • Avoid regional traffic from entering core city

Hi

Gondal Chowk


STRATEGY FOR CONNECTIVITY

gar

Ro ad

Jam

ana

ad

ana

Optimizing Block Sizes

ay ghw

i

H bad

gar

Ro ad

Ro rbi Mo

Jam

d Roa rbi o M

Connecting economic centers of core city to outer periphery

da

me

Ah

y wa igh

H bad

da

me

Ah

Avg Block size (1x0.9)km

Smart City ABD Area Institutional d Roa

d ava Kal

d Roa

Avg Block size (4x3)km

Gonda

ay w gh

l Road

Hi

l Road

Avg Block size (2x2)km

ar ag

Gonda

n av

Connecting missing links: • Connecting existing and potential economic centres • Multiple radials to provide alternate routes • To facilitate accessibility between major roads in the city.

ay w gh

Hi

Industrial setups

Bh

ar ag

n av

Bh

d ava Kal

Super block sizes: • Optimizing block sizes as per intensity envisioned in various neighbourhoods • To cater the growth in terms of vehicles and traffic. • Also provide walkable paths for the pedestrian.


STRATEGY FOR CONNECTIVITY

Regional Bypass

Section 1: Regional Bypass with service lanes to facilitate logistics movement near industrial clusters

Links between transects Section 2: Regional Bypass with plantation bed on either sides

Section 3: Roads that are 45m and above to have provision for BRTS


OVERALL PROPOSED ROAD NETWORK

Section 4: Sub arterials with shaded pedestrian pathways provisioned

Section 5: Roads with urban parkways provisioned for public realm

Section 6: Roads with urban parkways provisioned for public realm • A network has provision for bypassing regional traffic, which is also connecting major industrial clusters of Rajkot • Connected transects will facilitate infill development • Optimized super block sizes as per density envisioned will enhance accessibility, both pedestrian and vehicular


APPROACH FOR ZONING

Mobility Based

Economy Based

By linking Jamnagar transect and Kalavad transect: ABD area under Smart city will get boost Linking agro based centres to institutional setups

Increasing area of Gondal industrial estate to facilitate expansion.

Low intensity mixed use development Intense mixed use development High intensity demand driven development

• As per existing trend - Ribbon development along transects • For better mobility concentrated development is preferred • Freight movement causing congestion in city, hence locating industries such that it avoids freight movement in core city

• Integrating multiple economic centres • Allocating zones as per driving demand • Segregating non-compatible uses

Avoid new industries in core city area to regulate nuisance


APPROACH FOR ZONING Nuisance Based

OPTIMAL BALANCE WITH MAXIMUM NET BENEFITS

Consideration for Zoning TOTAL COSTS

TOTAL BENEFITS Land use related cost Through nuisance from

Throu

gh tra

veling

betwe

en use

s

insecurty costs Through lack of eyes on street

Balance (rich mix of uses)

Land use Anarchy (mixing all uses)

Small-scale commercial and small-scale manufac-

A factory or power plant in a residenhood

of uses)

only...

neighbourhood

Corner commercial

Large shopping mall

neighbourhood

neighbourhood

Rich Mix of Uses

Linking Economic Centers

Character preservation of gamtal

Increasing green cover

More parks and more open spaces

Optimised block sizes

Degree of mixing

Indusrial waste treatment • A network has provision for bypassing regional traffic, which is also connecting major industrial clusters of Rajkot • Connected transects will facilitate infill development • Optimized super block sizes as per density envisioned will enhance accessibility, both pedestrian and vehicular

Treating congestion points


COMPREHENSIVE ZONE 1

Rationale: To establishing a mixed use zone. To promote the balanced combination of uses and coexistence without negative effects. Permissible Uses: General residential mixed development, Small home based and street linked production. Medium home based and street linked commercial & institution. Non-Permissible Uses: Industries

Minimum abutting road width: <12m Permissible ground coverage: 50% Base FSI: 1.5 Chargable FSI Nil

Minimum abutting road width: 12m - 30m Permissible ground coverage: 60% Base FSI: 2.5 Chargable FSI Nil

Minimum abutting road width: >30m Permissible ground coverage: 60% Base FSI: 2.5 Chargable FSI 1


