Sym[BIO]Scape by Jiadong_Liam

SYM[BIO]SCAPE SPYROPOULOS STUDIO | PHASER 2 BOOK AA DRL 2020-2022 XIAOMENG ZHANG JIADONG LIANG LEKAI ZHANG XIRONG ZHENG

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT BRIEF We will first introduce you to our team and tutors. We would like to thank AA School, DRL and DPL for their strong support of our project in the architectural profession and for allowing us to realise our dream of expanding the boundaries of architecture. A special thank you to Theodore Spyropoulos for giving us the opportunity to show ideas and expand capabilities, and for being not just a great influence but also a friend and a mentor.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN LAB AADRL 2020-2022 PHASE 2

Director Theodore Spyropoulos

Studio Tutors Mustafa El Sayed Apostolos Despotidis Aleksander Bursac

Technical Tutors Angel Lara Moreira | DPL Valentina | AKT Ⅱ Engineer James | AKT Ⅱ Engineer

Team Xiaomeng Zhang Jiadong Liang Lekai Zhang Xirong Zheng

CONTENTS

01 INTRODUCTION · Studio Brief · Elemental Brief

02 THESIS · Thesis Statement · Hybrid Growth Strategy · Methodology · Design Goal

03 SITE DETECT SYSTEM · Site Scenarios · Launching System

04 TERRAFORM SYSTEM · Scaffold Generation System · Adaptive System · Scaffold Evaluation

05 PROTOTYPE SYSTEM · Scaffold Physical Generation · Scaffold Physical Evaluation

06 MACHINE SYSTEM · Machine Behaviour · Collective Behaviours

00 02 04 06 08 24 54 76 80 82 96 108 112 204 230 238 240 316 332 336 350

· Mycelium Growth · Hybrid Growth System · Symbiosis

376 378 408 422

08 JURY CRITIQUE

450

09 BIBLIOGRAPHY

458

07 SYMBIOSIS SYSTEM

Segment of the macrocosm showing the four elemental spheres. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_element.

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1.1. I N T R O D U C T I O N | S T U D I O B R I E F

THEME The Origin of the World

STUDIO BRIEF The theme of this year's studio is to explore the harmonious relationship between architecture, nature and people from the perspective of nature, and to establish a new way of sustainable living development with the aim of sustaining life. The ancient Greeks believed that the world is composed of four elements: earth, water, air and fire. In our view, this is the origin of the world. Therefore, we started from the most basic four natural elements, with each group having a different theme. Our team takes the earth as the main element, and then explores it as the basis of the natural material that makes up the world, while digging deep into its state of matter under different energy transformations, in an attempt to draw a natural balance from it. The architecture is formed under the interaction with nature, achieving an interesting interaction with people, time and space.

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1.2. I N T R O D U C T I O N | E L E M E N T A L B R I E F

EARTH The Origin of Life

"Earth is the element of stability, groundedness, fertility, materiality, potential, and stillness. Earth can also be an element of beginnings and endings, or death and rebirth, as life comes from the ground and then decomposes back into the earth after death."

—Catherine Beyer, University of Wisconsin,2019

The Earth was formed 4.5 billion years ago and is the only astronomical body known to have life. Thanks to the variety of rocks and minerals contained in the Earth's surface, it provides the soil to grow the vegetation that supports the reproduction and survival of life. One of the most common and abundant minerals is silica (often called sand), which accounts for 28%. Through the extraction and processing of these minerals, together with the other three elements, a large and rich biological world is formed.

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THESIS | Thesis Statement

Sym[BIO]scape Sym[BIO]scape is a bio-based design research project that aims to terraform the Earth based symbiotic and agent-based growth strategies. In the era of post-Anthropocene where technology and artificial intelligence compute, condition and construct our world, non-human architecture and unmanned factories are constantly occupying the rural areas and countryside. These machine landscapes emerge together with land degradation and the loss of vernacularity and architectural context. The project Sym[BIO]scape puts forward a manifesto towards the evolution of landscape infrastructure not only for land restoration and sustainable material production, but one that establishes a symbiotic system with the environment through energy harvesting and transformation, along with landscape reshaping and terraforming. SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

This hybrid system combines two biological behaviours in its operating logic: the anthill strategy for the generation of porous scaffold structures and the mycelium strategy to support natural growth and soil sustainability. Both digital simulations and physical experiments are conducted to research the behaviour of ant colonies and the growth of mycelia. In addition, this is a self-assembling and self-renewable system, adaptive to the dynamic environment. Starting from the redistribution of the on-site material based on the behavioural pathways of ants, real-time data sensing and harvesting-through-machine learning strategy, it generates the porous scaffold structure as a host environment for mycelium growth.

2.1. T H E S I S | T H E S I S S T A T E M E N T

Swarm intelligence, generated through pheromone-based stigmergy within unit-to-unit communication to detect and analyse the on-site material, enables decision-making and selfassembly to form the structure that constantly reacts to the dynamic environment and terraforming the landscape. Then, with the restoring ability of mycelium, the system possesses the capability for land restoration and material sustainability. Following the methodology of energy conservation, those attributes, which are embedded in both the unit and swarm behaviour, formulate a new kind of urban infrastructure that could evolve over time, ultimately constructing a self-circulating ecosystem that could be symbiotic with the Earth.

The project Sym[BIO]scape creates a machine landscape that is no longer human-centric, questioning the definition of architecture for hundreds of years: architecture is no longer a living space, but becomes an extension of human life as a data center and a new kind of ecological infrastructure.

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THESIS | Background

ON THE EARTH Planetary Urbanization In 1970, Henri Lefebvre put forward the radical hypothesis of the complete urbanization of society, a circumstance that in his view required a radical shift from the analysis of urban form to the investigation of urbanization processes. Drawing together classic and contemporary texts on the "urbanization question", Neil Brenner's "Implosions/Explosions" explores various theoretical, epistemological, methodological and political implications of Lefebvre's hypothesis. It assembles a series of analytical and cartographic interventions that supersede inherited spatial ontologies (urban/rural, town/country, city/noncity, society/nature) in order to investigate the uneven implosions and explosions of capitalist urbanization across places, regions, territories, continents and oceans up to the planetary scale. Brenner, Neil. "Implosions/explosions." Towards a study of planetary urbanization. Berlin: Jovis (2014).

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2.1 . B A1C. KI NG TR RO OU DN UD C |T IPOONS T| - SA NT UT HD RI OO PBOR CI E FN E

THE ANTHROPOCENE Anthropogenic processes have already produced many effects on the earth. Since the beginning of our identification with the human species, there has been a very long-term interaction with other natural processes. We have already lived in a geological epoch, the Anthropocene, in which human activities have altered the atmospheric, geologic, hydrologic, biospheric and other earth ecosystem processes, resulting in a flattening of the Earth's urban environment such as desertification, land degradation, oil spill, soil erosion and many other land issues.

Left Top: Carrara Marble Quarries, Cava di Canalgrande #2, Carrara, Italy 2016 © Edward Burtynsky Left Down: Coal Mine #1, North Rhine, Westphalia, Germany 2015 © Edward Burtynsky

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2.13.2 . B. AECAKRGT RH O RU ENSDE A| RP CO HS T|- AE NA TRHT RH O APSO CE ENNV EI R O N M E N T

POST-ANTHROPOCENE MACHINE LANDSCAPE

We have already entered the anthropocene. However, more human footprints on the earth constitutes an era of the Post-Anthropocene, a period where it is technology and artificial intelligence that now computes, conditions and constructs our world. In the post-anthropocene, machines are creating a brand new world: buzzing cooling fans, flashing LED lights, and the sizzling sound of transportation robots rubbing against the ground constitute an unprecedented machine landscape in geological history. They have become part of the infrastructure and are tightly embedded on the surface of the earth. The most significant architectural spaces in the world are now nearly empty of people. The data centers, distribution warehouses, unmanned ports and industrialized agriculture that allow us to survive are also places we will never be able to visit. Instead, they are occupied by stacked servers, hard drives, logistics robots, cranes and unmanned tractors. Architecture in the post-anthropocene stores human activity as data in the context of real-time network, which constitutes the basis for the modernity. It connects us through data and is the foundation of our social, work, and digital life. It is brand new: there is no living space for human. There is no residents. There is nobody. Nonetheless, this machine landscape is creating a new world that is no longer human-centric, questioning our definition of architecture for hundreds of years: architecture is no longer a living space for human, but becomes an extension of human life as a data center and a new kind of infrastructure.

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KIVA SYSTEM, AMAZON, 2012 The Amazon KIVA system is a complex adaptive system that demonstrates emergent system behaviour that could increase transportation efficiency. It provides a new approach to automated order fulfillment using a fleet of mobile robotic drive units, moveable shelves, work stations and sophisticated control software for pick, pack, and ship operations.

PINK HOUSES, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, 2013

The Pink Houses is a new type of indoor farm that grows crops using pink-colored light. Rather than bathing plants with white light, a Pink House uses a mix of red and blue light. By not using all the other colors, indoor vertical farms can cut down on their power bill with low-energy LED lights that emit just the right shade of magenta.

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“WE ARE IN A NEW PERIOD OF MACHINE LANDSCAPE, WHICH IS A COLLECTION OF SPACES FILLED WITH AUTONOMOUS NATIVES.” FACEBOOK DATA CENTER, PRINEVILLE, OREGON, 2012

The Prineville Data Center is an icon of the technological sublime where incalculable awe is no longer cast across an untamed nature, but intricately bundled cables of turquoise and purple, white noise and the concrete geologies of vast data complexes.

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DO MORE PEOPLE LIVE IN URBAN OR RURAL AREAS? 1990

2010

2020

2050

Source: OWID based on UN World Urbanization Prospects(2018) & Historical Sources https://OurWorldInData.org/urbanization

WORLDWIDE ELECTRICITY PRICE (U.S. DOLLAR/KWH)

Worldwide Electricity Price U.S. Dollar/kWh Source: Global petrol prices 2020

Country with lowest electricity price

Source: Global Petrol Prices 2020 https://www.globalpetrolprices.com/

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2.1 . B A C K G R O U N D | C O U N T R Y S I D E

Low electricity price

Natural power

Low-cost labor

Local policy support

THE EVOLUTION OF COUNTRYSIDE According to data released by the United Nations, the world's urban population surpassed the rural population for the first time in 2007. It is estimated that by 2050, the proportion of urban population will increase to 70% of the world's total population. Whether the countryside is used as the artificial boundary of the city (Ebenezer Howard "Garden City") or as a potential place for urban expansion (Archizoom"No-Stop City"), its rationality is essentially obtained by serving or being attached to the urban area. For a long time, events that originated in the countryside have always been outside people's attention. However, in the context of the post-anthropocene, the countryside has become a new experimental field because of its particularity: due to low electricity prices, sufficient natural resources, low-cost labor and local policy support, the countryside has become the birthplace of many unmanned factories, data storage centers and artificial intelligence industries. According to the Global Petrol Prices in 2020, those countries with lowest electricity price are often the most concentrated areas of these new industries.

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TESLA GIGAFACTORY, STOREY COUNTY, NEVADA, 2014 In June 2014, Tesla started construction on the GigaFactory outside of Nevada. It is being constructed in phases, and once completed, it is expected to be the largest building in the world and powered entirely by renewable energy. It will become a net-zero energy factory, mainly powered by solar energy. Photograph: Bob Strong/Reuters

FUTURE FARMING: AN AUTONOMOUS TRACTOR CONTROLLED BY TABLET

Satellite information has a direct impact on agriculture. Every square inch of the earth’s data can be transmitted to farmers’ laptops, and farmers use the laptops to transmit data to robotic tractors. Photograph: Scharfsinn/Alamy

CITY (ARTWORK), LINCOLN COUNTY, NEVADA "City" is an earth art sculpture located at 38.034°, -115.443° in Garden Valley, a desert valley in rural Lincoln County in the U.S. state of Nevada, near the border with Nye County. The work was begun in 1972 by the artist Michael Heizer and is ongoing. When complete, it will be one of the largest sculptures ever built. Kimmelman, Michael. "Art’s last, lonely cowboy." The New York Times Magazine 6 (2005): 33-41.

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2.1 . B A C K G R O U N D | F U T U R E O N E A R T H

COUNTRYSIDE, THE FUTURE "The countryside is now the site where the most radical, modern components of our civilization are taking place." - Rem Koolhaas Information and technology has transformed the traditional industrial production methods. The countryside has already participated in the globalization of the world's industry. It is a place where fundamental changes are taking place. It is the Tabula Rasa of the new era. Anything complex that cannot be integrated into the city will happen in the countryside. The countryside is the future. The evolution of the countryside is the evolution of agriculture. Agricultural equipment is gradually being digitized in order to improve production efficiency and farming is becoming a high-tech job. Meanwhile, the geographical features of the countryside make it the birthplace of the "Gigafactories". The meaning of architecture is redefined here: it is a product of alienation according to human needs where automation and mechanized equipment are the masters. The architecture here is radical, a modernity without people. The scale of the countryside is also abnormal, and its huge scale different from the city makes it a new sublime. The vast land breeds agricultural landscapes and land art. Here, the scale of human is irrelevant. The countryside in the age of post-anthropocene has created an unprecedented machine landscape and a new architectural typology. However, as a place for experimentation and new events, the countryside is also realistic. The distance of it makes efficient transportation the key, and the disconnectedness also requires the timeliness of data information. At the same time, more and more rural residents migrate to cities, bringing about the problem of depopulation. Last but not least, soil and farmland also need the restoration and redistribution of land resources. SYM [BIO] SCAPE EARTH | AA DRL 2020-2022

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THESIS | Hybrid Growth Strategies

“ Nothing is lost, Nothing is created, Everything is transformed. ”

2.2 . S T R A T E G Y | I N T R O D U C T I O N

EARTH AS MATERIAL 01. SOIL ON EARTH Soil extensively covers the surface of the earth. It is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids and organic matter that together support life. Soil evolves through many physical, chemical and biological processes, forming a complex ecosystem along with a variety of landforms.

02. SOIL STRATIFICATION There is a clear hierarchical relationship between the upper and lower levels within the soil. Soils at different depths possess different material states, which contain different organic matter, water and inorganic substances, and thus exhibit different states of adhesion. At the surface layer of the soil, the air content is high and best suited for life.

03. BACTERIA IN SOIL Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, are present in most of its habitats. It inhabit soil, water and the deep biosphere of the earth's crust. Bacteria are the most basic organisms that appear in the soil, and there are bacteria that start and evolve iteratively to subsequent more advanced life forms such as plants. SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

EARTH AS SCAFFOLD Teshima Art Museum This is a relatively standard example of architecture that considers the earth as a material while using it as a scaffold. This project uses archaeological excavation to dig the soil in the ground and use it to create a scaffolding structure, which is then clad and solidified to construct a new earthscape arhitecture. Although it is relatively low-tech, the transformation of the earth is worth studying.

SANNA, Teshima Art Museum. Japan. 2010 https://www.archdaily.com/151535/teshima-art-museum

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2.2 . S T R A T E G Y | I N T R O D U C T I O N

EARTH AS GROWTH

Charles Dimo

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GROWTH HOUSE 1975 Charles Simonds

Growth House is a design of resident. A self-sufficient and self-renewable dwelling from season to season. It is made of clay bricks containing seeds. These latter germinate, grow and thus transform the structure, which is converted from being a shelter to being a source of food, harvested and then eaten. Simonds sees the Growth House as a “marriage of building and growing, shelter and food; a hermaphroditic dwelling. If one thinks of building (shelter) as a (“male”) imitation and envy of (“female”) growing (food) then one can see the Growth House as a hermaphroditic structure”

onds, Concept of Growth House. https://www.frac-centre.

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2.2 . S T R A T E G Y | D E S I G N S C E N A R I O

TERRAFORMING WITH NATURE Growth Strategy

The case of the Growing House allows us to speak of the earth as defined by growth. The destiny of all things originates from the earth but lives in symbiosis with it and ultimately returns to it. The theme and strategy is focused on the vast and barren land and the design scenario is terraforming with nature. Indeed, parts of the world's land are facing serious land degradation problems. They may be caused by natural soil erosion and dust storms, but more often they are the result of perceived activities from the Anthropocene era, such as industrial chemical pollution and the problem of oil spills. Much of this territory is located in village areas on the fringes of cities, which seriously affects the livelihoods of local villagers. In this regard, previous strategies have focused on relying on treatments such as planting and photovoltaic panels to alleviate the gradual desertification of the land. We expect to build a self-sustaining growth system through a strategy similar to the one shown in the case of the growing house. It takes the form of a porous growth scaffold that allows air and water to enter, providing a nurturing environment for biological growth and transforming the whole building into a time-based, symbiotic construction.

