A THESIS BY AMANDA RADNER | STUDIO SANDY STANNARD | CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY, SAN LUIS OBISPO
Edition 1 | Fall 2020 | Studio Sandy Stannard | California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
Thank you... To my close friends and family for always lending an ear or helping hand
To my cat, Charlie, for supporting me through quarantine
To my professor, Sandy Stannard, for sending me precedents and ideas at all hours, day or night
I couldn’t have done it without you all
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WHAT’S THE ISSUE? SCHOOL-TO-PRISON PIPELINE RESTORATIVE JUSTICE PRECEDENTS FOOD DISPARITY COMMUNITY GARDEN PRECEDENTS HOMELESSNESS HEALTHY HOUSING PRECEDENTS PIECE CHAIR SITE SITE JOINTER CODE ANALYSIS CLIMATE STRATEGIES BIOREMEDIATION
WHAT’S HAPPENING HERE? THROUGHOUT THE YEAR COMMUNITY GARDEN + KITCHEN RESTORATIVE JUSTICE + PEACEMAKING RESIDENCES, TUTORING, LEARNING
FINAL DESIGN
PREFACE
PREFACE
PREFACE
I was born in Monterey, California in 1998. I’ve spent most of my life surrounded by privileged people and privileged lifestyles. I rode horses growing up as a sport. I attended private, catholic elementary and high schools. I spent most of my time with people who were white and raised similarly to me. My parents are doctors. I have never been scared of being incarcerated or not having food in the fridge. I’m lucky and was born into a privileged family and household. This is NOT the case for most of Monterey County. Beginning this thesis, I realized truly how huge the gap of wealth inequality is in my hometown. Salinas is booming with produce. You drive into town and there’s lines of lettuce, artichoke, and strawberries as far as the eye can see. It’s remarkable, but a staggering number of the individuals who procure the food for our meals, don’t have access to it themselves. This lit a fire in my belly. I truly believe that all people deserve safe living situations and healthy food. They deserve to not have incarceration looming over their heads with every step they take. Have we forgotten Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness? I loved my upbringing, but I recognize how privileged I truly am. Privilege is dangerous and unrecognizable to many, but I think I can use my the understanding of my hometown to help the community that truly sustains us.
PREFACE
PREFACE
PREFACE
PREFACE
PREFACE
PREFACE
PREFACE
I’ve adapted the title of this thesis work to be “Esperanza’s House.” This is based on the book “ The House on Mango Street” by Sandra Cisneros. The book covers a year in the life of Esperanza, a Mexican-American girl who is about 12 years old. Her family moves into a house on Mango Street, but it’s not what she dreamed of. The house is in the center of a crowded neighborhood in Chicago and Esperanza doesn’t have any privacy. She details her desire to escape Mango Street and dreams of a different life. Esperanza’s House is a symbolic embodiment of what she’s been dreaming of.
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WHAT’S THE ISSUE? SCHOOL-TO-PRISON PIPELINE RESTORATIVE JUSTICE PRECEDENTS FOOD DISPARITY COMMUNITY GARDEN PRECEDENTS HOMELESSNESS HEALTHY HOUSING PRECEDENTS PIECE CHAIR
WE CAN’T RAISE SUCCESSFUL, DIVERSE, AND CURIOUS PEOPLE WHEN
HOUSING IS INACCESSIBLE
FOOD IS SCARCE
INCARCERATION IS A THREAT
In Salinas, there’s a huge level of wealth inequality. Many Hispanic teenagers are struggling to find adequate housing and healthy foods to fill their bellies. If that wasn’t enough, the dark cloud of incarceration is looming.
WHAT’S THE ISSUE?
