[Bengali Edition] History of Arakan Past & Present by Dr. Mohammed Yunus by Arakan Yoma

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g~j¨: 180 UvKv gvÎ ($ 4 USD) ___________________________ Arakaner Eitihash : Autit O Bartaman (A History of Arakan : Past & Present) Writen by: Dr. Mohammed Yunus, Published by: World Assembly of Muslim Youth (WAMY) Eastern Province, Dammad, K.S.A.

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‫بسن اهلل الرحون الرحين‬ ‫الحود هلل رب العالوين والصالة والسالم على رسوله سيدنا ونبينا هحود وآله وصحبه‬ ! ‫ وبعد‬،‫أجوعين‬

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Z…Zxq Aa¨vq: AvivKv‡b gymwjg weRq AvivKv‡bi cÖv_wgK gªK-D ivRv MY †ReyK kvn (1531-1553) e‡½i myjZvb KZ…©K AvivKv‡b wØZxq weRq wmKv›`vi kvn (1571-1593) †mwjg kvn (1593-1612) ûmvBb kvn (1612-1622) †mwjg kvn wØZxq (1622-1638)

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mßg Aa¨vq: weªwUk‡`i `L‡j AvivKvb cÖ_g G¨vs‡jv-evg©vb hy× (1823-1825) AvivKv‡bi Dci weªwUk kvmb (1525-1947) Dcwb‡ek we‡ivax evwg©R RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb 1942 mv‡ji gymwjg nZ¨vhÁ eyw_Ws Gi msNl©- µvwš—jMœ AvivKv‡b cybivq weªwUk AbycÖ‡ek evg©vi ¯^vaxbZvi cÖv°v‡j AvivKvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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Arakan's place in civilization in the Bay in Journal of the Burma Research Society (JBRS), Fiftieth Anniversary publications. No. 2. P.P. 491-2 AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

msiw¶Z Ae¯ vq cvIqv hvq| R‣bK HwZnvwmK gš—e¨ K‡iwQ‡jb, ÒGUv mZ¨ †h dvimx Drm eB¸‡jv‡Z ÔAvivKvbÕ bvgwU ÔAviLvb&KÕ (Arkhank) A_ev mvgvb¨ ZviZg¨mn wjwce× Av‡Q| GUv n‡Z cv‡i †h, BD‡ivcxq iƒc ( ) AvivKv‡bi Zzjbvq RbwcÖq Aviexq iƒc ( ) ev LuywU kãwU gy`ªv cÖ¯Z ‧ Kvixi wbKU AwaK cwiwPZ wQj| Avi G Kvi‡YB gy`ªv cÖ¯Z ‧ Kvix †m †`‡k cÖPwjZ Ab¨ bvg e¨wZ‡i‡K gy`ªvi bvgKiY K‡iwQ‡jb Ô AvivKvbÕ| Dc‡i Av‡jvwPZ gy`ªvi QvcvsKb¸‡jv we‡klY Ki‡j eySv hvq †h Ô AvivKvbÕ bvgwU 16Õk kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mgq ch©š— e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

1310 mv‡j msKwjZ ivwk`ywÏ‡bi GKwU MÖ‡š  AvivKv‡bi bvg Ô‡ivnvbÕ wn‡m‡e D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q hv †ivnvs Gi mv‡_ Mfxifv‡e mv`„k¨c~Y©| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb †h ÔivnvbÕ (AvivKvb) †`kwU Lvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi Aaxb¯— f~wg| HwZnvwmK Ges NUbvcÄx †jLKiv h‡_ó cix¶v-bxwi¶v K‡i e‡j‡Qb- cÖvPxb AvivKvb‡K †ivqvs/†ivnvs/†ivmvs ejv n‡Zv| evwg©R BwZnvm ÔÔ myBRvs KvBgvÕÕ (Chuijang ky athe ) MÖ‡š  D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h evg©v †m mgq wZb fv‡M wef³ wQj, hvi GKwU Ask kvmb KiZ PvKgv ivRv| PvKgviv Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì ga¨ †_‡K GKRb‡K ivRv evwb‡qwQj| Zvi bvg wQj ÔkvLvwjqvÕ ( mK‡ji Øviv wbe©vwPZ)| Zvi †Kvb cyÎ mš—vb wQj bv eis ïay gvwbKex bv‡gi GKRb Kb¨v mš—vb wQj| Zvi ¯^vgx ev½vjx‡ì c‡¶i wQ‡jb Ges 11181119 mv‡j †ivqvb (AvivKvb) bvgK †`‡k gN‡ì mv‡_ hy× K‡i‡Qb| gvwbKexi ci Zvi cyÎ gvwbKMÖx †mLvbKvi ivRv nb Ges Gici Zvi cyÎ Ôgv`vwjqvÕ ivRv nb| Zvici gv`vwjqvi cyÎ ivgv †VvsRv ivRv nb| Avi ivgv †VvsRvi cyÎ wQj Kvgvj †PMv| Zvi kvmbvg‡j Ô†ivqvbÕ Gi mv‡_ †m †`‡ki cÖevmx PvKgv‡ì GKUv hy× n‡qwQj| wÎcyiv DcvL¨vb ÔivRgvjvÕ D‡jL K‡i‡Q †h wÎcyivi ivRv Ôavwbqv gvBbKvÕ PÆMÖvg `Lj K‡iwQ‡jb Ges Ô‡ivmvs gvi`vb bvqvibÕ †K †mLvbKvi MfY©i wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM w`‡qwQ‡jb| GK& DcvL¨v‡bi Aci GK RvqMvq D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h ivRv Ô‡ivmvsÕ iv‡Rï i‡Ü« i‡Ü« †c․‡Q wM‡qwQ‡jb Ges †mUv‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e Rq K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvici ivRv †ivmvs ivR¨‡K cy‡ivcywi Aaxb¯  Kivi cwiKíbv wb‡q Zvi ivRavbx‡Z wd‡i Avm‡jb|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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1430 mvj †_‡K †h 11 Rb ivRv AvivKvb kvmb K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i Dcvwamn avivevwnK bvg D‡jL Kiv n‡jv| µwgK bs kvmbKvj