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3.2 . E A R T H R E S E A R C H | E A R T H A S E N V I R O N M E N T

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2.2 . S T R A T E G Y | H Y B R I D G R O W T H S T R A T E G Y

ANTHILL + MYCELIUM Hybrid Growth Strategy to Stable Land

In order to achieve our goal of terraforming with nature, we look to nature and learn from living systems as part of our design strategy. As a result, we have come up with a hybrid strategy that incorporates the growth rules for anthill structures and the growth process of mycelium. Firstly, there is the architectural approach in which the anthill structure is the dominant logic. Through our in-depth study of different anthills, we have found that the porous structure of anthills provides good ventilation and moisture retention, providing a great nurturing environment for biological growth, especially for fungus and the ants themselves, a great natural building process. Secondly, it is about mycelium with land restoration capabilities. As a biomaterial that can live symbiotically with anthill structures, mycelium has a good ability to absorb inorganic material and is extremely viable, it can not only enrich the soil, but also produce food and even building composites, with a high degree of plasticity and growth.

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ANT-FUNGI LIfecycle (i), Ants feed the Fungi

(ii), Fungus grow to maturity

(iii), Ants eat fungus's dead bodies

(iv), Ants build the Fungus Farm

In an ant nest, it consists mainly of ants and fungus which is cultivated from mycelium. The ants feed the fungi and then eat them when they grow to maturity, which create a symbiosis relationship here.

Feed

Eroded

SYMBIOSIS

Growth and Death Related

Growth

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ANT-FUNGI SYMBIOSIIS Relationship

In summary, the hybrid strategy of ants and mycelium is an interesting new construction strategy, and the symbiotic relationship they conceal is what allows us to use them as a hybrid strategy. According to research, ants and fungi grow in an interdependent relationship in the soil. Firstly, the ants dig the soil to build their nest and bring some inorganic material, such as dead leaves, into the nest, which is actually used to feed the fungus, thus completing the growth of the fungus inside the nest. By the time the fungus has matured, it has gathered in the anthill and become a fungal farm. When they die, they become mushrooms that can be eaten by the ants and thus returned to the soil by the ants, completing the cycle of life. This suggests that ants and fungi grow together in mutual symbiosis in an earth-based environment, completing a circumscribed life cycle. Through this cycle, the earth renews its fertility and materials, and completes its earth-based construction, which is symbolic of building construction.

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2.2 . S T R A T E G Y | H Y B R I D G R O W T H S T R A T E G Y

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ANT NEST

STRUCTURE BRIEF Nests in soil vary from small, simple chambers under rocks, logs or other objects on the ground to extensive excavations extending a meter or more into the soil. The exact structure of the nest varies with the species, soil type and situation. The entrances to these subterranean nests show a wide range of styles. Many are no more than a cryptic hole just large enough for a single worker to squeeze through. Others are a single entrance surrounded by soil which varies from a low and broad mound to a tall, narrow turret. A number of species assemble soil and leaves around their nest entrances to form large piles with welldefined, vertical sides and concave tops. Others collect plant material to construct thatched mounds above their subterranean nests.

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ANT NEST - POROUS STRUCTURE Learn from natural architect...

SOLID CONSTRUCTION In slabs that look solid to the naked eye, we found a network of tiny, interconnected pores.

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VENTILATION

HUMIDITY

TEMPERATURE

Through principles of basic physics, these pores regulate ventilation, humidity and possibly temperature, within the mound and nest.

The researchers also drenched mound walls in water to mimic heavy rain. The bigpore-small-pore structure dried out faster.

The researches also thinks the pores may help regulate temperature. But Dr. Turner says in other nests soil does this; more research is needed.

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How ants collaborate to move sand and build pipes and nest?

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ANTHILL - POROUS STRUCTURE Ant Colony Behavior

Turn to the first strategy of ant nest. The anthill has a certain structure, mainly related to the behavioral pathways of ants and the energy on which they depend for survival. ·Ventilation - control of internal temperature and humidi ty ·The biological cement of termites is soil and water reinforced by saliva (the ratio of soil to water is about 70:30). ·The secret to this balance between solid strength and porosity lies in the two-layer structure. The dense core provides strength and stability, while the porous shell surrounding the core allows for ventilation.

JoAnna Klein. 'What Termites Can Teach Us About Cooling Our Buildings'. The New York Times. 2019

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2.2 . S T R A T E G Y | H Y B R I D G R O W T H S T R A T E G Y

Food Production

Reproductive Structure

Seed

Reproductive Structure

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ycelium

MYCELIUM

MATERIAL BRIEF

Bio Bricks

The mycelium is the most important network in soil, they have a powerful binding and restoring effect and are an organism part of the soil environment. Meanwhile, the mycelium has the ability to absorb oil and degrade organic matter, thereby restoring polluted land; at the same time, it can be used for food production as a building material.

Compost

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M. Tlalka, D.P. Bebber, P.R. Darrah, S.C. Watkinson, M.D. Fricker. 'Emergence of self-organised oscillatory domains in fungal mycelia'. 2007

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MYCELIUM PROPERTY Network

Looking into the second strategy of mycelium. It do have some specific properties such as it has a complex interconnected network which is decentralized. And the chemical signal in each hyphae tip allow the adaptability of surviving towards source of nutrients. 1. A complex interconnected hyphal network which is decentralized M. Tlalka, D.P. Bebber, P.R. Darrah, S.C. Watkinson, M.D. Fricker. 'Emergence of self-organised oscillatory domains in fungal mycelia'. 2007

2. Self-organized functional domain behavior or physiological oscillations 3. The system of foraging is a network function, rather than just network topology 4. The chemical signal in each hyphae tip allow the adaptability of surviving towards source of nutrients. 5. Two compatible mycelium can join with each other, and vice versa. In summary, the growth properties of mycelium favour soil restoration and fertility. Its decentralised network is adapted to the soil and can be used as a nutrient yield, and is itself one of the products of the earth, with which it can be organically integrated.

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3.2 . E A R T H R E S E A R C H | E A R T H A S E N V I R O N M E N T

MYCELIUM GROWTH CYCLE

01 Growth Environment

02 Spawning

Mycelium is relatively easily grown in a wet and dark environmrnt.

Once the spores are embedded After the Hyphae has , they begin to grow in all completely consumed, its rate of growth slows as it prepares directions. for the next stage.

MYCELIUM GROWTH CONDITION

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03 Mycelium

04 Mushroom If the Mycelium is not heated before, the micro-organisms continue to develop, eventually sprouting mushrooms.

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MYCELIUM GROWTH CONDITION Network

· Restricted natural light The cultivation process of mycelium does not require sunlight and a shady environment is more suitable for its rapid growth.

· Controlled humidity The mycelium needs water at all stages of growth, especially during the process of growing from spores into mycelium, which requires not only water but also an environment that maintains 70% humidity.

· Controlled temperature - C21 degrees celcius The growth process requires a relatively warm environment and circulating air, which can promote the growth of mycelium.

· Organic or synthetic waste The mycelium has the ability to digest organic matter and pollutants, and the use of some stalks and waste cardboard as substrates for the medium can expand mycelial growth.

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CLAY + SEEDS

Placed in the soil to form a composite of mycelium. New sustainable technologies are developed by combining composites that include natural resources that are cultivated, grown and harvested with digital manufacturing methods.

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NUTRIENTS + OX

With the right temp conditions, auxiliary a certain nutrients, th within 2 weeks. And t not need the particip fungus can feed on to its own growth by expl

XYGEN + WATER

perature and humidity air, proper moisture and he mycelium can grow the whole process does pation of sunlight, the oxic substances and get laining organic matter.

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MYCELIUM CASE STUDIES

Justin, Sheinberg. CLAYCELIUM_ LIVING STRUCTURES. IAAC. 2019 http://www.iaacblog.com/programs/claycelium/

CULTIVATE + MUSHROOM

After a period of cultivation under appropriate conditions, edible mushrooms can be grown, while at the same time, the original structure is degraded over time throughout the growth process, forming a symbiotic relationship. It has also become a new composite building material with naturalness, durability and economy.

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1. INTRODUCTION | STUDIO BRIEF

THESIS | Machine Landscape Methodology

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2.3 . M E T H O D O L O G Y | B E H A V I O U R A L D E S I G N A P P R O A C H

LEARNING FROM ANT COLONY Interaction - Pheromones From the design of the growth system to the prototyping, we have followed a behavioural design approach, learning from the movement of ant colonies to create an intelligence system. We can see from the ants that they cooperate to perform specific and even difficult tasks through group behaviour. And the interaction involved in this group activity is what relies on - pheromones. The overall process does not exist as a central controller for the cluster, but relies entirely on the interaction and collaboration between individuals to complete it. The ant colony algorithm is a good reference case, where the pheromone-based communication behaviour is summarised through the different attempts of each individual in the group to achieve the most optimised path outcome and thus the efficiency of the group behaviour. In summary, our system follows a similar approach, a constant interaction of pheromones between individuals with no central control, influenced by their surroundings, to achieve collective intelligent behaviour.

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B Johann Dréo. 'Find the shortest path with ACO' . 2006 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_colony_ optimization_algorithms

COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR “Ants are very famous for their collective intelligenct”

—Dr Antonie Wystrach, University of Toulouse,France

M. Tlalka, D.P. Bebber, P.R. Darrah, S.C. Watkinson, M.D. Fricker. 'Emergence of self-organised oscillatory domains in fungal mycelia'. 2007

The amazing thing happened in ant colony is that a very elegant solution to a colony-level problem arises from the individual interactions of a swarm of simple worker ants, each with only local information. This is the advantage of collective collaboration, the ability to selfassembly and self-reproduce, thus driving the overall system forward. By extracting the rules used by individual ants about whether to initiate, join or leave a living structure, we could program swarms of prototypes to build structures by connecting to each other. As with the mechanical projects created by Hod Lipson, large group goals are achieved through self-learning and information interaction of the units, based on the simple behaviour of movement and mobility.

Hod Lipson. molecubes. Columbia University in NYU. 2005 https://www.me.columbia.edu/faculty/hod-lipson

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Nest Entrance

Tunnel Cast Edges

Cycle

Chambers

Growth for Land Reclamation This project is about make a eco-system of machine landscape by means of land reclamation, combining additive and subtractive strategies to complete terraforming, which is organised in a similar way to the logic of anthill formation, consisting mainly of a combination of different tunnels and chambers to form a porous land structure. Therefore, the soil is reshaped through the excavation and deposition of prototypes, reconstructing the machine landscape with earth as its substrate. SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

2.3 . M E T H O D1 O. ILNOTGRYO |D AU DCDT IITOI NO N| &S TSUUDBI TOR BA CR TI EI OF N

GROWTH & DECONSTRUCTION As previously mentioned, our land reclamation projects are based on an additive and subtractive strategy. From a prototyping point of view, this process is not incremental, but occurs simultaneously. As can be seen from the section of the termite nests below, the soil excavated into channels and chambers is carried above ground, always connected by a channel structure, into a microarchitecture with a microclimate. This process sees each unit performing the same movement, completing the overall vast construction activity in a collective behaviour. But in terms of the system, it is a step-by-step incremental process. Firstly, there is the porous structure built from the prototype handling. This is followed by the seeding, growth and degradation of mycelium, a repairable biological material. In this, a new life form is born and an old structural form is dissolved, and the cycle repeats itself.

Philipp A. Nauer. Image of a single CT slice for each nests. The University of Melbourne. 2018 https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/15/3731/2018/bg-15-3731-2018.pdf

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Specialization and Group Work in Ants Differentiated and specialised team work is an important factor in achieving collective intelligent behaviour in ant. 01. Major Worker 02. Minor Worker

03. Soldier 04. Queen

05. Drone

01 02

03 02

03 04

Ant Hill Fine Art Print https://www.etsy.com/listing/755236603/the-little-5-ant-hill-fine-art-print

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2.3 1. . MI EN TT HR OO DD OU LCOT GI OY N | |C ASTTEUGDOI RO I ZB AR TI EI OF N

DIFFERENTIATION & SPECIALIZATION DIFFERENTIATION Differentiation is generated on the basis of collective collaboration. Prototypes have a similar appearance and functionality, but each monolith has the agency to give different feedback on the different data collected, and it is between the different units that pheromones are passed, thus completing a real-time interactive behaviour in response to changes in the landscape. SPECIALIZATION The typology of the prototypes, while differentiating them, allows for efficient group collaboration in the form of division of work. As in nature, ants of different ages and sexes are assigned different tasks, from digging to eating and reproduction. Among the workers there are also leaders and followers, thus maximising the efficiency of the nest construction. Each particular task allowed for further development of group behaviour so that reach a high quality of robotic ecosystem.

Tomer J. Czaczkes. 'ANTS, LIKE PEOPLE, PREFER THINGS FOR WHICH THEY’VE HAD TO WORK HARD'. University of Regensburg. 2019 https://www.spsp.org/news-center/blog/czaczkes-ants-value-hard-work

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3.2 . E A R T H R E S E A R C H | E A R T H A S E N V I R O N M E N T

Regarding the collection and extraction of landscape information and angency of prototype, we will utilise and present it through AR platform. Unlike traditional AR interfaces based on humanmachine interaction, we will take the perspective of machine systems, where users are the machine and they process data autonomously in landscape and feedback to the data to complete the prototype agent.

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2.3 . M E T H O D O L O G Y | D A T A - B A S E D C O O R D I N A T I O N

PLATFORM ON AR (AUGMENTED REALITY) The overall operation of the prototype is based on the data detected in real time. The system and the agents of the prototype change their structure and growth strategy by processing the soil and climate data detected at the site, such as air humidity, terrain slope, soil moisture, etc. The agents of the system and prototype also change their structure and growth strategy as data changes are processed.

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NEW ECO-SYSTEM OF INFRASTRUCTURE Being in the post-anthropocene era, we propose a new kind of infrastructure of architecture mechanical landscape ecosystems with prototypes as the dominant players. The system follows the principle of energy conservation, stabling the land through growth strategies in a combination of addition and subtraction. The prototypes organized the ecosystem are based on the primary task of completing land reclamation and soil restoration, using ant colony as a reference object and ant hill as a construction strategy for algorithms and interactions, and using real-time on-site data as an input end to process and give real-time feedback. At the same time, they follow the principles of collective intelligence and achieve group collaboration through division of work based on differentiation. In summary, we maintain a machine view in our design research direction, attempting to operate systems through the interaction and collaboration of environmental data to units, unit to unit, and group to group, as in the case of the kiva system created by Amazon.

Ben Roberts. Amazon Fulfilment Center. Rugeley, Staffordshire. UK. 2011

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2.3 . M E T H O D O L O G Y | S U M M A R Y

ORGANISATIONAL METHODOLOGY Concepts of Colonial Behaviour The organisational strategy of our project will follow the concept of the colonial behaviour of the ant colony and establish a methodology to guide the design of the prototype:

· Collective Behaviour The interactive behaviour of the system's prototype is inspired by the intelligent behaviour of ant colony and their algorithms for group collaboration through pheromones for information interaction.

· Addition & Subtraction Following the principle of energy conservation, which is not only the law of ecosystem, but what we insist. Soil is carried out through a strategy of addition and subtraction to complete reclamation and restoration.

· Differentiation & Specialization Identical unit is a small system with a degree of independence and differentiation. The eco-system is a mechanised collective intelligence done on the basis of a division of work.

· Data-based Coordination The task of the prototype is to detect a wide variety of on-site data, to hold the agency for filtering, to analyse and to adapt its own behavioural strategy and structural optimisation to the real-time information.

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3.2M. EETAHROTDHO LR OE GS YE A| RS CI THE |D E AT ER CT TH SA YS S ET NE VM I R O N M E N T 2.3. Introduction: Site Detect System The site detecting system acquires and analyzes global geographic information to detect sites that need to be reterraformed. It follows by four steps: global position, soil data recognition, data mapping and terrain pixilation(1). Firstly, the system scans the global map for all types of data and find suitable site scenarios and focuses on the specific location and analyze the relevant data by scanning the image. After this process, the data map is obtained from the grographic data to determine the location of terraforming, which will be transformed into voxels to be recognized by the machine.

Stage 1 Global Position To problematize the target scenarios to be reterraformed, both geological and sociological factors should be considered. We synthesize six geo-information maps to identify the target site, which are the global energy price, urbanization by country, terrain ruggedness index, rural area of total land area, land degradation, and soil moisture. Based on these six data maps, we have summarized a basic formula(2): Worldwide position law = Land degradation + Flexible Soil Moisture + Proper Terrain Ruggedness + Rural Area + Energy Price + Less Urbanization The first three factors are used to determine the suitability of the soil for excavation, which will be analysed in more detail in the next section. The last three factors determine the potential for a bio-factory from an energy and economic point of view, i.e. the lower the energy price, the more non-urban land is available and the more suitable the location for the bio-factory. In summary, we shortlist sites around the world which basically met land problems but have right conditions for setting up a bio-factory, and it is possible to analyze and extract relevant information on soil quality, such as soil moisture, soil type and surface temperature.

