Facade Design (K14FCT) Solar Shading with Integrated PV
Debarpita Mohapatra M. Arch (Technology) Student ID: 4114654
Abstract: Faรงade plays an important role when we talk about tall buildings. It behaves like the skin, an element of the building and even an integrated part of structure. The building skin varies with the change of climatic zones very similarly like our clothing habits. For an example, in cold climates, insulation, thermal break, vapor barrier becomes an integrated part of the faรงade system while for Tropical climates, rain becomes the threat for the interior environment and structure. Rain screens are must to create a protective screen. Faรงade plays an vital role for internal climatic conditions, which are again related to energy consumption in terms of air circulation inside, internal temperature, lighting conditions etc. And it also can have a major contribution for the generation of alternative energy resources like solar power generation. A simple shading device can also be integrated with sustainable features responding to the local climate system and building form with the use of latest technology available. At same time it also should serve as a design element making it an integrated part of the built form.
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Introduction: In Advanced Tall Building (ATB) module, we in a group of three, are exploring the option of Climate, Culture and Context in designing a high-rise. Our preferred site is Singapore over the available option of London and Abu Dhabi. The reason behind was the climatic condition of the region and the Site also seemed to be quite interesting, sandwiched by high rise towers at two sides and very busy roads on the other sides separating it from Kampong Lang, a historically preserved zone in Singapore. At the same time Singapore is a key development point when it comes to high-rise. Our project is ‘Super Mix-use Mega Sky Gardens’ in the garden city ‘Singapore’.
Most of the tall buildings designed these days are wrapped with an external skin only being an design feature without responding to the climate nor even structural element. In this scheme, we are attempting to create a naturally ventilated and lit building following the footprints of traditional Malaya house. This contributes a lot to the energy consumption. At the same time we are focused on on-site energy generation and self water sufficiency with rain water harvesting system.
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Site: The site is at Beach Road in Singapore, some 150+ kilometers North of Equator.
EQUATOR
SINGAPORE
CAMBODIA
VIETNAM
M A L A
Y S I A
PHILLIPINES
AREA = 710 km2 41.8 km
THAILAND
MALAYSIA
SITE - BEACH ROAD MALAYSIA
MARINA BAY MALAYSIA SINGAPORE
INDONESIA
INDONESIA
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Cultural diversity: Net migration rate (2010) : 4.79 migrant(s)/1,000population Source from： http://www.tradingeconomics.com/singapore/net-migration-wb-data.html
Non-Residents (Short-term permits): Tourism, Trade, Work…
Ethnic Composition(%) of the Resident Population Source from： http://toolserver.org/~al/visualizer4wm.php?page=Demograp hics_of_Singapore&project=en.wikipedia.org&tpl=visualizer&i d=1&ct=col&title=Ethnic+composition+%28%25%29+of+resid ent+population&columns=all&width=1000&height=500
Chinese
Malays
Indians
Others Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT)
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City Life:
Shopping District @Orchard Rd
SITE
Kallang Sports Hub
National Museum The Esplanade Singapore Flyer Laser Shows Restaurants &Clubs @Marina Bay @Clark Quay Ceremonial Event @Marina Bay
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Site Surrounding: The is surrounded by Gateway towers (by I M Pei) on its South-East side and Gateway Plaza on it’s North-West side. Kampong Glam is in the North-East side and is separated by Ophir Road.
Park View Tower (2002) Kampong Glam District (1819)
Gateway Towers (1990) Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT)
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View from Site:
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Site Section:
Site
Parkview Tower
Gateway Towers
Site
Parkview Tower
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Shadow Analysis: The site is shaded by the buildings nearby, mostly by Parkview Plaza. But the Northern and Southern corners are not getting any shadow. Our building is positioned in the Southern corner of the site and goes higher than all the buildings around with a height of 173.2 meters. So at this point, shadow in the top most part of the building is not at all an issue. Shadow is required in every seasons, even each level of building are needed to be shaded in order to decrease the internal temperature.