bvg

cvjx Dcvwa

1. †mvjvqgvb kvn& 1430-1434

(bviv‡gBLjv)

2. Avjx Lvb 1434-1459

(†gsLvix)

3. Kvwjgv kvn& 1459-1482

(ev k cy)

4. gv_y kvn& 1482-1492

(†`․jv)

5. ‡gvnv¤§v` kvn& 1492-1493

(ev k †bv)

AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

6. ‡bvix kvn& 1493-1494

(ivs AvDs)

7. ‡kL †gv`yjvn kvn& 1494-1501

(mvwjsMv_y)

8. Bwj kvn& 1501-1523

(†gs ivRv)

9. Bwjqvm kvn& 1523-1525

(KvQvev`x)

10. Rvjvj kvn& 1525

(†gskv I)

11. Avjx kvn& 1525-1531

(_vUvmv)

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1459 mvj †_‡K 1475 mvj ch©š— myjZvb bvwmi wÏb gvngy‡ì cyÎ †ivKbywÏb evievK kvn e½ kvmb K‡ib| cÖviw¤¢K cÖgvY mywbwðZ K‡i e‡j †h, 1474 mv‡j PÆMÖvg e½ myjZvb‡ì K‡Vvi kvmbvaxb wQj Ges GwU †ivKbywÏb evievK kv‡ni cyÎ I DËevwaKvix myjZvb mvgmywÏb BDmyd kvnÕi kvmbvgj ch©š— †M․o `Lj `vix‡Z¡i Aax‡b wQj| PÆMÖv‡gi AwZ wbK‡U nvUnvRvixi GKwU gmwR‡ì dj‡Ki †jLv n‡Z Rvbv hvq †h gmwR`wU myjZvb †ivKbywÏb evievK kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j 1474 mv‡j ivmwZ Lvb KZ…K © wbwg©Z n‡qwQj|

AvivKvb DcvL¨vb A_ev Ab¨‡Kvb m~‡Îi †KvbUvB myjZvb evievK kvn& Ges AvivKv‡bi ivRv evmy cÖ  (Kvwjg kvn) g‡a¨ •eix Pzw³ ev m¤ú‡K©i cÖgvY w`‡Z cv‡i bv| myjZvb evievK kvn wQ‡jb e‡½i cÖv_wgK ¯^vaxb myjZvb‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg gnvb weRqx GKRb kvmK| eûgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix kw³kvjx G kvmK Zvi c~e©eZx© kvmK‡`i AwR©Z GjvKvmg~‡ni Dci c~Y©gvÎvq AvwacZ¨ we¯—vi K‡i †i‡LwQ‡jb| 1476 mv‡j myjZvb evievK kv‡ni kvmbvgj mgvß nq, Gici Zvi cyÎ I DËivwaKvix myjZvb kvgmywÏb BDmyd kvn 1474 †_‡K 1481 mvj ch©š— kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib| 49

AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

PÆMÖv‡gi Dci Zvi wbqš¿‡Yi cÖgvY †g‡j Zvi kvmbvg‡j wbwg©Z GKwU gmwR‡ì †`qv‡j †Lv`vB Kiv cÖ¯—i djK †_‡K| ivmwZ Lv‡bi gmwR` †_‡K cÖvq `yÕ gvBj DË‡i gmwR`wU Aew¯ Z| Ggb †Kvb Bw½Z cvIqv hvqbv †h, 1482 mvj †_‡K 1494 mvj ch©š— AvivKvb ivRv‡ì †KD KLbI e‡½ nvbv w`‡qwQj, †h‡nZy Zviv Zv‡ì c~e©m~ix‡ì †P‡q Zzjbvg~jK fv‡e `~ej © kvmK wQj| 1493 mv‡j myjZvb †nvmvBb kvn e‡½i wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| 1513 mv‡ji c~‡e© PÆMÖvg †Rjv cy‡ivcywifv‡e myjZvb ûmvBb kv‡ni Aax‡b wQj| wZwb ivRv avwYqv gvwbKv Zvi wbKU n‡Z PÆMÖvg Rei `Lj K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‧ myjZvb ûmvBb kvn PÆMÖvg‡K cybivq `Lj Kivi Rb¨ 1514 mv‡j eviRb ev½vjx I Acivci •mb¨‡ì mgš^‡q MwVZ GKwU kw³kvjx evwnbx †cÖiY K‡ib| cieZx© eQi 1515 mv‡j myjZvb ûmvBb kvn KZ©K „ PÆMÖvg cyb`©Lj nq| myjZvb ûmvBb kvn& KZ©K „ PÆMÖvg `Lj msµvš— mywbwðZ cÖgvYvw` Avgiv cvB mgmvgwqK Kv‡ji cZz©MxR HwZnvwmK‡ì wbKU n‡Z| †RvqvI †Qvj †nv (Joao Coelho) Ges †RvqI wmj‡fwiqvi PÆMÖvg md‡ii mgq †mLvbKvi Mfb©i wQ‡jb GKRb gymjgvb| ZrKvjxb AvivKvbxq HwZnvwmK w` e¨v‡ivm (De Barros) my¯úófv‡e wj‡L‡Qb †h †m mgq (1517-18) AvivKv‡bi ivRv wQ‡jv e‡½i ivRvi wbqš¿Yvaxb| w` e¨v‡ivm KZ…©K AswKZ GKwU gvbwP‡Î PÆMÖvg, cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg Ges DËi AvivKvb wb‡q MwVZ GKwU we¯—i GjvKv‡K e½ iv‡Rï Ask wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| 1517 mvj †_‡K 1538 mvj ch©š— PÆMÖvg c~Yv©½fv‡e †M․‡oi wbqš¿Yvax‡b wQ‡jv| cviZc‡¶, PÆMÖv‡gi ûmvBb kvnx kvmKiv mviv †Rjvi Dci Zv‡ì AvwacZ¨ GZ Mfxi fv‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡iwQ‡jv †h AvivKvbx A_ev wÎcyiv‡ì Rb¨ e½ mvjZvbvZ GgbwK †Rjvi GKwU As‡ki DciI cÖfve we¯—vi Kiv cÖvq Am¤¢eB wQ‡jv|

HwZnvwmK dvqixi (Phayre) Gi cÖ¯—vebv Abyhvqx 1482 mvj †_‡K 1532 mvj ch©š— PÆMÖvg AvivKvb ivRv‡ì Aax‡b wQj G e³eÜv HwZnvwmK m‡Zï AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

Dci cÖwZwôZ bq| GUv fve‡Z A‡h․w³K g‡b nq †h, AvivKv‡bi ivRv‡ì DwPZ Zv‡ì wnZvKvs¶x‡ì wei ‡× we‡`ªvn Kiv| Zv‡ì mg_©b Qvov AvivKvbxiv Zv‡ì †`k cybi ×v‡ii ¯^cœ KL‡bvB †`‡L wb| c~e© Ges `w¶Y AvivKv‡bi ZLbKvi weivRgvb cwiw¯ wZ Ggb wQj †h, †mLvb †_‡K eg©xq I †gvbiv m¤cÖwZ weZvwiZ n‡qwQj|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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1538 mv‡ji ivR‣bwZK cU cwieZ©b e‡½i cÖwZ AvivKvb ivRv‡ì AvbyMZ¨ I eÜz‡Z¡i cwimgvwß NUvq| Zviv hei `LjKvix ‡kikvn& I †gvNj m¤cÖmviYev`x‡ì cÖwZ †Kvb •bwZK AvbyMZ¨ I Av‡cvl g‡bvfve †cvlY K‡iwb| gyjZt Zviv Zv‡ì ïfvKvw‫‫‬L wQ‡jv bv| PÆMÖvg `L‡ji Rb¨ Aš— ‡K©v›`‡j wjß wewfbœ `j¸‡jvi `yej © Zvi my‡hv‡M AvivKvbx ivRv †ReyK kvn DËivÂ‡ji w`‡K avweZ nb Ges 1540 mv‡j PÆMÖvgmn c~e©e½ `Lj K‡ib|