Project Description + Thesis Argument How important is food to you? Please take a moment to really think about it. To me, food is life. I say this not just because I love to eat and cook, but because it truly is a unifier of people. Food does so much for us. It allows us to show love, and it helps us through hard times. Food can even be an expression of identity and culture. Food IS necessary. While I have the privilege to say that, food can be a terrifying hurdle to many. Salinas, California is known as the “Salad Bowl of the World,” but many of its residents don’t have access to the food they need to survive. Monterey County is the third highest grossing agricultural crop producing county in the United States, but despite this bounty, it also has the highest rate of food insecurity in California. Farmworker communities, which are mainly Hispanic, are disproportionately affected by these high rates of hunger and poverty. A staggering 83% of field laborers in the United States are Hispanic, but they only own 3% of farms. For many of the youth here, there is also a struggle to find proper shelter and maintain their freedoms. 40% of elementary school-aged children in Salinas are currently homeless and the majority of those homeless youth are Hispanic. Not only are many Hispanic students being affected by food and housing insecurities, the school-to-prison pipeline is a real concern. Students who are expelled from school are much more likely to end up in prison in 1 year and Salinas has high number of expulsions from various schools in the area. 88% of
the students who were expelled from the Salinas school districts in 2016 are Hispanic. These students in Salinas should have access to healthy foods, safe housing, and resources In order to realize their full potential and avoid being incarcerated. An afterschool hub located adjacent to Salinas High School, which includes a large, community garden and full-scale kitchen would allow many to reclaim farming and cooking for their own communities and teach students how to own and operate their own agricultural businesses. The after-school hub would also incorporate therapy resources, restorative justice spaces, and large interstitial places to hangout after a long school day. A portion of the site would also be dedicated to providing dwellings for housing-insecure students and safe parking spaces for those who are currently living in their cars. All students in Salinas deserve access to adequate living spaces, to realize their full potential, and be able to feel the way that I feel about food.
THE SCHOOL-TO-PRISON PIPELINE In Salinas, California
Students who are expelled from school are 3x more likely to end up in prison in 1 year
Salinas’ crime rate is 42.17% higher than that of California
88% of students who were expelled from Salinas school districts are Hispanic.
Many schools outsource discipline to juvenile courts and officers. Those who are expelled from school are 3x more likely to end up in prison in just one year. Salinas High School had 47 expulsions in 2016. Salinas, California struggles with a high youth and high violent crime rate. In 2016, the violent crime rate in Salinas was higher than the violent crime rate in California by 42.17% 74% of the population in Salinas, CA is Hispanic. Latinos are imprisoned at a rate that is 1.4 times the rate of whites. Specifically, in Salinas in 2016, 88% of students who were expelled from Salinas school districts are Hispanic.
WHAT IS RESTORATIVE JUSTICE AND PEACEMAKING? Restorative justice is a different way of thinking about crime and response to crime. It focuses on repairing the harm caused by crime and reducing harm through crime prevention. It allows victims, the community, and the offender to come together to make amends and reintegrate. Peacemaking circles are based on Native American peacemaking practices and they facilitate healthy victim- offender dialogues.
COMMUNITY
VICTIM
OFFENDER
RESTORE OAKLAND | DJDS Located in East Oakland, Restore is the first center for restorative justice and restorative economics in the country. Restore serves as a hub to end mass incarceration and provide dedicated space for restorative justice programs. Restore also includes a restaurant on the ground floor, where individuals are trained to get front- of- house jobs and incubate businesses from low-income communities of color. CASTLEMONT PEACEMAKING ROOM | DJDS The site for the peacemaking space was a storage space in a double-wide trailer surrounded by a parking lot and garden. The restorative justice program in East Oakland schools will train teachers, administrators, and students to use restorative justice peacemaking circles rather than expulsions and suspensions to address conflict. NEAR WESTSIDE PEACEMAKING PROJECT | DJDS This project represents a real and sustainable solution to violence and conflict in the community. The Near Westside Peacemaking Project is the first program in the country, outside of Native communities, to implement both a Native American peacemaking program and a purpose- built space for its use. This project demonstrates the role that designers can play in creating prototypes for social change.
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE PRECEDENTS DJDS | Restorative Justice + Peacemaking
FOOD DISPARITY In Salinas, California
Over 90% of Latinx children lost access to free and reduced-price breakfasts and lunches
1 in 3 children are affected by food scarcity in Monterey County
Latinx farmers only own about 3% of farms - while they make up 83% of field laborers
Monterey County is one of the most productive Agricultural regions in the world, but the people who tend and harvest the produce cannot afford it. Due to COVID-19, over 90% of Latinx children lost access to free and reduced-price breakfasts and lunches. In the “Salad Bowl of the World” levels of hunger and poverty are disproportionately higher in Hispanic and farmworker communities. It is no coincidence that levels of hunger are highest in rural ‘food desert’ areas where our Latinx, agriculture, and hospitality workers live. A staggering 83% of field laborers in the United States are Latinx. While that’s the case, Latinx farmers only own about 3% of the farms. The movement from farmworker to farm owner has been a long challenge for Latinx farmers, especially in California.
