The Record Newspaper 12 September 1878 by The Record

ProtectionversusFreeTrade.

AsProtectionversusFreeTradeis nowoccupyingtheparticularittentIon ofourAmericanCOttaillS,wegive belowaportionofanaddressbyawellknownAmericanpoliticaleconomist,on thisquestion,forthebenefitofour readers:--

HENRYCLAYISNOLESSENIPBATIC.

IntheUnitedStatesSenate,February 12,1832,hedeliveredaspeechfrom whichInowread:--

Thefallofthatpolicy[thetariff] sir,wouldbeproductiveofconsequencescalamitousindeed.WhenI looktothevarietyofinterestsinvolved, tothenumberofindividualsinterested, theamountofcapitalinvested,the valueofbuildingserected,andthe wholearrangementofthebusinessfor theprosecutionofthevariousbranches ofthemanufacturingartswhichhave sprungupunderthefosteringcareof thisGovernment,Icannotcontemplate anyevilequaltothesuddenoverthrow ofalltheseinterests.Historycan producenoparalleltotheextentofthe mischiefwhichwouldbeproducedby adisaster.Therepealoftheedictof Nantesitselfwasnothingincomparison withit.Thatcondemnedtoexileand broughttoruinagreatnumberof persons.Themostrespectableportion ofthepopulationof was condemnedtoexileandruinbythat measure.tutinmyopinion,sir,the suddenrepealofthetariffpolicywould bringruinanddestructiononthewhole peopleofthiscountry.Thereisno evil,inmyopinion,equaltotheconsequenceswhichwouldresultfromsuch catastrophe.

THEFOUNDERSOFTHEREPUBLIC anditsearlystatesmencomprehended thissubjectandunderstoodthatitwas ofthehighestimportancetogiveprotectiontoAmericanindustryand Americanlabor.Theverysecondlaw ofanykindthatpassedtheCongressof theUnitedStatesaftertheadoptionof theFederalConstitutionembodiesthe wholedoctrineoftheprotective systeminitsfirstsection,to wit:-

Whereas,Itisnecessaryforthe supportoftheGovernment,forthe dischargeofthedebtsoftheUnited States,andtheencouragementand protectionofmanufacturesthatduties belaidongoodsandmerchandise imported.

comparablewiththebeet,welackthe accumulatedcapital,longandwellestablishedtrade,andthatotherimpor tentspeciesofcapitalwhichalonecan comefromexperience.

FREETRADEMEANSLowWAGES.

Again,wepayhigherwagestothe laborthatentersintothemanufactured article.Wepayahigher,rateof interestforthemoneyusedinthe manufacturingbusinessofthiscountry.

Ay,morethanthat,thereisaninequalityintheshapeoflocaltaxation whichinmanyofourmanufacturing townsisvery,veryonerousto bear.

Nomenorpartyofmenwouldbe boldenoughtoadvocatethereduction oflaborasanakedproposition,its provisions,asIshallattempttoshow youlater,isinevitablereductionofthe priceoflaboralloverthecountry.

Thepriceoflaborto-dayisinadequate tothenecessitiesofthelaboringmen, andtheworkingmenofthecountryare patientlyacceptingtheinevitableinthe hopeofreliefandbettertimesinthe verynearfuture.AndwhileIwould rejoiceatthereductionoftherateof interestfortheuseofmoneyandthe decreaseoflocaltaxation,Imustprotestagainstthisoranyothermeasure whichlookstothescalingdownofthe wagesorlabor,althoughitmightenable ustocompetemoreadvantageouslywith theforeignmanufactureortoacceptfree tradewholly.

TherichstoresofAmericanmanurnmnr.a nttheCentennialExhibitionatPhiladelphia,rivalingaie exhibitsofallnations,commandedthe admirationofthecivilizedworldand wastheconstantwonderofthe foreigner.Theyexceededhisexpectations,andthefrequentinquirywas, -"Whathasaccomplishedallthis advanceinasinglecenturyofthe Republic!"andthewholeansweris containedinthisstatement:-"Chiefly inconsequenceoftheprotection affordedmanufacturersbythe tariff."

Butifthisbetrue,isittoremainso? Isittocontinue?Isthepresentlow priceoflabor,arisingfromcausesnot connectedwiththetariff,tobetaken advantageoftoinaugurateasystem whichwillstillfurtherdepresslabor? Theargumentofthegentlemanfrom NewYork,showingourabilityto competewithforeignworkmenand foreignmanufacturers,isbaseduponthe presumptionthatfromfiftytosixty centsadayiswhattheworkingmen arereceivioginthiscountry,andthatitis tocontinue.

WEDoNOTWANTFIFTY-CENT LABOR, eventhoughitmightenableustoadopt whatthegentlemanfromNewYorkis pleasedtoterm"politicaleconomies purelyAmerican."

HethenquotesapprovinglyMr. IsaacSouthernBell,memberofParliament,theEnglishjudgeattheCentennialExpositionatPhiladelphia,onhis reportontheironinterestoftheUnited States,inwhichhedeclaresthat"the increasedvalueoflaborintheUnited Stateshasundulyaddedtothecostof ironandthedemandsfromcertain sectionsoftheworkmenarenowacting adverselytothetrueinterestsofthe trade,"whichmeansthatlaboristoo high;thatthepriceoflaborinthe UnitedStateshasundulyaddedtothe costofiron,andisnowacting adverselytothetrueinterestsof trade. Reducetitstariff,.andlaboristhe

throughtheearlyyearsofherhistory, onlytenfoldmorerigorous.Downto 1842hertariffamountedtoabsolute prohibition,anditwasonlywhen capitalbadaccumulated,vastindus' trieswerebuildedup,andwelloetebliehodtrod.wee000urod,thatnha soughtothermarkets.Withskilled mechanics,withimprovedmachinery, withaccumulatedcapital,andwith cheaplaborshebelievedherselfableto supplythemarketsoftheworldand defycompetition.Thenfreetradewas conceivedasthetrueandonlypolicy, andallnationswereinvitedtoembrace thisnewanduniversaltheoryofsocalledpoliticalreform.

TheUnitedStatesdidnotembrace thisnewtheory,andEnglandisto-day seriouslyconsideringthequestionof freetrade.Themanufacturersand laboring-menofthatcountryarediscussingit,willingtofleefromthat whichpromisedthemincreasedwages andgreatercomforts,butwhichhas broughtthemneither.

WHOWANTSLowTARIFF?

Revenueandprotectionaredistinctly recognized.Andifrevenuewasneeded thentopaytheobligationsofthe Government,howgreaterthatnecessity nowIfthenecessityexistedthenfor theencouragementandprotectionofour manufactures,whatofthenecessity uponusto-day,whenthesemanufacturers,inthelanguageofthe distinguishedgentlemenfromNew York,"lieweakenedandprostratedand sickalmostuntodeath!"

Wecanonlycompetewithforeign manufacturesbybeingplaceduponan absoluteequalitywiththem,anduntil thatequalityisreachedfreetrade,or, whatislittlebetter,tariffreductionis simplyimpracticableandvicious.We havedisadvantagesintheUnited Stateswhichcanonlybeovercomeby awisediscriminationinfavor ofAmericanandagainstforeign manufactures.

Itmaybeasked,Whatdisadvantages doesAmericalaborundernotcommon toothercountries? AndIanswer thatwhilewehavenaturaladvantages equaltoany,skilledmechanics,improvedmachinery,andindustriouslabor

Thebillmeansreducedwagesto operatives.Itmeanstheclosest, sharpest,competitionamongmanufacturersathomewithmanufacturers abroad.Itmeanstheclosesteconomy inthepriceofthearticleproduced. Andtheveryfirststeptakeninthe directionofeconomyonthepartofthe manufactureristoreducethewageshe paystohislaborer;notbecausehe lovestodoit,butbecausethe exigenciesofhisbusinessdemandit. Thathasalwaysbeenso,andthe presentandfuturewillbenoexceptionto thepast.

Why,wecanevenseethistendency underlyingthegreatspeechofthe chairmanoftheCommitteeofWaysand MeansmadeonTuesdaylast.Heuses thislanguage:-

Thetotalexportsofironthemanufacturesofironforthefiscalyear1877 was48,089,540,thusshowingthatthe apprehensionarisingfromthecompetitionofforeignmechanicswith Americanworkmenhasnowlittle force.

Andasfurthershowingthatsuch apprehensioniswithoutfoundationhe statesthatItwasputinevidencebeforethe CommitteeofWaysandMeans,byMr. Roach,thecelebratedAmericanironshipbuilder,thathereadily obtainedworkmeninPennsylvania fromfiftytosixtycentsper day.

Mr.Chairman,Igrantyouifworkmemcanbeobtainedreadilyatfrom fiftytosixtycentsadaythereneedbe noseriousapprehensionarisingfrom competitionofforeignmanufactures.

thepreseutandtheproposedrateof dutymustbemadeupsomewhere,must becompensatedinsomeway.As alwayshasbeenthecase,when economyinproductionistobestudied, themanufacturerlookstohispay-roll oflaborandcommencestherefirst.In thelanguageofthegentlemanfrom NewYork(Mr.Hewitt),"the differenceisinthehigherwagespaid," andthatdifferencemustberemoved thetariffmustbemaintained, orthemanufacturersmustbedestroyed.

CHEAPLABORISTHEWHOLE

DOCTRINE

offreetradeandoftariffreform.We mightaswellunderstandthequestion nowandhere.Itisaquestionofthe priceoflabor,orofwhetherinseveral branchesofindustryweshallhaveany laboratall.

Mr.Chairman,self-preservationisthe firstlawofnature,asitisandshouldbe ofnations.Thegeneralwelfareisof paramountimportance,andanymeasure whichdoesnotkeepthissteadilyin view,whichdoesnotfosterandencourageAmericanlaborandAmerican industry,isinoppositiontothegreat lawoflife,andsubversiveofthe principlesuponwhichgovernmentsare established.Wewanttobeindependentinthatbroadandcomprehensive sense,strongwithinourselves,selfsupportingandself-sustaininginall things. Itisourdutyandweoughttoprotectassacredly.andassuredlythe laborandtheindustryoftheUnited Statesaswewouldprotectherhonor fromtaintorherterritoryfrominvasion. Weoughttotakecareofourown nationandherindustriesfirst.We oughttoproduceforourselvesasfar aspracticable,andthensendasmuch abroadasispossible,themorethe better.Ifourfriendsabroadthink thispositionilliberaltheyhaveonlyto bringtheircapitalandenergytothis country,andthentheywillsharewith usequallyinallthings.

ThiswasthepolicyofEnglandall

Whatpossiblepretextcantherebe forsuchlegislationatthistime?I listenattentivelytothecarefullyconsideredschofthegentlemanfrom NewYork.[Mr.Wood]waitingto hearofsomeAmericaninterestwhich wasdemandingthisnewlegislation, andatlastIwasrewardedformy patience.Hosentalettertothe Clerk'sdesktobereadfromMessrs. Worthington&Co.,ofJackson,MichiKwavaVivitaramiargtutZlitlVtgrili favorofthebill,andthattheywere abletoimportsteeltothiscountry, manufactureitintoagriculturalimpliments,andsenditbackagainata profit.Thatwasastrangestatement andentirelyinexplicableuntilthe distinguishedgentlemanfromMichigan, [Mr.Conger,]alwaysonthealert, statedtotheHousethatthisfirm, whichwaswellknowntohim,didtheir workwiththeconvictlaborofMichigan atthirty-twocentsaday.Noother statementwasneeded.Thiswasthe onlyinterestinthewholecountryover, thegentlemanpublishedassatisfied withtheproposedchange.Comment isunnecessary,forwhenwecommence toemployconvictlaborIwillconcede freetradeispracticable. Iftheoft-repeatedargumentbetrue thatthedutyfallsupontheconsumer, thenIasktheCommitteeofWaysand Meansuponwhatprincipleoffairness orequityhavetheyincreasedtheduty onsugar,thenecessityofthepoor man'stable,anddecreasedituponsilks andsatins,whichgotomakeupthe elegantappareloftherich?Orwhy increasethedutyonotherstaplesofthe poorman'shouseholdanddecreaseit uponvelvets,whichareonlyaccessible tothewealthy? Again,thecommitteehaveimposeda dutyof20centsabusheluponwheat andtheyhavesufferedwheatground intoflourtocomeintothiscountry:an unjustdiscriminationagainstevery flourmanufacturerintheland.Again, theyhaveundertheirbillsuffered cloths,manufacturedcloths,tocome intothiscountryatSOperadvalorem; andinthesamebilltheyallowthecloths madeintoclothingforwearing-apparel tocomeinfor45percentduty;adiscriminationagainsteverymanufacturer ofclothing,everytailor,everysewingwomanthecountryover. Theyhavereducedthedutyupon scrap-iron,wroughtandcast:andvkhat willbetheresult?Whyitwillthrow thousandsofmenoutofemployment andwillwhollydestroytheprofession ofthepuddlersoftheland. Thebillinsomecasesproteststhe

rawmaterial,wirilethemanufactured articles ifacticallyfreeofdutyor largelyreduced.

Whyshouldrye,oats,andIndian coinbedutiable,andbuckwheat,buckwheatflour,bran,mill-feed,etc.,beon tiefreelist?

Isthedutyonryeflourforrevenue orprotection?

DuringthefiscalyearendedJune30, 1877,thedutyonryeflouryieldeda revenueof45cents.

Andsowithanumberofarticles towhichImightcallyourattention.

LABORISTHENATIONALINTEREST

Mr.Chairman,muchdiscus-innhas beenhadatthissessiontouchingthe maintenanceofthenationalcredit,in allofwhichImostheartilyconcur. Thenstiossl.4344isofparsznerunt importance,andnothingshouldbedone totarnishorimpairit,nothingomitted tostrengthenandimproveit.Butwill theCongressoftheUnitedStatesbe remindedthatinnowaycanyoumore surelymaintainthenationalcreditthan byassiduouslymaintainingthegreat industriesofthecountrywhichforthe mostpartconstitutethenationswealth?

Therecanbenopermanentcredit whichisnotbasedupanthelabor,the capital,andthewealthofthenation. Destroythelatter,andatthesame momenttheformerisdestroyed.

Thereprobablyneverwasaperiodin thehistoryofthiscountrywhen businesswasmoreparalyzedandlabor BOdepressedasatthepresent.Ineed notpausetodiscussthecause,(itisnot theresultofourpolicy,forfreetrade Englandisnobetter,)thefactstands forthbiddingusseeandreadthattrade iseverywherelanguishingandwilling bandscanfindnothingtodo.

Thedemandsforlaborhavebeen decreasingunderthepinchingtimesof thelastfiveyears,andmanufactories, evenwiththepresentprotection,have beenfightingagainstthebusinessrevulsionswhichhavesweptoverthe countrysince1873;andnowthatdaylightisgleamingandimprovement

MVPitrOttiNivPilYTINVlet;

anothershockiscoming,thatthe currentsofbusinessaretobeturned asideandtheexistingbasisoftradedestroyed,andthewholebusinessworldis alarmed.Andwearetoldthatthisis wiselegislation,baseduponsoundprinciple-b.-1irahWorld.

DeclineofEngland'sCommercial Supremacy.

TheNewYorkGraphichasthe followingpertinentremarksonthe rntanirgefthecottonstrikeinLancesshire,England:-

"IsEnglandgoingdownhill? Has herprosperityasamanufacturing country-culminated,andhassheentered uponherperiodofdecay? Thereis samereasontothinkthatthismaybe thecase.Thegreatstrikenowgoing eninLancashireisbutasymptomofa veryseriousdisease.Nearly90,000 cottonoperativesareoutofworkthey havestruck,notforanadvanceofwages, butagainstaproposedreduction. Strikesforanadvancearegenerally successful;theyareevidencesofa risingmarketandgoodtimes;employersmaysuccessfullyresistthese assaultsforthemoment,butitisgenerallyfoundthatthemencarrytheir pointintheend.Butstrikesagainst areductionofwagesalmostuniversally endinfailure.Theyareevidencesof a&Bingmarketanddecreasedconsumption.Theemployerscannotcarryon theirbusinessataloss.Itisinvain forthementofightagainstfate.The presentdepressedconditionofthecotton tradeinEnglandisnotmerelya momentarydifficulty;itisoneofthe c.nsequencesofaradicalchange.Eng- land'sascendancyasamanufacturing country-"theworkshopoftheworld" -wasduetothefactthatpeopleof otherlandswerecontenttopermither tosupplythemwithalmosteverything theyneededinthewayofmanufactured geods.Americans,SouthAmericans, Indians,Canadians,Austinlions,Chinese -allwerehercustomers;thewaresof

ManchesteraidBirminghamwerecarriedtoeveryland;andthewholeworld paidtributetoher.

THECAUSEorENGLAND'SCOMMERCIAL DECLINE.