Stage 2 Soil Data Recognition Based on the global position law, we problematize four scenarios by regions and soil problems, which are Cambodia(wetland degradation), Saudi Arabia(desertification), Madagascar(deforestation) and China(metal pollution), and then quantify the data of terrain, soil type, average relative humidity, average summer temperature and daylight hours. After the exact location has been determined, we then further import the images into the data server and integrate the soil information, through which it is possible to analyze and extract relevant information on climate and soil quality. This allows us to have further soil analysis of the site, which will facilitate the reclamation of the machine and provide data to support the digging and planting process. SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Figure (1) Process of Site Detect System

Figure (2) Global Position Law

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2.3. M E T H O D O L O G Y | S I T E D E T E C T S Y S T E M Stage 3 DATA MAPPING From the database of USGS, the satellite images of the four scenarios by Landsat-8 could be achieved and converted into ArcGIS to analyze and calculate the land surface temperature(LST) and soil moisture index(SMI), which are two key points to evaluate the soil condition. This process is mainly through the Raster Calculator from ArcGIS, using band 10 and bands 4 and 5 to calculate Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NVDI), and then obtain the LST and SMI, which is mainly divided into seven steps: 1.TOA(Top of Atmosphere Radiance) Calculation TOA (L) = ML * Qcal + AL Substituting the relevant numbers in, we get: TOA = 0.0003342 * “Band_10” + 0.1 2.From TOA to BT(Satellite Brightness Temperature) BT = (K 2 / (ln (K 1 / L) + 1)) - 273.15 Which is: BT = (1321.0789 / Ln ((774.8853 / “TOA”) + 1)) – 273.15 3. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Calculation NDVI = Float(“Band 5” – “Band 4”) / Float(“Band 5” + “Band 4”) 4. Pv (Proportion of Vegetation) Calculation Pv = Square ((NDVI – NDVI min ) / (NDVI max – NDVI min )) Which is: Pv = Square((“NDVI” – 0.216901) / (0.632267 – 0.216901)) 5. ε(Emission) Calculation ε = 0.004 * Pv + 0.986 6.LST(Land Surface Temperature) Calculation LST = (BT / (1 + (0.00115 * BT / 1.4388) * Ln(ε))) 7.SMI(Soil Moisture Index)Calculation SMI = (LSTmax - LST) / (LSTmax – LSTmin) Based on the data got from ArcGIS, it could determine the lowest and highest data of LST(land surface temperature) and SMI(soil moisture index), then determine the target point to launch machines(3). Then, by multilayer of SMI and LST, the system gets the data map(4) for machine recognition to calculate the digging possibility to reterraform the land.

Stage 4 2D TERRAIN PIXILATION After getting the data map and exact digging location, the system begins to calculate the land into 2D pixilation to determine the scale and boundary of the reterraforming process. The whole process grows according to the logic of the scaffolding system to control the number of neighbors around each grid, ensuring that there are a certain number of empty grids in the 26 neighbors of each voxel to realize the porous structure.

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Figure (3) LST(Land Surface Temperature) and SMI(Soil Moisture Index) Map

Figure (4) Data Map Generation

Figure (5) 2D Terrain Reterraforming

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3.2M. EETAHROTDHO LR OE GS YE A| RR CE HT E |R RE AA FROT RH MA S Y ESNT VE IMR O N M E N T 2.3. Stage 1 Energy System The initial stage of system development is to simulate grid-based cell growth based on the principle of energy conservation by creating two domains in two dimensions, the left side is the energy domain field and the right side is the cell's active environment, each cell has 8 neighbours and only one grid is moved in a round in the active field, the system is triggered by dropping the initial mother cell, which will absorb energy to move, divide and other biological behaviours until the left energy is completely absorbed and transformed into the cells on the right, as a way to observe and study the growth pattern (6). Several variables are defined in this system: the energy carried by the initial mother cell, the number of initial mother cells, the number of neighbours that limit cell survival, the location where the initial mother cell is generated, the different division behaviour of the mother cell, and the energy consumption per cell per round to maintain survival. By setting different parameter variables for experimental comparison, the parameters that would stabilise the control system were identified. The system was most stable when the number of neighbour rules was 5, the mode of division was one daughter cell at a time for a single mother cell, the environmental energy was 20,000 and the initial mother cell carried an energy of 150, while the other parameter variables initially set had no significant effect on the system itself. The 2D system was then iteratively optimised into a 3D system, the grid was transformed into voxels, the number of neighbours around each cell was increased from the original 8 to 26, and the parameters were set and the system gave birth to the first stable 3D pattern (7).

Energy Field

Cellular activity Field

Figure (6) 2D Energy System

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Material Field

Figure (7) 3D Stable Pattern

Figure (8) Scen

Stage 2 Scaffolding System In conjunction with the specific experimental scenario of the project, the energy system iteratively evolved to a second stage, where the energy field on the left was concretized as a physical world field, with each voxel representing the material that makes up the field, and the field on the right remained the active environment of the cells, with the objects present in both fields defined by energy, e.g. each voxel that makes up the field has an energy value of 50, and the active cells have an energy value of 150, thus the physical world was voxelized in the virtual world and completely defined by energy (8). As the theory evolved and it was determined that a posthuman-age based, growable, living architecture was to be explored, the system began to incorporate new rules in an attempt to derive complex three-dimensional geometric patterns, new rules that followed the principle of simultaneous action of addition and subtraction, a design strategy derived from the study of anthill composition: the cells in the system were seen as an ant-like medium that kept digging up site materials and piling them up on the ground in a certain The excavated parts of the ground also take on a special porous shape, thus linking the ground and underground into a complete structure (9). The structure has a certain architectural intelligence that passively captures the humidity in the air and maintains the temperature of the nest, thus creating a microclimate that can serve the cultivation of mycelium, thus satisfying the environmental needs of the biofactory and realising the living architecture needed for the post-human discipline. At this stage the system can already grow some initial pore structures, an organic space generation strategy, still not yet matching the specific functions of the biofactory, so the system begins to iterate towards the third stage.

Behaviour Field

nario-based System

Above Ground Structure

Under Ground Structure

Figure (9) Scaffolding Structure

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3.2M. EETAHROTDHO LR OE GS YE A| RR CE HT E |R RE AA FROT RH MA S Y ESNT VE IMR O N M E N T 2.3. Stage 3 Bio-Factory In the third phase, by studying the workflow of the biofactory, the system defines six specific functions, the underground part: mycelium propagation space, mycelium mould processing space, plaza (for air circulation), the above ground part: external enclosure, mycelium processing space, chimney. Each function has a corresponding spatial generation rule that ensures that a certain spatial order is maintained throughout the structure space (10). The complete work flow is thus created: the agents grow the mycelium underground, put it into moulds for processing and transport it to the above-ground workshop, where it is transported around the world.

Adaptive Structure In order to cope with environmental changes in different regional scenarios, the system adds an environmental adaptive capability to control the porosity of the structures themselves based on ambient temperature, light, ventilation and precipitation, increasing temperature makes the pores larger and facilitates ventilation, Increasing temperature makes the pores larger and facilitates ventilation, increasing precipitation makes the pores smaller and prevents flooding, increased light also leads to a reduction in porosity and avoids light exposure The operation is achieved by agents, robots that fill in pores or dig new ones to adjust the overall structure to the changing environment and ensure a stable microclimate inside (11).

Microclimate Evaluation Also here exists a method of testing and screening the generated structures of the system, where each generated structure is modelled for its internal air flow and ability to capture humidity: the inflow of air in the generated above-ground and below-ground structures, the observation of the circulation efficiency of the air flow, and the water molecules in the air left in the below-ground structures, tagged as humidity, constitute a microclimate mapping about the structure, and the better reterraforming landscape is recorded by a comparative observation of the efficiency of the generated microclimate (12).

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Figure (10) Bio-Factory Function

Prosity: 7 D.1_1

Prosity: 9 D.3_1

Prosity: 12 D.6_1

D.1_2 Section

D.3_2 Section

D.6_2 Section

D.1_3 Front

D.3_3 Front

D.6_3 Front

Figure (11) Adaptive Structure

Figure (12) Structure Evaluation

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3.2M. EETAHROTDHO LR OE GS YE A| RMCA HC H| I NE EA RSTYHS TA ESM E N V I R O N M E N T 2.3. Machine Prototype Terraform system can be conceived as the growable and living architecture of termite mound and agent based logic, while the machine as agent can be thought of as social ants, which form an autonomous, collective intelligence ecosystem. Each type of machine is only required to do a single basic task according to the data centre, and through collective behaviour, the scaffolding process is completed. the production of machine prototypes is determined by their specific demand behaviour. scaffolding system with neighbourhood rules and movement rules for individual voxels determine that the machine behaves as a individul and autonomous system, its essence is the re-depositing of on-site material, based on this process, the behaviour of the machine can be sparated into five parts: sensing, digging, transport, support and deposit. The behaviour of the machine can be sparated into five parts: sensing, digging, transport, support and deposit. Based on this production process, the behaviours are constituted with three parts: sensing, harvesting and transport. With these behaviours and different type of on-site material, there are four type of machine are constituted: digging machine, soil extruder, sand printer and mycelium cultivator with the concept of assembly.(13)

Collective System Based on data centre and swarm intelligence, the system is divided into data input and data output, so that machines can adaptively impove their collective behaviour with the real time environment. The data input covers both the self-scanning system and the mycelium detection system. The self-scanning system is implemented by a decentralised multi-autonomous robot collaborative planning system for shortest path finding, in the environment, each machine scans the site individually to detect obstacles and recognise soil type (clay or sand) and moisture, then upload the data to the central network. It achieves consultation through communication and information exchange between intelligent machine for the purpose of final decision making and aggregation of site information.(14) The mycelium detecting system is realized by machine vision sensor, which recognises mycelium growth areas and maturity levels based on colour. In the data output the machine is mainly based on the scaffolding system algorithm, deepening the collaboration between groups, adding the shortest path algorithm and self-collision range rules.The machines can pass pheromone to each other through stigmergy to obtain the shortest path to the target based on obstacles.(15)

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Figure (13) Four Type Of Machine

Figure (14) Site Scanning System

Figure (15) Path Finding System

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BO T I C O C R

2.3. M E T H O D O L O G Y | S Y M B I O S I S S Y S T E M

①

Selective Seeding Strategy

②

Mycelium Gro

Robotic Vision System We have linked the symbiotic system together with the machine system to make an automated growing system controlled by the machine landscape throughout. The machine can assess and detect the entire scaffold structure from macro to micro, virtual to figurative, reanalyse the overall structure based on the soil data detected in real time and determine the corresponding seeding positions. Throughout the growth of the mycelium, the machine not only monitors and irrigates the growth, determines the maturity and necrosis of the mycelium, but also locates and harvests the mycelium's growth, the mushrooms, and transports the different types of mushrooms to the surrounding cities outside the landscape, thus achieving a total life cycle.

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TIV L U

VAT I

O N

S YS T E M

②

③

owth Strategy

Mushroom Growth Strategy

Symbiosis with Nature The ultimate goal of our project is to achieve a symbiotic outcome with nature. The thinking we do in response to the mother of all sustainable living is to come from nature and go to nature. Reclaiming and transforming nature is only our first step, planting mycelium and completing the most essential steps of nature's growth is our second step. After these two parts, the growth itself begins to give us power, the mycelium's ability to repair the land and reproduce itself allows the environment of contaminated land to be restored and gives humans a source of food. This is not only a symbiosis with nature, but also a response to our relationship with the larger context of man and nature and the post-anthropocene era.

SYM [BIO] SCAPE EARTH | AA DRL 2020-2022

The overall system operates on the basis of information processing and interaction, using a hybrid growth strategy of anthills and mycelium. The units are used for land testing and soil handling, and mycelium seeds are sown on top of the finished porous structure, using the its ability to explain, restore the soil and reshape the land surface.

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1 . I N2.4T R. OG DO UA LC T| I SO YNS T| ESMT UGDEI NO E BR RA TI EI OF N

BIO-DATACENTER We aim to build a prototype-led datacentre system for land reclamation, based on the movement behaviour and interaction of units in contaminated countryside in a post-anthropocene era context. Our ultimate goal is not only to achieve machine lanscape, but to create a new reform of mechanised infrastructure which is more suited to the future culture of architecture.

SYM [BIO] SCAPE EARTH | AA DRL 2020-2022

At the same time, as illustrated in the diagram below, we expect to realise a porous soil structure for growth while developing a self-assembling, self-organising and self-adaptive reconfigurable prototype system without human intervention. Therefore, we have studied the operating model of industrial infrastructure and growth rule of natural organism, in an attempt to create the most suitable landscape environment for the growth of organisms through the collective intelligence behaviour of the units. We hope that this will be a highly mechanised, intelligent, interactive and collaborative project, highly adaptable and recyclable itself, which will revolutionise the traditional factory model of operation and the rural landscape with its lifestyle.

DESIGN GOALS

ADAPTIVE

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SELF-RENEWABLE SELF-SUFFICIENT

GROWTH SPACE

MECHANIZED SYSTEM

2.4 . R E A C H T H E G O A L | P R O C E S S

APPROACH TO REACH THE GOAL Our goal is to create a mechanically-led, adaptive, self-organising and selfsufficient system that reinterprets infrastructural architecture in a postanthropocene context.As described above, our project is inspired by growth house and chooses a hybrid strategy derived from natural to complete the construction process of land reclamation. The machine landscape is not the ultimate goal, but the self-renewable and self-sufficient system it creates.

SYSTEM FEATURES

UNIT LEAD

ADDITION SUBSTRACTION

COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE

DATA BASED

PHEROMONE INTERACTION

SELF ASSEMBLD

AUTONOMOUS

HIGH POPULATION

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SITE DETECT SYSTEM

3.1 . S I T E D E T E C T S Y S T E M | S I T E S C E N A R I O S

PROCESS The site detecting system followes by four steps: global position, soil data recognition, data mapping and terrain pixilation. Firstly, the system scans the global map for all types of data and find suitable site scenarios. In the second step, it focuses on the specific location and analyze the relevant data by scanning the image. Then, in the third step, the data map is obtained from the grographic data to determine the location of terraforming. The last step is to transform the image into voxels so that the land can be recognized by the machine.

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SYM [BIO] SCAPE EARTH | AA DRL 2020-2022

3.1 . S I T E D E T E C T S Y S T E M | S I T E S C E N A R I O S

- SITE SCENARIO: POSITIONING LAW

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3.1 . S I T E D E T E C T S Y S T E M | S I T E S C E N A R I O S

01 POSITIONING LAW: NATURAL PROBLEM Resource: https://www.asente.ch, 2020 data

LAND DEGRADATION We filter out the countries with the most polluted land globally, and this is the part of the land problem that our system can solve. The land contamination is concentrated in Africa and southern Asia, mainly from oil spills and industrial chemicals, resulting in large areas of land that are no longer usable and in need of remediation.

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02 POSITIONING LAW: PROPER MATERIAL Resource: https://data.apps.fao.org, 2020 data

SOIL MOISTURE Information on soil moisture plays an important role in our information systems. Mycelium with soil remediation capabilities requires sufficient moisture during growth, so our scenarios are mainly applied in areas with high soil moisture to create a favourable environment for the cultivation of mycelium.

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3.1 . S I T E D E T E C T S Y S T E M | S I T E S C E N A R I O S

03 POSITIONING LAW: PROPER SITE Resource: Nunn and Puga, 2020 data

TERRAIN RUGGEDNESS INDEX Next is information on geography. A flat terrain is more conducive to excavation and reclamation of our units. As can be seen from the map, the countries with flat terrain are concentrated with Africa and western Asia, as well as parts of South America and Australia.

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04 POSITIONING LAW: SCENARIOS Resource: World Bank, 2020 data

RURAL AREA OF TOTAL LAND AREA At the same time, we want to establish the system in the country's rural territories, where there are wider land resources and where priority can be given to improving the land environment for the villagers, making it an important infrastructure base for the large cities of each country.

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3.1 . S I T E D E T E C T S Y S T E M | S I T E S C E N A R I O S

05 POSITIONING LAW: LOW ENERGY PRICE Resource: https://en.populationdata.net, 2020 data

GLOBAL ENERGY PIRCE Next is information on the economy and the humanities. The main focus is on countries with relatively low electricity prices worldwide, as can be seen from the graph, both Africa and South Africa and suitable. Low electricity prices facilitate the design of our own information factories and the operation of large-scale quantities of units.

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06 POSITIONING LAW: LOW LAND PRICE Resource: https://en.wikipedia.org, 2020 data

URBANIZATION BY COUNTRY The same holds true for the concern about land prices. The less urbanised a country is, the lower the price of land in that region will be. The countries with relatively low land prices globally are, as can be seen from the graph, Africa and south-west Asia. Low land prices facilitate the construction of our own information factories on a large scale. SYM [BIO] SCAPE EARTH | AA DRL 2020-2022

3.1 . S I T E D E T E C T S Y S T E M | S I T E S C E N A R I O S

SITE SCENARIO

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3.1 . S I T E D E T E C T S Y S T E M | S I T E S C E N A R I O S

SITE SCENARIO: PROBLEMATIC SCENARIOS The system problematic four scenarios from the six sites by quantifying terrain, soil type, average relative humidity, average summer temperature and daylight hours, which are wetland degradation, desertification, deforestation and metal pollution.