HOW CAN COMMUNITY GARDENS HELP SOLVE THE FOOD DISPARITY CRISIS IN SALINAS? Urban agriculture can be beneficial to the community of Salinas for multiple reasons: 1. Allow a reclamation of land and business by Latinx people 2. Improve food security 3. Gardens in urban areas are positively correlated with decreased crime rates 4. Urban agriculture can teach residents useful skills in planning, food production, and business
URBAN FARM PARK & COMMUNITY CENTER | WLCAC This urban farm park and community center will include growing grounds, an orchard, fitness equipment, a community center, learning facilities, and more. It will be a selfsustaining community center with education, job training, community gardening, farming, and entrepreneurship for stakeholders of all ages and backgrounds. It is designed by and for the community the project resides in. THE YISRAEL FAMILY URBAN FARM The mission of Yisrael Family Urban Farm is to utilize urban agriculture as a tool for community engagement, empowerment, and employment. Their hope is to rebuild and restore South Oak Park to a place where all families have equitable access to the resources they need to thrive. Their mission is to transform the “hood for G.O.O.D (Growing our own destiny.) SOUL FIRE FARM Soul Fire Farm recognizes the need for equity in access to land, sustenance, and power in the food system. Soul Fire Farm uses Afroindigenous agroforestry, silvopasture, wildcrafting, polyculture, and spiritual farming practices to regenerate 80 acres of mountainside land. The majority of the harvest is provided to people living under food apartheid and targeted by state violence.
COMMUNITY GARDEN PRECEDENTS Community and Urban Farming
HOMELESSNESS In Salinas, California
9,986 total homeless students in Monterey County
40% elementary school- aged children are homeless in Salinas
90% of Monterey County’s homeless students are Latinx.
There are 9,986 homeless students in Monterey County. There are only 78,000 students in Monterey County. That’s 12% for the entire Monterey County. Salinas in itself is even worse off. Recent studies (2019) have shown that 40% of elementary schoolaged children are homeless in Salinas, California. It comes as no surprise to find out that Hispanic families are disproportionately affected by homelessness and poverty in Salinas. The sectors of the city with the highest level of poverty rates also have the greatest disparities between levels of white and nonwhite. In tract with the highest level of Hispanic poverty- 46%, the racial inequality between white and non-white poverty levels was 34.1%
WHAT WOULD AN AFTER-SCHOOL HUB AND RESIDENCES CONTRIBUTE TO THE HOMELESS COMMUNITY OF STUDENTS IN SALINAS? According to Donna Smith (the homeless liaison for youth in Salinas, California) students who are unaccompanied and under 18 don’t have access to shelters because of their lack of parental guidance. An after-school hub and residences could provide inexpensive housing and activities for those students in Salinas who are not housing-secure. It could also allow opportunities for job training, food security, and therapeutic outlets, which many students currently do not have access to. It could be a home for many.
SHELTER FROM THE STORM | HOLLAND HARVEY ARCHITECTS Shelter from the Storm is a London based homeless shelter that provides 42 beds, freshly cooked food and holistic support to its guests to help them reintegrate into society. Each detail was carefully considered ensuring robustness as well as dignity and a sense of ownership for the guests. Sinks and mirrors are separate which provides guests with something of their own within a communal space. WAYSS YOUTH TRANSITION HUB | BENT ARCHITECTURE The Wayss Youth Transition Hub is located in Melbourne’s outer suburbs and provides a home and support network to vulnerable young people on the brink of homelessness. The hub provides facilities and support to equip kids (around 16-18 years old) with skills for independent living and the next stage in their lives. LGA WAREHOUSE LGA Architectural Partners has created a neighborhood within an old Toronto industrial building that will provide accommodation for homeless young people. According to LGA, “the layering of spaces builds comfort by giving the youth the choice to decide their own level of integration.” There are terraces for relaxing and socializing, as well as a demonstration kitchen and commercial print shop/
HEALTHY HOUSING PRECEDENTS Multi-use, low income housing
THE PIECE CHAIR Vellum
Based on Native American peacemaking rituals, peacemaking and restorative justice are methods of resolving conflict that does not involve corporal punishment. The Piece Chair is a convertible backpack-chair that is made from scrap upholstery fabric, recycled cardboard, and found materials, making it affordable and accessible for many. Rather than creating a space for restorative justice through rigid walls and floors, this backpack-chair allows these conversations to happen in more natural ways. The Piece Chair would allow one to bring a piece of themselves into a challenging conversation about conflict and resolution.
can we chat?