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1546 mv‡j evg©vi Uzs¸ ivRes‡ki ivRv Zvweb k‡fwZ (Tabin Shwehti) VvÊv AvenvIqvi g‡a¨ AvivKvb AvµgY K‡ib| Zvweb k‡fwZi A‡bK¸‡jv hy×Zix cwðg DcK~‡j aŸsmcÖvß n‡qwQj| hvB †nvK, Zvi mKj ¯ j evwnbx †c․Qv‡jv, wKš‧ †ivnvs (ivDK BD) bMixwU wQj LyeB myiw¶Z, Gi Pvicv‡k †Rvqvi-fvUvi cvwb‡Z fwZ© Mfxi cwiLv wQj| Ges Zv `L‡ji GKgvÎ my‡hvM wQj Zvi cÖvPxi¸‡jvi Ae¯ v wQj RxY©`kv| †ReyK kvn& Zvi mwVK Ae¯ vb

AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

†_‡KB Zvi cÖwZi¶vi e¨e¯ v wb‡qwQ‡jb| †ivnvs `L‡j e¨_© n‡q Zvweb k‡fwZ (Tabin Shwehti) evox wd‡i hvq| ‡ReyK kvn& hLb nvbv`vi evg©v ivRvi mv‡_ Gfv‡e wjß wQ‡jb, ZLb 15461547 mv‡j wÎcyiv ivRv weRq gvwYKv PÆMÖv‡g nvbv †`q Ges Zv `Lj K‡i| ivRvgvjv (Rajmala) D‡jL K‡i †h, ivRv wb‡RB Awfhv‡b `yÕnvRvi •m‡b¨i †bZ…Z¡ †`b| PÆMÖv‡gi wbe©vwmZ cvVvb cÖavb Zvi GK nvRvi cvVvb •mb¨ I †Nvovi Mvox (K¨v‡iR) mn wÎcyiv †mbvcÖav‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ AMÖmigvb †mbvevwnbxi AbymiY K‡i| mw¤§wjZ Awfhvb mdj nj Ges cvVvb cÖavb cybivq Zvi Ae¯ vb wd‡i †cj|

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‡ReyK kvn& hwÌ GKRb gymjgvb ag©vej¤^x wQ‡jb, ZeyI wZwb iKgvwi Dcv`vb‡K GKwU wbw`©ó AvK…wZ‡Z iƒc`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| AvivKvb‡K wZwb mvjZvbv‡Z iƒcvš—i K‡iwQ‡jb| †M․o I w`jxi gZ K‡i wZwb Zvi ìevi mvwR‡q wQ‡jb| Zvi ìev‡i wQj- bcyskK, A›ìgnj, µxZ`vm Ges Rjv`| †mLv‡b ag©, wPš—v-‡PZbv, ms¯‥w… Zmn mKj †g․wjK AwaKv‡ii c~Y©v½ ¯^vaxbZv wQj| †ReyK kvn& gvi K-BD (Marak-u) bMix‡K gmwR`, c¨v‡MvWv 53

AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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GKwU msMVb cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj 1906 mv‡j| G msMVbwUi cÖavbZ D‡Ïk¨ wQj †e․×ev` I wk¶vi Dbœqb NUv‡bv Ges mgvR †mev Kiv| WMBA ivR‣bwZK wm×vš— wb‡Z ïi  K‡i 1917 mv‡ji cÖ_g w`‡K| Zvic‡i WMBA wb‡R‡K ‡Rbv‡ij KvDwÝj Ae evg©xR G‡mvwm‡qkb (GCBA) G cwieZ©b K‡ib| hv wQj Av‡iv we¯—…Z Ges eg©xq RvZxqZvev‡ì GKwU bgybv| GCBA eg©xq‡ì AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ weªwUk miKv‡ii mv‡_ hy× K‡i| BwZg‡a¨ GCBA Ges Ab¨vb¨ gnj we‡kl K‡i †e․× mb¨vmx KZ©K „ wfb †`k we‡ivax cÖPviYv Av‡iv †Rvi`vi nq| fviZxq‡ì Zvwo‡q †Ìqvi Rb¨ Ges Zv‡ì gvjvgvj jyU K‡i †bIqvi Rb¨ †Rviv‡jv †NvlYv †`qv nq| 1930 mv‡j iv½y‡b fviZ we‡ivax `v½vi cÖv`yf©ve N‡U| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Zi Y wk¶v_©x‡ì Øviv 1930 mv‡ji w`‡K Wy evgv GwkqvIqvb (Avgv‡ì evg©v msMVb) bv‡gi GKwU bZzb msMVb cÖwZwôZ nq| Zi Y G wk¶v_©xiv wb‡R‡ì‡K _vwKb (gvóvi) e‡j m‡¤^vab Ki‡Zv| Zviv mgMÖ †`k e¨vcx GKwU fviZ we‡ivax AvZ¼ cÖPvi K‡iwQj| AvivKv‡bi †ivwn½v, †K›`ªxq evg©vi Rviev‡`, c~e© evg©vi cvš viv Ges `w¶Y evg©vi evï‡ì g‡Zv †bwUf gymjgvb‡ì‡K mvaviY fviZxq‡ì †_‡K Avjv`v Ki‡Z evg©vi †e․× mvaviY e¨_© n‡qwQj| fviZxqiv Dcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j AvivKv‡b cÖ‡ek K‡iwQj Ges Zv‡ì Dci AhvwPZ fv‡e AvµgY K‡iwQj|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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DcØx‡cI †_‡K wM‡qwQj| hy‡×i mgq e„wUk‡ì †_‡K cÖvß A¯¿ e‡j Zviv ZLb Lye kw³kvjx n‡q D‡VwQj| ¯^vaxbZvi cÖvKKv‡j GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ÔivóªÕ `vex Kivi cwiw¯ wZUv AvivKvbx †e․×‡ì wbKU fxwZKi g‡b n‡qwQj| myZivs gymjgvb mgm¨v cy‡ivcywi mgvavb nIqv ch©š— hy× cieZx© mgq¸‡jv‡Z Zviv eg©xq‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Aax‡b _vKv‡KB cQ›` Kij| 1962 mv‡ji g‡a¨ AvivKvbx‡ì cÖwZ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ÔivóªÕ `vexi cwiw¯ wZ Av‡iv †ekx AbyK~j n‡jv, ZLb gyRvwn` we‡`ªvn B‡Zvg‡a¨B mg~‡j DrcvwUZ n‡q‡Q Ges gM †e․×iv AvivKv‡bi Av_©-mvgvwRK, ‣kw¶K Ges ivR‣bwZK †¶‡Î Av‡iv †ekx AMÖmi n‡qwQj| †h‡nZz gymjgvb‡ì weivU Ask GKwU mxgvš—eZx© †mbv kvm‡bi Aax‡b e›`x wQj ZvB gymjgvb k¼v Avi †ekx ¯ vqx nqwb| BD b~ (U Nu) wm×vš— wb‡q‡Qb †h, GUv wQj AvivKvb †e․×‡ì `xN© cÖwZ¶xZ cÖwZÁvi cÖwZ m¤§vb †`Lv‡bvi mgq| wKš‧ bx DBb (Ne Win) Gi †mbv Af~¨Ìvb Zv‡ì G `vex ev¯—evq‡bi cÖwµqv‡K Av‡iv wKQz mgq wejw¤^Z K‡iwQj| evg©vi ¯^vaxbZvi cÖvKKv‡j AvivKv‡bi Rb¨ ¯^Zš¿ ÔivóªÕ AR©‡b AvivKvb †e․× †bZv‡ì Abxnv m‡›`nvZxZ fv‡e cÖgvwYZ nq Ô AvivKv‡b ivóªÕ Aby‡gv`b msµvš— msm`xq weZ‡K©| G wel‡q wb‡gœ Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv|

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1942 mv‡ji nZ¨vh‡Á AvnZiv ZLbI my¯  n‡q I‡V wb, hLb eg©xq gymjgvbMY wegvZv myjf AvPi‡Y AwZô n‡q eg©xq KZ…K © 1947 mv‡j wefvwRZ n‡qwQj| DËß KovB †_‡K Av¸‡b wb‡¶c Kivi gZ Av‡iv bZzb kvw¯— Ges b„ksmZv gymjgvb‡ì Dci Av‡ivc Kiv n‡qwQj| gymjgvbiv Gfv‡e Av‡iv msL¨vjNy nw‪Qj| GLb Zv‡ì Aw¯—Z¡ Ges wU‡K _vKv gnv wec‡ì g‡a¨| R‣bK ‡gvnv¤§` Rvdi whwb KvIqvj Rvdi wn‡m‡e e¨vcK cwiwPZ Ges whwb wQ‡jb Rvcvbx cÖwk¶YcÖvß GKRb †ivwn½v, wZwb RbMY‡K msMwVZ Ki‡Z ïi  Ki‡jb| wZwb fviZ-Dcgnv‡`kxq Kwe Avjvgv BKev‡ji MxwZ KweZv †M‡q ‡M‡q gymjgvb Rbmvavi‡Yi †PZbv‡K D¾xweZ 129