Butnowineverycountryhome manufactureshavebeenestablished,and everyyearhasseentheforeigndemand forEnglishgoodslessened.English andAmericanmachineryhasbeentaken intoChina,Mexico,SouthAmerica, Japanandothercountriesthenative productionshavebecomeequal,and sometimessuperior,totheimported articles;andEngland'smarketshave beenmoreandmorecircumscribed.In Chinathenativemannfaetureshavebecomesoextensiveandsosatisfactory thatthetimeisnotdistantwhenprobablytheChinesewilltakenothing fromtheoutsidebarbariansexceptthe cointhattheymustpayforherteas andsilks.SoinJapan,inIndia,in SouthAlmeria,andMexico.TheCentennialExpositiongavestartlingevidenceoftheprogressmadebythe manufacturingartsinthesecountries theParisExpositionwillteachasimilar lesson.Eveninourowncountrywe canseethesamethinggoingon.The Southnolongerdependsexclusivelyon NewEnglandoroldEnglandforits cheapandcoarsecottongoods,but manufacturesthemforitselfandsaves

moneybyit.Thesefactshaveavery seriousmeaningforEngland.Whatis shetodoifhercustomersdeserther? Howcansheemployherpeopleifher manufacturingindustriesarecompelled tocease? Thetideofeventsiscertainlyinthedirectionwehavepointed out,andeveryyearwillswellithigher andcauseittomovemorerapidly.

LaborandtheFloridaElection Frauds.

FRAUDORNOFRAUDTIIEPROSPECTOF THEWORKINGMANISTHESAME.

"ThefraudulentPresident.""His Fraudulency.""Ilayesisafraud:" gest-e. eltedPresident" -thesearetheepithetsorarow demagogueshavingsomeinfluencewith workingmen.Asidefromthequestion offraudinFloridaorelsewhere,Tilden, aswellasHayes,waspledged,before theelection,tosupportanational economicsystemthatisaroostgigantic fraudonlabor.Butitissystematic andoflongstanding,and,unfortunately, customhasthrownoverittheglamor ofrespectability.Hayesisthetoolof themoneyedclasses.Tildenavowed himselfusthefriendofthebondholders. Bothareenemiesofafairlandsystem, anhonestfinancialsystem,andawise systemofcommerce.

HadTildenbeeninaugurated,the conditionoftheidleandstarvingworkmenwouldnowbejustaboutasitis. Hayesstandsreadytovotetheonly measuresthatcouldbenefitthemasses, ifsuchmeasuresbopassed.Tilden promised,ifelected,tovotethesame measures,inasmuchashedeclaredhimselfopposedtotheprinciplewhich underliesthem.Thefactthatthe LondonTimesdeclareditselfsatisfied witheitheroneofthetwo,Hayesor Tilden,oughttobesufficienttoshow Americanworkingmenthatneitheris thefriendoflabor.

Thereisaltogethertoomuchtalk aboutwhatisorisnotConstitutional, andtoolittleeffortexpendedinstriving toestablishwhatisjust.Ifagood thingbenotconstitutional,itshouldbe madeso,becauseitisgoodandifa badthingbeconstitutional,itshouldbe struckoff,becauseitisbad.The ElectoralCommissionwasagoodthing, underthecircumstances.Itwas agreedtobythelaw-makingpower, andunlessthefraudbeproved totainttheproceedingsofthat Commission,theresultofthe thePresidentialconfectwillstandasit is.Ifthemenwhoarespendingso muchmoneyandtimeintryingto unearththeFloridaelectoralfrauds, wouldgivetheirsupporttosomescheme whichwouldbeofrealbenefittothe workingman,theirelleriswouldbemore praiseworthythantheypossiblycanbe, nomatterhowmuchfraudtheybring to fraud-seekers

pretendtobeworkingintheinterests ofthepeople,yettheysettheirfaces resolutelyagainsttheabolitionofthe systemwhichisbeggaringthepeople. TheindustrialsystemwhichPresident Hayesadvocatesandisdeterminedto lustain,keepsworkingmenincontinual dependenceonthosewhotradeinmoney butproducenothing.Thefraudseekersadvocateandsustainthesame system.Inthematterofthereduction ofthemassestotheconditionofserfs ofthemoneyedaristocracy,theFlorida fraud-seekersandthe"Fraudulent President"areinthesameboat,and allpullingthesameway.

Downtroddenlabormustlookin anotherdirectionforreformthatwill giveanysolidrelief.Measureswhich willestablishalandsystemthatwill effectuallypreventmonopoly;afinancialsyktemunderwhichlaborcannot berobbedawisesystemofcommerce andotherreformstofurthertheequitabledistributionofproductionsare whatworkingmenneed,andcanhave whentheypaylessattentiontothe partisanbabbleofinterestedstatesmen, andstwdyprinciples.Iffraudhasbeen committedlettheguiltyonesbeexposedandpunished,butletnotworkingmendeceivethemselvesbysupposingthatachangefromHayestoTilden would,inanyway,bettertheircondition).Achangeofsystemiswhatis wanted.-IrishWorld.

TheEnglishinIreland.

Aremarkablycleverpamphlethas appearedinAmerica,called"The EnglishinIrelandor'Peoplewho liveinGlassHouses,'"etc.Itisa replyto"TheTurksinEurope,"by EdwardA.Freeman,D.C.I..,LL.D., whichadvocateddrivingtheTurksout ofEurope,onaccountofhismalgovernmeritandill-treatmentofafairprovince andanintelligentpeople.Thewriter ofthereply,inbriefspace,givesa wonderfullyableanddispassionate reviewoftheEnglishpower,itslauding inandconentaereee(Attelesofitsblood-stainedmisrulein thatcountry.'Wegivethefollowing extracttoshowthepowerofcondensationandexperienceofdiewriter:In1771agracewasgrantedtothe Catholics,bywhiylhtheywereallowed totaketireleaseoffiftyacresofbog andhalfacreofarablelandforahuuse; butthisholdingwasnottobewithina mileofanytown.Butatlasta brighterdaydawnedonIreland,after allthesecenturiesofoppressionand wrong.TheAmericanwaralarmed England.Parliamentatonceresolved toreleiveIrelandofsomeofhercommercialdisabilities. Sometrifling concessionsweremade;buttheexport ofIrishcommoditiesfrombeheldwas forbidden,andinconsequence,the countrywasreducedtogreatdistress. TheIrishdebtrosetonearlyamillion pounds.Whentheindependenceofthe AmericanStateswasacknowledgedby France,abillofthepartialreliefofthe Catholicspassedunanimouslythrough theEnglishParliament.Gratten enteredParliamentin1775in1779 headdressedtheHouseonthesubject offreetradeforIrelandandin1780 hemadehisfamousspeechforIrish Independence. ThevolunteercorpsofIrelandsupportedhim.TheymetatDauganuon in1782.Thedelegatesassembled,and theGovernmentdarednotpreventor interrupttheirproceedings.Col. WilliamIrviuepresided,andtwentyoneresolutionswereadopted,demanding civilrightsandtheremovalof commercialrestraints.Theeffectof thiscombined,powerfulanddetermined oppositionwasdecisive.Grattan broughtforthhiscelebratedmotionfor Irishindependence.Itwascarried, andwhenitpassedbearoseandsaid "Irelandisnowanation1 Inthatnew characterIhailher,and,bowinginher augustpresence,Isay,LatoPeopetua." Aperiodofunexampledprosperitynow followed.Millswereerectedinevery quarter;machine-shops,carpetmanufactories,.glassfactories,.$te.,were established,andhugesumswereexpendedinpublicworks,giving employmenttotheneedy.Butthis

couldaffectonlyacertainfew,notthe wholecountry,tillafteralongperiod. Themajorityweremiserablypoor,and starving;andthiswasthecauseof thefearfulinsurrectionwhichfollowed. Stillthisprosperitywasnotwithout goodresults.LordClareproclaimed inparliamentthatnonationonthe habitableglobehadadvancedincultivation,commerce,andmanufacturewith thesamerapidityasIrelandfrom1782 to1800.Tilepopulationiihreatedfrom threetofivemillions;theexilesbegan toflockhome.Parliamentaryreform wasnowthecry.Theelectivefranchise shouldbegiventoCatholics.Meetings wereheld.Butsuddenlytheflame thathadshotupwassubdued,darkness cameuponthelaudoncemore. Movementswerenowcarriedonin secret.TheSocietyoftheUnited Irishmenwasorganized.Aresolution wasframedaskingParliamentforrelief fromtheirdisabilities.TheFrench Revolution,withallitshorrors,had brokenout;thepeopleweretaughtby itwhattheycoulddo.In1793a relief'billwaspassed,iuconsequenceof thewarwithFrance.Attemptswere wadetosuppressthevolunteersandtire UnitedIrishmen.Persecutionofthe Catholicsoncemorebegan.Professing theCatholicreligionbecameacrime. TheYeomanrycorpswasformed. NativeIrishnowfoughtagainstUnited Irish-OrangemenagainstUnited Irishmen.Thisfilledthecupof bitterness.Dreadfulcrueltieswere practised.Tirerebellionof1798broke out.Wepassoverthehorrorsofthis rebellion;theyaretoowellknownto needrepetition.Are'nowcorneathe closingsceneinthislourgdrama-tie Union.Mr.Pitt,speakingoftee commercialprosperityofIrelandin 1785,says"Tireuniformpolicyof EnglandhasbeentodepriveIreland oftheuseofherownresources,and tomakehersubserwieuttotire interestandtheopulenceofthe Englishpeople."ChiefJusticeBushe saidinParliament,1799,"Youare culledtogiveupyouriudepeudence; andtowhomareyoucalledtogiveit up?To,anationwhich,forsix hundredyears,hastreatedyouwntu uniforminjusticeandoppression."Tire Unionwasconsummated,buthow? ReadagainwhatChiefJusticeBushe says: "Thebasestcorruptionand artificeswereexertedtopromotetire Union.Alltheworstpassionsoftine humanheartwereenlistedinthe servicesundalltiremostdepraved ingenuityofthehumanintellecttontunedtodevisenewcontrivancesfor fraud.Halfamillionormorewere expendedsonicyearssincetobreakan opposition.'rilesame,oragreater sum,maybenecessarynow."And GrattanassertedthatLordCastlereagh hadsailsointhemostextensive senseofbriberyandcorruption. Thethreatwasproceededon.TLe peeragewassold;thecaitiffsofcorruptionwereeverywhere-inthelobby,in tirestreets,andonthestops,andatthe doorofeveryParliamentaryleader, offeringtitlestosome,officestoothers, corruptiontoall.Suchisthedescriptiongivenofthemeansbywhichthe Unionwascarried.Andherewe close;whyneedwegofarther?The UnionhasbeendestructivetoIreland. Hercommerceandhermanufactures havebeenalmostannihilated.English interestshaveoverwhelmedher.Itis notnecessaryforustoprovethisby minutelytracingthehistoryofthe trialsandstruggelsoftheO'Connella andotherstobringabouttherepealof thehatedUnion.WepointtoIreland asshenowis;wepointtohersadcondition;wepointtothethousandswho leavehershoresyearafteryear;we pointtothethousandsofacresthat havegoneutterlytowaste,tothe townsandvillagesthatareinruins,to thewoefulconditionofthosethatremain,tothemiserablehamletsthey livein,totherapacityofthosewho owntheland;andweaskwhatisto bethoughtoftheEnglishrulein IrelandCanaworsecasethanthis heshownoftheTurks,anuninterrup. tedoppressionlastingsevenhundred years?-Freeman'sAtonal,

ZStigiakirl !

Ati-Z..4t-ARof=44411009.8snd ornamentalarticles,wilVbeheld ;in NtiWCAURCEI,Y0111; !ONTHE23rd'oictotit4, ,inaidof,thehnifdingfund. 1Dotiations,whether.ofMoneyor ,workforthisobjectwillbekindlyre,ceived,by.theSistersofMercy,York. York,2ndAug.,1878.

,Surveyor,CivilEagiueer,& Architect, efficesXayStreet,Ara,fra. INFORMATIONandestimates furnishedonallmattersrelating ,toRailways,Machinery,andEngineering.Plana,drawings,contracts, ,andagreementsforworkofallkinds prepared.Surveys,sales,andimprovementsofpropertiesandestates -undertaken. Engineeiing,Architectural,Mechanical,andLithographicDraughtsman. DistrictMaps,andRoadMapsofthe .ColonytobeseenatMr.Browne's, officeandcopiesobtained. Businessofallkindsrelatingto landtransactedattheSurveyOffice. Applicationsforlandmadethere, andplansandparticularspromptly forwardedtoallpartsofthe :colony. Perth,Aug.28th,1878.

ToOurSubscribers.

DIREp',:r4VAr.

13.--141t1. Niter;andColgus,T,P,NV,

14.-SAT.'ExaltationoftheAO!.Crook

15.-513.'XIVatterPentecost.

16.-MON.55.Cornelius,I'.andCyprian, B.MM.

17.-TUES.StigmasofS.Francis,Conf.

18.-WED.Eniber-dey.S.Josephof Cupertinum,Conf,Fast andAbet.

19.-1'HUR.SS.JanuariasandCompanions, MM.

20.-FRI.Ember-day. S.Agapitus,P. ,Conf.

21.-SAT.Ember-day.S.Matthew,Ap. andEvang.Dayof Devotion.FastandAbst.

22.-SUN.$VafterPentecost.

23.-MON.S.lams,P.Mart.

24.-TUES.OnrLadyofMercy.

25.-WED.88.EinitaehiusandCompanions, MM.

20.-THUR.S.Easehius,P.Conf.

TUEWEST

-3,usfitatiantatitolicxteceo.

THURSDAY,SEPTEMBER12,1878.

"BeindefatigableOryourpurpose,andwith undauntedspiritresistiniquityandtryto conquerevilwithgood,havingbeforeyoureyes therewardpreparedforthosewhocombatfor thenameofChrist."-PiusIX.

THEPERTHCATHOLICYOUNG MEN'SSOCIETY.

-1'14,.°40,t0iret4114),YOu;li4c1:14Ptintlay, fop, P43tbObttlehiciPtiensof thtbetth6144,4)414140 ilsetrircas, MPOSt_...4*Atslieo4oltOA*lieoPlanot hand,lamnodiplomatist,andbeing 1716. isdE;P:girle."411. ones

v4,0POLAIArectipterestiothe.fate.ofCon,stautimpleIlit}venotnodeitshisturbits 'politica,itspeople,oritsreligion,a.special ebjeAt_ofstudy.Ticewaitofpersonalexperienceisnotthereforecompensatedforby anydepthorextentofreading,andyou mostnotanticipatebearingfrommeany learnedsketchofthetireanddecliueofthe city.anyprofoundchservatiooeuponits presentstate,oranyneworcleversolution ofthedifficultiesoftheEasternquestion,of whiehitis,thekr-otandcentre.Ihaveread indeedinviewofthetaskdevolvingupon methisevening-andwculditnotbeuncourteopsofmetosayIhadnotdonesobutmyreadinghasbeen,1fear,oftooshallowanddesultoryacharacter.Ihavebeen contenttoskimthesurfaceofmyauthors, pickinguphereandthereasIwentalong, threadsofinformationthatappearedtome nottobetooburthensornetocurry,and .whichwerenotlikelytoproveofusetoanybodyelse.ItisonlyforsuchdiscourseasI canhopetoweaveoutofthesewaifsand straysofknowledge,thatIpurposeclaiming yourattention.

rrHEW.A.C.RECORD,as alreadynotified,willin futureoeissuedbi-monthly. Manyofourreadershave timeaftertime,expressedtheir regretthatsolonganinterval asawholemouthshould elapsebetweentheissues. Wehopethatoureffortsto satisfy,maymeetwiththe generalapprovalofoursubscribers.TheRECORDhenceforwardwillappearonevery alternateThursday.

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ToOurReaders.

WEbegtoinfbrmourreaders thatMr.J.F.O'CALLAGHAN, Perth,hasbeenappointed GeneralBusinessManagerfor theRecordnewspaper.Local agentsandsubscribers,will payoveraccountsdueto papertohim.Intendingadvertisers,will,onmaking applicationinthesamequarter. obtainallneedful-information, Subscribersarerequestedto notifyanyirregularityinthe deliveryoftheRecord,tothe samegentleman,fromwhom theircomplaintsshallreceive promptattention.

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NOTE.-Letters,andother communications,forinsertion intheReco.-d,aretobeaddressedtotheEditor,Peith, asheretofore. Perth,Aug.13,1878.