Yes please!
PROCESS
THE PIECE CHAIR Vellum
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SITE SITE JOINTER CODE ANALYSIS CLIMATE STRATEGIES BIOREMEDIATION
SITE
Salinas, California
Salinas, California is a city in Monterey County. It has a population of about 155,564 and is the most populous city in the county. It’s climate is influenced heavily by the Pacific ocean (as it is roughly 8 miles from the coast.) The city itself is located at the mouth of the Salinas Valley.
WHY THIS SITE?
Due to the issues that many Hispanic students and youth face in Salinas, the project needs to be sited in close proximity to local schools in the area. The site (in yellow) is located on the property of Salinas High School, but is less than 1 mile from 5 other middle and high schools. The site is also adjacent to a hightraffic street (Main Street) which allows transportation and necessary access to other key public services.
400 ft 200 ft
800 ft
SITE
Salinas, California
As shown here, the site is currently a parking lot on the property of Salinas High School. This lot is closest to the side entrance of the school and is mainly used for faculty parking, which could easily be re-designated.
400 200
800
These diagrams show important access to other spaces, services, and transportation near the site. Primary roads are shown, public transportation route, public services (such as family planning resources) and green spaces that are nearby.
SITE JOINTER Salinas, California
public/ semi-public residential
400 ft 200 ft
800 ft
The site is primarily on public/ semi-public zoning but has a small section of medium density residential zoning. The site is also surrounded by semi-public zoning and residential zoning. The APN numbers of the site are: 002433004000; 002441002000.
CODE ANALYSIS Salinas, California
Salinas, California has cool and moderate temperatures. The weather is close to that of the central coast of California because of the way that the ocean air and fog blows inland from the Monterey Bay.
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
Initial thoughts + design strategies .028
humidity ratio
sun shading of windows
wind protection of outdoor spaces
.004
comfort
10
dry-bulb temperature
110
1. Heat gain from lights, occupants, and equipment reduces heating needs so keep the building tight and well insulated.
2. Face most of the glass area to the south to maximize winter sun exposure, and design overhangs to fully shade in the summer.
3. Sunny, wind-protected outdoor spaces can extend occupied areas in cool weather. Enclosed patios, courtyards, and verandas will be crucial.
1. TREES CAN BLOCK AIR POLLUTION. Scientists have shown that certain types of trees block pollutants in the air better than others. Farmers are being called to utilize a “buffer zone” of unplanted ground or non-crop vegetation around their fields to catch droplets of pesticide spray that may be drifting further than intended. Evergreens (plants like pine trees with cones and needles) collected two to four times more dye than broadleaf plants in Franklin Hall’s study on the use of trees for biofiltration. The image included here is a pine tree that is indigenous to Monterey County. 2. MOSS CAN SOAK UP AIR POLLUTION. In a recent study in the journal of Analytical Chemistry, scientists reported that they have found a simple and inexpensive way to detect air pollutants through moss. Cities are beginning to utilize “moss walls” which can cool the air surrounding it and generate oxygen. The moss pictured on the left is an example of a moss type that is native to Monterey County. 3. BIOTRICKLING FILTERS WITH MICROORGANISMS. Biotrickling filters work by collecting polluted or odorous air and forcing it through a structured media within a vessel. There are microorganisms that are grown within that media that can metabolize the compounds, leaving clean air to be released from the vessel. Biotrickling filters are relatively low in cost, have low operating costs, and are easy to maintain. This is a feasible method of bioremediation for the pollutants in the Salinas Valley.