K‡ib Ges wZwb Zv‡ì wek¦vm, m¤§vb Ges gvnvZ¡‡K i¶vi Rb¨ Zv‡ì Rxeb I ab-m¤ú` DrmM© Ki‡Z AvnŸvb K‡ib| gymjgvbiv me©vZœKfv‡e Zvi G Avnev‡b mvov †`q| Rvdi gymjgvb‡ì‡K Aš—f³ ©~ Ki‡Z I cÖwk¶Y w`‡Z ïi  Ki‡jb| wKš‧ 1949 mvj ch©š— gyRvwn`‡ì I miKvix evwnbxi g‡a¨ D‡jL‡hvM¨ †Zgb †Kvb msNl© nqwb|

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hvB †nvK miKvi ZLb we‡`ªvnx‡ì mv‡_ mg‡SvZv-Avjvc Ki‡Z †ek wKQz c`‡¶c MÖnY Kij| miKv‡ii GKwU cÖwZwbwa `j Zv‡ì Kv‡Q G‡jv, Zv‡ì `vex-`vIqvi K_v ïb‡jv wKš‧ G Av‡jvPbv cwi‡k‡l †Kvb djvdj e‡q wb‡q G‡jv bv| 1949 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m BDwbqb wgwjUvix cywj‡ki 26Zg e¨vUvwjqvb AvivKv‡b NuvwU ¯ vcb K‡i we‡`ªvn †NvlYv Kij Ges Zviv KwgDwbó I wcwfI‡ì mv‡_ K‡i wb‡q wKqvK wcD (Kyaukpyu) mv‡›`v‡q (Sandoway) Ges G‡ì †Rjv mì¸‡jvi cZb wb‡q Av‡m| Gfv‡e †Kej AvwKqve e›`‡i miKvix wbqš¿Y n«vm †c‡qwQj| Ab¨w`‡K gyRvwnìv mg¯— DËi AvivKv‡bi AwaKvi wb‡qwQj| Ges AvivKvb †e․× we‡`ªvnx‡ì Aci `j¸‡jv Ab¨vb¨ †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z Zv‡ì wbqš¿Y wb‡qwQj|

1951 mvj †_‡K 1954 mvj ch©š— miKvwi evwnbx¸‡jv gyRvwn`‡ì wei ‡× evrmwiKfv‡e wekvj Avw½‡K A‡bK Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡iwQj| kni Ges cywjk duvwo †h¸‡jv gyRvwn`‡ì wbqš¿‡Y wQj, †m¸‡jv Avevi miKvwi evwnbx‡ì Øviv cybi ×vi n‡qwQj| G Awfhvb¸‡jv‡Z A‡bK msL¨K †emvgwiK †jvK‡K •¯îZvwš¿Kfv‡e AvUK Kiv n‡qwQj, Zv‡ì Dci wbh©vZb Pvjv‡bv n‡qwQj Ges Zv‡ì‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡qwQj| we‡`ªvnx‡ì Av¯—vbv m‡›`‡n A‡bK evox-Ni, R¡vwj‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q| †bZ…‡Z¡i cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Ges `jMZ hy‡×i Kvi‡Y gyRvwnìv wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ †m GjvKvi Kvh©Ki wbqš¿Y nviv‡jv| 1951 mv‡ji w`‡K gyRvwn`-B-Avhg Rvdi KvIqvj ivR‣bwZK cÖwZwnsmvi ekeZx© n‡q wbg©gfv‡e wbnZ nb Ges cieZx©‡Z Rbve AveŸvm bvgK GK e¨w³ ¶gZv `Lj K‡ib| Rvdi KvIqv‡ji Aax‡b Kg©iZ GKRb ¸i Z¡c~Y© †jd‡U‡b›U K‡Y©j iwk` †ei n‡q Av‡mb Ges eyw_WvDs Gi `w¶Yc~e© wdDBgvjx GjvKvq Zvi `j cÖwZôv K‡ib| Aci GKRb `y`©vš— KgvÊvi Kvwkg whwb cieZx©‡Z Kvwkg ivRv bv‡g e¨vcK cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib wZwb wb‡R‡K †NvlYv ‡`b| †mLv‡b miKvwi evwnbx Ges gyRvwn`‡ì wewfbœ `‡ji g‡a¨ msNl© PjwQj| 1954 mv‡ji ci Kvwkg miKv‡ii Rb¨ GKwU ¸i Zi fxwZi KviY n‡q `vuovq| Ges gvIs`vI, eyw_WvDs Ges iv‡LWvDs Gi AwaKvsk GjvKvq gyRvwnìv Zv‡ì cÖvavb¨ cybtwe¯—vi K‡iwQj| mg‡qi g‡a¨ 131