THEusualMonthlyRe-unionofthe PerthCatholicYoungden'sSociety, washeldintheirhall,onThursday, the29thAugustlast.Theattendance ontheoccasionwasmostnumerous, andtheeclatwithwhicheverything passedoft'musthavebeenparticulary andespeciallysatisfactorytotheCommitteeoftheSociety.Theprogramme oftheevening'sentertainmentwas howevervaried,thatitwasfound necessarytocutoutseveralvocaland instrumentalpiecesofmusic,whichhad beenpreparedfortheoccasion,andon whichmorethanordinarycareand timehadbeenbestowed,thanisusual withamateurperfuimers.Asitwas, however,theastute.....-.y delightedwithallthathadbeenprovidedfortheiramusementandinstruction,anddidnotseparatewithout havinggivenmustflatteringevidence ofhowmuchtheevening'sentertainmentwetwiththeirappreciation. Whilewehavemuchgratificationon thepartoftheCommitteeoftheYoung Men'sSociety,incongratulatingthose ladiesandgentlemenwhotookpartin thelatesuccessfulre-union,wehave, byparticulardesire,reproducedinour issueofto-day,theveryableand highlyinterestinglecturewhichwas deliveredduringtheevening,bythe Rev.J.O'REILY,ofFremantle,on CONSTANTINOPLE.Thelecture,though takingupaconsiderableamountofour space,will,however,wehavenodoubt, proveparticularlyinterestingtoour numerousreaders.TheRev.lecturer havingbeenformallyintroducedtothe audiencebytheVice-President,Mr. J.A.LUCAS,spokeasfollows:LadiesandGentlemen,-Attherequestofthe veryestimablePresidentofthePerthCatholicYoungMen'sSociety,Mr.J.T.Reilly,I venturetoappearbeforeyouthiseveningon theoccasionofthismonthlyre-unionheld undertheauspicesoftheassociation. 1do sosailmuchpleasure-partly,onaccount oftheesteeminwhich1holdMr.Reillyand hisworthyassistantstheVice-Presidentand theotherofficersofthesociety,andthe satisfactionIfeelinbeenabletodothemat leastonefavourinreturnforthemany-of whichIhavebeentherecipientattheir hands-partlyoecauseanopportunityisthus affordedmeofrenewingmyacquaintance withabodyofwhichI,oncehadthehonour ofbeingamember,andtomyconnection withwhichIowetherecollectionof;many happyhoursofentertainmentandprofit. ThesubjectuponwhichIpurposeaddress legyouisConstantinople,asubject" fortheelucidat,onofwhich-thoughitmay, seemanunseasonableconfessionformeto, make-1poesess,noveryspecial,qualifications,Ihaaeneverbeenasubjectofthe Sultans,andamneitherTurk,Greek,nor of` Ihaveneverhadtheadvantage, ofaresidenceinConstantinople,northe, facilitiesofinepectingitwhichmightbe affordedbyaflyingvisitinthecapacityof tourist,,niynearestapproachtothecity 1495311.90109andefitted,pointin.-theBayof Biscaymarkingthemoateasterly,positionof thecourseofthegoodshipPalestine41that quarteroftheAtlaaticonhervoyagefrom LondontoSwanRiverintheyear,ef.grace 11 have°. would,would,beYittPt4",,tilerekti3to OrLeadtohaveanyperkexPerlencesof

Thepowersofdiscernmentwithwhich naturehasendowedmeleadwetothink,I woulddoyouagrievouswrongdidIsupposeyouhadgatheredherethroughany meresordiddesireofgaininginformation. Infacttheycompelwetobelieveyour cominghasbeenpromptedbynolessexalted amotivethanthatofmeetingwithforthe timesomeagreeablerelaxation.IfLeysurmisebecorrectthanitwillhavebeena pleasuretoyoutohavegathered-asyou musthivedone-fromtheobservationsI havejustmade,thathoweverlearnedly Constantinoplemightbetreatedofina lecture,mytreatmentofitwillbeanything butofakiudtodeservetheepithet,'learned.' Butshouldthisdeductiouhenotsufficiently cleartoyournand,shouldanylingering doubtsstillhauntyouasregardsthevery airyandprottlessnatureoftheremarksIam abouttomake,Ifeelconfidenttheywillbe dispelledbytheassurancewhichIfullyand freelygivethatmydiscoursethisevening shallcontainaslittlesolidinformationabout Constantinopleandbeaslittletothepoint asaserjoustalkingofhalf-an-hoursduration orthereabouts,ofsufficeutconsecutiveuess andconsistencytomeritatallthenameofa discourse,possiblycan. Tobeginwithamatterpersonaltomyself, Ibegtostatethat1entertainprofoundsentimentsofrespect-indeedImightsayof veneration-forConstantinople.Myveneraglierwtreojral31/34tircrWiniaPtr., degreeoftheirapproachtofar-distantmanhoodbytherateofpocketsintheirattire, justassoldiersestimatetheirstandinginthe serviceoftheirQueenandcountrybythe numberofstripesupontheiruniform.I au]nowunabletofixbyyeartheprecise pointoftimeatwhichmyvenerationforthe capitalofTurkeybegan,butIthinkIdeterminethedatewithalltheaccuracycalled forbyourpresentpurpose,ifIidentifyit withthatperiodofmyyoungerdaysin whichIhadyetattainedtothedignityof butasinglepocketinmydress.Asthis allusionseemstoexciteyourtnterest-ithas, Iassureyou,deepinterestforme-Iwould wish,withyourpermission,andifashort digressionbeallowableatthiscurlystageof theproceedings,tostatethattheabsenceof asecondpocketwasdueinnomeasuretoa wantofspiritonmypart,butwastheresult ofthetyrannicalcapriciousnessoffortune, whichoftenoverlooksthemeritsofthe mostdeserving.Theplainfactwas-ifthe truthmusthetold-thegoodladywhowas reponsibleforthemanufactureandrepairof mywardroberu!edemphaticallythata singlepocketwasamplysufficienttooneof myyearsforallpossiblepurposesofutility' andornament.Iwellknewthatthisruling ofher'srestedonamostunwarrantable assumptionandIwasdeterminedenoughto givefrequentandfearlessexpressiontomy views.Buttowhatcouldmyvoiceavail? Questioningthecorrectnessofherdecision wasbutbringinganactionagainstthejudge andhavingthecasetriedinhisowncourt. Beingincommandofthescissorsandstun, shewas,toborrowthecelebratedphraseof aoncefamousFrenchstatesman,masterof thesituation.Imight.argueasIpleased andestablishmycasetomyownsatisfaction. Shewoulddoonlyasshedeemedfit,arid allowmebutonepocket.Withmyyouthfulbosomburningwithasenseofwrong, myspiritchafingundertheindignityput uponit,Isoughtjusticemorethanonce atthehandsofahigherauthorityIappealed tomygoodmother.Butbyaprodigy,as strangeasitwasastounding,shewhowasever imperturablyandcompliantlykindtomein allothermatters,showedherselftomydismay incomprehensiblyandinexorablycruelin this.Shesided-Igriivetosayit-with myoppressor.Myappealswerequashed, andIwasnon-suited,ashaving,inlegalparlance,nolocusstandiincourt.Howlong thisunhappygrievancelasted,andIwasthe wretchedvictimofbitternessandregret,it isimpossibleformenowtosay.TheinabilityunderwhichIlaootirisoflittleconsequence,however.ItisenoughthatIam abletostatethat,consciousofthegoodness ofmycause,Ididnoteasilyabandonhope. Defeated,butnotdismayed,Ireturnedafter everyrebuffto.thepoint.Iagitatedand agitated.andatlength,inaccordancewitha wellknownlawofpolitics,myagitationwon t4gday_,The.obnoxiousdecreewaseaucelled.'eremptocyfader,werelulled14

thenoodled/whowastite-ause :why woessostakeprovision.fur.an.ielditiona proud talwoman'myetituotaf,saltiIadbsecor4ncia.apipeelaigiendagaith0 that.name. liaringyaidthistributetc.thesatiae Andstrugglesofmyearlyleant,I,slaw .return.fromourdigressiontotherintla trackofmydiscourse.Atthe.reinete periodtowhich1antreferring---and.whieat forbrevity'ssakeImayternitheoneepocIttit periodofmylife-therewasabookfamiliar toallschool-goingyouth!,thehigh,reynte ofwhich,asbeingadepositaryoftheeareet treasuresofwisdom,wasstreugelyat variancewiththecowmenplaceusnue bore.Innameitwassimplyaspelling book,batatraditionsoancientMatti,would beconsiderednothinglessthanprofanity,to ctatanaspersionuponit,declaredthebouk.to containthesumandstiestaueeofaillsraue4ci ofhumanscience.TosaythattheIty ladwhohadmastereditscontentshadacquiredshoutasmuchknowledgeasYoe ordinarilygiventomortalstoacquiretsto ,oLywhatinaboareetoralone.WL bepermittedtoLaidthatwoodsviou I mewereItoattempttodescribethesentimentsofreverentialawewithwhich,those whowerestillonlybeginnersintheragged pathsofleitrutugregenteuhuewbuwas reputedtobesolootauvauced.Nowinthis workthewisdomgrewmorerecondite.as onewenton,andonthesameprinciple.by welchhewhostandsonthetopmoststepof to'Adderissupposedtohavesuccessiveity troddenunderfoottileloserrungs,artady auSreledgeofthelatterpagesofLhevolume wastakenasundeniableproofofauaceusdntepeewiththewhole.Onthelastpageof tinsoncefamous,butnow,slutmach torgo.asubook,amongstother,polysyllabic monstersofourlanguage,ofanaspectso clearandunmistakeable,thatevenatthe immensedistanceoftimethatnowintervenes Icandistinctlyreadit,stoodtheword,, Constantinople.'Printedindarkestink,is thickbroadtype,everysyllablestanding apartandsupportedbyabraceofhyphautt, itlookedtheverypictureofahugearmyof Turkishsoldiery,marshalledinbattlearrays withbayonetsfixedandcanuouplautta, threateniuginstantdestructiontothefoolhardyyouthwhoshouldmadlyventurein approachit.Acommandtograpplewith thiswordwasthefavouritetestofskill.sad valourwhichthemasterswhothen110u/hilted. employedwiththeirfavouritepupils.And forthehonourofthetalentofthedayiegone byandthecreditoftheeducationalestabliabmentaltheninexistence,1touthappynowto beab.etosetitourecordthattherewere boysnotafew-silltherenotbealways heroes?-whoundauntedbytimeterrorsof theword'sappearance,attheirmaster'sbiddingwoodadvancecourageouslytoAft attack,throwthemselveswithintrepidity drYighi'oftheyouthfulspectators,who mugbreathlessupontuescene,weresomeusuesoutsuccessfulintheirattempt,.11 isnecessaryIshouldheremakeapassing observation.lutheevildaysuponwhich wehavefallenscienceissadlydegenerate frowitspristineperfection.Thenoble studyoforthography,toretainingbuta semblanceofitsformerself,hassuffereda specialdegradation.ThetermsofrespectI justuuwusediudepictingthegeniuswhich enabledyouthsinformerdaystomasterthe spellingofCoustautinople,raised,1antlered, asmileonseveralfacesroundme.That eiuilewastomeasadreminderthatthe goldeueraofspellingbathpassedawaysoil thatthediffacnItiesincidentaltoanorthographicalfeatintheoldentimeareestimated bythefacilitiesoftheslip-shodmethods nowiufashion.Allowme,ladiesandgentlemen,asanexperiencedwitnessunbiased byprejudice,tosaythatthereisnojust comparisonpossiblebetweenthetwo.Spell Constantinople'yousaytoawoilereschool boy.Itisdoneonthetwinklingofaneye, C-o-n-s-t-a-n-t-i-n-o-p-l-e. Constantinople, A.speedymethod1sdnut,bio,utterlydevoidofgraceorbeauty.SpellConstantinople'wassaidtoaladaquarterofacenturyago.C-o-n.Con.at-a-n.scan, Constan.t-tti.stanti.Constanti.n-o.no, stautino.Constantino.p-1-e.ple, nople.tinople.etantinople.Constantinople, Thedifferencebetweenthe two methods is apparent at first sight.TheoneIs,totakeanillustration fromourmilitaryfriends,asimplemarch pastinquicksteptheotherthetnarchieg andcountermarching,thedeployingintoline andmassingincolumn,andothercomp& catedevolutionsofagrandreview.The formerremindsoneofasinglevolleyfired inharmlesssalute;theother,oftheincessantrattlingofthemusketryandtheboommgoftheheavygunskeptupcontinuously duringafierceandbloodyengagementof protractedduration.Myideas.Iproudly sayit,areborrowed,nutfromthepunyexperiencesofmodernscholasticmethods,but fromtheawe-inspiringcustomsofour ancestors.TheimpressionsofrespectI originallyacquiredforConstantinoplewere madeatatimewhenspellingwasawhelps morethaninname,andwerewadesodeep ssnevertobeeft:ma.Ihadvenerationfor Constantinoplethen,Ihavevenerationfor Constantinoplenow,and,ifIdonotseen presumptionsInpledgingmyselfforthe future,Ishallhavevenerationforittomy dyingday. Itappearstome,weshallnotbeoutof orderIfnowwereportprogress,'andinreportingit,transferourthoughtsfromthe institutionsinwhichyouthsImbibed elementsofknowledgeindaysthathare pissedaway,tothemoreintensiveOho!of Europeanpolitice,.andgive'alittletothe consideration:ofits_relationswithOonatentihoPteThedriftofpubliccivetsInRums

goesunquestionablytoshowthatIamnot singularinmyvenerationforthechiefcity ettheSultan'sempire.Thevenerationof othersmaynotspringfromthesamecause, butilIs,orIammuchmistaken,asdeep andasrealasmine.Thefactispalpably apparent-noonecandenyit-there isnotaspotuponthemapof Europeatthepresentmomentthatattracts somuchattentionoroccupiessolargea shareofpublictalkasdoesthecityofthe Turk.ThereIsnotapaperpublishedin anycivilizedlanguage,thathasnotmuchto sayaboutConstantinople.Thereisnota diplomatistinallEurope,whohasleisureor inclinationforanyotherbusinesssaveto writedespatchesortoattendconferencesrelativetoConstantinople.Thereisscarcea soldierinEuropethatisnotsharpeninghis bayonet,scarceabrigadethatisnotfalling intoline,forasadvancetowardsConstantinople.Iamnobeutffeientlyskilledanadept inmatterspolitical,tonndertrketosayI canexplainwithcertainitythemeaningof allthisexcitement.ButIamconstrained toconfesstotheexistenceofaverydefinite shadowofsuspicionquotamymindthatitIt agoenpurephilanthropy.Hisimperial Majesty,AlexanderofRussia,pledgeshis wordthatonhispartatleast,thereis nothingbutunalloyedandperfectcharityat thebottomofthemovement,andhadImy abodeinhisdominions,IhavenodoubtI would,asbecamealoyalsubjectofhis Majesty,impressedwithasalutaryfearof theminesofSiberia,seenoreasontoquestionhisassurance.ButlivingasIdounder thegraciousruleofaladywhoallowsher peopleatleasttherighttousethereason naturehasbestoweduponthem,Iamurged torefuseacquiescenceinhisImperial Majesty'sdictum,andtopayattentionto thesupiciontowhichIhavemade allusion.IfImaygoalittlefurtherand unbosommyselfwithslightunreservetomy presentaudience,Iwillsaythatthephase ofeventsnowvisibletooureyesinEurope forciblydrawsmyattentionbacktoastory, Ioncereadinanold,oldbook,aboutaman namedAdam,whosawanapplewhichwas nothie,andyetwholongedtohaveit,beearseitwasfairtotheeyeandbeautifulto beseen.Likefather,likeson,saystheproverb.Icannotforgetthatweareall,king, statesman,soldier,andprivateimlividual, Adam'sdescendants,andthereforedisposedto imitateAdam'sfailings.Inaword,thisismy conviction-allthisjabberaboutConstantinople,andthischaritableinterestinitswelfaremeans-orIlabourunderagrievous delusion-thatcovetouseyesarelooking geeedilyuponthecityoftheSultan,and covetoushandsaregreedilyitchingtoclutch it. Itisprettywellknownthatappearances arenotalwaystobetrusted.Anobject looksonething,andthoughonactualexarnimga4.jujj,yysriutbn thing,yet proveanother.WhenAdamtooktheapple withoutleave,hefoundhehadmadeno mistakeasregardsthenatureofthefruit, andthattheapplewasanapple.Itisnot everyonewhodabblesinstolenfruitthatis quitesoluckey.Theculpritwhotrsspaases inothers'gardensnotrarelyexemplifiesthe adageofthebiter,bitten.Nomanliving knowsthetruthofthisbetterthandoeshis ImperialHighnesstheGrandDukeNicholas ofRussia,hisknowledgebeingofthatre liablekindthat,ispurchasedbyexperience. TheGrandDukeNicholasisagrandand greatman,Iamsure,inRussia,butheis notomnipotent,andthereisonethinghe cannotdo,-hecannotspellConstantinople inTurkey.Thisfigureofspeechyouwill, ladiesandgentlemen,readilypardon;Iwill explainthemeaning.Tiredofthefrozen fruitofhisnativeMuscovy,hischilledheart wishedforsomevariety.Castingabouthim insearchofhisdesire,hislongingeyerested uponthegoldenproduceofThesunny gardenofhisTurkishneighbour.Hesaw anapple,orwhatlookedanapple,sweet, plumpandruddy;andhismouthwatered -whatmorenatural?-tohaveatasteofit. Withsuchmenashe,thewishiseasily fathertothedeed.Hishandisstretched out,andtheappleisbetweenhisteethand heisjustabouttotasteitsflavour-when, lotheappleisnotanapple,butanutwith theroughestandtoughestofexteriors. Thisisbadenough,butnotsobad,asto excludeallhopeofremedy.Tocrackanut isbutaquestionofalittleforceofmuscle. Thehardestshellwillgiveway,ifharder teethonlypresspersistentlyuponit.The GrandDukeNicholas'teethweresuchasto leavebutlittletodesire.Twohundred thousandkeenlytemperedbayonets,andI donotknowhowmanythousandfileof Cossacklancesandsabremakeupasetof dentalapplicancesequaltoanytask,one wouldthink,thatcouldpossiblydevolve uponthem.Ifanymancouldbeexpected tobreaktheshelloftheSultan'snut,and reachthekernelthatmancertainlywasthe GrandDukeNicholas.Butalasforthe vanityofevenkinglyexpectationsI Historyrecordsinthisinstanceafailure. HisImperialHighnesscrunchedand crunched,butnotaholecouldhemakein Constantinople.Theshellisassoundas beforehebegan,andbehasgonehomewith histeethbroken.Manyagoodlyrowof sabre,lanceandbayonet,soundandperfect andinitsplaceintheRussianlinesafew monthsback,nowneedsrefitting. IcannottellwhetherhisImperialHighnesswouldthinkitundignifiedtoaccept condolencefromsuchanhumblesympathiser asthepresentspeaker.Butifhispride forbiditnot,Iwouldbeginallhumility toinformhimthatthefactsofhistoryare notwithouttheirlessonofconsolationfor him.Constantinoplehasbeenineveryage theobjectofdesiretoambitiousstatesmen,

andthestoryoftheattemptstogainpossessionofitisalongandintricateone.Not tospeakoftheeffortsmadeagainstthe cityfromafar,batwhichweredissolvedor thwartedbeforetakingupapositionbeneath itswalls,fourandtwentytimesithasseen Itselfinvestedbyabeseigingarmy.Outof thesefourandtwentytimes,however,history reckonsonlysixinwhichitsdefenceswere carriedbytheskilloftheassailants,and thereremainsanawkwardlylargebalance amountingtoeighteenrepresentingthe occasiononwhichitscapturewasattempted, butnotattainedbyforceofarms.The GrandDukeNicholasthereforecanpour thisbalmuponhisbruisedandafflictedspirit. lieisnotthefirstwhomeasuredstrength withConstantinopleandwasfoiledinhis endeavour.Othershavefailedintothe mistakelongbefore,fromwhichhehas latelysuffered.Itisahumiliationthereis nodoubt-andIsympathizinglyadmitit,tobeexhibitedtotheworldinthelightof anunsuccessful,would-beherobutitis amitigationoftheshametohavecompanions inmisfortune.HisImperialHighnesshas thisconsolationthatifhisnamebeinscribed onthewrongsideoftherolloffame-insteadoftherightsidewherehewouldwish toseeit-eighteenothernamesfigurethere beforeitwhich,afterall,isnotquiteso badasitmighthavebeen.