BIOREMEDIATION
Salinas, California
The site is located .75 miles away from the nearest agricultural field. Students risk frequent exposure to pesticides. These pesticides have been linked to cognitive and health problems in children. Even the EPA concluded that the use of pesticides should be banned, but currently Salinas only bans pesticide use from the hours of 6pm-6am within a quarter mile of schools. Pesticides can drift as far as 3 miles and pollute the water, air, and soil. Biofiltration and bioremediation could be plausible methods of cleaning up the air around the county’s schools and education centers.
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WHAT’S HAPPENING HERE? THROUGHOUT THE YEAR COMMUNITY GARDEN + KITCHEN RESTORATIVE JUSTICE + PEACEMAKING RESIDENCES, TUTORING, LEARNING
talk
garden
paint
rest
eat
study
cook
restore
tutor
WHAT’S HAPPENING HERE? Building Program; Action Words
Students in Salinas need access to essential living spaces. Esperanza’s House will be a place for students to hangout after a long day of school or collaborate in groups. While a hangout and resting after-school space is needed, it’s clear that peacemaking and conversation should play a part in the programmatic construction of the hub. Esperanza’s House will provide food aid through a community garden and full-scale kitchen. Students will be able to pursue their passions in ways that are not currently available to them.
THROUGHOUT THE YEAR Seasonal Analysis + Program
Employment in California agriculture is highly seasonal. The most labor-intensive phase of production for most commodities is farming, and the peak demand for labor shifts around the state “in a manner that mirrors harvest activities.” In the Salinas Valley, there is a large number of employed farm workers for about 9 months of the year. Winter can be a dark and scary time for many of the families and students who rely on agriculture for employment. During the months of December and January, work is scarce. Hispanic workers may return to their families in Mexico, or travel to other parts of the United States where other kinds of plants (like citrus) can be harvested. How will this affect the programmatic elements of Esperanza’s House?
Spring
Summer
Spring harvests include Asparagus, Brocoli, Lettuce, Strawberries, and Spinach.
Summer harvests include Artichoke, Green Beans, Bok Choy, Brocoli, Cabbage, Carrot, Kale, Lettuce, Strawberries, and Tomatoes.
Fall
Winter
Fall harvests include celery and onion.
There are no consistent Winter harvests in Salinas, California.
Food and employment is scarce in the Winter time. Spaces to cook, garden, and eat will be crucial in the months of December and January. Fruits and vegetables that are not commercially grown in Salinas can be grown in a smaller-scale community garden successfully. Vegetables like potatos, onions, beets, and squash can be harvested successfully in the months of December and January. These vegetables are easy to grow and fun to learn how to cook! Through siting the community garden on the east side of the project, it will be able to draw people in off of Main Street and take advantage of the existing green space on that side of the project. The garden must be located at least 10’ from built walls around it to allow maximum sun exposure during the day.
COMMUNITY GARDEN + KITCHEN Building Program
A SEASONAL COMMUNITY GARDEN + KITCHEN TO NOURISH AND HEAL THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. 40 ft
20 ft
80 ft
proposed garden location
existing green space
10’ min
10’ min
10’ min
10’ min
proposed site boundary
Let’s look at potatoes for example... To yield 200 potatoes in 1 harvest, you would need approximately 200 sq ft of land. Each one of the orange squares in the diagram above is 10 x 20 ft.
10’
20’
COMMUNITY GARDEN + KITCHEN Programmatic Collage
PEACEFUL OUTDOOR AND INDOOR SPACES FOR CONSTRUCTIVE DIALOGUE THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. 400 ft
200 ft
800 ft
proposed residence location
existing green space
proposed site boundary
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE + PEACEMAKING Building Program
Access to peacemaking and restorative justice spaces that set up dialogue for victims and offenders, as well as heal the community, will be critical at all times of the year. Because school is not in session during the Summer, these spaces will get the most use during the school year. These spaces could transform to summer art workshops, job seminars, or extra tutoring when there are less students in Salinas. Allowing these spaces to be closest to the residential area and zoning of the site will create healthy boundaries between school and life.
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE + PEACEMAKING Programmatic Collage
RESIDENCES, TUTORING, LEARNING Building Program
Creating spaces that are safe and inviting for students will be crucial. Spaces that incite collaboration should be interweved into the program, and create a bridge from school to home. Esperanza’s House will be a space for living and resting, for unaccompanied youth who don’t have places to go after school. These spaces will need to be very different from one another so that they can begin to appeal to students who students who might have specific needs for privacy and learning.