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G ai‡bi my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i 1954 mv‡ji b‡f¤î †_‡K miKvi gyRvwn`‡ì bxwZgvjvi wei ‡× Acv‡ikb gbmyb (Operation Monsoon) bv‡gi GKwU we¯—…Z Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i| gyRvwn`‡ì ¸i Z¡c~Y© †K›`ª¸‡jv `Lj n‡q hvq Ges Zv‡ì KwZcq †bZv wbnZ nq| Kvwkg ZLb c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b cvwj‡q †Mj| gyRvwn` Afy¨Ìv‡bi †gi `Ê †f‡½ ‡Mj| Zv‡ì `jxq KvVv‡gv‡Z wew‪QbœZv NUvi d‡j cieZx©‡Z gyRvwn` Av‡›`vjb Avev‡iv `ye©j n‡q coj| wKš‧ GUv `xN©¯ vqx n‡jv| miKvi evwg©R Avwg©iv hv‡ì‡K gyRvwn`‡ì wei ‡× eënvi Ki‡Zv, †mB mKj gymjgvb‡ì mnvqZvq ¯ vbxq gymjgvb‡ì mgš^‡q GKwU †¯^‪Qv‡mex evwnbx MVb K‡ib| gyRvwn`‡ì‡K Avev‡iv wew‪Qbœ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖavbgš¿x BD by Ges cÖwZi¶v gš¿x BD ev my (U Ba Swe) 1959 mv‡j eyw_WvDs Ges gvDsWvI kni mdi K‡ib| Zviv †mB kni¸‡jv‡Z eo eo ivR‣bwZK Rbmfv K‡ib, †mLv‡b Zviv kvb, KvwPb Ges Kv‡ib m¤cÖ`v‡qi gZ †ivwn½v m¤cÖ`vq‡K evg©vi GKwU Avw` b„ZvwË¡K †Mvwó wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡ib| Zviv Zv‡ì‡K evg©vi bvMwiK‡ì mgvb AwaKvi cÖ`v‡biI AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

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cÖwZÁv K‡ib| B‡Zvg‡a¨ gyRvwn` `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Avev‡iv wefvRb NU‡jv| †h‡nZz DËi AvivKv‡b ¯ vbxq ¯^vqË¡kvmb mnKv‡i GKwU Ògymjgvb RvZxq GjvKvÓ (Muslim National Area) cÖwZôvq miKv‡ii cÖ¯—v‡ei wei ‡× wfbœ AwfgZ DwÌZ n‡jv| P~ovš—fv‡e gyRvwn`iv Zv‡`i A¯¿ mgc©Y Ki‡Z wm×vš— wb‡jv Ges 1961 mvj †kl nIqvi c~‡e©B AwaKvsk gyRvwn` miKv‡ii Kv‡Q AvZœmgc©Y Ki‡jv|

msm`xq MYZš¿Kvjxb AvivKvbx‡ì ivR‣bwZK Kg©KvÊ (19481962 Lªx) Av‡MB D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔKbw÷Uy‡q›U G¨v‡m¤^jx (Gwm) Gi Rb¨ gvDs`vD Ges evw_WvDs Gi `ywU GjvKv ev‡` mgMÖ AvivKvb Ry‡o mvaviY wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| G wbe©vP‡b gymjgvb †fvUvi wQj- mgMÖ RbmsL¨vi 98 fvM| hvB‡nvK, ¯^vaxbZvi ci ‡mLv‡b wbe©vPb AbywôZ n‡jv Ges Rbve myjZvb Avn‡g` I Rbve Avãyj Mvd&dvi G `yB wbe©vPbx GjvKv †_‡K msm` m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡jb| G. wm. wbe©vPb †_‡K ïi  K‡i 1960 mv‡ji †mbv Af~¨Ìvb ch©š— Dfq msm‡ì Rb¨ wZbwU mvaviY wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq h_vµ‡g 1951, 1956 Ges 1960 mv‡j| 1951 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b gymjgvbiv 5wU Avm‡b weRqx nq| Gi g‡a¨ 3wU Avmb wbgœ nvD‡R Ges 1wU Avmb D‪P nvD‡R wQj| G. Gd. wc. Gd. Gj. weRqx nq 3wU Avm‡b Ges evKx Avmb¸‡jv `Lj K‡i †bq iv-Uv-bvqv ev ivLvBb RvZxq hy³ msN| gymjgvb‡ì wbR¯^ †Kvb ivR‣bwZK `j wQj bv| Zviv †Kvb †Kvb mgq ¯^Zš¿ wn‡m‡e ùvwo‡q Avevi KL‡bv ev G. Gd. wc. Gd. Gj. Gi mv‡_ mg_©K `j wn‡m‡e wbe©vP‡b Ask †bq| 1956 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b DËi AvivKv‡bi 5wU AvmbB cybi ×vi K‡i gymjgvbiv| iv-Uv-bvqv mvwe©K Avm‡bi gvÎ GK Z…Zxqvsk Avm‡b weRqx nq Ges evKx Avmb¸‡jv `Lj K‡i †bq G. Gd. wc. Gd. Gj.| 1956 mv‡ji msm` wbe©vP‡b †h mKj gymjgvb Ggwc wn‡m‡e 133