Inadmitting,however,inpassingthat Constantinoplefellsixtimesbeforethe violeneeofbeseigers,itisnecessaryIshould cautionyouagainsthastilyadoptingtheconclusion,thatwhenitdidfall,theconquerors foundtheirtaskaneasyone.Theyfound itnothingofthekind.Theconquestofthe citywasasdifficultapieceofworkaswarriorswereevercalledupontodo.Twoinstances,narrated-verybrieflyinviewofthe promiseImadeattheoutset-willafford ample-illustrationofthisassertion.Forthe firstinstanceweturntothehistoryofthe fifthcrusade.ThiswasanexpeditionorganizedintheendofthetwelfthandbeginningofthethirteenthcenturyfortherecoveryoftheHolyLeadfromthepowerof theinfidel,andthedeliveryofthechristians ofthecountryfromthepainfulthraldomin whichtheypinedunderthegallingyokeof theMussulmans.Itcomprisedthevery flowerofFleinisl.,FrenchandItalian chivalryandwasguidedbytheexperience and-ledbythemartialzealoftwoofthe bravestandmostskilfulcaptainsoftheage, Boniface,MarquisofMontferrat,andBald win,EarlofFlanders.Thevariouscontingentsofwhichtheexpeditionwascomposed,gatheringfromthedifferentquarters ofEurope,musteredintherepublicancityof Veniceandtheirstrengthwasheremuch augurnentedbytheadhesionoft..eveteran Doge,HenryDandolo,withlargereinforcementsofrepublicansoldiers.Whentheday ofdeparturecameforthedistantEastthe tn ^...1;tinn Itrniniti(istsplendidthatthecitizensof Venicehadseenforcenturies.Twohundredandfortytransportsfilledwithmen andarms,onehundredandtwentyvessels freightedwithhorsesforthecavalry,and seventystoreshipsladenwithprovisions shookouttheirsailsinresponsetothesignal andgentlywaftedbeforethefavouring breezefloatedinstatelyprocessiondownthe bluewatersoftheAdriatic.Asquadronof fiftyswift,wellarmedgalleys,leadinginthe vanorhoveringontheflanksorintherear, servedasaconvoytothewhole.Abrilliant beginningwasthisindeed,buttheending nowisecorresponded.Theobjectoftheexpeditionbeingwhatitwas,thefleetwhich waslosttosightfromtheshoresofItaly, shouldhavespeedilyreappearedoffthe coastsofSyria.Insteadofthiswhennext wehearofit,itisridingatanchorinthe seaofMarmora,withineasydistanceofthe wallaofConstantinople.Tocompressa longandtediousstorywithinthenarrow limitsallowedusbyourpresentpurpose-it isenoughtosaytheexpeditionhadmiscarried.Constantinoplehadnotthen,itis necessarytoobserve,fallenunderthepower oftheOttomans,andwas,withitsrulers andpopulation,exclusivelychristian.The misfortuneofascionoftheimperialhouse haddivertedthecrusadefromitspurpose. AlexiusthesonoftheEmperorIsaac,had imploredtheaidofthechieftainsandof Dandoloinbehalfofhisdethroned andimprisonedfather.Illsappeal had touched theirrough,yet tendersoldiers'heads,andtheyhadconsentedtohisproposal.Itwasasadmistake oftheirs,yettherewerenotwantingapparentlysolidreasonstojustifythecourse adopted.TheundertakingtofreetheHoly Landwasamissionofreligion,andbow couldtheymakeabetterpreludetothis performancethanbyessayingadeedof charity1Inproposingtomeasureswords withthefollowersofthecrescent,theywere abouttoenteronafiercetrialofskillwith daringandtrainedopponents,andwasitnot averyimpulseofprudencetowishtohave atrialmatchwiththelessexperienced players,theusurperofConstantinopleand hissupporters?Theissueprovedhowdeceptiveweretheirimaginings.Theyhad theirtrialmatchitistrue,andwonit.They bowledtheusurperfromthethroneandconqueredConstantinople.Butinbowlingthe intruderout,theybowledalltheirown strengthaway.InconqueringConstantinople,theirconquestconquered,them, Strivingfortheoriginalobjectoftheexpeditionwasnowoutofthequestion.The fifthcrusadeneverreachedtheHolyLand and,asamatterofcourse,neverfreedit. Thesecondinstanceisfurnishedusinthe accountgivenofthatBeigeofthecitywhich endedinitscapturebytheOttomanTurks underthesecondMahomet.Constantinople, theproudcapitalofalongline,extending backthroughages,ofGreekemperors,was

attheperiodtowhichIamnowWadingin itsdecline,andexhibitedbutfewandfaint tracesofitsformergreatness.Itsrulers, ConstantinePaleologuspossessedaspirit equaltothemostheroicofhisancestors,bat hisowncouragemetwithonlyfeeble supportinthecowardiceandapathyofan ignoblepeople. Thesoldiersunder hiscommandnumberednotmore thanseven oreight thousand men,andwereamixedbody composedofnativetroopsandforeignhired auxiliaries.Inacitadelofconvenientsize, agarrisonofthisdimensionmighthope, especiallyundersuchaleaderasPaleologus, tocopewithsuperiorforceswithadvantage, butthedefendersofConstantinoplehadto guardanextentoframpart,whichmeasuring,accordingtovariouscalculations,from thirteentosixteenmilesIncircumference, wasoutofallproportiontotheirnumbers. Againstthecitythusimperfectlydefended, andsunktothelaststagesofdecay, Mahometled,inthespringof1453oneof thoseimmensehostswhichonlyafanatic andwarlikepeopleliketheTurkscould furnish.Twohundredandfifty-eight thousandwarriors,ofwhomsatlessthan eightythousandwerecavalryhadanswered tohissummons,andwereassembledunder hisbannerforthereductionofthecity.The warriorswerenorawleviesormercenaries fightingonlyforpay.Theywereseasoned troops,mentrainedfromyouthtoarmsand ofavalourtriedinmanyawellcontested fieldofbattle.Theirsoulstoowerefired withaspiritoffanaticism,andtheircourage, inspiredbytimeravishingpromisesoffuture delightsheldouttoallwhoshouldfallinthe causeoftheKoran,wasofakindtobe checkedbynoobstacle.Oneincidentofthe siegeillnstratingthisisworthrecording.A strongchainofironhadbeendrawnbythe defendersacrossthemonthoftheinner harbour,andthisresistingalltheeffortsof theMahometanSeetforitsdisruption, hinderedtheingressoftheirgalleysandthe assistancethesemighthaverenderedtothe soldiersintheirassaultsuponthewall.It isafact,ascertainasitisastounding,that inthesl.ortspaceofasinglenight,the troopshauledeightyofthesevesselsondry land,draggedthemadistanceoftenmiles bymeansofrollers,overgroundunevenand overspreadwiththickets,andlaunchedthem againfarinsidethechainatanunprotected partoftheharbour,beforethefaintstreaks ofthecorningdayrevealedtothegarrison withinthewallsthenatureandsuccessof theundertaking.Thecourageousardourof thetroopswaswellsupplementedbythe prudentandpainstakingforethoughtoftheir leader.Mabomethadsparednolabourtomake surethatthearmyshouldhavethe assistanceofeveryknownapplianceofwar. Apowerfulfleetofthreehundredandtwenty sailwasalreadyatanchorinthehayatthe beginningofthesiege,readytosupportfro:n tnebI41.4 4{4.4r..4,46,llilkint10119ofthelaud army,whenrequired.Thepreviouswinter hadbeendevotedtothepreparationofmilitaryengines;andwarlikemachinesofevery kindtheninuse,moveabletowersofimmense dimensions,catapults,ballistasandevencannonwereathandinabundanceforimmediate use.Thescienceofartillerywastheninits infancy,andthemethodsofemployinggunpowderforthedestructionofwallswerethe rudestandmostprimitiveonecanimagine. ItmaywellserveasproofoftheindefatigableardourofMahomet,andthefierce intensityofthezealwhichconsumedhim, thatinhistrainofartillerytherewere severalgunscastingprojectile.ofnoless thanonequarterofatoninweight.Toan armyofsuchnumbersanddetermination, ledbyacaptainofMahomet'sfame,theunhappyConstantinoplewouldseemtopromise aneasyconquest.ButMahometinafter yearsmusthavelookeduponitscaptureas oneoftheverydearestinhismanybloody victories.Fiftythreedaysofsuchincessantfightingastoalmostmeritthenameof asinglebattle,fightinginwhichhisbravest troopsfellincolumns,hisfavouriteofficers wereslain,hisenginesofwarrepeatedlydestroyedandhisgalleysandbrigantinessunkor burntintheharbourwasthepricehepaidfor theprizehecoveted.Mahometwasnolearner assuredlyintheartofwar,andthepreparationshemadeandthegiganticarmyhemassed inanticipationofthesiegearesafeindicationsoftherateatwhichheestimatedthe difficultiesofitscapture.Butthereality farexceededtheutmostlimitofhiscalculations,anditisonrecordthatinhishoursof surpliseandanguishatthecontemplationof hisreversesbeforethewalls,hedeclared,to thescandalofhismorepatientanddevout attendants,thathecouldnothavebelieved inthepossibilityoftheoccurrenceof disasterssoextraordinary,evenifmost emphaticallyforetoldbyachorusofseventyfivethousandoftheKoran'ssacred prophets.

missionofthePresidentandCommitteeof. theYoungMen'sSociety,whomItakethis opportunityofthankingforpermittingme tooccupytheplatformsokegi,naylectors is,atsomefutureday-perhaps,tobe continued.

THERAILWAYSACT1878.

Onepreviousarticlesonthisimportant subjecthavewefindattractedattention inhighquartersandastatementhas beenpromulgatedtotheeffectthatthis W.A.Actisaverbatim,copyor thereaboutsoftheVictorianAct_ Thiswedeny.Ourassertiontothe contraryisfoundbdonthefact,that wehavetheVictorianstatutesathand toreferto,andwithouthesitationwe statethatbothinletterandspiritthe VictorianActisaltogetherdifferent fromtheW.A.RailwaysAct 1878. Hereisonemanifestdifference.By theW.A.Actitwouldappearthatthe GovernmeutonlythroughtheDirector orCommissionerofRailways,whatever hisofficialdesignationmaybe,can construct,maintainsandworkrailways fortrafficinthiscolony.Suchbeing thecase,(fornoprovisiontothe contraryismade),adeath-blowis givenatonestroketoprivateenterprise inthisdirectionhere.Muchas railwaysmaybeneeded,enterprise andcapitalwhichmaybeavailablefor theirconstructionwillbeuseless,the onlypromoterofsuchanundertaking asarailwayistheDirectoror Commissionerwhicheverbemaybe called.Byhimallpreliminariesare tobearranged,allsurveysmade,all compensationsadjusted,allcontracts let,allbusinessconducted;andbyhim whenthelineiscompleted,itistobe workedatratesandtollstobefixedby him.Allthisisundeniablefact.The PrimeMinisteroftheImperial Governmenthasnotsuchabsolute powerashasthisnewofficial, theDirectororCommissionerof RailwayscreatedbytheW.A RailwaysAct1878. InVictoriatimingsaroaltogether different.TheGovernmentawl companiesorindividualsareplaced upononeandtheswinefooting. Thuswhile the Government makes, maintainsend works railways,privateenterpriseinthis directionisfosteredandencouraged.Referwe to the PublicWorksActofVictoria part7whichrelatestotheacquisi lionoflaudforPublicWorks ofeverydescriptionandinSection 268Clause4wereadas follows:-"Theexpressionthepro"metersoftheundertakingshall "meantheBoardofLaudand "Worksorthepartieswhether "company,undertakers,commis"sioners,trustees,corporationsor "privatepersonsbythespecial "Actempoweredtoexecutesuchworks "orundertaking."

Thedefinitionoftheterm specialActbytheVictorian statuteisplaiu,anddecisive,the definitionofthesameterminthe W.A.Actcouldnotonewould imaginehavebeendraftedby anindividualconversantwiththe tawrelatingtolaudforPublic Works.

Beingamanofpeacefulpursuits,Iwish nottolingeranylongeronscenesofblood andbattle,and,withyourpermissionI shallletthecurtainfallthereforeupon Constantinople,itsbesiegersanddefenders. Icannotformanestimate-itwoa.dbe presumptionsofmetodoso-howfaryour concurrencehasfollowedmeintheobservationsIbaseputforward.Thereisone remarkInowbegtomake-suggestedtome bytheonwardmovementofthebandsofmy watch-towhichIfeelconfidenttherewill notbeadissententvoice,andthatis,that itishightimeformetobringmydiscourse toaconclusionandceasespeaking.1have nopretensionstothepraiseofhavingexhaustedmysubject,butIthinkImayvery fairlyclaimthecreditofhavingexhausted yourpatience.Theselaurelsfullycontent mesadaccordinglyIshallnowbagtotake myleave,ladiesandgentlemen,saying,asI makemybow,that,withthegraciousper-

ThefirstClauseofSection268 oftheVictorianstatutesays:"Theexpression"the"special "Act"usedinthisActshall "beconstruedtomeansomuch "ofthisActasismentioned "inthe265thSectionhereof* "oranyActheretoforepassed "whichauthorisesthetakingof "lanilsfortheundertakingto "whichthesamerelates,and "withwhichanyClausesof "theLandClausesconsolidation "Act 1845. ("TheImperial "Act")havebeenincorporatedes "aforesaid,oranyActhere"afterpassedwhichauthorises "thetakingoflandsforthe "undertakingtowhichthesame "relates,andwithwhichthia 265thSectionstatesinbriefthatpart 7oftheActappliestolandwhichmaybe requiredforthepurposesofPublicWorksto

TIM'WESTAUISTRALLeitCATHOLICRECORD,THURSDAY,.SEPTEMER

4'partofthisActorany, sectionsthereofshallorbe '"incorporated:"

Insection8Clause7oftheW.A. Actwenodtheexpressionthespecial ActusedisthisActshallbeconstrued 'tomean.anyActwhichhasbeenor ithallbehereafterpassedauthorisingthe theconstructionofarailway.

ItisobviousthatanActmay ;authorisetheconstructionofarailway .orotherpublicwork,butconferno powertoacquirelandsforthepurpose .ofsuchundertakings,andthenarises thequestionofwhatvaluewouldsuch anActbe?Onethingisclear.The VictorianStatutedefinesaspecialAct ofitsParliament,asanAct"which .authorisesthetakingoflandsforthe undertakingtowhichthesamerelates:" TheW.A.StatutedefinesaspecialAct ofitsLegislatureasanActauthorisingconstructiononly.

Acquisitionandconstructionare widelydifferentmatters.ItismanifestthataW.A.specialActisconstructiveonly,anddoesnotconfer Powertotakelandsforrailway purposes.'Thesectionsofthegeneral Actfrom12to25inclusivewhich definethepoweroftheDirectoror Commissionerwithreferencetoland requiredforrailwaysmaythereforeforallpracticalpurposesbe consideredasnoneffective

Thisisbutanotherinstanceofthe botchypatch-workwhichtheframing oftheActexhibitsmoreorlessfrom beginningtoend.Eveninthematter oftitletheActisdefective.Itis called"anActtoconsolidateand amenddiversActsnowintorce.relatingtothesurvey,construction,and maintainanceofRailways.Inplain EnglishthisActrepealsallformer Acts,andistoallintentsandpurposes notanamendmentandconsolidationof therepealedActs,buttheintroduction ofanewsystemofLegislationwith referencetoRailwayshere,andaswe believenewalsothroughoutthe Britishdominions.