SPACES TO FOSTER LEARNING, COLLABORATION, AND HEALTHY RESIDENCES THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. 400 ft
200 ft
800 ft
proposed tutoring, studying, and collaboration spaces
existing green space
proposed site boundary
RESIDENCES, TUTORING, LEARNING Programmatic Collage
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FINAL DESIGN
FINAL DESIGN
THIS PAGE IS A PLACEHOLDER FOR MORE TO COME IN 2021...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BENT Architecture. “Wayss Youth Transition Hub.” Edited by Paula Pintos. ArchDaily, 2020, www.archdaily.com/951386/wayss-youthtransition-hub-bent-architecture?ad_medium=gallery. Accessed 29 Nov. 2020. “Castlemont Peacemaking Room.” Designing Justice + Designing Spaces, Designing Justice Designing Spaces, 2020, designingjustice.org/restorative-justice-for-oakland-youth/. Accessed 3 Dec. 2020. Cogley, Bridget, editor. “LGA Transforms Warehouse into Community for Homeless Youths in Toronto.” Dezeen, 4 Sept. 2017, www. dezeen.com/2017/09/04/lga-architectural-partners-transforms-warehouse-evas-housing-homeless-youth-toronto/. Accessed 24 Nov. 2020. Danish, Muna. “More Latinx Farmers Own Their Land. Could They Make the Food System More Sustainable?” Civil Eats, 5 Apr. 2019, civileats.com/2019/04/15/ag-census-more-latinx-farmers-own-their-land-could-they-make-the-food-system-more-sustainable/. Accessed 3 Dec. 2020. Demuro, Katie. “The Many Benefits of Community Gardens.” Greenleaf Communities, 11 July 2013, greenleafcommunities.org/ the-many-benefits-of-community-gardens/. Accessed 3 Dec. 2020. Gardening and Farming Seamless Pattern. istock, www.istockphoto.com/illustrations/community-garden?phrase=community%20 garden&sort=mostpopular. Accessed 3 Dec. 2020. Holland Harvey Architects. “Shelter From The Storm / Holland Harvey Architects.” ArchDaily, 2020, www.archdaily.com/950057/ shelter-from-the-storm-holland-harvey-architects. Accessed 18 Nov. 2020. “Hunger in Monterey County.” Food Bank for Monterey County, 2020, foodbankformontereycounty.org/what-we-do/hunger-inmonterey-county/. Accessed 3 Dec. 2020. Kresge, Lisa. “Food Insecurity among Farm Workers in the Salinas Valley, California.” Rural California Report, 2 Dec. 2011, www. cirsinc.org/rural-california-report/entry/food-insecurity-among-farm-workers-in-the-salinas-valley-california. Accessed 3 Dec. 2020. Martin, Philip, and Bert Mason. “Hired Workers on California Farms- Changing Face.” Migration Dialogue, migration.ucdavis.edu/cf/ more.php?id=174.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Melnicoe, Hannah. “Crisis on the Coast: The Bay Coastal Foster Youth and Homeless Student Populations.” Pivot Learning, 1 Jan. 2019, www.pivotlearning.org/resources/crisis-on-the-coast-the-bay-coastal-foster-youth-and-homeless-student-populations/. “Near Westside Peacemaking Project.” Designing Justice + Designing Spaces, Designing Justice Designing Spaces, 2020, designingjustice.org/near-westside-peacemaking-project/. Accessed 3 Dec. 2020. “Our Weekly.” New Agriculture Park, Community Center, Breaks Ground in Watts, Our Weekly, 16 Feb. 2017, ourweekly.com/ news/2017/feb/16/new-agriculture-park-community-center-breaks-groun/. Accessed 1 Dec. 2020. “Restore Oakland.” Designing Justice + Designing Spaces, Designing Justice Designing Spaces, 2020, designingjustice.org/restoreoakland-phase-i/. Accessed 3 Dec. 2020. “Soul Fire Farm - Ending Racism and Injustice in the Food System.” Soul Fire Farm, 2020, www.soulfirefarm.org. Accessed 28 Nov. 2020. “Yisrael Family Farm.” Israel Family Farm, Yisrael Family Urban Farm, 2019, www.yisraelfamilyfarm.net/our-story/. Accessed 3 Dec. 2020.