SCENARIO 01 WETLAND DEGRADATION | CAMBODIA

SCENARIO 02 DESERTIFICATION | SAUDI ARABIA

[TERRAIN] WETLAND [SOIL TYPE] CLAY [RELATIVE HUMIDITY] 78% [SUMMER TEMPERATURE] 27°C [DAYLIGHT HOURS] 12:00

[TERRAIN] DESERT [SOIL TYPE] SAND [RELATIVE HUMIDITY] 29% [SUMMER TEMPERATURE] 45°C [DAYLIGHT HOURS] 10:52

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SCENARIO 03 DEFORESTATION | MADAGASCAR

SCENARIO 04 METAL POLLUTION | CHINA

[TERRAIN] FOREST [SOIL TYPE] CLAY+SAND [RELATIVE HUMIDITY] 82% [SUMMER TEMPERATURE] 21°C [DAYLIGHT HOURS] 13:09

[TERRAIN] GRASSLAND [SOIL TYPE] CLAY [RELATIVE HUMIDITY] 60% [SUMMER TEMPERATURE] 25°C [DAYLIGHT HOURS] 11:02

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3.2 . S I T E D E T E C T S Y S T E M | L A U N C H I N G S Y S T E M

SITE ANALYSIS: SOIL DATA After the exact location of the base has been determined from the images, we then further import the images into the data server and integrate the soil information based on the mapping information and the big data system. Through the land information database we have created, it is possible to analyze and extract relevant information on soil quality, such as land use, soil type, soil composition etc. This allows us to have further soil analysis of the site, which will facilitate the reclamation of our units and provides data to support the digging and planting of the robot.

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S DESIGN B

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3.2 . S I T E D E T E C T S Y S T E M | L A U N C H I N G S Y S T E M

SITE ANALYSIS: GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION The four scenario’s satellite images by Landsat-8 are converted into ArcGIS to analyse land surface temperature and soil moisture index, which are two key points to evaluate the soil condition.

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

S DESIGN B

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3.2 . S I T E D E T E C T S Y S T E M | L A U N C H I N G S Y S T E M

SITE ANALYSIS: DATA ANALYSIS Then the system will calculate the lowest and highest data of land surface temperature and soil moisture index, then determine the target point to launch machines.

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

S DESIGN B

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SITE ANALYSIS: DATA MAP By multilayer of soil moisture index and land surface temperature, the system got the data map for terraforming. The blue point is the place where soil moisture is high, so the soil is easier to dig and the terraforming possibility is high. And the red point is the least terraforming possibility.

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

S DESIGN B

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ACCURATE SITE TARGETING Then the system scans the satellite image and analyzes terraforming possibility in the data map based on soil moisture index(SMI) and land surface temperature(LST) to find the target terraforming site. This process further reduces the scale of the map.

SATELLITE IMAGE

DATA MAP

TARGET TERRAFORMING SITE

SCENARIO 01 WETLAND DEGRADATION | CAMBODIA

SATELLITE IMAGE

DATA MAP

SCENARIO 02 DESERTIFICATION | SAUDI ARABIA

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

TARGET TERRAFORMING SITE

SATELLITE IMAGE

DATA MAP

TARGET TERRAFORMING SITE

SCENARIO 03 DEFORESTATION | MADAGASCAR

SATELLITE IMAGE

DATA MAP

TARGET TERRAFORMING SITE

SCENARIO 04 METAL POLLUTION | CHINA

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2D TERRAIN PIXELATION Finally it got the four exact location and data map, following with 2D terrain pixelation, the first step of the terraforming system.

STAGE 01

STAGE 02 SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

STAGE 03

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TERRAFORM SYSTEM

TERRAFORM SYSTEM | Scaffold Generation

4.1. T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | S C A F F O L D I N G S Y S T E M

Stage 1 - Energy System Energy Consumption System

Energy Generating System

Provide Energy Total Energy

Meta Cell Cell Division

Rule - L-System

Cell 1

SPYROPOULOS LAB The quantity of initial energy RESEARCH in

Cell 2

Energy generating stystem

Cell Survive

Rule - Game of Life

Rule Differentiated Growth

Distribute initial energy to Energy comsumption system

Return Energy ( if one cell dies it )

Optimal Result SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

1.Initial conditions:

Bacteria Growth

2.Splitting conditions:

3. Neighborconditions:

S DESIGN B

4.Bacteria access energy from host environment: conditions: Bacteria Growth + Host Environment

5. Maintain life conditions:

6. Death condition:

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Energy System Generation Rule

Energy Generating System

Bacteria Growth System

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB Host Environment

Bacteria Growth

Grid System = 20*20 Total Initial Energy = 1000

1 white grid = 1 empty living space 1 orange grid = 1 bacteria with initial energy

Rule1.Initial conditions Host environment with some energy (Environment_n = 1000) Initial mother cell count is m (m=3), Each mother cell can obtain n points of energy from within the environment(0<n<=100)

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Bacteria Growth System

Phase 1

Phase 2

Splitting

= 10 Mother Bacteria

S DESIGN B Phase 3

Mother Bacteria

= 4.5

Daughter Bacteria Growth Consumption

= 0.5

Phase 4

Bacteria Growth

Phase 1

Phase 2

Rule2.Splitting conditions One bacteria once multiplies into two bacteria, and the energy is randomly divided into them, the energy of daughter bacteria new_energy>2 2.1. When the energy of the mother cell is greater than 5, division begins.(Parent_n >5) Each division of the mother cell consumes a point of energy(a=0.5)

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Energy Consumption System

Phase 2

Phase 1

Neighbor Condition

Neighbor Counts >= 3

Kill the new bacteria

Return to Environment

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB Phase 4

Phase 3 Bacteria Growth

Phase 1

Phase 2

Rule3. Neighbor conditions the number of eight grids around each cell must not exceed m (m=5), otherwise the divided cell will die directly (Its energy value will be 1/2 returned to the host environment (Environment_n += n/2))

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Energy Generating System Bacteria Growth System

-2

+1.5

-1.5

+1 +1.5

-2 -2

-2

+1.5

3 3

+1.5

-2

Phase 1 Host Environment

Give Energy

If (CellCurrentEnergy < 4 ) LoseGridNum = 1.5f; else LoseGridNum = 2;

S DESIGN B

Bacteria Growth If (CellCurrentEnergy < 4 ) AbsorbGridNum = 1; else AbsorbGridNum = 1.5f;

Phase 2 Host Environment

Give Energy

Bacteria Growth

GridCurrentEnergy -= LoseGridNum*Time CellCurrentEnergy += GainGridNum*Time

Phase 3 Rule4.Bacteria absorbs energy from environment Each time the system runs, it absorbs a certain value of energy from the host environment when it is in the grids(environment) with energy. When cell's energy(n>=4),absorbs 2 point of energy from the host environment; When cell's energy(n<4), absorbs 1 point.

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Consumption

Energy Consumption System

Each Bacteria

= 9.5 Phase 1

Phase 1

Phase 2

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB = 9.5 - 1 =8.5 Phase 3

Phase 4

Phase 2

Bacteria Growth

Rule5. Maintain life conditions every time the program runs k times (k=4), each cell loses 1 point of energy (Consumption_n = 1)

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Energy Generating System

Bacteria Growth System

S DESIGN B Host Environment

When bacteria

= 1.5 (<2) Phase 1

Return Energy

Bacteria Growth

Die Phase 2

Rule6. Death condition When the cell energy is less than 2 (n<2), the cell dies, and 1/2 of the energy value will be returned to the host environment (Environment_n += n/2), not to the surrounding existing cell

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Energy System 2D

Initial Pattern 1

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Phase 1

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB Phase 3

Phase 2

Phase 4

S DESIGN B

Initial Pattern 2

Phase 1

Phase 3

Phase 2

Phase 4

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Initial Pattern 3

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Phase 1

SPYROPOULOS Phase 3 RESEARCH LAB

Phase 2

Phase 4

S DESIGN B

Initial Pattern 4

Phase 1

Phase 3

Phase 2

Phase 4

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SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

S DESIGN B

OPTIMIZATION RESULT

Finally we consider the peak bacteria count , the lowest energy consumption and The fastest rate of reproduction which is the iteration as our final outcome for the optimization of growth. so we conclude that when the neighbor limit is 5, and one mother once produce 1 offspring with twenty thousand environment energy is the most best growth system.

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4.1. T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | S C A F F O L D I N G S Y S T E M

Energy System 3D Phase 1

Energy Field Type 1

When the energy field is in a homogeneous state, with every compartment covered in energy like the sun, the cell growth paths also tend to be homogeneous and random.

Phase 2

Phase 5

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Phase 3

Phase 6

Phase 4

Phase 7

Phase 1

Energy Field Type 2

When the energy is concentrated at the centre and the initial cellular material also resides at the centre, the growth range of the cells basically moves around the centre and eventually clusters at the centre of the energy field.

Phase 2

Phase 5

Phase 3

Phase 6

Phase 4

Phase 7

S DESIGN B

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SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

ROWNUM:15 COLNUM: 15 HIGHNUM:40 OTAL ENERGY: 50000

In the growth system, cells will generate differentiated growth according to the different forms of energy field, and the growth direction will give priority to the place where the energy gathers. Finally, the pattern when the system reaches equilibrium is the abstract approximate form of the energy field.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

S DESIGN B

CONCLUSION

Here we, as well as forming a stable system on the growth strategy of life on Earth. Depending on the parameters of the placed energy field, we simulate different realistic environments. The previous experiments have shown that the growth of matter is adjusted to the energy distribution of the energy field and thus ends up with a different pattern. In summary, the ability of the growth strategy to change the growth direction of the material according to the energy distribution allows the resources in the energy field to be fully absorbed and an optimal solution to be achieved.

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4.1.3.2T .E ER AR RA TF HO RRME SSEYASRTCEHM | | ESACRATFHF OA LSD EI NN GV I SR YO SN TMEEMN T

Stage 2 - On-site Material System

Step 7 Re

STEP 1 On-site material

Agent based on the on-site material The unit is mobile, it is able to explore the available soil and, through excavation, collect soil material for later construction. At the same time, it can mix the soil as a culture substrate to create material that can be used for growth.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

STEP 2 Picking

Transport of materials needed for growth The robot has the motility to transport nutrients needed for mycelial growth, such as nutrients. At the same time, it carries soil material, binds the soil to the nutrients and adds mycelium seeds to create the conditions for growth.

STEP 3 Re-distribution

Growing strategy

The robot is self-construc move, rotate and climb, th construction of scaffold-l Ample void space provide fungal growth.

ecycle

STEP 4 Build

cting, able to hus enabling the like structures. es the basis for

STEP 5 Symbiosis

STEP 6 Terraform

Response to the environment

Mycelium Growth

The robot has the ability to be self-aware and can adjust its architectural position and porosity, size accordingly to the changing environment. At the same time, it is able to extract water and maintain the moisture content of the soil through the robot.

In the final stage, the mycelial spores are free to grow within the soil and after a growth cycle of about 2 weeks, the mycelium produces the fungus and enters the harvesting and transport phase.

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4.1. T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | S C A F F O L D I N G S Y S T E M Energy System 2D

Energy System 3D

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

S DESIGN B

On-site Material System 3D

Material Transformation We have built the energy system 2D and 3D in the initial stages The essence of the system is to follow the principle of energy conservation The grid on the left loses as much energy as the grid on the right gains After combining the scenario, the energy field is transformed into a specific material field based on the site, It will represent the site of our detecting part we use the Additive and Subtractive strategy the agent can obtain materials from the site to reconstruct the structure above the ground and realize the recycling of the material NOT HING IS LOST, NOT HING IS CREATED, EVERY THING IS TRANSFORMED.

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SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

S DESIGN B

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Underground Stratification

Excavations are mainly concentrated wit 20 metres below the crustal layer.

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

01. Organic Matter 02. Mineral Soil 03. Sandy Soil

04. Clay Soil

05. Weathered Rock Fragments 06. Bedrock

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

thin

Excavated soil

S DESIGN B

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4.1. T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | S C A F F O L D I N G S Y S T E M

01. Clay Soil 02. Grass Soil 03. Mineral Soil 04. Sandy Soil

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

The transfer of materials between the ground and underground Underground material would be distributed in different ways in the scaffolding. Robots would be moving them around to try to get something that is closer to this map which is that it have a certain allocation of material in different strata that robots could basically utilize for those functions so in this particular scaffold system function It is important to codify the material that is there because the material that there is going to be shifted around to create the conditions so it basically means that all the cubes that are in that image right now were already existing in some formation and project is taking that material and reorganizing it but it is not adding anything

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Earth Moving Moving underground materials to above-ground form scaffolding structures

S DESIGN B

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SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

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Rule1. Movement

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

We use the agent based system to simulate the behaviour of ant colony The movement of the unit must be in the existing empty grid(empty tunnel), so the movement is restricted to the surrounding 14 grids. Agents with material On-site Material

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Agents

The agent in the space mo material field, and canno material

Phase 4

Phase 5

Phase 6

S DESIGN B

ove along the surface of the ot cross the space with the

The 14 locations that the agent can move to are constrained by the six grids that are adjacent to the surrounding faces, with at least one of the six grids containing building materials in order for the agent to move. This means that the agent has to be in contact with the surface of the object and cannot be suspended in the air. SYM [BIO] SCAPE EARTH | AA DRL 2020-2022

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Rule2. Picking up Material

Phase 1

Phase 4

Phase 2

Phase 5

Phase 3

Phase 6

Agents, influenced by intercolony pheromones, gather together to excavate soil, realizing a kind of swarm intelligence and improving work efficiency

Agents with material On-site Material

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Agents

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

The second rule is to pick u can only pick up one soil (vox After picking it up, it will not up soil until after moving and

S DESIGN B

up the material. One agent xel) that is directly below it. be able to continue picking dropping it.

The formula for calculating the probability of picking up material is determined by the amount of on-site material in the eight neighbors below the agent. (The more the number, the higher the probability of picking up)

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Rule3. Dropping Material

Phase 1

Phase 4

Phase 2

Phase 5

Phase 3

Phase 6

Agents accumulation materials are affected by the precipitation time of pheromone in the environmental objects. The shorter the pheromone existence time, the easier it is to attract agents accumulation materials.

Agents with material On-site Material

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Agents

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

Third rule is dropping mater material at its current locat cell in the neighbourhood V1 dropping

S DESIGN B

rial agent drops its building tion, provided there exists a 14.c where it can move after

The drop probability of agent is affected by the amount of 26 neighbors, and is affected by time and pheromone, with the longer the time, the lower the pheromone, the lower the drop probability

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4.1. T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | S C A F F O L D I N G S Y S T E M

Material Site Vocelization

E: 114.95-114.96; N: 28.08-28.08

Contour Analysis

Large Site

Terrain Generation

Middle Site

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

Total on site material : 126824 Site area : 3.153×10^6 ㎡

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Colnum×Rownum×Highnum = 86×86×50 Site scale : 1 cube = 400m×400m×400m

Total on site material : 41480 Site area : 1.25×10^6 ㎡

Co Si

Terrain Elevation

Voxel Site

Small Site

S DESIGN B

olnum×Rownum×Highnum = 56×56×40 ite scale : 1 cube = 400m×400m×400m

Total on site material : 6466 Site area : 0.36×10^6 ㎡

Colnum×Rownum×Highnum = 30×30×30 Site scale : 1 cube = 400m×400m×400m

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4.1. T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | S C A F F O L D I N G S Y S T E M

Scaffolding Generation

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

Original Small Site

Excavated Site

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Reconstructed Structure

Small Site Reshaped

S DESIGN B

Original Middle Site

Excavated Site

Reconstructed Structure

Middle Site Reshaped

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4.1. T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | S C A F F O L D I N G S Y S T E M

Four Different Site Types

Type 1

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Type 2

S DESIGN B

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4.1. T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | S C A F F O L D I N G S Y S T E M Type 3

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Type 4

S DESIGN B

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4.1. T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | S C A F F O L D I N G S Y S T E M

Set Parameter Porosity Porosity 3

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

S DESIGN B

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Porosity 6

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

S DESIGN B

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Porosity 9

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

S DESIGN B

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Porosity 12

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

S DESIGN B

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Iteration Process

Porosity: 12 Temperature: High Sunlight: Strong Current material excavated: 1000 Material efficiency : 15%

Current material excavated: 2000 Material efficiency : 31%

Current material excavated: 1000 Material efficiency : 15%

Current material excavated: 2000 Material efficiency : 31%

Porosity: 9 Temperature: High Sunlight: Strong

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB Porosity: 6 Temperature: Low Sunlight: Weak Current material excavated: 1000 Material efficiency : 15%

Current material excavated: 2000 Material efficiency : 31%

Current material excavated: 286 Material efficiency : 4%

Current material excavated: 280 Material efficiency : 4%

Total on site material : 6466 Max material excavated: 1000 Structural stability : High

Total on site material : 6466 Max material excavated: 2000 Structural stability : High

Porosity: 3 Temperature: Low Sunlight: Weak

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Current material excavated: 3000 Material efficiency : 46%

Current material excavated: 4000 Material efficiency : 62%

Current material excavated: 3000 Material efficiency : 46%

Current material excavated: 4000 Material efficiency : 62%

S DESIGN B

Current material excavated: 3000 Material efficiency : 46%

Current material excavated: 4000 Material efficiency : 62%

Current material excavated: 319 Material efficiency : 5%

Current material excavated: 294 Material efficiency : 5%

Total on site material : 6466 Max material excavated: 3000 Structural stability : Low

Total on site material : 6466 Max material excavated: 4000 Structural stability : Low

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4.1. T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | S C A F F O L D I N G S Y S T E M

Porousity: 9 Excavated: 1000

Porous Structure

Wind Direction

Wind Tunnel

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

Wind Speed High

Low

Perspective

Through this wind tunnel evaluation we select the one with 9 porousity and 3000 excavated to be the optimum result, for the porous connectivity the pattern shows is the best.