WehaveshownthatinVictoriathe Governmentisnotnecessarilythepromoterofarailwayorotherpublic work.Wenowrefertothestanding ordersoftheVictorianParliamentas definedbytheconstitutioniuorderto showwhatisrequiredfromthe"promoters"ofanysuchundertakingbefore a"SpecialAct"relatingtheretocanbe obtained.Ourformerarticlesshowthat nothingofthekindisrequiredtobe donehere.

'TheVictorianstandingordersrefer toBillsfor"making,maiutaining, "varying,extending,orenlargingany "aqueduct,archway,bridge,canal,cut, "dock,ferry,whereanyworkisto "beexecuted,harbor,navagation,pier, port,railway,reservoir,sewer,street, "tunnel,turnpike,orotherpublic "carriageroad,waterwork."

Foranyoftheaboveworks,save districtorshireBoardroads3months noticeofintentiontoapplyfara billtocarryoutsuchundertakingand acquirelaudforthepurposesthereof hastobegiventotheClerk ofAssembly(Parliament)and thesametobeadvertisedfor threeconsecutiveweeksinthe Government Gazelle andsome districtnewspaper,andintwoMelbourne newspapers.

ByClause8,itisprovided"thatin _cueoftheintendedapplicationfora billbywhichanylandsorhousesare intendedtobetaken"applicationshall bemadeinwriting000monthpriorto theopeningofParliamenttothe ownersoroccupiersofsuchlandand housesasthecasemaybe,giving noticeofsuchintendedwork,and requestingtobeinformediftheyassent, dissent,orremainneuterastothe project.

Section16definesthedocumentsrequiredtobedepositedandthetimes andplacesofdeposit.Brieflyaplan andduplicate,asectionandduplicate, andabookofreferencearetobedepositedattheofficeoftheClerkofAssembly (Parliament)attheofficeoftheBoard ofLandandWorks,attheofficeofthe gownClerkofeveryMunicipalCorporation,andattheofficeoftheclerk ofeverysessionaldistrictinorthrough whichtheworksareproposedtobe takennotlessthanonecalendarmonth

beforethesessionofParliament,&c. SectionLenactswithreferenceto' suchplansandsectionsandbooksof referencethattherespectiveclerks "shallatallseasonablehoursofthe "daypermitanypersontoviewand "examineoneofthesame,andtomake "copiesorextractstherefrom,"andit futherenactsthatoneofthetwoplans, sections,andbooksofreference,"shall besealedupbytheclerkuntilcalled forbyoneofthetwoHousesofParliament."

InthecaseofoppositioninParliamenttoanyproposedundertaking provisionismadebytheVictorian StatutebutnonebytheW.A.RailwaysAct,1878.Wehavejustshewn thatplans,sectionsandbooksofreferenceare,bytheVictorianStatute requiredtobelaidbeforeParliamentby thepromotersofarailwayorother publicwork,aswestatedinourlast issuenothingofthekindisprovided forherebytheRailwaysAct1878, norinfactisitclearthatourLegislativeCouncilhaveanythingwhateverto dowithrailwaymattersforthefuture. Wemaypossiblyagainrefertothe subjectforthereisyetmuchinthe Actwhichrequirestobeexposedand denounced.Wesaidinourfirstarticle onthesubjectthatweraisedprotest againsttheActasmischievousandunjust.Wethinkthatwehaveproved ourassertion.ThisActsapsthevery rootofacountry'sprosperityinthe factthatitdisallowstherightofprivateenterprisetoembarkinthe constructionandworkingofrailways here,andasifthisisnotsufficiently ruinousitvestsinanirresponsible officertherighttoenterupon,andtake landsforandtoconstructandwork railways,makinghisowncontracts, lea.vyingtollsonhisowntariff;and layingdownhisownby-laws-inrespectofwhichsection28enactsthat "proofofpublicationatonestationshall beprimdfacieproofofublicationatall."

Thusitappearsthatifaby-lawis publishedorexhibitedatPerthstation andnowhereelse,itisbindingat Geraldton,York,andelsewhere,and thatforitsinfringementatthoseplaces penaltiesandpunishmentsmaybeenforcedagainstindividualswhodidnot evenknowofitsexistence.

NeitherintheVictorianStanding OrdersorinthePublicWorksActto whichacopyoftheRailwayby-laws areappendeddowefindanythingof thischaracter,butintheStanding Orderssection87,weread"theCommitteeoneveryRailwayBillshallfix thetollsandshalldeterminethemaximumratesofcharge,&c.,&c."This importantmatterisnottherelefttobe settledbyanofficial.

Againrevertwetothequestion, HowcametheRailwaysAct1878to havebeenintroducedatthefagendof theSession,andpassedwithoutdismissionorconsideration? Surelythe Governmentmusthavebeenawareof itsownintentionsonthissubjectlong beforetheSessionopened,andwasnot drivenbypressingnecessityofany kindtohurrytheBillthroughits stagesaswasdone.Thisfactalone goesfartoshakepublic'confidencein theGovernmentandtheLesgislature. IntheGovernmentforforcingit throughthehouseaswasdonewitha titlewhichtosaytheleastdoesnot fairlyrepresenttheobjectandpurport oftheAct;intheLegislatureboth electedandnomineethatitassented withoutquestiontotheActuponits titlealone,andcreatedanewpublic officerwithgreaterexecutivepowers thanarepossessedbyanyotherheadof departmentsinutterignoranceofwhat itwasdoing,andwithoutenquiryinto thepowerswhichitwasconferring. Wellmaywetakeupthederisivecry oftheprophetofoldandexclaim"Thesebethygods,ohIsrael."

HIBERNIANAUSTpLASIANCATHOLIC

GENE SOCIETY,

STAROPTHESEABRANCHNo.136.

ThisBranchmetasusualintheBranch room,onTuesday,3rdinst.Past-President, Bro.J.Dunne,occupiedthechair, Themeetingbeingaquarterlyone,the fullrollofOfficersandMemberswasread

overandthelegalflawrecordedagainst absentees.

AtelegramfromtheCorresponding SecretaryoftheExecutiveDirectorywas handedin,containingreplytoacommanicationforwardedbyvirtueofaresolution passed,lastBranchnight,relatingtothe eligibilityorotherwiseofminersforelection totheprincipal'animaoftheSociety.The ExecutiveDirectoryreferredtheBranchto Clause21oftheWestAustralian"Friendly Societies'Act,"inwhichthedifficultyraised bytheBranchisfullyprovidedfor.

TheOfficesofPresidentandVicePresidenttemporarilyvacant,werefilledby electionheldinthecustomaryway.Bro.F. J.Townsend,wizcalledtothePresident's chair,andBro.T.P.Handley,totheVicePresident's.

Bros.TownsendandHandleywereduly installedbyPast-PresidentDunne,andbeing investedwiththeinsigniaoftheirranktook theirrespectiveseats,

Adiscusionwasraisedonaquestionof orderasregardstheeffectofthevotingwhen auamendmentbeingmadetoaproposition, itwasputtothemeetingpriortothesame. Hithertoithadbeencustomaryonan amendmentbeingcarriedtoconsideritasa lawbindingontheBranch.Thepractice wasfoundtoworksatisfactorilyandwas thereforetolerated.Butithavingtranspired inthecourseofthedebate,thatcircumstances mighteasilyariseinwhichthecontinuance ofsuchacoursewouldbeproductiveof inconveniences,andthatthecustomwasat variancewiththeletteroftherules,the Presidentdecidedthathenceforwardthe carryingofanamendmentwouldhavetobe regardedmerelyasapreliminarystep, havingtheeffectofoverthrowingthe originalpropositionandsubstitutinginits steadtheamendment,whichwouldthereby becomethepropositionandwhichshduld necessarilybecarriedasecondtimeasa substantiveresolutionbeforeitcouldbeconsideredasformallypassed.

TheBranchclosedwiththeusualprayer.

Receipts14Is.2d.

ToOvaREADERS.-Inordertogive placetothelettersofcorrespondentsand otherinterestingmatter,wehavebeencompelledtoshutoutseveralarticlesanda numberofjottings.

RE-UNIONATFREMANTLE.-Webegto calltheattentionofourfriendstoare-union tobeheldonWednesday,the18thinst,, underthemanagementoftheFremantle CatholicInstitute.There-unionwillbe,we haveeveryreasontobelieve,aneminently successfulone.Therewillbenochargefor admissive.Thoseuestrousofbeingpreset', attheentertainmentmust,however,come providedwithoneoftheSociety'stickets,of whicheverymembergoodintheSociety's books,willhavetwoathisdisposal,forthe benefitofhisfriends.

FREMANTLECATHOLICINSTITUTE.Goodexample.likebad,issometimescontagious.Wearehappytolearnthatthe systemofmonthlyre-unionssosuccessfully inauguratedsometimebackintheMetropolis, isabouttobecopiedbyourenterprising friendsofthePort.Are-unionistobeheld undertheauspicesoftheFremantleCatholic Institute,attheBoys'School-room,shortly. Besideslocaltalent,theFremantleyoung menwillhavetheadvantageofbeingassisted bysomewell-knownPerthfavourites.Mr. J.T.Reillyhasundertakentodelivera lectureontheoccasion,andinallprobability Mr.J.A.Lucaswillbetheretoamusethe audience,withoneofhiswell-known humourousreadings.Weunderstandthat admissionwillbebygratuitoustickets,tobe hadfrommembers.Weadviseallthosewho haveanyfriendsintheranksofthe.Society, byallmeanstoprovidethemselveswitha ticketforthwith,andsecurearighttoashare intheevening'sentertainment.

CATHOLICJOURNALISMINGERMANY.-

Thereare70ProtestantjournalsinGermany with170,000subscribers,and60Catholic journalswith360,000subscribers;thatisto say,theProtestantjournalsaverageabout 2,400subscribers,whiletheCatisoliciournals averagenearly,6,000.YetProtestantsstand toCatholicsinGermanyinaratioofatleast twotoone,theCatholicsconstitutingabout one-thirdofthewholeEmpire.The AugsburgCatholicWeeklyhag36,000subscribers;theMayenceCatholicWeekly, 40,000. vtr

YORKANDTHEH.A.C.BENEFIT SOCIETY.

TotheEditoroftheW.4.CatholicRecord.

S111,-UndertheaboveheadingIreadinyourissueofthe29thalto.-aletterfrom aYorkcorrespondent,Mr..1.F.Connor,in whichthewriterendeavouredtofreehimself andhisfriendsfromachargeofapathy, a manifestedintheattemptedformationof Branchoftheabove.Thewriterdeniesthe accuracyofyourinformationin thedocumentinexeatioafailedto amberofsignaturesInvited,"-andAlien throwingconsistencytothewinds-anra thing'supposefortheoccupationofhderlor

minds-heentersintoaminuteaceountof thecircumstanceswhichled.tothevery failurespokenof.Whenthe.requisition arrived"itwasfoxedthatthroe.eatofthe numberhad&Wagedtheirsheds,"Allen,.Sir, Iamofopinionthat14,thenumbermho signifiedtheirwillingnessto'signthedocumentreferredto,minusequal11.Batthe numberofcandidatesrequisitetoobtain permissionfortheopeningofa"Branch"of theH.A.C.BenefitSocietyis13.Thirteen isthenumberofsignatuesrequired11 wasthenumberobtained-andunlessyour correspondentcanprovethat11isIShemust admitthefailurealludedto.Theincongruity ofyourcorrespondent'scommunicationisso palpablethatIshouldnothavenoticedit hadhecontentedhimselfwithhisachievementshereandhavingproventheidentity ofLIand13-whichnodoubthedidtohis ownsatisfaction-rested.Butlikemany others,whentheyfeelthemselves"wanting," heseeksextentratioaandconsolationinthe fact,tousehisownwords,that"eventhe Capitalfailedtoestablishthissocietyunder farmorefavorablecircumstances."Perhaps Mr.ConnorwillpardonmeifIventureto stateinreplythathehasnotbeen correctlybatormedkc.,kc.Theyoung menofPerthneverheldapreliminary meetinghavingforitsobjecttheformation ofthissocietyatthetimementioned-norandMr.Connorwillhardlydoubtitseeing thatthemeetingwasnotheld-did14 personsgivetheirnamesand3subsequently changetheirmindseitherfrom"misconception"oranyothercauseOnceandonce onlydidPerthattempttoformaBranchof theHiberniansandtheydidnot"fail"as willshortlybeseen.Adesiretocombat misrepresentation,mustbemyapologyfor trespassinguponyourspace,togetherwith AMORVERITATIS.

THEIMMIGRANTSFIFTYACREGRAN? INWESTERNAUSTRALIA.

TotheEditoroftheW.4.CatholicRecord

SIR,-Thisquestionisinterestingtosome andmaybeofvitalimportancetoothers. Thereasonsarethese.TheImmigrant AgentgoestoPat,andsays,"Pat,thereisa chanceforyou,youareoneofthehappy few.Ihaveafreepassageforyouto WesternAustralia,andalso50acresofland inthatcountry.""Thankyourhonor,sir," saysPat,andgladnessbeaminginhiseye, "Iknewtherewassomethinggoodinyou whenIgotmyeyeonyou."Paddysaysto hiswifeNancy,"Nancy,ourfortuneis madeatlast,"andsettlesthematterwith aliltofasong.whichgoestothistune,"I'll nnaWiIOWtrags. Ti_ Ubewarsagain.'

TheoffertoPatisatfirstsight,nodoubt startling,forthemediumoffeesimpleland, inthemothercountry.isgenerallyabout £35.PataskshiswifeNancy,:'howmuchis 50times35?"Nancysays,about17,000. Pataccordingtohisknowledgeoffigures, sayshemakesitoutabout1,500,butneither beingcertain,theyagreetotakeamiddle placebetweenboth,andtheysettlethatthe 60acresisworthalongwiththeirfreepassage,about£1,800.Theyagreetostartto anunknownland,leaveahomeiftheyhave any,andbecontentwithwhatfortune maychoosetogive. AtlengthPatarrivesinWesternAustralia, helooksaboutgettinghis60acregrant,itis madeknowntohimthathemustcomply withaparliamentarydocument,whichis putintohishand.Itrunsthus:-"Whereas ithasbeenconstitutionallypromulgated, thataccordingtothelawsofNations,Empires,KingdomsandCountries,Patishereby calledon,thatwithintheperiodofthree years,doblockade,barricade,hedge,cultivateandwireinthissaid60acresofland, andfailingtodosowithinthesaidthree years,thecontractbetweenPatandthe Governmentisnull,accordingtothe52nd Constutionand84thchap.ofhisMajesty KingHenrytheII."

Nowwhatisthemeaningofallthis,exceptthrowingdustinPat'seyes,andobliginghimtobecomeaservant,whichisthe primaryobjectofimmigrationtoWestern Australia.Ofwhatuseis50acresofland toamanandhisfamily;stillmore,nogreen hornimmigrantcouldfulfiltherequired conditions.Whatisthenextideathatmust naturallycomeintoourminds.Itisgenerallyunderstood,comparativelyspeaking,a verylargesumofmoneyistakenfromthe poorofthiscolony,andissetapartforthe introductionofpauperimmigrant&intoa verypoorcountry.Thiscannotbeunderstoodaccordingtoordinaryrulesofreasoning, itratherseemsapalpablemonstrosity,than anactofjudiciouslegislation.Isitright thatourpaltrymeansbesetapartforImmigrantAgentsandshipownerswholivein London,andspendourmoneyinEngland. Howlongwillmattersremaininsucha state?Cananyimprovementbe.mops? Couldoarmoneynotbeusedotheralset Yesitcould.HowfLetthefee.simple uncultivatedlandsbetakbd.Thepumasof largetractsoflandwillnotusethemthey donotwanttoUsethem,andso'mttgbofthe wealthofthecolonyislockrip.Next,,let theGovernmentdealoutsomeofitslands tothecolonists,inquantitiesasmaybe deemedfit,say300acrestoeach,Ind'divide themowinpartsthatisappointedfor Immigration,amongtheeetoutsteasabootie, togivethema%mutt&tobuildsonas theyeaterontheeareoftheirfermi.-Acting inthiswaytheyouthoftheooSony,forwhims atpointtheretacom,(4111hopeItro positionlathelime

Howtomeetthisis,lottheeoladatalogic tothetutuselootioas. meatselect_

's-

spatwiiiiipgandabletostandatthebalm fqiiitfrpeoflocillinWadi.=Australis. Yoursktrely,HAAPOORATE1 fillticitatissli,6thSept..1878.* -7"-rrar 4.1,7111140r10;18.