COMPREHENSIVE ZONE 1 - DERIVATIVES AND INTENSITY

1B - Walled City Area

1C - Smart City ABD Area

Intensity Map of Comprehensive Zone 1

LOWEST Rationale: Intent is to ensure the conservation of walled Rationale: Intent is to high density mixed use and to fa- HIGHEST city area which the mark of start of settlement for city of cilitate smart city proposal. Rajkot. Intensity of nuisance is governed by abutting road width Permissible Uses: All Uses in 1, 1A, Convention Permissible Uses: General residential mixed Centre, Sports Complex, Auditorium, Musems, Stadium, development, Small home based and street linked Office Complex, Institutional Buildings, Health & Welfare production. Medium home based and street linked Centre. Non-Permissible Uses: Industries Base FSI: 3 commercial & institution. Chargeable FSI: 1 Ground Coverage: 40% Non-Permissible Uses: Industries


COMPREHENSIVE ZONE 2

Rationale: This zone is to facilitate mixed zone with low density. It is to allow growth as per trend but at the same time encourage densification of city core first. Permissible Uses: All Uses in Comprehensive zone 1 and green, white and orange industries. Non-Permissible Uses: Red Industries Base FSI: 1.2

Chargeable FSI: 0.5

Ground Coverage: 50%

Development Regulations: Industries need to leave margin of 10m in case of Green Industry, 15m in case pf Orange Industry, to be provided, in case of industrial plot adjacent to non - industrial plot.

• To facilitate growth of light industry and large scale party plots. • At the same time encouraging development at core city first by providing lesser FSI an lesser ground coverage at periphery. • Incentivizing skill development institutions and cold storages at government owned land near agro-based industries.


INDUSTRIAL ZONE

Rationale: This zone is to create conducive environment for development of all red, orange, green and white industries. Facilitate them with shared services and locate them at logistically feasible locations. Permissible Uses: All Uses including industries, warehouses, small scale residential, commercial, institutional and ancillary activities FSI: 1 Ground Coverage: 50%

Source: Tata steel plant, Jamshedpur, India

Development Regulations: Industries need to leave margin of 10m in case of Green Industry, 15m in case pf Orange Industry and 20m in case of red industry to be provided, in case of industrial plot adjacent to non - industrial plot.

• To facilitate growth of large scale industries, shared services like common effluent treatment plant (CETP) are incentivized within designated industrial zones • Logistics hub are proposed where regional bypass is crossing industrial estates of Metoda and Gondal. • Residential units of size upto 45 sqm is supported with additional FSI of 0.5 to promote industrialist for providing residences for workers.


GAMTAL EXTENSION AND AGRICULTURE ZONE

Gamtal Extension

Rationale: This zone facilitate organic growth of existing village settlements. Permissible Uses: General residential mixed development, Small home based and street linked production. Medium home based and street linked commercial & institution. Non-Permissible Uses: All other uses FSI: 1.5 | Ground Coverage: 60%

Agriculture Zone

Rationale: This zone is largely for agricultural, other primary activities and their ancillary requirements. Permissible Uses: Low rise detached/ semi-detached dwelling units, storage units, gardens, orchids, educational institutions, hospitality. Non-Permissible Uses: All other uses In case of dwelling/ storage units: FSI: 0.15 | Ground Coverage: 5% In case of institutional and hospitality setups: FSI: 0.45 | Ground Coverage: 15%


URBAN GREEN

Rationale: To preserve environment around waterbodies and to facilitate open green recreational spaces in city Permissible Uses: Open green spaces such as parks, gardens, zoo, small commercial shops, other small scale ancillary activities and recreational activities. Non-Permissible Uses: All other uses A B

FSI: 0.15

Ground Coverage: 40%

Proposal of Green Trail 1 3

2

Land required : 21

Sqkm : INR 113 Cr.

Cost Section A

Green Buffer Installation Park Section B

• 50m of green trail is provisioned from flood line of stream/ canal and extended along lakes and reservoirs. • Green trails will act as lungs for city. It will contribute total of 3.5 sqkm of green space. • These open green spaces will also facilitate space for public interactions and activities.

Children’s Park

Low intensity development


OVERALL INTENSITY MAP

OVERALL ZONING

Legend Highest

Legend Lowest

RUDA Boundary

• As per present demand and trend, highest density is speculated towards west and therefore it is provisioned with highest permissible FSI and smallest super block sizes • Industries are foreseeing to spread towards southern villages of Padavala and Lothada and hence land in these villages are opened for industrial development.


INFRASTRUCTURE PROPOSAL

Water Treatment Plant Total Capacity Additional Land required Cost

: 628

MLD : 11 Ha : INR 267 Cr.