N
Hottest day--31 ℃ 12:00 21st Jul.
N
Coolest day --27 ℃ 12:00 21st Dec.
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Climate: Being too close to Equator, Singapore has Tropical hot and humid climate. The temperature remains almost constant through out the year with slight variations in Summer and Winter. Rain can be expected throughout the year, all day. The annual average rainfall is 2340 mm.
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Wind Analysis:
Summer Wind – South Max Speed = 5.5 m/s
SUMMER (June - July - August)
Winter Wind – North Max Speed = 8.3 m/s
WINTER (Dec - Jan - Feb)
Autumn Wind – South-East Max Speed = 5.5 m/s
Spring Wind – North Max Speed = 5.5 m/s
AUTUMN (Sep - Oct - Nov)
SPRING (Mar - Apr - May)
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Traditional Malay House:
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Agenda: Responding to the Cultural and Context, our aim was to create large green spaces at a height, maintaining the available green space on ground. We are in the process to create mega sky gardens at different levels in this 150+ meter Super Mix-use Tower with specific usage as well as creating buffer zones between levels. Going little bit higher than the adjacent buildings we are creating a 360 degree viewing gallery at the top with a big garden and public recreational facilities.
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Floor Layout:
Private Garden
Apartment Floor
Sports Garden
Ground Floor/Site Layout
Office Floor
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360 Viewing Deck : At a height of 173.2 meters, we have provided a 360 degree triangular viewing gallery from where you can get fantastic views of Marina Bay Area, Kallang Basin and the whole city, looking over Gateways Towers and Parkview Plaza. The climatic analysis of Singapore says that, out of 12 hours of daylight period, direct sunlight is available for an yearly average of 5.7 hours per day. Being too close to Equator, the Sun mostly remains over head. Ecotect analysis says, during the harshest hours of the day, Sun makes an angle of about 62 degrees. At the same time Singapore is quite famous for it’s Rain. Heavy unexpected rain with thunder storm is quite common everyday.
360° Viewing Gallery
Building Section
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360 Viewing Deck : The climatic condition gives the challenge to make the Viewing deck usable all the time throughout the day. Our main agenda is to create Mega Sky Gardens for the public at different levels. And this top most garden houses restaurants, cafeterias and a large public garden at lower level, below the viewing deck. In the process of achieving Bioclimatic features, the shading device over the viewing gallery can be designed in a different way to be fitted with photovoltaic panels for solar energy generation as well as it can also act as a large rain water collector to make the building self water sufficient.
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Bio-Climatic Features: The high solar radiation intensity in Singapore encourages the use of photovoltaic for onsite energy generation. And in tall buildings roof-top in particular is highly efficient with maximum solar gain. Also the rainwater could be collected with provision of rain water collectors. This rainwater can only be filtered and stored at each individual levels to be used for planters, cisterns and washing clothes.
Solar Power Generation
Rain Water Harvesting Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT)
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Solar Shading:
A
The solar trackers increase the efficiency of onsite energy generation by 30-50% and those are again linked with rain sensors to close the PV panels to protect the visitors on the gallery from the infamous Singapore rain.
D
B
Here the shading is supported by I-sections at a regular interval of 5 meters. A secondary dia-grid support system over the main structure holds the rotatable PV panels which are again coupled with solar trackers and rain sensors.
Once closed during rain, the shade acts as a giant rain water collector to make the building water self sufficient.
C Section thru Viewing Deck Floor Plan Source: Author
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Outside
Inner Courtyard
Outside
Inner Courtyard
Ventilation Strategy:
Rainy Day:
Sunny Day:
During the rain, the rain sensors does automatically close the solar panels. At this point, the air flows from outside to inner courtyard through the viewing deck at human body level. In Hot and Humid climates it is necessary to make the air flow at body level to absorb sweat and making the body to feel cold.