4114.,Ap.ifftordtheW.A..CotitolicRecord.' MR,-Byinvitingattentiontoits*theetIlleis.IhavenodesignofabandoningThe 4,i,loirdefencesorofreliuguiebingthe ,(ctattiostsofvirtue.Atisbecauseitappears Aftesiecialprovinceofthepresstodisplay railergetheinducementstoeveryexcellence spedtodrawtheretobyasortofpassiveperAiiasiveuessthatIselecttheattractionsof .y.r.tneaslikelytowinthefavorofacolumn ),utheRecordformytheme. fillvirtueiscertainlyattractiveforits (ownsake;temperanceisavirtue,andits Otyactionsaresufficientlypowerfultodraw penwholookuponitearnestlytoitsadopMopanditspractice. Xifeetconsciousofaninclinationtobe AmOasiedwithexcellentpersonsinsome spyorother;somuchthatweexperience feprreluctancetoconfessthatwegivethe Fefaerencebeforeanythingelsetothecoinyoracquaintanceoftiewiseandgood, ,itaiterereadyeventoboastofbelongingto tosametown,country,oreventothesame tthathappenedtobeadornedbythe eofanyremarkablygoodman.Inthis respect,theappetiteisone,butthevariety itrewnoutbeforeusisgreat;whetheritbe rttpfilialobediencewhichmakesadutiful gnoplloseable,orthematurejudgmentand circumspectprudencethatsetsupmanhood iin,tionour,-heitfortitudeortemperance,er ',),Ishateyervirtne,Lwillhaveallforadmirers ;spdamultitudeforfollowers.Butalso whenthechanceofsuchassociationinlife scutoff,asforexample,whenmemory ringsback,instrongrelief,theworthand belliancyofdepartedgoodness,whosemortal 14,rpainsreposebeneaththegreensward,our 'emopatliycannotbeconcealedordenied,nor ,canweturnasidealtogetherfromtheideal wavelineotcharacterleftforimitation, 1. Aisingupendspreadingoutbeforeuslikea ,v,4ion. WhatisworthyofobservationIsthatnotylihatandingthatsomeofthevirtues,as ,fortitudeinitshigherdegrees,invitetoenterpriseswhichareenoughtoterrify,stillail Lavetheirfascinationandifweinterrogate :grighttheheartastoitsnatureweshall ;havereasontorestconvincedthatthehardy ,:sortofvirtuespossessthemostirresistable Attractionsofall. WhiteWegoinpursuitofthetrueand /genuineattractions,weshouldbeawareof theiglusfamesoffalseanddelusiveattracIlonona.Evenwhenoutherightpathwe anneedtaleprecautionsotctousius,u...0 endchecks-whichthoughatfirsttheymay ,tiedistasteful,sillbebandonthelongrun, ,toheindispensabletooursafetyandsails!action.Oneessentialconditionruns fthroughoutfillthiswhichisthatonemakes Antealwaystokeeparockunderone's Aeet. Manyayouthhasheenalluredtoruinby adheringtoocloselytonatureasprotrayed ythepoetsandtheirimageryandappeals thefeelings,madewithoutconsidering paiSelvesastieddowntotheexigenciesor AutieeofreallifeAkintothisisthestory pftheFrenchboywho,havingreadinhis ownlanguage,atranslationofRobinson ',Crugoe,forthwithdeterminedtoproceedto Ahewoodstoimitatethatmanneroflife,and ,existedonlywhenhurtercompelledhimto einrn.Youngpersonsaddictedtothe itatjltofindiscriminatereadingshouldunder*gland,atleast,thatsuchpoeticalbeauties, (lienwhenmostchaste,arebuttheconltrivancesofartfortheembellishmentofthe licombutthatrealvirtueleadsanother 'wily,Shunsallby-pathsandvergesintothe :eirectionofconstantsternduty.Moreover epketchesdrawnbythepoetsareforthe oatpartextravagantandexceedallbounds 4areintendedtoheightenthepictore,Aeraterealvirtueconsistsindegree;first, pereistheleastdegreebelowwhichitis jpof)awfultofall,andwhichisnecessary /Ladobligatoryuponeveryone,asisindicaposibythecommandmentsintherelationof trainingtocleverworkNotmerely do-buttodowellwhateverwedo-isthe Diagitnofthevirtuous.Theseconddegree, AI.ehisoneabovethatofstrictobligation, tsofthosewhoareapplyingthemselves eutlyttclimbhigherupthehillofperonthanWhatthecommoncrowdof pledordinaryvirtuearesatisfiedwith thirddegreebeingtheattainmentofthe pipipitofperfectionItselfasfarasperfect)*feasibleinthisworld. heepicpoet!especiallylovetopaintthe Notivalingcharmsofvirtue-vigorousand ,trhetonatureaccordingtotheirconception /i#t.ywillallowthemtheirdueinthis tterandevenbeindulgenttotheir ncies.Theyhivenomisgivingaboutthe tectivenessofvirtueandtheyassumein "illtbi'toclear*wayeverycloudandto 'AliohVinflayoftheskies.Whenever ;ymakethistheirStandpointtheyfeel es'are treedonI'mgroundipdthattheir areplacedbeyondreproddhandthey 'tight. ". 4'podpoemthencomposedonthis ilatletionisbeautifullydeckedoutinall es,-proofagainstall'artillery-too beshotst-Modeeptobeoverturned tabasis.kinenshouldreadhistoryWithfeiteand on-suchworksasBahneeandDoctAr d-theyshoirldlearnthelessonsit lies.ItWill*facilitatethrfrreitWhiletheyopen'theirlieteries iiiiy4pread.4tbOtirethemthe}napoftam aii,*411417pTIAtAiYaric'Nv#eil tofivee#19nii,p,r0elf#faRl't #1

theland.Ialiopittposo nytkeuseof history,butabstainfromscatter*about ,silbernpleeeprblame.Gait*tensnot upontheipilinations,eventherebelroes inclinationsmencan'thelpfeelingstillalive withinthemifmenresistandControlranch inclinationsbysuperiorresolutionsbut guiltfastensuponinternalandexternalacts consentedtowithlibertyandfree-will. MetesactsworktheirwaythrOnghthemass untiltheybecomethefactsofhistory.`./ havenottopronounceanyjudgmentupon historybecausethescopeofthisletterisnot todrawoutthegroundsforsuchajudgment bat.tosketchrapidlythemorestriking featuresandsterlingqualitiesoftheracesuchasmouldseem-sotospeak-theraw maferial-themostexcellentsoil-forthe cultivationofthemostsublintevirtue,corntellingoneuponrisingfromtheperusal,to wringhishandsandtoexclaimohwhata pitytLatanyofthosevigorousqualitiesof mankindshouldheeverlosttovirtuethat suchtalentsshouldbewastesuchgrand forcesspentinvaini

Thestudentofhistorywill.observethat menhavelabouredhardupontheearth.We lookaroundinvainforanyindicationthat theirlaboursandtheircaresareaboutto cease.Itwassofromthebeginningofthe fall. Batthereismorethanthat-manseeingto havelosthisbalance.Itisworthinquiring whatitisthatkeepsmankindinagitation swellingandsurgingtoandfrolikean enragedseainoneuniversalenergetic activity.Itisnotnatural-itisrotman ashecameforththecalmandmajesticlord oftheworldfromthehandsofhiscreatoron thefirstmorning.ItseemsIsayasifman hadlosthiebalance.Thepracticalquestion. ishowistheequilibriumtoberestored? Howstrandstheindividualtowardsthe Asa?Whatcaneachmandoforhimselfand whathewilldo?

,GBEENOUcitIi.

#romaOorrespentlent)

PuceIwrotetoyoulastweAloebadhere allthroughthedistrictaveryfairstudregularfallofrain,andthecrops()Verywhere looksplendidandpromising,npthatall,and ou,farmersinparticular,hiveagainresumed theirwontedairofcheerfulness,andfeel righthappyintheirsanguineexpectationof aplentifulharvest-iecioningalreadythe hundredbushelsthey-willreapinthisand thatfield-justesconfidentlyandeontendedlyasifthegrainwerealreadyipthe bag.Oursheepfarmerslikewiseareinthe highestspirits-allwells.pools,andswamps beingfalltothebrim,andthegrass,notwithstandingthetardinessortherains,showing gfairproportionwithfeedofformer favorableseasons.

TheGreenoughPostOfficehasoflatebeen openonSundaysfromthetimeofthearrival 01theoverlandmailtill7p.m.,aboomfor whichthevastmajorityoftheisettlersprevery thankful.Autthereisnorulethathasnot itsexceptions,andnoone,noranylegislation couldpleaseall.Ihavebeentoldthata petitionhasbeengotupaforthrtightorso sincebysomeinterestedpersonandhis friends,askingfortheclosingofthisPost OfficeonSundaysagain.Itwasstatedto methattnesepetitionersavailedthemselves ofthepropitiousoccasionoftheplonghing match,'merryday,the16thultimo,toget namestotheirpetition,andifso,itshould notbewonderedatiftheysuecededinobtainingagoodlyshowofsignatures-ason suchoccasionsfullconsciousnessisnotasa generalruletheorderoftheday.

Mybeliefisthatthebalanceistobe soughtinvirtue,notbalancingvirtueagainst viceforvicemustbethrownoutaltogether byanyonewhowouldrighthimself.Iwill explainthisbyanexample.Cursingisa vicealiensometimesgainsafearfulgrip frominveteratehabif.Supposeayouth infectedwiththatvicebalancingthe strongestmotiveshecanfindtoabstain, againsttheoccasionintowhichhevoluntarily plungestotransgress.Suchaonestands lowindeedinthescaleofvirtue-toolow. Heisalreadyinthejawsofamonster-an embraceverydifferentfromthatofthearms ofhisfriends' Butsuppose'aim,havingfledfromthe revolutionaryoccasionofevil,proposingto keephistonguepurebecausebedesiresto employthattongueinprayerand praise.Itisnotfittingthatthesametongue shouldbetheinstrumentofcursingwhich piaatii.aicesprairietaclad.nomIJOWaro t virtues-apuretongueandprayerto God-theonethesupportandtheoutpost totheother.Thesetwovirtuesbecome mutuallyeachother'simmediateend-each hasitsowngoodhabitacquiredand strengthenedbyconstantpractice.And thereisathirdgoodhabitbracingandovertapingthetwoandhelpingtoperpetuate themboth.Anotherexample Ihate resolvedtocultivatetemperance,butIknow thattemperancemeansmoderationinall thingsthereforeIshallbeamanoffewwords evenwhenitislawfultospeak,andabsolute silenceastowickedwords.Thusthelinkis establishedbetweenpurityoftongueand temperance-thusthecircleofthevirtues interlacedonewiththeothergainsstrength, thestudyofeachvirtuegainsinterest;and aninfinitenumberofourdailyactionsthat beforeweredisconnectedandapparentlyas insignificantasfallenleaves,gainabondand dignity.

Iwashutamomenthackspeakingofthe historyofthehumanrace-nowIamspeakingofthevirtuesofindividuals.TLe transitionisnotaccidental.Idonotsee whatcanbedoneforthehumanrace,but individualscandomuchforthemselves profitingbythehistoryofthehuman race.

Itremainswiththemenofourtimeto determinewhatusetheywillmakeofthe giftsandtalentsGodgavethem.Whether theywillfallheartilyintoworkuponthe opportimitiesDivineProvidencehasthrown intheirway.

Anterviewofthe,ftwoiltateMPElla,449 haveknoweachethereverdoes Bismarck'sntissionAsPrussian244ikter InVilla,longWorehispresentpeat. Heatscould-benvop4enied,mosthate beenwonderfullyinteresting.

getsesetwewaseemneswe

EeN1Rusa401,

Peoplehereareoftennotalittlepuzzled whenreadingcertainarticlesfromcorrespondentsinourlocalpapers,astowherefrom theygottheirinformation.Wewererather surprisedtobeinformedlatelybysuch correspondents,thattheproceedsofaconcert givenintheHalloftheMechanics'Institute, Geraldton,onthe16thJulylast,amounted tofrom£30to£40.AstomyselfI canonlyimaginetheabovesounds mayhavebeenmistakenforthose offrom£18to£14-whichareofa kindredsounding.'ForindeedIhaveit fromthemouthoftheRev.FatherLecaille himselfthatfourteen(not40)poundswere receivedbyMrs.Connolly,allcomprised, viz.,moneyreceivedattheballdoorand ticketssold-tothismustbeadded7s.6d. receivedbyFatherLecailleforticketssold byhim-whichmakesaltogether£147s.ficl. fromwhichtheexpendituresincurredinthe preparations,or£6,byMrs.Connolly-isto bededucted.Andthusthenetproceeds provetohavebeen.notfrom430to£40 pounds,butthefairsumofi2,878.6d.And St.FrancisXavier'sdebthasbeensofar diminishedthroughthegreatkindnessof goodMrs.Connollyandheramiable daughters,forwhichtheCatholicsof ueraldtoningeneral,andFatherLecaillein particular,aretrulythankful.

OnthelfthJuly,anotherConcerttowards thesameobject,viz.,thatofliquidatingthe debtonSt.FrancisXavier'sbuildingfund wasgivenatNorthampton,atwhich£8Is. netproceedswererealised.Andlateron. onthe16thultimo,athirdConcertwas givenatMr.H.Stephen'shall,Greenough, theproceeds(net)ofwhichamountedto417 andoddshillings,andaretobeappliedtothe purchasedofmaterialsfurthefencingoftwo CatholicCemetaries;St.Peter's,andWalkawayCernetaries;thepeoplewillingly offeringtheirservicesgratisfortheputting upofthefencing-andforclearing.Mr. M.Brownriggwastheprincipalpromoter andleaderofthislatterConceit.Mr.H. Lookepresidedattheharmonium.Songs weregivenverycreditablybyMr.M. Brownrigg,Mr.H.Marnham,Mr.Barnham. Mr.F.Kelly,MissEakins,and others.

ALBANY.

(FromaCorrespondent.)

TheCatholicYoungMen'sSocietyof AlbanyheldameetingonSunday,18th August,forthepurposeofelectingtheir officers.Theresultoftheballotwasthe following:-President,Mr.D.O'Keefe Vice-President,Mr.JamesKennedySecretary,Mr.JahnP.Furlong;Treasurer,Mr. B.Argenti;Librarian,Mr.JohnCullinane. Committee,}deems.P.Lennon,P.Mooney, J.J.Thompson,EdwinO'Keefe,J.Donohoe, andJ.Fagan.Auidtors,Messrs.P.Furlong, andJ.Mason.TheSpiritualDirector,by episcopalappointment,beingtheBev.Father

AMiss.Cantatawascelebratedforthe firsttimeinthenewchrrchof/3t.Josephat IIam.,onSunday18thAugust.Thechoral music,vocalandinstrumental,wasveryharmoniouslyexecuted.Earlier,thesameday, at7o'clockMass,anumberofboysand girlsmadetheirfirstcommunion.whenthe Aev,Pastor,FatherMaehn,addressedto themafewappropriatewordsofinetraction. Itwasaneffectingceremony.AfaerMasa, Weyouthfuleomrnanicantawerehivitedto *04.4.0,OSfi.ku.74,$

Apetition,Iamtold,hasbeenprepared ontheBackFlats,andnumerouslysigned. askingthatabridgebeputuponthat portionoftheriver.Thegrantingofthe prayerofthispetitionwouldbearealboon ,tothesettlersofthatneigborhood,andto alltravellerslathatdirection.Uptothe presentthereisbutonesinglebridgeonthe GreenoughriveronthefrontFlats.Atthe backFlats,whalethepopulationisever increasing,greatinconveniencehaslongbeen experienced;nottospeakofdangersof drowning,forthewantofabridgethere.The settlershaveoftenhadtogowiththeir teamsandotherwise,manyamilearoundto crossthericeratthefrontFlats-andnoless thanfon'schoolsaresituatedrearitsbanks, whichinwintertime,rendersit'whollyimpossibleforaconsiderablenntnberof childrenlivingontheoppositesidetoattend them.Letushopethatsuchabridge,which hasnowbeenformanyyearsanimportant desideratum,mayassoonaseverpossiblebe builtonthisfastsettlingportionofthe GreenoughDistrict. 2ndSeptember,1878.

LORDBRAOON81114,,D.