Bottom View

Porous Connectivity Low SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Porousity: 9 Excavated: 2000

Porousity: 9 Excavated: 3000

Porousity: 6 Excavated: 4000

S DESIGN B

High

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4.1. T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | S C A F F O L D I N G S Y S T E M

Porousity: 9 Excavated: 1000

Porous Structure

Wind Tunnel

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

Humidity High

Low

Perspective

Through this humidity evaluation we select the one also with 9 porousity and 3000 excavated to be the optimum result, for the humidity conservation rate the pattern shows is the highest.

Bottom View

Porous Connectivity Low SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Porousity: 9 Excavated: 2000

Porousity: 9 Excavated: 3000

Porousity: 6 Excavated: 4000

S DESIGN B

High

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Stage3: Scaffolding for Bio-Factory Above Ground Structure

Under Ground Structure

SPYROPOULOS Step 1 RESEARCH LAB

Porous Structure Rule Different pore structures are generated by controlling the number of neighbours around each voxel If a Voxel has more than 8 neighbors in the 14 red ones are occupied by earth, it cannot survive, the agent will remove it. If it has 7 or less than 7 neighbors, it will survive. SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Step 4

Step 5

Vacant Voxel

Non-Neighbor Voxel

On-site Material

Starting Point

S DESIGN B

Step 2

Step 3

Step 6

Step 7

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4.1. T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | S C A F F O L D I N G S Y S T E M Above Ground Structure Step 1

Step 2

Step 4

Step 5

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

Step 7

On-site Material

Above Ground Structure

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Step 8

Step 3

Step 6

S DESIGN B

Step 9

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4.1. T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | S C A F F O L D I N G S Y S T E M UnderGround Structure Step 1

Step 2

Step 4

Step 5

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

Step 7

On-site Material

UnderGround Structure

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Step 8

Step 3

Step 6

S DESIGN B

Step 9

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Scaffolding System

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

S DESIGN B

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SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

S DESIGN B

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SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

S DESIGN B

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Bio-Factory Function Area

Chimney Generation Above Ground Level 1

Above Ground Level 2

Above

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB Factory Generation Above Ground Level 1 Height 11 Height 5 Height 3 Height 1 Height -3 Height -8 Height -12

The various functions of the biofactory correspond to different spatial generation rules.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Above Ground Level 2

Above

Ground Level 3

Above Ground Level 4

Above Ground Level 5

Above Ground Level 6

Above Ground Level 4

Above Ground Level 5

Above Ground Level 6

S DESIGN B

Ground Level 3

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Bio-Factory Function Area

Square Generation Above Ground Level 1

Above Ground Level 2

Above

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB Cultivation Room Generation Above Ground Level 1 Height 11 Height 5 Height 3 Height 1 Height -3 Height -8 Height -12

Bio-factory contains both underground and subterranean parts, and have formed a complete biofactory processing line.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Above Ground Level 2

Above

Ground Level 3

Above Ground Level 4

Above Ground Level 5

Above Ground Level 6

Above Ground Level 4

Above Ground Level 5

Above Ground Level 6

S DESIGN B

Ground Level 3

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Bio-Factory Section Generation

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

S DESIGN B

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4.1. T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | S C A F F O L D I N G S Y S T E M

Bio-Factory Function

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

Bio-Factory Generation It has been divided the entire production process into four parts, a farm and cultivation room in the underground part, and a factory and warehouse in the above-ground part. This shows the water requirements for the four spaces. The farms used for culturing mycelium require the most water, with the water requirements decreasing in order as the production process progresses. We have therefore arranged these four spaces from underground to above ground to make the most of the moist underground spaces. According to the process of mycelium processing, the systerm define six specific functions and organizes them together in related space.

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Material Density

S DESIGN B

Smooth Landscape

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Bio-Factory Generation

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SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

S DESIGN B

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Iteration Process Early Experiment P.1_1

Early Experiment S.1_5

Prosity: 12 S.1_1

Current material excavated: 1000 Material efficiency : 15% Early Experiment P.1_2

Early Experiment P.1_6

Prosity: 9 S.1_2

SPYROPOULOS Current material excavated: 1000 Material efficiency : 15% RESEARCH LAB Early Experiment P.1_3

Early Experiment P.1_7

Prosity: 6 S.1_3

Current material excavated: 1000 Material efficiency : 15% Early Experiment P.1_4

Early Experiment S.1_8

Prosity: 3 S.1_4

Current material excavated: 286 Material efficiency : 4%

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Prosity: 12 S.2_1

Current material excavated: 2000 Material efficiency : 31% Prosity: 9 S.2_2

S DESIGN Current material excavated: 2000 Material efficiency : 31% B Prosity: 6 S.2_3

Current material excavated: 2000 Material efficiency : 31% Prosity: 3 S.3_4

Current material excavated: 280 Material efficiency : 4%

Prosity: 12 S.3_1

Prosity: 12 S.4_1

Current material excavated: 3000 Material efficiency : 46% Prosity: 9 S.3_2

Current material excavated: 4000 Material efficiency : 62% Prosity: 9 S.4_2

Current material excavated: 3000 Material efficiency : 46% Prosity: 6 S.3_3

Current material excavated: 4000 Material efficiency : 62% Prosity: 6 S.4_3

Current material excavated: 3000 Material efficiency : 46% Prosity: 3 S.3_4

Current material excavated: 4000 Material efficiency : 62% Prosity: 3 S.4_4

Current material excavated: 319 Material efficiency : 5%

Current material excavated: 294 Material efficiency : 5%

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Iteration Process Prosity: 3 Sc.1

Current material excavated: 1000 Material efficiency : 15%

Prosity: 12 Sc.2

Current material excavated: 2000 Material efficiency : 31%

Prosity: 9 Sc.3

Current material excavated: 3000 Material efficiency : 46%

Prosity: 9 Sc.4

Current material excavated: 3000 Material efficiency : 46%

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Prosity: 6 F.1_1

Current material excavated: 1000 Material efficiency : 15%

Prosity: 6 F.1_2

Current material excavated: 1000 Material efficiency : 15%

Prosity: 12 F.1_3

Current material excavated: 3000 Material efficiency : 46%

Prosity: 9 F.1_4

Current material excavated: 3000 Material efficiency : 46%

Prosity: 9 F.2_1

Current material excavated: 2000 Material efficiency : 31%

Prosity: 6 F.2_2

Current materialSPYROPOULOS excavated: 2000 Material efficiency : 31%

RESEARCH LAB

Prosity: 6 F.2_3

Current material excavated: 2000 Material efficiency : 31%

Prosity: 9 F.2_4

Current material excavated: 280 Material efficiency : 4%

Prosity: 9 F.3_1

Current material excavated: 3000 Material efficiency : 46%

Prosity: 12 F.3_2

Current material excavated: 3000 S DESIGN Material efficiency : 46% B

Prosity: 12 F.3_3

Current material excavated: 3000 Material efficiency : 46%

Prosity: 9 F.3_4

Current material excavated: 319 Material efficiency : 5%

Prosity: 7 F.4_1

Prosity: 8 F.5_1

Current material excavated: 4000 Material efficiency : 62%

Prosity: 8 F.4_2

Current material excavated: 4000 Material efficiency : 62%

Prosity: 8 F.5_2

Current material excavated: 4000 Material efficiency : 62%

Prosity: 8 F.4_3

Current material excavated: 4000 Material efficiency : 62%

Prosity: 8 F.5_3

Current material excavated: 4000 Material efficiency : 62%

Prosity: 7 F.4_4

Current material excavated: 4000 Material efficiency : 62%

Prosity: 8 F.5_4

Current material excavated: 294 Material efficiency : 5%

Current material excavated: 4000 Material efficiency : 62%

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SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

S DESIGN B

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3.2 .SSYIST TE EDME T| ESCCT ASFYF SOTL EDMI N |G L SA YU SN CT EH MI N G S Y S T E M 4.1.

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SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

S DESIGN B

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S DESIGN B

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TERRAFORM SYSTEM | Adaptive System

4.2 . T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | A D A P T I V E S Y S T E M

RELATIVE HUMIDITY

AVERAGE SUNLIGHT HOURS

AVERAGE TEMPERATURE

THE ADAPTIVE SYSTEM This adaptive system can be morphologically adjusted according to the landform characteristics and climatic conditions of different sites, and the porousity and slope can be changed to reshape the surface and meet the suitable growth conditions of mycelium in different climates. The growth of mycelium needs to be protected from light, sufficient moisture and suitable temperature. Therefore, we have summarized the five factors that affect the growth of mycelium under different geomorphic environments, which are as follows: relative humidity, average sunlight hours, summer average temperature, daily temperature difference and slope gradient, with four prototypical scenarios: desert, snow mountain, grassland and wetland.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

SLOPE GRADIENT

Desert In the desert, the sunlight is too strong and the temperature difference between day and night is large, and the structure should be flat enough and provide enough dense porosity to block sunlight and maintain heat balance for mycelium to grow.

Mountain The daily average temperature of the mountains is the lowest, so the structure porousity will be as small as possible to save heat.

Grassland The humidity and temperature of grassland are suitable, so the structure porousity is at an average level and the structure is relatively gentle.

Wetland The relative humidity of the wetland is high and the slope is gentle, so the structure porousity should be relatively large.

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4.2 . T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | A D A P T I V E S Y S T E M

Adaptive Scaffolding

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

Environmental Parameters

Porosity : 8 Excavated On-Site Material : 3000 Temperature : High Sunlight : Strong Ventilating System : High Capture Moisture : High

Porosity : 9 Excavated On-Site Material : 3000 Temperature : Medium Sunlight : Medium Ventilating System : Medium Capture Moisture : High

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

S DESIGN B

Environmental Parameters

Porosity : 10 Excavated On-Site Material : 3000 Temperature : Low Sunlight : Medium Ventilating System : Low Capture Moisture : Medium

Porosity : 12 Excavated On-Site Material : 3000 Temperature : Low Sunlight : Low Ventilating System : Low Capture Moisture : Low

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Dynamic Environmental Parameter Prosity: 7 D.1_1

Prosity: 8 D.2_1

Prosity: 9 D.3_1

D.1_2 Section

D.2_2 Section

D.3_2 Section

D.1_3 Front

Dynamic Prosity : From OPEN to CLOSED

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

D.2_3 Front

D.3_3 Front

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB

Prosity: 10 D.4_1

Prosity: 11 D.5_1

Prosity: 12 D.6_1

D.4_2 Section

D.5_2 Section

D.6_2 Section

D.5_3 Front

D.6_3 Front

S DESIGN B

D.4_3 Front

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4.2 . T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | A D A P T I V E S Y S T E M Desert Reshaped Landscape

Voxel-Based Landscape

Structure Section

Desert Environmental Parameters Porosity : 8 Excavated On-Site Material : 3000 Temperature : Medium Sunlight : Strong Ventilating System : Strong Capture Moisture : Strong

SPYROPOULOS RESEARCH LAB Voxel-Based Landscape Wetland Reshaped Landscape

Structure Section

Wetland Environmental Parameters Porosity : 9 Excavated On-Site Material : 3000 Temperature : Medium Sunlight : Medium Ventilating System : Strong Capture Moisture : Strong

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Hill Reshaped Landscape

Voxel-Based Landscape

Structure Section

Hill Environmental Parameters Porosity : 9 Excavated On-Site Material : 3000 Temperature : Medium Sunlight : Medium Ventilating System : Strong Capture Moisture : Medium

S DESIGN B Mountain Reshaped Landscape

Voxel-Based Landscape

Structure Section

Mountain Environmental Parameters Porosity : 12 Excavated On-Site Material : 3000 Temperature : Low Sunlight : Medium Ventilating System : Low Capture Moisture : Low

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3.2 HYBRID 5.1 . E A R TGROWTH H R E SSYSTEM E A R C H| |PHYSICAL E A R T HEXPERIMENT AS ENVIRONMENT

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

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4.2 . T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | A D A P T I V E S Y S T E M

PHASE 01

01 GROWTH

02 TERRAFORM

During the initial period, the structure recognizes different environmental conditions and begins to grow, and the porosity varies according to different climatic factors. At this time, the above-ground and underground structures have not been fully formed, and the progress of terraform is 30%.

When the terraform of the structure r the underground structure is initially f ventilation pipes and enough chamber formed on the ground to provide suita and humidity conditions, forming a loc In this environment, the mycelium beg

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

reaches 60%, formed, and rs are also able temperature cal microclimate. gin to grow.

PHASE 02

PHASE 03

03 SYMBIOSIS In the third stage, the terraforming process has been completed and the structure has been fully formed. Also, mycelium has begun to mature in a suitable microclimate. The basic functions of the bio-factory have been fully realized, and the structure and the environment have truly achieved symbiosis.

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SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

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PHASE 01

01 GROWTH

02 TERRAFORM

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reaches 60%, formed, and rs are also able temperature cal microclimate. gin to grow.

PHASE 02

PHASE 03

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SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

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PHASE 01

01 GROWTH

02 TERRAFORM

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

reaches 60%, formed, and rs are also able temperature cal microclimate. gin to grow.

PHASE 02

PHASE 03

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SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

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PHASE 01

01 GROWTH

02 TERRAFORM

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

reaches 60%, formed, and rs are also able temperature cal microclimate. gin to grow.

PHASE 02

PHASE 03

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TERRAFORM SYSTEM | Scaffold Evaluation

4.3 . T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | D I G I T A L E V A L U A T I O N ITERATION OF SCAFFOLDING

Iteration 1

High airflow

Low humidity acquisition No stable airflow path

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

ITERATION OF SCAFFOLDING

Iteration 2

AIRFLOW EVALUATION

Low airflow

Low humidity acquisition No stable airflow simulation

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4.3 . T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | D I G I T A L E V A L U A T I O N OPEN CHIMNEY MOUNDS Induced Airflow

Iteration 3

High airflow

High humidity acquisition Stable airflow circulation Velocity (m/s)

Surface Temperature

Before Airflow

After Airflow

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

AIRFLOW EVALUATION

Wind Tunnel

Termite Mound Airflow

outlet

inlet

Scaffolding Airflow

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4.3 . T E R R A F O R M S Y S T E M | D I G I T A L E V A L U A T I O N

CAPPED CHIMNEY MOUNDS Interior Airflow

Iteration 3

High airflow

High humidity acquisition Stable airflow circulation Velocity (m/s)

The porous structure can be adapted to different external environments, and when the external environment is not suitable for induced air flow, it can be temporarily closed by the machine to form a stable micro climate with interior airflow.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

AIRFLOW EVALUATION

Termite Mound Airflow

Scaffolding Airflow

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HUMIDITY EVALUATION

Capture moisture by porous structure

Humidity Conservation Rate 20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

The high surface area of the internal porous structure allows for good adhesion to the moisture in the air circulation, which is the purple part of the diagram, and providing an environment for the mycelium growth.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

HUMIDITY EVALUATION

3-Dimension View

Outflow of Air

Moisture Retention

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PROTOTYPE SYSTEM

Initial Machine Deposition Material On-site Material

Digital Fabrication Our goal is to implement the fabrication method used in the digital work, simulating mechanical excavation and handling of materials in physical experiments, and eventually building porous structures by depositing materials in the same way as in the digital work. SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

5.1 . P R O T O T Y P E S Y S T E M | S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N

APPROACH TO ACHIEVE PROTOTYPE During the physical experimentation phase of the prototyping, our goal was to be able to excavate and deposit materials through printing techniques to complete porous structures that would allow for large landscape features in the scaffolding system. After this, we will evaluate whether the structure can control humidity and temperature by way of evaluation to achieve micro-climate. where the digital working machine is our printing tool in the physical experiment.

Physical Fabrication

Material Excavation + Material Deposition

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Nozzle

Step 02: Deposition Soil deposition occurs mainly in the above-ground section. The above-ground porous structure is created by the accumulation of the machine one volume at a time.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

5.1 . P R O T O T Y P E S Y S T E M | S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N

PHYSICAL FABRICATION LOGIC

Step 01: Excavation Soil excavation occurs mainly in the subsurface portion. The underground pipe structure is created by excavation of the machine volume by volume.