During sunny day, the solar panels do rotate following the position of the Sun with the help of Solar tracker. The opening in the roof acts like a vent and air flows from both outside and inner courtyard because of the temperature difference, again passing at human body level.
Source: Author
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Daylight Strategy:
Source: Author
Outside
Inner Courtyard
At a height of 172.3 meters, the viewing deck gets unobstructed daylight. Being so close to equator the intensity of Sun is also too harsh. The place from where one is going to see the whole city, GLARE is a big problem. To overcome with this, the light is filtered through the dia-grid structure of roof, rotatable photovoltaic's and low Iron double glazed faรงade system.
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Rotation Principle: 50째 50째
Source: Author
The PV fixed here rotates around the axis by 50 degrees. The angle has bee n derived from the ecotect analysis of the solar position over the year in Singapore to optimize the solar gain by 30-50%.
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SUMMER
Rotation Principle: The PV fixed here rotates around the axis by 50 degrees. The angle has bee n derived from the ecotect analysis of the solar position over the year in Singapore to optimize the solar gain by 30-50%. The Summer and Winter Sun angle in Singapore is almost equal with a difference of 1 degree.
WINTER
With a diagrid secondary support, the photovoltaic panels can be rotated in EastWest direction over the triangular plan of the viewing deck.
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Detail at A :
Detail at D
1. I- Section fabricated portal frame 2. Aluminum C-section as Purline. 3. Aluminum ridge sheet. 4. Powder coated aluminum frame. 5. LED light eye lid at Night 6. Two piece aluminum pressure plate and cap. 7. Powder coated aluminum frame. 8. M.S. Box section as Tie Beam. 9. M.S. Plate to support aluminum purline. 10. Low Iron double glazed unit. 11. RCC Beam, 600 x 450 mm 12. M.S plate to keep the I-sections in Position.
Model Photograph Source: Author
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View Legend: 1. I- Section fabricated portal frame 2. Aluminum C-section as Purline. 3. Aluminum ridge sheet. 4. steel plate 5. LED light eye lid at Night 6. Two piece aluminum pressure plate and cap. 7. Powder coated aluminum frame. 8. M.S. Box section as Tie Beam. 9. M.S. Plate to support aluminum purline. 10. Low Iron double glazed unit. 11. M.S plate to keep the I-sections in Position.
Source: Author
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Detail of Gutter: 1. Rubber Gasket : The gasket creates a windproof seal also avoid the friction between aluminum frame and PV supporting frame 2. Aluminum cill 3. Aluminum plate to support. 4. Aluminum section supporting aluminum cill and gutter profile. 5. L- angle. 038 x 076 mm 6. L- angle. 152 x 102 mm 7. 100 x 800 mm aluminum gutter profile.
Glazing Fixing Detail: 1. I- Section fabricated portal frame 2. M.S. Box section as Tie Beam. 3. Powder coated aluminum frame. 4. Low Iron double glazed unit. 5. Aluminum spacer block. 6. Aluminum setting block. 7. Two piece aluminum pressure plate and cap. 8. Rubber Gasket
Source: Author
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Detail at B:
Detail at D
1. I- Section fabricated portal frame 2. M.S C-section as Tie Beam. 3. Roofing sheet. 4. Aluminum gutter profile. 5. M.S L-angle to support roofing sheet 6. Syphonic drainage 7. 50mm dia drainage pipe 8. Powder coated aluminum frame. 9. Low Iron double glazed unit.10.
Model Photograph Source: Author
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View Legend: 1. I- Section fabricated portal frame 2. M.S C-section as Tie Beam. 3. Roofing sheet. 4. Aluminum gutter profile. 5. M.S L-angle to support roofing sheet 6. Syphonic drainage 7. Powder coated aluminum frame. 8. Low Iron double glazed unit.