LordBeeconsfieltisthe"lion"ofthe dayinBerlin.HiMLordsbip,looking extremelywell,after_anexchangeof heartysalutationswithLordOdo Rnssetl,wanVondbeted,'on'his atBerlin,tothelitidierhof,wheresumpptl±otiePeonshadbeerrehgegedfor PrinceRiOnkrekisMoistaniqbdsttl himreifeeited.the'4'nuoiOfCabin*.otif loOshiPOkaikamPPP.ailatte

OnTuesdaynightLordRussell closedalifeofeighty-sixyears,sixtyfiveofwhichhaveelapsedsiteehis entranceintopubliclifeasmemberfor Tavistock.Thelastbrickconnecting ourtimeswiththeeventfulperiodofthe closeofthelastandtheopeningyears ofthepresenthasthusbeenbroken, andthelaststatesmenwhomaybesaid tohaveparticipatedinthosememorable sceneshas:disappearedfromthescene. ThegiganticstruggleofNapoleon againstoverwhelmingfate,theabdicatiop,thereturnfromElba,thefinal overthrowatWaterloo,whichtheyoung ofthisgenerationregardaseventsofa remotedate,andthemiddle-aged learnedintheirchildhoodasmattersof history,tookplacenutonlyinthelifetimeofLordRussell,butafterhehad takenhisseatinParliament,and assumedtheresponsibilityofasharein thedirectionintimepolicy,ofEngland. WhenheenteredParlament,in1813, thelongstrainandstruggleofthe greatwarwereapproachingtheirtermination,andthetimewasalmostcome whentheattentionofstatesmenshould beturnedfromthetaskofprovidingat allcostsforthenecessariesofthat prolongedcontest,tocontemplatethe conditioninwhichthecountrywasleft bysuchprodigiousandunexampled effects.Englandhadtriumphedand Itur,pewassaved,butthetriumphand theadvantageswerenotsecuredwithout urdiomtionatesacrifice. Theyearssucceedingthewarwere yearsofheavytaxation,ofdepressed trade,ofpopulardiscontent.TheTroy Administrationwhichhadsolong wieldedthewholelorceofthenationin couflictwithaforeignfoe,nowfound tbemselvssfacetolacewithataskof anotherkind,theconditionsandnecessitiesofwhichtheywet°slowto recognise.Longaccusteutedtoregard allchangeasalliedwithresolution, theymeetthedemandforreformswith measuresofrepressionandwithintwo earsoftheproclamationofpeace,the discontentofthepeoplehadassumed suchathreateningaspectthattheextrememeasureofasuspensionofthe HabeasCorpusActwasresortedto. UponthisoccassionLoudJohnRussel tookaprominentpartamongtheWhigs whoopposedtheactionoftheGovernment,andfrontthistimewefindhire assumingaforemostpositionamong thosewhomaintainedthatthetrue modetorepressdiscontentwastoremoveabuses.Hewaswellfittedby characterandbypositiontobethe exponentandtheagentofthetraditional policyofhisparty.Firmlyattachedto theprincipleswhichheprofessed,and capableofmakinghisearnestnessof purposesomanifestastogathertohim theconfidenceofthosewhosecausebe espoused,heatthesametimegave eardest,aswellbythepositionthathe occupiedasbythelimitsoftheWhig platformtowhichherigidlyconfined hisviews,thathewouldnotbedrawn intodangerous'extrettels,andthatwith himreformdidnotmethrevolntioriThe longreignoftheTorieswasdrawingto etclose;maileventstendertoshake theirpowerandtomakethe-accession oftheWhigsofofficeinevitable.The massacreatPeterloohadexasperated thepeopleinadangerousdegree,scud thetrilloftheQueenaffordedan6priortrinityforthedisplayoftheirfeeling againsttheMinisters.ThedeathofLord Liverpool,in1827,andthenecessionof Mr.Canningtooffice,maybeesad, sotwithstendhigthesubsequentadministration.oftheDukeofWelington,to havebroke*the,protractedascendancy oftheToryparty.Thefirstfruitsof thegrowingpoweroftheWhigswere reapedinthe.fiepeeloftheTest'and CotparetrieuofAtte,in1821,.carried .triumpliantlybyLordJohn-Russellin thelittneeofCommons,-Indaidedin Mspasa0)11)1)6theHonest*1,iertie Plis**11,91141

itiotheLowerChamber..Thiswasa notabletriumph,andsignificantof muchthatwastofollow.Itwasthe firstgreatvictorywonbyLordJohn Russell;andbutafewdaysago,after thelapseofhalfacentury,anaddress commemorativeofthisgreatachievementwaspresentedtotheveteran statesman.Thegreatermeasureof CatholicEmancipationwasnexttobe carriedthrough,andtothisLordJohn Eussellhadcontributedanearnestand enlightenedadvocacy.TheWellington Administrationhadnowpassedtwo importantmeasuresatthebiddingof theiradversaries,anditwasevident thattheycouldnotsurvive;their resignationwasfollowedbytheGovernmentofLordGrey,andtheWhigs, aftertwenty-fouryearsofexclusion fromoffice,againgraspedthereinsof power.ThegreatquestionofReform wasnowuppermostinthemindsofall, andtoLordJohnRussell,whoheldthe minorofficeofPaymasteroftheForces, wasentrustedthehonour,wellmeritedby hispreviousservices,ofintroducingthe Bill.Itwasataskwhichraisedhimfor thetimetothegreatestpopularity,and madehimthecent.eofthehopesand affectionsofvastnumbersofhis countrymen;whileatthesametime theprolongedParlianneatrycontest whichitinvolvedgaveoccasionfurthe exerciseandthedisplayofpowers whichprovedequaltothedemands madeuponthem.Thedifficultwork ofcomluctingtheBillthroughthe Housefelluponhim,anditssuccessful accomplishmentleftburninundisturbed posses,ionofthefirstreekamongthe Whigpoliticiansoftheday.Henow becameamennb,roftheCabinet,butit wasnutuntilthereturnofLordMelbourne topowerin1831,altertheshortadministrationofHrRobertPeel,thathe occupied,asHomeSecretary,thepost oftheieterirslleaderintheHouseof Commons.Thiswasapositionwhich developedallIsispowers,andaddedtohis reputationasadebater,whichwas wellmaintainedduringthefiveyears frourtheresignationofLordMelbourne totheretireinendofSirRobertPeelIn 1818,duringwhichheperformedthe dutiesofleaderoftheOpposition.From 1846to1852LordRussellwasPrime MisterofEngland.Itwasaperiod ofslitliculty,aridinewepartofthe 4ningdousorunipaiallelledeuirenitigand disasterThevastproportionsofthe terriblefaminewhichafflictedIreland ovenwineineentheeffortsoftheGovernment,andthonAndaofthepeasantry perishedunaidedforwentofstistenance. Thefeelingunfortunatelyaroseinthe mindsoftheIrishpeoplethatthey wereneglectedbytheEnglishGovernment,andthePremiershipofLord JohnRnsellwilllongheassociatedin Irelandwiththerecollectionofthat awfulcalamity.Anothermemorable eventduringhistenureofofficeshowed LordRussellinalightwhichtomany appearedhutlittleinaccordancewith thecharacterofachampionofreligious libertyandtoleration,towhichinhis earliercareerhehadearnedso honourahleatitle.Theagitation whichdisturbedEnglandonthe occasionoftheso-calledPapal aggressionwastoagreatextentraised bytheaptearancoofthefamous Durhamletter,andtheadvocateof Emancipation,andtherepealerofthe TestActappearedbeforetheastonished worldasthepromoterintheBritish Parliamentofanewmeasureofreligions restriction.

FormanyyearsLordPalmerstonand LordJohnElwellhadworkedtogether withapparentcordiality,butan occasionarosewhichcausedadifference betweenthesetwostatesmen,destined initsconsequencestoputanendtothe firstPremiershipofLordJohnRaesell. LordPalmerston,iuhiscapacityof ForeignINrinister,withoutthinkingit necessarytoconsulthiscolleagues, wroteadespatchinwhichheexpressed approvalofthecoupd'etatofthe2ndof December,1851,andthereforerewas dismissedfromofficebythePremier. butitwasnotlongbeforehelodan opportunityofretaliation,andhis successfuloppositiontotheprovisions ofaMilitiaBill,earlyinthefollowing year,necessitatedtheresignationofthe Government.IntheAdministrationof LordAberdeenwhichfollowed,Lord

JohnRussellwasatfirstForeign Secretary,thenmemberoftheCabinet without>tpost,andfinallyLord Presidentofthe.Council.In1855, duringthewit:aligncausedbythemismanagementwhichcharseterisedthe firstoperationsoftheCrimeanwar,he retiredfromtheCoalitionCabinet,but returnedtoofficeunderLordPalmerston asColonialSecretary,anditwaswhile servinginthiscapacitythatheundertookthemissonto'Vienna,which resultedindisappointment,andledto thebeliefthatacapacityfordiplomacy wasnotamonghisdistinguishing qualifications.Havingoncemoreretiredfromofficeinconsequenceofthis failure,hevotedinoppositiontoLord Palmerstonouthequestionofthe ChinaWar,butwhenthatstatesmen, forcedtoresignin1858,againreturned topowerin1859,LordJohnRussell wenttotheForeignOffice,thedutiesof whichhedischargedwithhiswonted vigour,althoughhispolicywasdescribedbyLordDerbyinthefamous phraseof"neddleandmiddle."'Ihas almostalltheprincipalpostsinthe Cabinethavebeenfilledinturnby LordJohnRussell,andhisservices havebeenemployedineverydepartment oftheState.In1861thedeathofhis brother,theDnkeofBedford,who bequeathedtohimconsiderableestates iuDorsetandinIreland,removedthe difficultypresentedbyinadequate privatemeanstothecreationinhis favourofanhereditarypeerage,and theveteranservantoftheStatewas raisedtotheHouseofLordsunderthe titleofEarlRussellandViscount Antherley.Afterthedeathofhisold rivalandcolleague,LordPalmerston, EarlRussellforthesecondtimebecame PrimeMinister,anditwasreservedfor theauthoroftheReformBillof1832, afterthelapseoffiveatkdthirtyyears, againtocomeforwardwanaproposal forthefurtherenlargementofthe politicalpowerofthepeople. Hisplan,however,metwithviolent oppositionfromasectionofthe Liberals,andwasfinallydefeatedin Committeeon thequestionof substi.utingayearlyrentalf.nrayearly rateedevalueasthebasisforthe franchise.TheMinistryresigned,and thelongofficialcareerofLordRussell wasended.Theremainingyearsofhis lifewerespentinretirementfromthestrife ofpolitcsinwhichhebadbeensolong aprominentfigure,althoughfromtime totimehestilladdressedtohiscountrymenastatementofhisviewsonthe questienoftheday,inwhichhisinterest never,tothelast,abated.Therehave beeninourhistorystatesmenofmore brilliantgenius,hutitwouldbedifficult tonameanywhohaveonthewhole moreloyallyservedtheircountry,or whohad-forsolongaperiodretained thetrustandconfidenceoflargo numbersofhiscountrymen.-Tablet.

St.Michan'sDublin,

ThereisnotinallDublinamore interestingspotthantheoldchurch beneathSt.Michan'smassivesquare tower,fromwhicheightcenturieslook down.Itwasfoundedaslongagoas 1095,byMichanus,abishopoftheold DanishstockofDublin,whosebody liesunderthechurch,andwhosemonumentisnearlyafull-lengthportraitof thebishop,inmitreandpontificals, hisarmscrosseduponhisbreast(all sculpturedingranite,andbynomeans rudely)isoneofthemostinteresting ornamentsoftheinterior.Thesquare tower,whichshowssoboldlyamong thetowersandspiresofDublin,and fromthesummitofwhichthewhole citycanbescanned,isbelievedtobe partoftheoriginalfoundation-moreor lessrestored,ofcourse.Itisoneof themoatcharacteristicspecimensof nativearchitectureintheisland,but thevenerablepilehasbeendefacedof latebyatrumperywindowquiteoutof harmonywiththestyle.Thereare oldoddinscriptionscutoutindifferentstonesinthistower.Theirwords aodmeaninghavelongagopassedout ofmind.St.Michan's(beingasnew asthetimeoftheDanes),St.Paul's andSt.Mary's;andchurchesforthe twolatterparisheswereorderedtobe builtbyataxontheinhabitants.

Intheopengraveyard,almostevery secondgravehasahistory.Here, underamodestheadstone,withaLatin inscription,sleepsJohnCarpenter, CatholicArchbishopofDublin,who diedonthe20thofOctober,1786. Quitenearisthegraveof.thefamous Dr.ChalesLucas,Aneofthemembers forDublinintheIrishParliament;he whosebookswereburnedbyorderof theHouseofLords,butwhosecourage broughtabouttheConstitutionof1782. Theinscriptiononthismonumentis bravetoread:-"Tothememoryof CharlesLucas,M.D.,formerlyoneof therepresentativesinParliamentof theCityofDublin,whosefiterruptiableintegrity,unflinchingspirit,just judgment,andgloriousperseveranceiu thegreatcauseofliberty,virtue,and thecountry,endearedhimtohisgratefulconstituents.Thistombstoneis placedoverhismuch-respectedremains asasmall,yetsincere,tributeofremembrancebyoneofhisfellow-citizens andconstituents,SirEdwardNeweuham,lint."Andthereisaddeda stautadescribingthedeceasedas "obstinatklyjust."

Here,also,isthegraveofRobert Emmet,thesaddestspotinIreland.It isarudegraniteslab,withoutletteror figurechiselledonit.Itssidesareall scarifiedbypilgrimsknockingchipsoff theslabtocarrythousandsofmiles awayasheirlooms.Theinscriptionis nutyetwritten,butthebarestoneisa romance,thesaddestinasadhistory. ThatthisisreallythegraveofRobert Emmetappearstobenowacceptedas certain.Ernmet'snephew,Judge Emmet,ofNewYork,whovisitedthe spotafewyearssince,declaredittobe thefamilytradition.Thestoryisthat afterthe'decapitationinnThomas-street thebodywasputintoacoffinandburied privatelyinBully'sAcre,theburialgroundofcriminals,neartheOldMan's HospitalatKilinainhans.Thatsame nightitwas,eithersecretly,orwiththe assentoftheauthorities,exhumedand transferredtoSt.Mitchan'sgraveyard bydirectionsoftheRev.Mr.Bobbyn, whowasrectorofSt.Michan'satthe time,andwhoiscreditedwithawarm sympathywiththeprinciplesoftheunhappyyouthOthermembersofthe Emmetfamilyhadbeenpreviously buriedinthisground,andthereasons givenwhyhewasnotburiedintheir companyisthattherewasaninscribed tombstoneovertheirgraves,andthat hisownwishwasrespectedthatno wordsshouldbewrittenonhistomb mitil-theworldknowswhat.His corpsewasnottheonlyrebeloneto which,inthosegloomydays,theRev. Mr.Dobbyngavearesting-place OliverBond,inwhosehousethe UnitedIrishDirectorywereseizedin '96,sleepsalittlefurtheraway,with theepitaphonhisgravestone-"God's noblestwork,anhonestman."In thesalinegravewaslaidtheRev. WilliamJackson,theemissaryofthe FrenchDirectory,whowasbetrayed byCockayue,andwhotookpoison, anddiedinthedockduringhistrial. Inthevaults,too,therearehuddled togetherindistinguishablyagroupof skeletonswhoseheadswere(andone ofthemstillis)boundwiththecrape whichwasdrawnovertheirfacesby thehangman.Towhomthose ghastlyheadsbelongwhoknows? Onlythattheymaybesupposedto restmorepeaceablyherethaninBully's Acre.

ItisknownthatthesoilinSt. Michan'spossessessomemysterious antisepticproperty,whicharreststhe progressofdecomposition,andpreservesthehumanskeletonfromdecay foramarvelloustime.Forexample, thereispointedoutthebodyofthe nunsupposedtohavelainforthree hundredyearsinthesevaults,andin allbutcolour,asperfectto-dayas thedayshewasentombed.This ladyissaidtohavebeenaMiss bd.'Intosh,oneortheref:gleamof George'sHillConvent,beforethe Reformation;buttraditiononthe subjectappearstobeexceedingly faulty.Inanothervault,inarude coffin,whichcrumbleslikedustatthe touch,exposedfreelytotheair,lies thebodyofonewhoissal/polledto hivebeenakingofIreland, O'ConorDubhbyname,sad

theskeletonisstillclothedwithskin, andthefeaturesallbutre.;oguisable. Again,thebodiesofthebrothersJohn andHenrySheared,whowerehanged andbeheadedatNewgatein'98,when lastseenwereinperfectpreservation. Since1850,toguardthemfromthetoo affectionatehomageoftouristsand relic-hunters,thefriendsofthefamily hadthebodiesencasedinleadencoffins andlaidaway;butthe-featuresno doubtwerethere.Anancientoak Forestoncecoveredthissite,andasthe forestwaspareddownthedecayingoak barkandrootsaresupposed.tohave impregnatedthesoilwithmagnesiawiththiswondrousresult.Many woudersarchiddeninthisduckydead men'slaud.ThefamilyofDr.Osborne, forinstance,arebyexpresstestament buriedwiththecoffinsstandingupright, sothattheiroccupantsmay"walk fontliwithease"onthedayofthe Resurrectiim.Otherpilesofcoffins belongingtoparticularfamiliesarepiled pyramid-wise.Inonegreatgallerylie thedeadEarlsofLeitrim;iuanother theancestorsofMr.IonTrentHamilton,M.P.,andnumerousotherfamilies ofnote. Thevestryalsocontains manytreasures.Therewasaniutricutelycarvedgoldcommunioncup presentedtothechurchiuthelast centurybyCaptainWilliamProhy. Itissaidtobeoneofthespoilsofthe SpanishArmada,andassuredlycame fromSpain.Thentherewasa silver-giltchalice,withthegildingall butrubbedoff',datingfrom1676;and twogoldpattens,ofthedateof1693. Theparishregistrybookdatesasoldes 1636,andinitisregisteredthebaptism ofEdwumdBourke.Thechurchitself isplain,neat,andmodest,andinitis shownSt.Michan'sowntomb.In thischurchisHandel'sownorgantheveryinstrumentuponwhichthe greatcomposerfirstrenderedhisimmortalword,the"Messiah,"when, Dublinofferedarefugetohisgenius. Theorganisjustnowincourseofrestoration,anditsoriginaloakencaseis finelycarved.-Frcernan'sJournal.

IrishEndowedSchools.