Nozzle

The scaffolding system formed by the material is built by individual machines working in groups. A unit volume of material is excavated by the machine and carried to the designated location in the system, and then the material is deposited.

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PROTOTYPE SYSTEM | Scaffold Generation

5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | R A W M A T E R I A L S Since our design goal is to use machines and onsite materials for material excavation and deposition to achieve a landscape terrain with thickness. Therefore, we chose a lot of earth materials from the surface of the ground. This is the variety of materials we tried, some of them are from natural environment, such as clay, sand, sand and water, and some are from common construction materials, such as gypsum powder and water. By studying the material properties and material behavior characteristics of different materials, we select suitable materials for physical experiments. Among them, clay and sand correspond to relatively moist land environments, such as wetlands, while sand corresponds to relatively dry land environments, such as deserts; these two scenarios are also the actual environments that our system mainly deals with. Therefore, we take these materials as the starting point and consider how to combine the materials to achieve controlled material deposition.

Clay, sand and sands are the main earthy materials in granular form; water, as a common natural material, plays a great role in material mixing; and wax and gypsum powder can change state under specific conditions and are suitable to be used as a mixing material with water.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Clay Sticky texture: Can be easily extracted and precipitated when mixed with water.

Sandy Soil Loose texture, large grains M i x t u re m a t e r i a l fo r u s e a s a casting material

Sand Loose texture: For use as a mould material and raw material

Wax Texture change with temperature Appears solid at room temperature, but liquid when heated

Plaster Loose texture When mixed with water, it acts as a short-lived coagulating material

Water For dissolving and mixing materials

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | C L A Y T E S T

Material Shortlist Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals. Clays develop plasticity when wet, due to a molecular f ilm of water surrounding the clay particles, but become hard, brittle and non–plastic upon drying or firing. Most pure clay minerals are white or light-coloured, but natural clays show a variety of colours from impurities, such as a reddish or brownish colour from small amounts of iron oxide. The defining mechanical property of clay is its plasticity when wet and its ability to harden when dried or fired. Clays show a broad range of water content within which they are highly plastic, from a minimum water content where the clay is just moist enough to mould, to a maximum water content where the moulded clay is just dry enough to hold its shape.[10] The plastic limit of kaolinite clay ranges from about 36% to 40% and its liquid limit ranges from about 58% to 72%.[11] High-quality clay is also tough, as measured by the amount of mechanical work required to roll a sample of clay flat. Its toughness reflects a high degree of internal cohesion.

Clay Brick

Ori

Material Test 90% Clay 10% Water

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Combination:

Scenarios of Material machines to dig and pile up, making it an ideal material for our physical experiments. Because of this, our experimental scenarios are also placed in the corresponding soil environments: wetlands and grasslands, etc.

Clay is a relatively common and readily available material in nature. It is a soil mixture with a certain consistency made by mixing very small grains of sand with water. It is mostly found on beaches, wetlands and other relatively moist soil environments, and is relatively soft and easy for

Small Scale

igin

Clay + Water

Large Scale

Scenario

10% Clay 90% Water

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | C L A Y E Q U I P M E N T S

Clay Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals. Clays develop plasticity when wet, due to a molecular film of water surrounding the clay particles, but become hard, brittle and non–plastic upon drying or firing.

Mixer L Large mixers are suitable for mixing clay, quickly mixing clay and water to create a relatively viscous and fine clay mixture. This mixture facilitates the extrusion of the material by the machine and facilitates the accumulation of the material to complete the settling.

Syring L Large syringes are an important tool used to extrude soil. With the syringe, we can easily extract and extrude soil by hand power and can effectively control the volume and shape of the extruded soil by the needle, making it a very easy and effective tool for material deposition.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Step 01: Filtering Clay The freshly obtained material needs to be pounded and left in water for a period of time to complete the preparation of the material. A shovel and sieve are used to chop and filter the soil until it forms a relatively consistent mixture with the water.

Step 02: Mixed Clay tWe will use a large mixer to uniformly mix the soil and water until the two can be thoroughly combined to form a relatively homogeneous and viscous mixture that can be easily extracted and squeezed out by a syringe.

Step 03: Deposite Clay We will use a syringe to perform tests of clay extraction and deposition. As can be seen from the figure, a certain ratio of water and clay mixture facilitates the syringe operation and also facilitates our use of robotic arm printing at a later stage. Based on the viscosity of the clay itself, we can accomplish porous structures.

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | C L A Y C O M B I N A T I O N

Clay

Water

Soft Clay

Sticky texture Can be easily squeezed out and joined between clays

Clay

Plaster

Silty Clay

More viscous and dry texture Thick clumps, suitable for mounding, requires less drying time

Plaster

Soil

Water

Sticky, sandy texture Becomes a viscous liquid fluid, cools and sets after pouring, requires a long drying time

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Material Test

The mixture of clay and water has a certain strength of plasticity, which facilitates the deposition of materials for shaping and is suitable for the manufacture of diverse cave structures.

Material Test

The mixture of clay and gypsum powder has a stronger bond, resulting in a mixture that is not conducive to syringe extrusion, but rather a direct pouring method.

Material Test

Silty Soil The mixture of sand and gypsum powder has a faster shaping ability, but it can only be poured, and it is more fragile and breaks easily after drying.

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | S A N D T E S T

Material Shortlist Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. Sand has various compositions but is defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class of soil or soil type; i.e., a soil containing more than 85 percent sand-sized particles by mass. The composition of sand varies, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica, usually in the form of quartz. Calcium carbonate is the second most common type of sand, for example, aragonite, which has mostly been created, over the past 500 million years, by various forms of life, like coral and shellfish. For example, it is the primary form of sand apparent in areas where reefs have dominated the ecosystem for millions of years like the Caribbean.

Sand

Ori

Material Test 90% Sand 10% Water

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Combination:

Scenarios of Material and are highly susceptible to shape change by external forces. Therefore, how to deposit sand in a desert environment is the focus of our research. We will work with other materials to complete the porous structure using the jetting ability of the machine.

Sand is a relatively common and readily available material in nature. It is widely found in tropical environments that are on the dry side, such as desert environments. The climatic environment determines their expressive behavior, they are more loose, do not have the ability to shape,

Small Scale

igin

Sand + Water

Large Scale

Scenario

10% Sand 90% Water

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | S A N D E Q U I P M E N T S

Sand Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. It is extremely granular, loose in texture, extremely fluid but not easily shaped, and needs to be combined with other materials to solidify the shape.

Fast Cast Resin The resin is in liquid form, equivalent to a glue solidifying agent, which can effectively speak of sand solidifying into a solid in a short period of time. It needs two materials in the ratio of 1 to 1 to mix and use, in a liquid state, but will solidify after sitting for a period of time.

Pipette The pipette is similar to an extruded needle, which can easily extract part of the resin drops on the surface of the sand for quick shaping, which is more convenient and faster compared to the syringe, and does not damage the syringe due to the residue caused by the solidification of the resin.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Step 01: Moulds Prepare the appropriate molds, including the base plate and the four side plates, for holding the sand. After the overall material deposition is completed, the molds are removed accordingly.

Step 02: Pouring Sand The sand is introduced into the mold, and the thickness of the layer is about 3mm. This is the basic thickness suitable for resin as a material that can be deposited at once, and the thickness that can effectively control the sand molding.

Step 03: Solidified Sand The sand deposition experiment is completed by taking part of the resin mixture with pipette and quickly dropping it into the part of the sand that needs to be solidified. Thanks to the loose gaps between the sand, the resin can penetrate into the sand to coagulate it together, and after 20 minutes of standing, the coagulated sand is obtained.

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | S A N D C O M B I N A T I O N

Sand

Resin A

Resin B

Initial Test of S

Left View The sand was able to be held down in layers basically in the shape of the cast.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Front

You can clearly see that that holes are naturally fo cas

Solid Sand

Solidified Sand

t View

the sand is shaped and ormed where no resin is st.

Top View The sand is showing the phenomenon of laminated ground, each layer of sand shape is different, through the resin condensation of the cave structure.

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | S A N D C O N S T R U C T I O N

SAND DEPOSITION

Magnesium oxide Proportion : 5~5.6

Magnesium chloride Proportion : 1~1.2 Step 1: Material Preparation

Sand 2~2.5

Water 8~11 Step 2 : Mixing

sand deposition can be achieved using a chemical reaction between magnesium chloride, magnesium oxide and sand in certain proportions to cure the sand. It can be deposited by using two simultaneous injections of needles.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Step 3 : Dropping

Outcome of sand deposition

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | M U L T I - M A T E R I A L

CLA

There are two main scenarios in whic The first one is this kind of land wit certain level of moisture, flat and o and the soil of such sites is ideal for mate

SAN

The second one is a typical desert sce have a very fine graininess, loose an can be shaped by combining with oth important scene

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

ch our scaffolding system is applied. th clay layers. They are sites with a open, with a small vegetation layer, r our system to excavate and deposit erials.

ene. As an earth material, sand grains nd light weight, and the lack of which her materials, also becomes another e for us to study.

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | M A T E R I A L S E L E C T I O N

Deposition Material

Mould Material

Material Type: Clay

Material Type: Sand

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Deposition Material 01

Deposition Material 02

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3.2 . E A R T H R E S E A R C H | E A R T H A S E N V I R O N M E N T

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

CLAY EXCAVATION We started experimenting with how excavation of the subsoil is achieved by means of syringe extraction of the soil. Firstly, the soil channel to be excavated is established, then the exact location of the soil to be excavated is identified and the soil is extracted by placing a syringe into the specified location, thus realizing a complex underground pipe structure.

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | P H Y S C I A L E X P E R I M E N T O F C L A Y

Excavation of Clay

We started experimenting with how excavation of the subsoil is achieved by means of syringe extraction of the soil. Firstly, the soil channel to be excavated is established, then the exact location of the soil to be excavated is identified and the soil is extracted by placing a syringe into the specified location, thus realizing a complex underground pipe structure.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Step 01

Excavation

After

Full of Clay

Step 02 Extract of Clay

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | P H Y S C I A L E X P E R I M E N T O F C L A Y

CLAY DEPOSITION We start with a hand combined with equipment printing method, printing layer by layer based on our voxel landscape. Unlike the robotic arm printing method, we will simulate the way an ant unit digs and releases the clay material, voxel by voxel. We start with a hand combined with equipment printing method, printing layer by layer based on our voxel landscape. Unlike the robotic arm printing method, we will simulate the way an ant unit digs and releases the clay material, voxel by voxel.

5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | P H Y S C I A L E X P E R I M E N T O F C L A Y

Deposition of Clay by Hand

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | P H Y S C I A L E X P E R I M E N T O F C L A Y

Deposition of Clay by Hand

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | P H Y S C I A L E X P E R I M E N T O F C L A Y

CLAY DEPOSITION BY KUKA After we had determined how the material would be deposited, we decided to use KUKA to do the material deposition part of the job instead of the human hand. It is well known that machines are more accurate and efficient than human work, and that 24h automated work can be done more quickly and directly in landscape deposition.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

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High Resolution of Clay Deposition

4 Volumes

16 Volumes

S 1 Volume of Clay

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

n Volumes...

5 Volumes of Clay

50 Volumes of Clay

XL 500 Volumes of Clay

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Deposition of Clay by Kuka

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | P H Y S C I A L E X P E R I M E N T O F C L A Y

Deposition of Clay by Kuka

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | P H Y S C I A L E X P E R I M E N T O F C L A Y

① LOCATING

The robot arm needs to locate the initial point where the soil is deposited as the initial position for extruding the soil.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

②

EXTRU

After confirming the initial point, the soil around the set route and soil to be

②

UDING

, the robot arm starts to extrude completes the pre-set amount of extruded.

③ MOVING

After completing the deposition of the set amount of clay for one flow, the robotic arm pauses the extrusion and moves to the initial point at the next preset position before repeating the operation.

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | P H Y S C I A L E X P E R I M E N T O F C L A Y

Deposition of Clay by Kuka

Layer 04

Layer 03

Layer 02

Layer 01

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Routes 04 Planning the path of each volume in the fourth level on the basis of the third level

Routes 03 Planning the path of each volume in the fourth level on the basis of the second level

Routes 02 Planning the path of each volume in the fourth level on the basis of the first level

Routes 01 Route planning based on the different locations of each volume

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | P H Y S C I A L E X P E R I M E N T O F C L A Y

12*12*6 Scaffold Deposition Process

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

So a medium-scale experiment was conducted, using part of the scaffold structure previously demonstrated. It is clear to see that the kuka can accurately extrude each volume of clay in specific position. After completing one layer, we will fill the holes with sand and then continue with the deposition of the upper layer.

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | P H Y S C I A L E X P E R I M E N T O F C L A Y

12*12*6 Scaffold Deposition Result

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

High Resolution Scaffold System We changed the traditional robot arm clay printing method and used unitized material deposition to complete the physical rendering of the scaffolding system. Each block represents the amount of earth that can be deposited by the machine at one time, and as you can see, all the holes are perfectly rendered as the sand flows out, thus achieving the porous structure and material deposition method we aimed for.

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SAND DEPOSITION

Sand

Sand + Resin

Sand deposition uses both sand and resin for printing, first laying a flat layer of sand, then planning the path and spraying resin where needed. After sitting for a period of time, the sand will be shaped by the resin and solidify from a granular state to a solid. Finally, the excess sand is removed and the porous sand structure is presented.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | P H Y S C I A L E X P E R I M E N T O F S A N D

Sand Deposition Test

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | P H Y S C I A L E X P E R I M E N T O F S A N D

Sand Scaffold Section Deposition Test

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Sand Section

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | P H Y S C I A L E X P E R I M E N T O F S A N D

Sand Scaffold Deposition Test

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3.2.. SE CA AR FT FHO RL DE SGEEANRECRHA T| I EOANR T| HH AY SB REI ND V EI RX OP EN RMIEMNETN T 5.1

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

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3.2.. SE CA AR FT FHO RL DE SGEEANRECRHA T| I EOANR T| HH AY SB REI ND V EI RX OP EN RMIEMNETN T 5.1

Scaffold Physical Model of Hybrid Materials We have combined two universal materials from the earth: clay and sand, and completed the structure with two types of deposition. The clay material is concentrated in the underground section, thus controlling the underground temperature and humidity and ensuring the cultivation and operation of the underground biofarm. The sand material, meanwhile, is concentrated in the above-ground section and is used to create a solid porous structure and to ensure ventilation. Thus, a hybrid model architecture is completed.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

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5.1 . S C A F F O L D G E N E R A T I O N | 3 D P R I N T E X P E R I M E N T

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①

②

Ventilation

③

Ventil

③

lation

④

⑤

Ventilation

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PROTOTYPE SYSTEM | Scaffold Evaluation

5.2 . S C A F F O L D E V A L U A T I O N | C L A Y E X P E R I M E N T

Clay Scaffold Section Deposition Process

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Clay Section

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5.2 . S C A F F O L D E V A L U A T I O N | C L A Y E X P E R I M E N T

Clay Scaffold Section Evaluation As can be seen, the interior of the scaffold has a main central duct that introduces the air, which is then connected by several small duct structures that allow the airflow to extend into the interior.

Air Inlet

Air Outlet

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Air Inlet

Clay Section

Air Outlet

Air Outlet Air Outlet

Air Outlet

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5.2 . S C A F F O L D E V A L U A T I O N | C L A Y E X P E R I M E N T

Clay Scaffold Air Flow Evaluation

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5.2 . S C A F F O L D E V A L U A T I O N | C L A Y E X P E R I M E N T

Sand Scaffold Humidity Evaluation Before Ventilation with Moisture

Humidity: Dry+

External Environment

Humidity: Dry+

Internal Porous Structure

Ventilation with Moisture

Humidity: Wet+

External Environment

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Humidity: Wet+

Internal Porous Structure

When tested after a period of high humidity air circulation, we observed that the clay and the structure had a good ability to maintain humidity, with the cavities deep at the bottom being much more humid than the surface of the structure. Humidity Evaluation Process

Ventilation with moisture

Humidity: Normal

External Environment

Humidity: Wet

Internal Porous Structure

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5.2 . S C A F F O L D E V A L U A T I O N | C L A Y E X P E R I M E N T

Sand Scaffold Temperature Evaluation

In this temperature experiment, the inside of the hole structure can maintain a n o r m a l t e m p e r a t u re d e s p i t e t h e high external temperature, while the condensation caused by the difference in temperature between the inside and outside allows the structure to better trap water vapour. Temperature Evaluation Process

Ventilation with Moisture

Temperature: 30℃

External Environment SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Temperature: 17℃

Internal Porous Structure

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5.2 . S C A F F O L D E V A L U A T I O N | S A N D E X P E R I M E N T

Sand Scaffold Evaluation When the unconsolidated sand is removed, the pore structure is clearly shown. The sand model has two ducts that serve as air entry ports and flow out with the complex porous structure underground.