wbe©vwPZ n‡qwQ‡jb Zvivy n‡jb- Rbve myjZvb Avn‡g`, Rbve Aveyj Lv‡qi, Rbve BRnvi wgqv, Rbve Aveyj evkvi Ges Rbve Avãyj Mvd&dvi| iv-UvbvqvÕi wbe©vwPZ weL¨vZ m`m¨iv n‡jb, BD wKqvI wgb (U Kyaw Min), BD gvDs wKqvI Rvb (U Maung Kyawa Zan), BD njv Zzb cÖ  (U Hla Tun Pru), BD mvb Zzb w_b (U San Tun Khaine), BD ev †mBb (U Ba Sein), BD As wKqvI LvBb (U Aung Kyaw Khine), BD c †_Bb (U Paw Thein) cÖgLy | 1957 mv‡j eyw_WvDs DËi wbe©vPbx GjvKvi Rb¨ GKwU Dcwbe©vPb AbywôZ nq, †h‡nZz Rbve BRnvi wgqvi wbe©vPb evwZj K‡i Zvi wei ‡× ivq cÖ`vb Kiv nq| mv‡eK msm`xq †m‡µUvix Rbve myjZvb gvngy` weªwUk-fviZ AvBb mfvq m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ nb Ges wZwb BD by (U Nu) gš¿x cwil‡`i ¯^v¯ ¨gš¿x wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡fvi MÖnY K‡ib|

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1. A‣ea Awfevmb Kvh©Ki fv‡e `gb Kivi Rb¨ AvwKqv‡e cvwK¯—vbx Kbmy¨‡jU `ßi Ges cwðg cvwK¯—v‡b evwg©R Kbmy¨‡jU `ßi †Lvjv| 2. Av‡iv AwaK Kvh©Kvifv‡e we‡`ªvn `gb Kiv| 3. AvivKvb cwiw¯ wZi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM †`qv| 4. miKvwi `yb©xwZ civqb Kg©KZ©v‡ì wei ‡× Kvh©Kix c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv| 5. AvUKZK…‡ì cvewjK j GÊ AW©vi Gi 5 Gi Aby‡‪Q‡ì AvIZvq G‡b cybt cix¶v-wbix¶v Kiv Ges hviv gyw³ cvIqvi †hvM¨ Zv‡ì‡K †Q‡o †`qv | 6. ZrKvjxb cÖavb wePvicwZ m¨vi ev I (Sir Ba Oo)Õi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ 1948 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m cÖavbgš¿x BD by (U Nu) KZ…©K m¨vi ev I Kwgkb MwVZ nq| G Kwgk‡bi Aax‡b wZbwU Dc-KwgwU MwVZ n‡qwQj| G¸‡jvi KvR wQj h_vµ‡g Kv‡ib, †gvb Ges AvivKv‡bi RvZxq welqvw` wb‡q Z`viKx Kiv|

cÖ‡Z¨K Dc-KwgwU MwVZ n‡qwQj GKRb ivóªxq cÖwZwbwa, wZbRb cÖwZwbwa Ges PviRb mswk-ó GjvKvi cÖwZwbwa wb‡q| Pvi m`m¨ wewkó AvivKv‡bi RvZxq cÖwZwbwaiv n‡jv BD wKqvI Bb (U Kyaw Yin), BD mvb Zzb As (U San Tun Aung), BD _v Zzb (U Tha Tun) Ges Rbve myjZvb Avn‡g`| 135

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