Acount-outistoofrequentlythe fateofmotionsbyunofficial.members ontheeveningsittings Tuesdays, when,theHousehavingsatfromtwo tillsevenintheafternoon,itisamatter ofdifficultytore-assembleaquorum atnineo'clock.OnTuesdayevening, however,theinterestnaturallyfeltby IrishmembersinthemotionofLord RandolphChurchillonthesubjectof EndowedSchoolswassufficientto secureaHouse,andthosewhoattended wererewardedbyadiscussionofgreat interest,stillmorebytheprospect,at least,ofsomepracticableandtangible resultbeingattained.LordRandolph calledattentiontothestateofIrishendowmentsforeducationalpurposes,and insodoingbroughtforwardsome strikingfactsinconnectionwiththe subject.Theendowmentsamounted, accordingtotheReportoftheRoyal Commissionof1858,to£68,670per annum,about£16,000ofwhichisderivedfromlandedproperty,which, underefficientmanagement,mightbe doubledinafewyears.TheendowmentofErasmusSmithpossessedan incomeof£9,000perannum,andthat oftheIncorporatedSocieties£11,000 perannum,whiletheRoyalFree Schoolshaveanincomeof£7,000,in additiontoexhibitionsatTrinityCollege,Dublin,of£1,000perannum. Theseschoolswereintendedforthe benefitoftheIrishchildrenofall creeds,andtheCommissionersreport "thatthemasterhasnopowerto compelallthepupilstoreceive religiousinstructioninhisowntenets." Yet,ofthe671scholars,only49were Catholics,andonly45Presbyterians. LordRandolphChurchill'thenbrought forwardsomestatements,whichMr. Lowtherveryjustlydescribedes "startling,"inreferencetothealleged grossmismanagementoftheRoyal SchoolsEstates,andtheconsequent smallnessofthenetincome.TheRoyal Commissionersreportthat,thoughit waspartoftheirdutytotakeensinauel accountoftheassetsandIlabilbieeet theRoyalSchools&states,thiswasnoi

done,andtheaccountsofthelaw agent,wereallowedtoaccumulate duringaseriesofyeers,andwerenot taxedduring18years.theitogamts oftheBoardwereneverendited'hem thedateofitsfoundationtothepresentthe,andthisneglectoontinued, ilfhoughoneof.theirsecrelitries,who tiled*1827,wasfoundto'haveminRiPtiPriatedthefundsofoneortwo bbari6esso,tar"baskas1816,and carried'onafraudulentsystemofconcielmentforelevenyearswithout detection.Thepresentconditionof someoftheschools,asreportedbythe newBoard,isanythingbutsatisfactory. Oneschoolwhich,accordingtothe annualreport,was"wellattended," hadaccomodationfor115,whilethe attendancewasonly38.Anotherhad accomodationfor170,andtheattendance wasonly49;andathird,with accomodationfor140,hadanattendance of36,allProtestants.Anamplecase wasmadeoutfortheresolutionwith whichLordRandolpconcludedavery instructivespeech,namely,that"a SelectCommitteeshouldbeappointed toinquireintothecondition,revenues, andmanagementoftheendowed schoolsinIreland,withinstructionstoreporthowfarthose endowmentsareatpresentpromoting, orapplicabletothepromotion,ofintermediateeducationinthatcountry withoutdestructionofclassorreligion."

LordCharlesBeresfordproposedan amendmenttotheeffectthattheinquiry shouldextendtothepracticabilityof establishingschoolsuponthedenominationalsystem,butitwasfeltthatitwas undesirabletomixupthisquestion withtheproposedinquiryintothe misappropriationofthelargesums whichbadbeenleftfortheendowment ofeducationinIreland.Mr.Lowther, onthepartoftheGovernment,freely admittedthatacasehadbeenmadeout withregardtothemanagementof theseendowments,andheproposedthe appointmentofasmallCommissionto inquireintothesubject,asuggestion whichLordRandolphaccepted,and withdrewhismotion,ontheunderstandingthatalltheendowedschools shouldbeincludedintheinquiry. LordRandolphChurchillhasthusdone goodserviceinsecuringamuchneededinquiryintotheadministration oflargefunds,which,underpresent management,wouldappeartofall farshortofeffectingadequate resuIts.-7'ulla.

TenantProprietorsinIreland.

TheSelectCommitteeontheIrish LandA.:t,inreferencetotheBright clauses,issuedtheirreportlastweek, afteralengthenedexaminationofalarge numberofwitnesses,includinglandlords,agents,lawyers,statisticians,and economists,andjudgesandleading officialsconnectedwiththeLanded EstatesCourt,andwiththesaleofthe landedestatesoftheDisestablished Church.Therecommendationsofthe Committeeareeminentlypractical,and, onthewhole,satisfactory.

fromaniPPliosticremoreincharacter withtheessentialobjectsofeoclesiasticalendowments,asreliefofthepoor, education,an3purposesofpopular banyvelence.Butweheartilyconcur withtheCommitteeintheopinion "thattheincreaseofsmallowners wouldtendto,givestabilitytothe social-System,worldspreadeontentment andloyalty,andwouldsupply amuch-neededspurtoindnstryand thrift."

BythesupplementalreturnofIrish land-ownersjustpublished,inwhich someerrorsinthepreviousreturnof 1876arecorrected,wefindthereare only62,412ownersof20,152,985sores oflandinIrelandofanannualvaluation of£12,053,719,eachowninganacreor upwards;butavastnumberofthese areleaseholdersnotownersinfee. Analysisofthereturnshowsthatthe mainbulkofthelandedestatesisinthe handsofasmallnumberofproprietors. Onehundredandtenownersholdmore thanone-fifthofthewholesoilofIreland,and,includingthese,3,761 personsclaimfour-fifthsofthecountry.

Wefind36,14.3setdownasownersof lessthanastatuteacre,withan aggregateacreageof9,064acres,anda valuationof11,366,303,beinglessthan aroodofland,valuedat£38toeach, showingclearlythatthesearetown lots,andnotagriculturalholdings.

Thereareexceptionalcausesofa historicalcharacterthatshouldleadthe Statetopromotetheextensionofa peasantproprietaryinIrelandandthe moregeneralpartitionoftheownership ofland-causesthathaveslender existenceinScotlandandnonein England.Thedesireofthepopulace topurchasetheirownhomesteadsand farmsisintense,andtheCommittee reports"Thattheexperimentwhich hasalreadytakenplaceinthisdirection, inthesaleofChurchpropertytoits occupyingtenants,iseminentlysatisfactory,andshowsthatthereisagreat desireonthepartofthetenantsto becomeownersbypurchase,especially atthetimewhenthelandtheyoccupy ischanginghandsandthereisaprospectoftheirbeinghandedovertonew landlords,"astrikingproofofwhichwas givenafewdaysagointhepurchaseby orforthetenantsoftheHarencestate inKerryat£85,000.TheReport recommendsthatthree-fourthsofthe purchase,andinexceptionalcaseseven morethanthatproportion,shouldbe advancedbytheproposedCommission toaidthetenants.

landquestioninIrelandaresteadily calmingdown,asisevidentfromthe admirableReportoftheSelectCommittee,thefoundationisbeing1/idforthe developmentofheronegreatindustrial stole,heretoforefeeblyWorked,owing totheoperationoflawsthatrobbedthe husbandmanofhisimprovementsand deniedhimsecurityoftenure.-Tablet.

TheObligationsof

Princestothe HolySee.

toustobeatoncethefullestpossible directionbothastoprincipleand conductinthismatter: "Weinvite thePrimeandsupremeheadsofthe nationstodrawnearinanamicable spiritofconcordandpeacetothe sourceofauthorityandsafety,andto becomeunitedmoreandmorewiththe HolySeeinthebondsofadeeploveand respect."Andif`weturntothe addresswhichwasmadetotheofficers intheHallofConsistory,onthe6thof June,wefindexactlythesamepolicy andthesameprinciplesenunciatedin thesamespiritofcharity"May Heavengrantthattherulersof kingdoms,warnedbytheserecent eventsandattempts,maybepersuaded atlastofthisbeneficentinfluenceof theChurchandthePapacyfortheadvantageandbenefitofthenation;and thattheymay,byrestoringtothe HeadofCatholicismhisfulllibertyand independence,preparebetterdestinies forthepeipleswhicharesubjectto them."Heretheappealismadeto personsinauthority,totheresponsible rulersofthenations,andespecially,we mustassume,tothepresentKingof Italy.ChristianPrincesarebiddento setauexampleofthehighestkindof loyaltyandallegiance; because,in reverencingtheHolySee,theyare reverencingthefoundationofall authority,order,andstability.Itisas thoughhisHolinesshadappealedtothe self-interestasmuchastothecon.scienceofChristianSovereigns,in beggingthemtorememberthatitis upontheprinciplesofjusticethatthe stabilityoftheirownthronesdepends. "Thepublicpeaceandsafety,aswell asyourown,"LeoXIII.hadsaidin. hisEncyclical,"areinvolvedinthe securityoftheChurchandthe obediencegiventoit."Thisappeal wasmade,primarily,toSovereigns. AnditoughttoawakenChristian. sentiments,evenifitdoesnotinciteto. politicalaction."Deeploveand. respectfortheHolySee"are sentimentswhichCatholicMonarchs,at least,mustappreciate,eventhoughthey maynotseetheirwaytobecome Crusaders.

ItisdeclaredthattheBrightclauses oftheIrishLandActof1870,asnow framedandworked,arewhollyinadequatefortheirolject,namely,tothe conversionoftenanciesintoownership bypurchase,thepresentadministration ofthatschemebeingdividedbetween theLandedEstatesCourt,theBoardof Works,andtheTreasuryandthe reportrecommendstheconstitutionof aspecialCommissionchargedwiththe promotionofatenantproprietaryin Ireland,theStatetosupplyfundsfor thatpurposefromanIrishsourceif possible.Thesourcesuggestedis obsiouslythesurplusfundofthe disestablishedChurch,whichwillnot beavailableforseveralyears,butupon thecreditofwhichtheTreasurycould withoutdifficultyadvancealoan.We doubt,however,whethersuchan applicationofthefunds,however desirabletheobject,comeswithinthe scopeofthedeclaredgeneralpurposes statedinParliamentin1869,in referencetotheappropriationofthe surplus.Itistruethatnoneofthe fundswouldbelost,butsuchanapplicationofitwouldeffectuallyalienateit

Theoperationofsuchameasuremust necessarilybeslow,butnootherscheme couldlaysofirmlythesolidfoundation ifindustrialproduction,andsocialprogress.TotheHomesteadLawsand LandAllotmentsystemtheUnited States,Canada,andAustraliaare indebtedfortheirchiefwealth;while, ifweturntothecontinentofEurope, fromFrancetoRussia,fromNorwayto Naples,wefindthemassoftheagriculturalpopulationtheownersoftheir ownholdings.Accordingtothelatest officialreturns,thecultivatedlandof France,528,577squarekilometres,was dividedinto5,500,000properties;five millionswereundersixacres;500,000 undersixtyacresand50,000averaged 600acres.Astherewere,in1872, only7,904,614inhabitedhousesin France,andas81percent.ofthe ,wholepopulationlivedintowns,it followsthatintheruraldistrictsnearly everyhouseholderistheownerofhis residenceandtenement,sothatFrance isanationofsmallproprietors.Nor canthisgeneralownershipofthesoil beseparatedfromtheextraordinary fiscalresourcesofthecountry,which raisedinthreeyears1870-73upwards of£371,000,000todefraythelatewar expenditure.Thenumberofholdersof theannual'vita,orofabout £30,000,000interestontheNational Debtof£937.000,000,is4,380,993,so thatthefund-holdersoftheNational Debtandtheownersofthesoilshowa strikingsimilarity,numberingabout fivemillions.Belgiumhasmuchthe samesub.:divisionoflandedproperty, whileheragriculturalproductionand herrenownedsystemofsmallfarming placeherattheheadoftherural economyofEurope.Asthepassions andclass-feelingswhicharoseoutofthe

Itwillberememberedthatin theEncyclicalLetter,whichwas issuedbyhisHolinessinthemonth ofApril,veryearnestcommentswere madeontheTemporalPower,andthe principlesonwhichitshouldbe advocated.Therehadbeenagreat dealofspeculationinthenewspapersof EuropeastowhatpolicyLeoXIII. wouldadopt,andastohowfarthat policywouldbeconsistentwiththe principleswhichPiusIX.hadaffirmed. Itwasknown,evenbyLiberals,that themoralprinciplesofanyonePope mildnotcontravenethemoral principlesofanyotherbutitwas thoughtthattherewasanimmense marginofpolicy,whichwouldleave roomforconciliation,ifnotforcompromise. WhentheEncyclical appeareditwasfoundtocontainan affirmationofthepolicyaswellasof theprinciplesofPiusIX.Thatpolicy hadbeenoneofprotest,andLeoXIII. protested."Werenewandconfirm," saidhisHoliness,"alltheprotestations andde-aerationswhichourPredecessor, PiusIX.,ofholymemory,hason manyoccasionsmadeandreiterated,as muchagainsttheoccupationofthe TemporalPowerasagainsttheviolation oftherightsof4heCatholicChurch." This,then,wasthere-affirmationofa policy.Andthelanguageinwhichthe principleswereassertedwastheclearest andthemostforciblewhichcouldbe employed.Letusquoteonly sentencefromtheEncyclical."We areactuatednotonlybytheconsiderationthattheTemporalPoweris necessarytoUs,inordertodefendand protectthefullfreedomoftheSpiritual Power,butalsobecauseitisclearly shownthatintheSovereign TemporalityoftheHolySeeisinvolved thepublicwell-beingandthesafetyof humansociety."Woulditbeeven possibletoputtheclaimonstronger grounds?Bothecclesiasticalfreedom andsocialsecurityareaffirmedtobe associatedwiththeTemporalPower. Andthespiritoftheotherpartsofthe Encyclicalwasinharmonywiththis specificallusion.Itwasassertedthat thebreakingupofChristianunity,and the"insatiableegotism"ofmodern thought,hadsprungfromawantof reverencefortheRomanPontiffas"the championandcustodianuponearth oftheimmutablelawsofeternalright." Thatrighthadbeenmockedbythe usurpation.AndhisHolinessprotests againstthisiniquity.Afterenumeratingmanyoftheerrorsofourtime,such asalicenseinprivatejudgment,an anti-Christianeducation,andthe secularisationofChristianmarriage,his Holinessaddedtheremarkablewords: "Thisisthemeaningoftheseizureof theCivilPower."Wearehereledto contemplatethecrimeofthatseizureas muchlesspoliticalthananti-Christian, asbeingkindredinspirittoarevolt againstthefaith.Thusitmaybesaid thattherewerefourpointsinthe EncyclicalinregardtotheTemporal Power,eachofwhichbadbeen repeatedlyaffirmedbyhisHoliness PiusIX.Thesepointsweretheright oftheHolySeetothepossessionofthe TemporalPower;thenecessityofthe possessionofthatPowertothefree exerciseofthespiritualauthority;the necessityofthepossessionofthat powerinviewofthesafetyofhuman society;andthedutyofChristian Princestomaintainit.Thelastpoint istheonewewouldnowconsider,in connectionwiththeaddresstothe officersofthedisbandedPontifical army. IntheEncyclicaltherehadoccurred thefollowingsentence-whichwemust acceptastheverykey-noteofthe. pOlicyoftheHolyBee,andwhichseems

Thespecialpraisewhichwasgiven byhisHolinesstotheofficersofthe dissolvedPontificalarmywasthat,in. timesofsuccessfulrevolt,theyremained firminthedefenceofjustice.The Zouaves,liketheirPontiff,protest.At times"whenthemostsacredoathsare solightlyviolated"thePontifical Zouaves,ashisHolinesscouldsayto. them,"preservewithintheirbreastsa livelysentimentofhonorandofduty." Iftheyhadnoothermissionthanto edifybysuchallegiancetheywould havegroundforasoldierypride. "Prompttodefendthesacredrightsof theChurch,"theybothhavedoneso andwoulddosoagain.Andifno changeshouldarisewhichcoulddemand theiractiveservices-or,inthelanguage ofhisHoliness,"ifGodshoulddispose otherwise"-theywillhavethesatisfactionofhavingparticipatedinmisfortune"withtheSovereignHeadof theChurch.Theirreward,liketheir duty,willhavebeenobedience.And theynownaturallywaitfortheresult ofthatappealwhichthePopehasmade tothecivilPowersofChristendom. WiththesePowersreststhefirst responsibility.Iftheycanbebrought toseethatmostofthedifficultiesof thepresenttimeproceedfrom"not receivingallthedoctrinesofthe HolySeewiththedeepestsubmission ofspiritandwill,"theywillurgeon theirsubjectsthisparamountdutyas thefirstgreatsecurityofsocialorder. If"totheChurchisdeniedthatfull independencetowhichshe,asaperfect society,possesseveryright,"itcan hardlybeexpectedthattopurely temporalprincesa"fullindependence" willlongremain.ThisistheChristian argument.Andhistoryhascertified itstruth.Eithertheprincesorthe peoplemustsufferwherereligionis Snalayedbypoliticians;and,sooneror later,acontemptforDivineauthority mustbefollowedbyitsinevitable Nemesis.-Tablet.