248 to 628 MLD

Sewage Treatment Plant Total Capacity Additional Land required Cost

: 496

MLD : 88 Ha : INR 564 Cr.

96 to 496 MLD

Common Effluent Treatment Plant Total Capacity Land required Cost

: 185

MLD : 11 Ha : INR 434 Cr.

Solid Waste to Energy Plant Total Capacity Land required Cost Legend Vacant / Traverse land Logistics Hub location Water treatment plant- existing Water treatment plant- proposed

Sewage treatment plant- existing Sewage treatment plant- proposed Common effluent treatment plant (CETP) Landfill site & waste to energy plant

Logistics Hub Land required Cost

• Provisioning infrastructure for estimated population growth of more than 44Lac in 2 decades. • Incentivzing industries by proposing common effluent treatment plan and logistics hub.

: 966

TPD : 13 Ha : INR 286 Cr. : 80

Ha : INR 98 Cr.

Waste

Energy


PUBLIC TRANSPORT

Motorized Routes

Existing BRTS Netwok

Non-Motorized - Walled City

Proposed BRTS Netwok

Proposed RMTS Netwok NMT routes in walled city

Existing RMTS Netwok

Common Parking spots outside NMT

• One of the stakeholder’s concern was inadequate public transport(PT). Improvised PT connectivity will enhance accesibility and will contribute in catering congestion issues. • Walled city has narrow lanes, which are congested round the clock, since its small area of 2sqkm, non-motorised mode will improvise mobility in this area.


AFFORDABLE HOUSING

Key Map for Location of Affordable Housing Affordablity Line

2

1 People living in informal housing like slums

24%

People living in formal housing but can not afford own house

Regulations and Incentives

3

People living in formal housing and can afford their own house and move to higher order of housing

12%

Affordability

64%

• Supplying land for EWS housing – public land or through TP Schemes • Central/state government fund for EWS housing (55,000 houses shortage) • PPP /PMAY fund for slum rehabilitation and in-situ development • PPP for affordable housing with credit linked subsidies. • Optimizing regulations and reduced cost of housing - overall cost reduction by 22 to 34%

Provisioning and enabling

Enabling

EWS/ LIG Housing

Private Housing

Percentage below/ above affordability line

36% below

64% above

Number of Households

3,17,435

5,64,328

Avg. DU size (sqm)

36

99

Total floor space (sqm)

11

56

Average FSI

2

1.5

Total land required (sqkm)

6

37

Housing type

• Affordable housing incentives is not restricted to some specific areas and are open for entire Comprehensive zone 1 and Comprehensive zone 2 • Land required to be opened for housing development – 43 sqkm • Land open for housing in zoning - 217 sqkm ( 5 times more)



Section 04 Key learnings

- Skill Based: Onsite and off-site - Knowledge Based


Key Learnings

Knowledge Based

Skill Based

Basemap preperation Preperation of existing situtation layers from collected data Planning process

On Site

Off Site

Primary data collection

Secondary data collection

Stakeholders Consultation

Estimations and projections

Random sample survey for perception

Data analysis and representation

Household survey

Learning from some successful and unsuccessful planning attemps made globally through extensive case studies Identifying strengths and issues in city that impact development Significane of economy on development and planning process. Approach to planning: significane of liberal approach over conventional planning methods Requirement and necessity of development control regulations Improvising by iterating Costing and funding Implementation mechanisms


Studio began with introduction to planning at precinct level for 1sqkm stretch of Ahmedabad as introductory exercise. Further on increasing scale upto city level, development plan studio for Rajkot urban development area was taken up. Understanding the city and its existing situations, trends and demands through data collection and stakeholder’s perception was first step. This gave us the idea of what people expect from development plans. Next from case studies, it was established that a city like Rajkot which has industries as main economic driving force will perform better if focuses equally on developing other sectors of economy too. This will also distribute the burden of employment generation, which is at present solely delving on secondary sector. For this multiple economic centers were identified and planning approach was taken up such that it facilitates growth of these centers by catering their respective needs. With this the idea of following demand driven planning came up which would let market decide which use is required where instead of dictating it in conventional way. However, to regulate nuisance and cater infrastructural requirement, minimal regulations were planned. Same is reflected in proposed connectivity and zoning. Further on, iterations presented to planning authorities of Rajkot and received inputs helped in understanding real time issues and questions faced by planners.


SAUMYA SHARMA|PG180904|MUP| SPRING SEM 2019|CEPT UNIVERSITY saumya.pg180904@cept.ac.in


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