Interconnected Critters

In this issue of Arbor Day, we gave you a glimpse into our ongoing effort to restore longleaf pine forests across the Southeast.

Here’s a deeper look at the interconnected species of this ecosystem, which together, make up one of the richest habitats in North America.

Gopher Tortoises

These gentle and unassuming creatures are so important that they have their own Florida holiday — April 10, Gopher Tortoise Day — and serve as the state reptile of Georgia.

Gopher tortoises are prehistoric, having been around for an astounding 60 million years. They dig impressive burrows beneath the pines, an average of 6 feet deep and 15 feet long, which they then share with snakes, skunks, rabbits, mice, and all sorts of insects. Altogether, more than 350 species rely on these burrows for protection and survival.

Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers

Red-cockaded woodpeckers are largely black and white, with males displaying a small, red “cockade” on the side of their head. Like the gopher tortoise, they are also a keystone species — creating cavities in mature pine trees that are later used by fellow birds and squirrels for shelter.

Of the estimated 1.5 million birds once found throughout the region, only 15,000 remain.

Frosted Flatwoods Salamanders

Frosted flatwoods salamanders are a tiny member of the longleaf ecosystem, measuring in at roughly 5 inches long. They are named for the silvery, netlike patterns on their back.

These salamanders feast on insects in the forest, and they also serve as important prey for larger animals.

According to the Amphibian Foundation, flatwoods salamanders have suffered a 90% reduction in population since 2000, placing them at imminent risk of extinction.

Fox Squirrels

Fox squirrels are the largest squirrel species in North America. They are also commonly found in longleaf pine forests. Their above-average size allows them to crack open and eat the seeds of longleaf pine cones, which can grow up to a foot long.

Along with feasting on seeds, the fox squirrel also eats fungi, which then passes through their digestive system and helps provide nutrients to the surrounding trees.