Source: Author
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Detail at C: 1. I- Section fabricated portal frame 2. Low iron double glazed unit. 3. 200 x 80 mm box section 4. Powder coated aluminum frame. 5. Two piece aluminum pressure and cap. 6. 12 mm thick Wooden Skirting. 7. M.S. hinge plate. 8. 50 mm dia M.S. Hinge pin. 9. Aluminum framing. 10. ACP sheet. 11. RCC Beam, 600 x 450 mm 12. Plaster.
Source: Author
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View Legend: 1. I- Section fabricated portal frame 2. Low iron double glazed unit. 3. 200 x 80 mm box section 4. Powder coated aluminum frame. 5. Two piece aluminum pressure and cap. 6. 12 mm thick Wooden Skirting. 7. M.S. hinge plate. 8. 50 mm dia M.S. Hinge pin. 9. Aluminum framing. 10. ACP sheet. 11. RCC Beam, 600 x 450 mm 12. Plaster.
Source: Author
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Construction Detail: (Supporting Member) 1. I- Section fabricated portal frame. 2. 10 mm thick M.S base plate. 3. M.S. upper hinge plate. 4. 50 mm dia M.S. Hinge pin. 5. M.S. lower hinge plate. 6. 10 mm thick M.S base plate. 7. Wooden Flooring 8. 10 mm dia anchor bolt. 9. RCC slab
Model Photograph Source: Author
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Detail at D: (Photovoltaic Panel) 1. 0.81 x 0.81 m. PV Panel. 2. Aluminum frame : Rebated and carries PV panel. 3. 20 mm diameter hole for electrical wiring. 4. 10 mm thick steel plate welded to aluminum frame. 5. 2.5 mm diameter hole for air pressure release. 6. 10 mm thick steel plate to rotate PV assembly. 7. 75 mm diameter steel pipe to rotate PV assembly.
Model Photograph Source: Author
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Concrete Floor-slab Details:
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Physical Model:
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Model Photograph Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT)
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Model Photograph Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT)
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The rotation of PV panels allows the diffused daylight to the viewing deck creating an interesting play. This is one of the reason to avoid the secondary membrane for rainwater protection by exposing all the components of the roof and allowing the light to pass through. (Inspiration: Zaragoza Bridge Pavilion)
Model Photograph Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT)
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Solar Tracker: Solar Trackers, track the motion of the Sun across the sky to maximize the output of solar panels in terms of energy generation. These can increase the electricity generation by 30-50%.
Suntrack: The Suntrack website indicates that, with the integration of Solar Tracker system to the PV system, the electricity generation can be increased by an average of 30-50%, where as the energy consumption by it is very minimal.
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Rain Sensor: With the use of rain sensor, we can automate the opening and closing system without any human interference. With this mechanism there is also no requirement of another membrane underneath the photovoltaic panels for water proofing.
Some brand names available: - VELUX Electronic Controls - Yelof pty
Syphonic Drainage: Syphonic drainage is a very simple process. Unlike traditional roof drainage, which is designed to flow part full, a syphonic system operates at full capacity, when water is sucked or syphoned from the roof down into the drain at high velocity. (Source: www.fullflow.com)
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Case Study:
Zaragoza Bridge Pavilion Zaragoza, Spain
Debarpita Mohapatra Eman Y. Ismail Rahul R. Suralkar Mariyam Ahmadi
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Construction Site Visit:
New Mathematics Theatre 1 Engineering Science Learning Center 2
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Factory Visit:
SOLAGLAS, Coventry 1 Crown Aluminium Limited, Glucestershire 2
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References: - Cladding of Buildings, Alan J. Brookes and Maarten Meijs,2008, Taylor & Francis, Oxon - Faรงade Construction Manual - Modern Construction Handbook - External Components, Michel McEvoy, 1994, Pearson Education Limited, Essex http://solartracker.greenwatts.info/ http://www.suntrack.es/english/home.ht ml http://www.allaboutdoors.com/product_i nfo.php?products_id=1522010 http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/ Sections/UB_dim.htm
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