Air Inlet

Air Air Outlet Outlet

Air Outlet

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Air Inlet

Sand Section

Air Outlet

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5.2 . S C A F F O L D E V A L U A T I O N | S A N D E X P E R I M E N T

Sand Scaffold Air Flow Evaluation

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Sand Scaffold Humidity Evaluation Before Ventilation with Moisture

Humidity: Dry+

External Environment

Humidity: Dry+

Internal Porous Structure

Ventilation with Moisture

Humidity: Wet

External Environment

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Humidity: Normal

Internal Porous Structure

Sand Scaffold Temperature Evaluation

In the hunmidity and temperature evaluation, we found that porous structures have good air circulation as in sand, but the material of sand makes it less capable of retaining moisture in the internal pores compared to soil. The results of the light experiments on sand are in general agreement with the soil structurev.

Temperature Evaluation Process

Maintaining the internal temperature

Temperature: 28℃

External Environment

Temperature: 18℃

Internal Porous Structure

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MACHINE SYSTEM

MACHINE SYSTEM | Machine Behaviour

3.2.. ME A CR HT HI N RE ESSYESATRE CMH| |M EA AC RH TI HN E A SB EEHNAVVI IROOUNRM E N T 6.1

UNIT BEHAVIOUR SCAFFOLDING SYSTEM

MYCELIUM CULTIVATION SENSING

SEEDING

To collect information based on the arduino's soil hardness moisture and other sensors.

Units can seed with mycelium into scaffolding

DIGGING

HARVESTING

To dig the on-site material like soil or rocks.

Units can harvest with mycelium to degradation area

TRANSPORT Transport the soil and rocks to a new location for the on-site material.

SUPPORT

DEPOSIT

Machine can be temporary support for soil deposition

The unit can deposit the soil to build and terraform the landscape.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

FOUR TYPE OF MACHINE

1.Digging Machine

2. Soil Extruder

3.Sand Extruder

4. Mycelium Cultivator

Based on seven behaviours and different on-site material, with the concept of assembly, machine can be seperated to four type of machine, digging machine, soil and sand extruder, mycelium cultivator

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STEPPING MOTOR This component is used to initiate the various movement behaviours of the unit and is the most basic control component. Only two components are needed to control the unit's movements.

SPEED CHANGER This component is used to control the different rates of the power section and the digging section, thus enabling movement and digging behaviour, and to control the rotation of the unit.

SENSORS Different sensors are connected to the upper and lower parts of the engine. These include distance sensors, soil temperature and humidity and soil hardness sensors with cameras. SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

6.1 . M A C H I N E S Y S T E M | M A C H I N E B E H A V I O U R

EXCAVATION PART This part mainly completes the digging behaviour of the unit by controlling the direction of rotation of the hexagonal machinery to dig and pile up the soil.

MOTIVATION PART This part completes the movement behaviour of the unit, including moving backwards and forwards, climbing hills, etc. At the same time, turning is achieved by controlling the rotation speed of the left and right sides.

SENSOR + MOTOR PART This part belongs to the central controller, consisting of the motor and the sensors that sense soil temperature and humidity, and the control unit as a whole. SYM [BIO] SCAPE EARTH | AA DRL 2020-2022

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DATA SENSING

Camera Ultrasonic

Soil sampling

Pressure

Humidity

robots can obtain information in real time in the environment (soil hardness, fertility, humidity, etc.) and change the handling strategy in real time with the scaffolding system as a data center

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

WHEEL DEFORMATION

Wheel Deformation Phase 1

Phase 2

Wheel Scaling

Phase 2

Phase 1

Soft Body Rigid Body Node Central Rod Stepping Motor Rotation Axis Push-pull Rod

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MACHINE MOVEMENT

FLAT MOVEMENT

ROTATION

OBSTACLE MOVEMENT

The machine moves at high speed through the wheelset when it is on flat ground, and when it encounters slopes or obstacles, it can reduce the diameter of the wheelset and climb by the hexagonal part. Turning is generated by two wheelsets with different rotational speeds.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

DIGGING MACHINE EXCAVATION PRINCPLE

15°

DIGGING BEHAVIOUR

Step 1.Wheel Scale-down

Step 2. Rotation The digging part consists of several hexagon which rotate at different angles, the hexagon is possible to prevent the soil falling off from the container when it clockwise rotating in digging and transport.

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DIGGING MACHINE DEPOSITION

Step 1.Clockwise Rotation

Step 2. Counterclockwise Rotation

In contrast, the hexagon can be rotated counterclockwise to deposit the soil, with the bender container at the centre of the hexagon, the bender and soil can be mixed with each other before deposition. SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

SOIL EXTRUDER

Soil Extruder mainly use the hydraulic rods to compress the container and extrude the soil layer by layer

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3.2.. ME A CR HT HI N RE ESSYESATRE CMH| |M EA AC RH TI HN E A SB EEHNAVVI IROOUNRM E N T 6.1

SAND EXTRUDER Sand Extruder's sand and bender container are formed by two triangular structures respectively. It can be printed layer by layer through rotation of deposition part, to mix sand and glue to form structures

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

MYCELIUM CULTIVATOR Mycelium cultivator can harvest mycelium and mushroom in the same time, by digging the topsoil which contains mycelium. The interior filter net can separate this two products for the later mycelium factory.

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MACHINE SYSTEM | Collective Behaviour

3.2 . EM AA RC THHI NREESSYE SA TRECMH | | CEOALRL TE HC TAI SV EE BN EVHI RA OV INOMUERN T 6.2

- 01 SYNERGY

TEMPORARY SUPPORT

TRANSPORT AND DEPOSIT SOIL

Machines cooperate with each other to provide temporary support and deposit the excavated soil during construction.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

TEMPORARY SUPPORT Machine Support Process

1. Connecting

2. Rotating

3. Deforming

Temporary Support Process

1. Initial Soil Block

1. Add Temporary Support Machine

3. Deposit Soil

4. Leave Machine

When the machine change from octagon to rectangle, they can connected and be stacked on top of each other as temporary support for depostion parts that need to be hollowed out.

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3.2 . EM AA RC THHI NREESSYE SA TRECMH | | CEOALRL TE HC TAI SV EE BN EVHI RA OV INOMUERN T 6.2 On-site Material Initial Machines Machines with Material

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

CONNECT Connect && DEFORM DeformTRANSPORT TransportSOIL Soil DEPOSIT DepositSOIL Soil

ALL MACHINE BEHABIOUR

3 6

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3.2 . EM AA RC THHI NREESSYE SA TRECMH | | CEOALRL TE HC TAI SV EE BN EVHI RA OV INOMUERN T 6.2

- 02COLLECTIVE SCANNING

LOCAL SCANNING

UPLOAD TO DATABASE

Recognize Obstacle/clay/sand/water/…

Each machine scans the site individually to detect obstacles and recognize soil type(clay or sand) and moisture, then upload the data to the central network.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Machine perspective

Site Detecting by vision sensors

Site Detecting results

Site Detecting by vision sensors

Site Detecting results

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3.2 . EM AA RC THHI NREESSYE SA TRECMH | | CEOALRL TE HC TAI SV EE BN EVHI RA OV INOMUERN T 6.2

- 03STIGMERGY

POINT TO TARGET

EXCHANGE PHEROMONE

The machines pass pheromone to each other through stigmergy to calculate the shortest path to the target.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

The system will calculate a shortest path from the initial point to the target for the machine.

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3 Group behaviour in which machine can detect each other's positions to prevent collision conflicts SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

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- 04PATH FIINDING

LOCAL SCANNING

UPLOAD TO DATABASE

The system will calculate a shortest path from the initial point to the target for the machine.

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Series 1

1.1

1.2

1.3

2.2

2.3

3.2

3.3

Number of Machine: 4

Series 2

2.1

Number of Machine: 7

Series 3

3.1

Number of Machine: 53

Path finding in swarming behaviour, where machine calculate the most efficient path to a target point based on obstacles.

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3.2 . EM AA RC THHI NREESSYE SA TRECMH | | CEOALRL TE HC TAI SV EE BN EVHI RA OV INOMUERN T 6.2

Initial Pattern

Parameter Number of Ants Life Span Change Direction Rate

200 36 10

Result Evaluation: Low

Initial Pattern

Parameter Number of Ants Life Span Change Direction Rate Result Evaluation: Low

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

200 36 10

Initial Pattern

Parameter Number of Ants Life Span Change Direction Rate

200 36 10

Result Evaluation: Low

Initial Pattern

Parameter Number of Ants Life Span Change Direction Rate

200 36 10

Result Evaluation: Low

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Parameter Number of Ants Life Span Change Direction Rate

200 3 10

Result Evaluation: Medium

Initial Pattern

Parameter Number of Ants Life Span Change Direction Rate Result Evaluation: Medium

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

200 3 10

Parameter Number of Ants Life Span Change Direction Rate

200 3 10

Result Evaluation: Medium

Initial Pattern

Parameter Number of Ants Life Span Change Direction Rate

200 3 10

Result Evaluation: Medium

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3.2 . EM AA RC THHI NREESSYE SA TRECMH | | CEOALRL TE HC TAI SV EE BN EVHI RA OV INOMUERN T 6.2

Initial Pattern

Parameter Number of Ants Life Span Change Direction Rate

200 36 3

Result Evaluation: High

Initial Pattern

Parameter Number of Ants Life Span Change Direction Rate Result Evaluation: High

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

200 36 3

Initial Pattern

Parameter Number of Ants Life Span Change Direction Rate

200 36 3

Result Evaluation: High

Initial Pattern

Parameter Number of Ants Life Span Change Direction Rate

200 36 3

Result Evaluation: High

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3.2 . EM AA RC THHI NREESSYE SA TRECMH | | CEOALRL TE HC TAI SV EE BN EVHI RA OV INOMUERN T 6.2

Voxel-Based Trail

1.1

1.2

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

Particle-Based Trail

2.1

2.2

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SIMBIOSIS SYSTEM

3.23.2 . E. AE RA TR HT HR ER SE ES AE RA CR HC H| |E AE RA TRHT HA SA SE NE VN IVRI OR NO MN EM NE TN T

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN LAB

MYCELIUM L

LIFE CYCLE

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SYMBIOSIS SYSTEM | Mycelium Growth

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Spores lifespan == 3 Counts: 453936 Iteration: 705

Spores lifespan == 5 Counts: 375785 Iteration: 737

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Myco_lifespan determines when the spores begin to germinate. The longer the lifespan, the higher density of spores in the growing process.

Spores lifespan == 7 Counts: 179760 Iteration: 940

Spores lifespan == 9 Counts: 114349 Iteration: 992

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Env_magnitude == 0.5 Counts: 16435 Iteration: 550

Env_magnitude == 1.0 Counts: 21977 Iteration:586

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Env_Magnitude sets the water concentration in the host environment for mycelium growth and affects the growth of the mycelium in a single direction.

Env_magnitude == 1.5 Counts: 24375 Iteration: 588

Env_magnitude == 2.0 Counts: 30704 Iteration: 594

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Env_frequency == 0.03 Counts: 27944 Iteration: 591

Env_frequency == 0.05 Counts: 30704 Iteration:594

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E n v _ F r e q u e n cy s e t s t h e unevenness of water concentration in the host environment for mycelium growth. Higher values cause more frequent irregularities i n t h e m y c e l i u m g r ow t h direction.

Env_frequency == 0.07 Counts: 32774 Iteration:599

Env_frequency == 0.09 Counts: 35124 Iteration: 611

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Env_PhaseX == 0 Env_PhaseY == 15 Env_PhaseZ == 0 Counts: 25583 Iteration: 589

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Env_direction sets the phase shift of water concentration in XYZ Axis. It determines the direction of the mycelium growth.

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Env_Magnitude == 3.0 Env_Frequency == 0.09 Env_PhaseX == -23.243 Env_PhaseY == 20.270 Env_PhaseZ == 2.973

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Env_Magnitude == 3.0 Env_Frequency == 0.09 Env_PhaseX == -23.243 Env_PhaseY == -3.784 Env_PhaseZ == 2.973

By mixing the tested parameters together, we get the hybrid results of mycelium growing pattern.

Env_Magnitude == 5.0 Env_Frequency == 0.07 Env_PhaseX == -23.000 Env_PhaseY == 4.865 Env_PhaseZ == -4.054

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GROWING PROCESS WITH 1 SEED

MYCELIUM SURFACE GROWTH This is to simulate mycelium surface growing. It follows the growing rule, the DLA growing system and gradually colonizes the surface. The variables in the test are the basic primitive type and the location and numbers of the growth starting point.

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GROWING PROCESS WITH 2 SEEDS

MYCELIUM SURFACE GROWTH The seed point can be a main influencing factor for mycelium growing pattern. It could be seen from this simulation that the growing process varies under different seed points.

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GROWING PROCESS WITH 3 SEEDS

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THE GROWTH SYSTEM In this step, the system scans and locates four locations where mycelium can be planted, and the seeds will be sowed at the specific locations by means of small robots. Process of sowing mycelium spores: 1. Scanning the local environment 2. Confirmation of sowable position 3. Sowing mycelium spores using robots 4. Monitoring mycelial growth processes and status

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Suitable Planting Points 01

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Suitable Planting Points 04

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#PARAMETERS Myco_Lifespan == 3 Env_Direction == random Counts: 50000

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When the life span of a mycelium is controlled, its growth rate and growth range are limited. The shorter the life span, the more sparse the growth.

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#PARAMETERS Myco1_ Lifespan == 63 Env_Direction == vertical Counts: 50000

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When the direction of mycelium growth is controlled, different patterns are formed along the structure.

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SIMBIOSIS SYSTEM | Hybrid Growth System

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Based on the digital simulation, we conducted our physical experiment with pink oyster(pleurotus djamor) and nameko(pholiota microspora), for their optimal growing condition is easy to achieve with room temperature and humidity.

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Firstly we choosed pink oyster as experimental subject with 0.1 gr(10%) mycelium spawn and straw mixture soil, and the environmental condition of 25 deg.C and humidity of 86%. Under this condition, it took 15 days to grow and mature.

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Then we use control group and experimental group to test environmental factors that could affect the growth of mycelium. It could be seen from the result that the growth rate of pink oyster tends to be high under higher humidity and dark light condition.

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EXPERIMENT SETUP

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MYCELIUM SURFACE GROWTH

The pink oyster experiment shows that temperature, humidity and light are essential factors that influence the growing process. Based on the pink oyster experiment result and considering of the scale of our clay model, we choose nameko to inject on the surface of the clay printing model to test whether clay could be a growth medium for mycelium. The 10ml liquid mycelium syringe was choosed to inject on the clay model's surface, and distilled water, sprayer and humidifier were used to keep the tested humidity for mycelium growth. Besides, the shading is essential to keep a dark and closed growing environment.

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After the injection, the mycelium need at least 10 days to grow. And the growing process depend on restrict environmental condition.

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The mycelium has started to grow outward from the location where we injected it under the conditions of the cultivation environment.

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SYMBIOSIS SYSTEM | Symbiosis

7.3 . S Y M B I O S I S | R O B O T I C C U L T I V A T I O N S Y S T E M

Robotic Vision System

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Every process of the mycelium from sowing to growth to maturity into mushrooms is detected and monitored by our machines. The first step is to assess the scaffolding structure of the underground farm. The second step is to monitor the growth of the mycelium and to locate the mature mycelium. The third step is to harvest the mature mushrooms and transport them to the factory for processing and packaging. SYM [BIO] SCAPE EARTH | AA DRL 2020-2022

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Species of Mushrooms

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We selected six mushrooms suitable for underground growing conditions and sorted them according to their growing temperature and humidity requirements, selecting the appropriate location for sowing in order of temperature from low to high.

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01: Selective Seeding Strategy

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01: Detecting by Machines

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01: Seeding Network Pattern

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01: Seeding by Machines

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02: Detecting Growth Strategy

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02: Mycelium Growing

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02: Mycelium Growing

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02: Mycelium Growing

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Mycelium Growth in Scaffolding

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03: Harvesting Strategy

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03: Mushroom Growing

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BIO-FACTORY As the mycelium matures, different species of mushrooms grow out in set positions and wait to be harvested by the machine. It’s the farm part of the porous structure and as you can see, due to the moist underground environment, mycelium is spread throughout the structure and different species of mushrooms grow out in the designated growth areas. .

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3.2 . E A R T H R E S E A R C H | E A R T H A S E N V I R O N M E N T

JURY CRITIQUE

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" It's a very good question because we can't stop distracting our landscape today right and there's no financing There's no funding behind it. Theres no wayofactually diminishing What's in process so at the end of the day. We're pretty much killing off the planet as we know and there's no global support for it so l do l mean I value the thesis proposition here.I think it's fantastic. I'm just wondering I mean there's no way of even just reducing the the rate at which we had sort of completely destroying the world. We live in So how do we reverse that issue And so there's a very beneficial point here which is being made? Is that you have to entice someone to finance the project? lt doesn't need to be commercial but it needs to somehow move through a governmental system or process which is global to be able to realize the potential of all the research. So who's going to fund research.I think is a really poignant question With regards to the anthropocene and the person l find the scope of research fantastic. I do love the idea that the earth can renew itself and potentially sort of you know have climate change you know can begin to reevaluate the climate within itself.That's a terrific idea. The only thing l just want as a designer pure designer. There is something strange that I kept coming up against in the presentation. l mean you control you can write the limits of the algorithm to actually produce something that is also doesn't just look like another ant farm but it's it's more nuanced. lt has more more design in it as such you know so potentially by controlling the limitations and how you would sort of script. This thing, it would reconfigure it up to kind of or in a manner that we would love to see kind of the potential of that as opposed to seeing a section of another anthem right so that's I think the relationship of optimization to design sensibility is something that l think has a lot of potential for your project moving forward so just here and l think that you're going to run into the same problems. We're in today. Trying to finance your project because no one wants to finance. Just the earth in general. They seem to be so much more at play. Currently that it's always secondary everyone talks about a big game but no one is showing a big game all right." — Ali Rahim, Director of the MSD-AAD Program

" I mean anyway so it's just a thought. Yeah it was really a carbon sink you would get finance because there's a massive emerging carbon market with all these zero carbon proclamations made by all corporates or carbon neutrality. They have to purchase a lot of carbon fing capacity which finances a lot of mostly it's forests and there's other ways of machining filtering out of carbon.Aberomesure is really the gender here l mean you have generating mycelium which is a product that seems to be the root of financing, but if it's curious actually l find the design quite beautiful and l think what Ali is calling for is more differentiation but the paradoxes this is utterly irrelevant to the project so it's best particularly. If you don't you know who is going to be the color sir or who is what's the you know aesthetic has a functional agenda. It's one of orientation legibility or things like that Also that is taken out so l don't know if there's any role or your critique or demand the way the project is set up explicitly as something which is a pure generator of product or climate intervention without any human conscious or occupation." — Patrik Schumacher, Zaha Hadid Architects

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83.2. P. EH AA RS TE H2 R JE US RE YA RCCRHI T| I QE AU RE T H A S E N V I R O N M E N T " l want to come in on this. I mean I'm listening to your conversation. All you mentioned as a designer. I think this morning's conversation was very much about that about opening up a discourse outside beyond the space of current architecture,thinking or design thinking and if you think about today, Okay so around 1.4 billion hectares of land is airline on farmable and if you think about then of course, maybe five billion hectares of land is farmland. It's utilized some of the biggest investments on the planet like the Bill Gates foundational. Bill Gates is one of the biggest farm farmland owners in the United States. China investing in Africa essentially for energy resources. lf you think about the future of design and how we have to think is okay is architects and how we think about okay. Patrick spoke about. We we talked about you know manavers this morning. A lot of the projects were coming out of this space and we thinking how this discourse is cominq out of traditional architectural line of thinking and becoming much. I believe with professional entities that like you know we're talking about science. We're talking about digital processing which is shifted over the last 20 30 years to now say farming which is one of the most relevant discussion. We should have today because it's about prime primary supply or food source and sustainability of the planet. So for design to be relevant. We have to start to open up these discourse on a kind of what we call micro level We talk about robotics. We're talking about you know nanoparticle and understanding of the world is a biological living tissue and how architecture design can contribute to that and l think it's a very valid discussion to be had today and I really must applaud these projects because it's very unique in a sense. It probably causes some tension amongst the architecture of attorneys to think about it is no actual form or spatial production. It's actually about thinking about another way of innovation where design has value in reinvigorating or repositioning itself within this landscape of sustainable architectural production so farming for me and for everyone.He's a very very important asset to be thought about and if you think about you know we talked about some question about returning investment or Kylie farming is as a VC venture capital United States is one of the most prevalent investment opportunities returning about 15% random now.I don't know too many stocks right now, they're returning 15% per annum for an asset,that's actually creating a positive return to the ecoloqical sustainability of the planet. So l think that the idea of design had a weird architects contribute to thatMaybe is very important question as to maybe how do architects contribute as collaborators in a much much larger conversation with other say stakeholders in this space.That's really this. That's really a rambleIt's not really a question" — Tom Kovac, Professor of Architecture at RMIT University

" l also think that like first of all election before that l have to say also that I think is super nice project and you can you have done very very nice work, graphically and aesthetically as well and in terms of the method and the process I think is very well put together and yeah l have to congratulate you on it, but l think I mean it does plug in agair to the conversation this morning. Where basically l think the super strains products is that you're doing something there that this is purely about function because when people are not involved into this, there's no discussion about aesthetics basically because people do not occupy this my silly market occupies this mycelium doesn't care about aesthetics and it's all about actually making my ceiling grow in an optimal way SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

and therefore like it's purely functionally stable project but at the same time like it does look super nice as well and. l also think that the problem here is like like going back to the discussion again before to me. lt's more about the conversation that it opens up as a project rather than actually it's being possible. I'm completely with you. l think like if l was here,I would actually try to make this work and you know now that you've finished the project. I would actually try to go somewhere in some landscape and you know like 3d print these things and stick the middle there. See if anything grows and actually really try to implement it by the same time.l do think that in a way, we're not sophisticated enough to be able to like implement something like this because l think your enemy in this process and in this project is actually the termite who is infinitely much more sophisticated and actually building this from bottom up creating optimize like tunnels for ventilation for my sleeve to grow and all of that, so if you can actually achieve this type of like you know like a sophisticatio, I think that would be amazing, but l don't think this is so possible with the actual means that we have right now at the same time again like ll mentioned this already.I think there are so many things that you started discuss about this projectl think even the the idea of the nonhuman architecture is something you can do a PhD on easily and there's so many things you can like try to address in there. One thing that I found very interesting. Is that when you actually start to implement this in the landscape,you're saying that you're actually going to scan the landscape and then see where like which stops of soil exists and all of that. I think you could stay take this one step further and actually start to think into the idea of the of the landscape and the soil being a three-dimensional entity obviously and looking into other means to scan it like city scans and horses like that that are actually voxel-based.When you do city scans you're extracting voxel or presentation of the human body or whatever you're scanning and try to go more in depth into the soil composition. So effectively you voxelise you do a three disc scan of this soil converting to voxels.It's voxel represents a type of material and therefore you have a much more freedom mental understanding of the soil and then you can start to intervene with your own like excavation or addition process and play that game and I think that could then and that's why we're saying about the propagation and actually the larger conversations then you can take this technique and this idea and start to think broader architecturally about this about architecture being made out of voxels about different consistencies of materiality and how you can actually start the single space like that and I think that's where the actual value of the project line,but other than that I think again it's like you know very well put together very well explained. When you are showing the the clay through the printing.I was thinking like these guys have taken this and done some winter and testing and then immediately after that you so some type of winter testing which l think is very good that you actually make this more than something you try to test them out and to see what they do.So again.I mean like very well done.Congratulations and I think yeah l mean you should continue this work." — Kostas Grigoriadis, Foster + Partners

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8. PHASE 2 JURY CRITIQUE " If I could maybe follow up and some of these comments. I think l first I want to credit the the students because l think there is a lot of design thinking that went into how to design this system. They have designed the mechanic principle.You know that that it's touches on a lot of very relevant topic like they are farming. Obviously this using the materiality of the existing landscapes different types of earth to come to create this soil conditions, but in a way and l echo Patrick's comments. It's you guys are creating something so rich and beautiful that I think that system it will have been so nice to see how then you can apply not only to creating the motion below but also up and down of the ground and see how you can start to develop some potential occupation to this and how this goes to interact because if you take this images, they are gorgeous spaces that you are versus. It's hard for us as architect designers, not to be and live these spaces and see what else we could create not only below ground but also above ground. So l think as Ali was saying l think just as designers. I think US has done a lot of good design. You know. You're making more of a mechanic experience and not for in the this is not for the humans to explore right in days a lot of potentially in your system that you have designed to expand further and see what application we could see above ground for creating this type of new ones in architecture so well done.l think there is a lot of good potential to keep an expanding conversation of this." — Paulo Flores, ZHA

" I mean the conversation sometimes at some moments kind of highlights a lot of the paradoxical nature of of where we are.I think relative to the kind of architectural discussions. One could be aesthetics is the driving force to architectural discourse or human occupancy and I think that these could be all kind of interesting conversations that we could have.I think the project from my perspective. I'll be very heartfelt expressive.I think is quite outstanding and I think the fact that it was done in a time. When also a lot of things were put into crisis and yet still found a creative way to work on these problems. In terms of the use of simulation in terms of actually you know expanding on certain forms of material contingencies that they think are very important to make a project like this credible.I think the aesthetics the beauty that all of those kind of things are a byproduct of actually working in a very real way. So once again I'm going to challenge certain language costs.This was bringing to the table and also to challenge the issue about this idea of who's going to fund things. lf we continue down the path of who's going to fund things in the way that the conversation has been had over the last 30 years and i completely agree with Ali.The actuall we should just be sitting on the beach and just wait for the cataclysm to happen and we could be dancing and enjoying life than trying to sustain it but I find it very paradoxical in one sense because at some point we will speak a lot about occupying Mars.We will entertain these kind of concepts as architectural problems and yet when we talk about sustaining certain forms of life here we become at some moment in time at least in my opinion, fighting a conversation that

SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

" in some sense starts to make it seem like we're quite conservative about the outlook. So on the one hand,I think there's a lot of spirit and the discussions.We're always looking for possibilities. We always try to speculate but then we also try to always say that this isn't in the donor domain of architecture. There are other people doing this.I don't think anybody's doing this. I don't think that a lot of people are very serious about things. l agree with Ali in terms of his overall kind of view on things.l also agree with Tom.I mean puts on the table. You know the states is trying to put all kinds of things into the economy to talk about green development and carbon offsetting and thinking about all of these things We have urban impact of desification and all in all of these other things wasteland basically happening and encroaching on large investments.I don't think that these things are mutually exclusive to try to find a hybrid strategy to use these large kind of territories which in some sense. Become also confrontational because of resources,Sol really appreciated Yodong's kind of response in terms of thinking about the breathability of earth and soil and all of these things because these things give the affordance for different forms of thinking about development.I don't think in itself. This is a piece of architecture and a traditional sense,but I do think as a piece of infrastructure resource energy These kind of issues are directly impacting the way that we practice so l feel like it's important that we have these conversations but l feel like it's very important. Also that we don't normalize a conversations about human occupancy aesthetics and beauty as only being the legitimate kind of drivers,but things I don't think this is a domain of the scientists and an engineer in a pure sense.They don't have the communication capacity to express those things.I think we've not really engaged in some of the subject matter and i think it's critical to do that not for investment but actually for really trying to propose something that works and really invites.I think serious collaborative kind of models to emerge because l don't think we're there butl think it is kind of important to also evaluate the projects. Actually on the merits that there are so ll find a lot of the aspects beautiful.l also find some of the stuff dirty and ugly and all of these things but it's a messy business and that kind of exploration.l think is really important to to be done in a very transparent way, so it's not really a comment to the critiques because I think they're all valid. lt's just to try to say that the nature of the conversation. I think has been brought to the table in a very serious way because it's a very serious research. If they didn't go at it in a very hardcore way, we wouldn't be able to actually have the kinds of critiques that we're having there which we all face the same though critique allia would mention could be set of every project of the DRLwhere the money is coming from who's going to fund it and for what purpose And so l think that these are these are kinds of questions that we're always going to struggle with. So I'm happy to hear the discussion,but at the same time l feel like we have to find ways to to try to see where the possibilities and also from all of your experiences.What opportunities there are for thesestudents to see bevond because l think that that's the next step the danger of all of this kind of work is that somehow it's treated as a finality and not as a beginning we have enough entrepreneurial.l think demonstrations over the last four or five years of students moving into different domains." — Theodore Spyropoulos, AADRL & Minimaforms

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3.2 . E A R T H R E S E A R C H | E A R T H A S E N V I R O N M E N T

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Brenner, Neil. "Implosions/explosions." Towards a study of planetary urbanization. Berlin: Jovis (2014). Young, Liam, ed. Machine Landscapes: Architectures of the Post Anthropocene. John Wiley & Sons, 2019. Domlesky, Anya. "AMO/Rem Koolhaas/Samir Bantal Countryside: The Future: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, USA 20 February–12 March, 2020 and 3 October, 2020–14 February, 2021." Journal of Landscape Architecture 15.2 (2020): 93-96. Kimmelman, Michael. "Art’s last, lonely cowboy." The New York Times Magazine 6 (2005): 33-41. Charles Dimonds, Concept of Growth House. https://www.frac-centre. JoAnna Klein. 'What Termites Can Teach Us About Cooling Our Buildings'. The New York Times. 2019 M. Tlalka, D.P. Bebber, P.R. Darrah, S.C. Watkinson, M.D. Fricker. 'Emergence of self-organised oscillatory domains in fungal mycelia'. 2007 Justin, Sheinberg. CLAYCELIUM_ LIVING STRUCTURES. IAAC. 2019 http://www.iaacblog.com/programs/claycelium/ Johann Dréo. 'Find the shortest path with ACO' . 2006 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_colony_optimization_algorithms M. Tlalka, D.P. Bebber, P.R. Darrah, S.C. Watkinson, M.D. Fricker. 'Emergence of self-organised oscillatory domains in fungal mycelia'. 2007 Hod Lipson. molecubes. Columbia University in NYU. 2005 https://www.me.columbia.edu/faculty/hod-lipson Chiri, Eleonora, et al. "Termite mounds contain soil-derived methanotroph communities kinetically adapted to elevated methane concentrations." The ISME journal 14.11 (2020): 2715-2731. Tomer J. Czaczkes. 'ANTS, LIKE PEOPLE, PREFER THINGS FOR WHICH THEY’VE HAD TO WORK HARD'. University of Regensburg. 2019 https://www.spsp.org/news-center/blog/czaczkes-ants-value-hard-work Linardou, Olga. Towards Homeostatic Architecture: simulation of the generative process of a termite mound construction. Diss. UCL (University College London), 2008. Khuong, Anaïs, et al. "A computational model of ant nest morphogenesis." ECAL. 2011. Aronson, Richard B., et al. "Emergent zonation and geographic convergence of coral reefs." Ecology 86.10 (2005): 2586-2600.

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9. BIBLIOGRAPHY Young, Liam, ed. Machine Landscapes: Architectures of the Post Anthropocene. John Wiley & Sons, 2019. Khuong, Anais, et al. "Stigmergic construction and topochemical information shape ant nest architecture." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.5 (2016): 1303-1308. Ocko, Samuel A., Alexander Heyde, and L. Mahadevan. "Morphogenesis of termite mounds." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116.9 (2019): 3379-3384. Turner, J. Scott. "Architecture and morphogenesis in the mound of Macrotermes michaelseni (Sjistedt)(Isoptera: Termitidae, Macrotermitinae) in northern Namibia." Cimbebasia 16.January 2000 (2000): 143-175. Heyde, Alexander, et al. "Self-organized biotectonics of termite nests." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118.5 (2021). Chen, Chunfeng, et al. "Hydrological characteristics and functions of termite mounds in areas with clear dry and rainy seasons." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 277 (2019): 25-35. Vallas, Thomas, and Luc Courard. "Using nature in architecture: Building a living house with mycelium and trees." Frontiers of Architectural Research 6.3 (2017): 318-328. Attias, Noam, et al. "Mycelium bio-composites in industrial design and architecture: Comparative review and experimental analysis." Journal of Cleaner Production 246 (2020): 119037. Attias, Noam, et al. "Developing novel applications of mycelium based bio-composite materials for design and architecture." Proceedings of Building with Biobased Materials: Best practice and Performance Specification, 6th–7th September (2017): 76-77. Lehmann, Anika, et al. "Tradeoffs in hyphal traits determine mycelium architecture in saprobic fungi." Scientific reports 9.1 (2019): 1-9. Mayoral, Eduardo. "Growing Architecture through Mycelium and Agricultural Waste." International Journal of the Constructed Environment 1.4 (2011). Ghazvinian, Ali, et al. "Mycelium-based bio-composites for architecture: assessing the effects of cultivation factors on compressive strength." (2019). Lehmann, Anika, et al. "How to build a mycelium: tradeoffs in fungal architectural traits." bioRxiv (2018): 361253. Attias, Noam, et al. "Developing novel applications of mycelium based bio-composite materials for architecture and design." Book of abstracts of the final COST action FP1303 International Scientific Conference building with bio-based materials: Best practice and performance specification. Croatia: University of Zagreb, 2017. Dodd, John C., et al. "Mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from different genera: form, function and detection." Plant and soil 226.2 (2000): 131-151. SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB

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CREDITS

Earth Project by | Xiaomeng Zhang | Jiadong Liang | Lekai Zhang | Xirong Zheng

Developed at | Architectural Association | Design Research Lab (DRL) Therodore Spyropoulos Studio in Shanghai/Qingdao/Hangzhou/London 2020 - 2022

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SYM[BIO]SCAPE SPYROPOULOS DESIGN RESEARCH LAB AADRL 2020-2022 EARTH TEAM BOOKLET

Architectural Association School of Architecture AADRL Design Research Lab 2020-2022

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