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G E O G R A P H Y

G E O L O G Y

H I S T O R Y

C U L T U R E

C L I M A T E

F L O R A

F A U N A

A N I M A L

A N D

P L A N T

S P E C I E S

L A N D

C O V E R

M A P

great basin lowland/swale grassland

S I T E

short grass steppe great basin broad leaf deciduous desert scrub great basin foothill-‐piedmont grassland great basin microphyllous desert scrub chihuahuan foothill-‐piedmont desert grassland

A N I M A L

(an-‐i-‐mal)

noun Any member of the kingdom Animalia, comprising multicellular organisms that have a well-‐defined shape and usually limited growth, can move voluntarily, actively acquire food and digest it internally, and have sensory and nervous systems that allow them to respond rapidly to stimuli: some classification schemes also include protozoa and certain other single-‐celled eukaryotes that have motility and animallike nutritional modes.

B I R D

(bird)

D I N O S A U R

(di-‐no-‐saur)

noun

noun Any of the warm-‐blooded, beaked vertebrates of the class Aves, including more than 9,600 living species. A covering of feathers distinguishes birds from all other animals. Birds have a four-‐chambered heart (like mammals), forelimbs modified into wings, and keen vision, and their eggs have calcium-‐rich eggshells. Flying birds have evolved skeletons in which part of the bone is replaced by air spaces, an adaptation for reducing weight.

Any of the extinct reptiles that were the dominant land animals during most of the Mesozoic Era (251–65 million years ago). The various species appeared at different times, and not all overlapped. The shape of the teeth reveal whether a given dinosaur was a carnivore or an herbivore. Dinosaurs are classified as either ornithischians or saurischians, based on pelvic girdle structure.

P L A N T

F O S S I L

(plant)

noun Any organism in the kingdom Plantae, consisting of multicellular, eukaryotic life forms (see eukaryote) with six fundamental characteristics: photosynthesis as the almost exclusive mode of nutrition, essentially unlimited growth at meristems, cells that contain cellulose in their walls and are therefore somewhat rigid, the absence of organs of movement, the absence of sensory and nervous systems, and life histories that show alternation of generations.

(fos-‐sil)

noun Remnant, impression, or trace of an animal or plant of a past geologic age that has been preserved in the Earth's crust. The data recorded in fossils, known as the fossil record, constitute the primary source of information about the history of life on the Earth. Only a small fraction of ancient organisms are preserved as fossils, and usually only organisms that have a solid skeleton or shell. e n d a n g e r e d

s p e c i e s

M A M M A L

(mam-‐mal)

noun Any of a class (Mammalia) of warm-‐blooded higher vertebrates (as placentals, marsupials, or monotremes) that nourish their young with milk secreted by mammary glands, have the skin usually more or less covered with hair, and include humans. The earliest mammals date from the late Triassic Period (which ended 206 million years ago); their immediate ancestors were the reptilian therapsids.

MOUNTAIN LION (Cougar, Panther, Puma, Catamount) Location: Western United States Size: (Largest wildcat in North America) Weight: up to165 pounds Length: 8 ft in length Diet: Deer, elk, porcupines, small mammals, livestock, pets Lifespan: 15 – 25 years

COYOTE

ELK Location: Northwestern United States Size: Weight: 1,000 pounds Length: 9 feet Diet: grass, forbs, sedges, shrubs, needles, twigs, bark Lifespan: 12 years

MULE DEER Location: Western United States Size: Weight: 130 – 280 pounds Length: 4.5 – 7 feet Diet: forbs, leaves, twigs, shrubs Lifespan: 9-‐11 years

BLACK TAILED JACK RABBIT

Location: North America Size: Weight: 15 – 25 pounds Length: 4 feet Diet: Cactus fruit, mesquite beans, flowers, insects, rodents, lizards, rabbits, birds, and snakes Lifespan: 10 – 14 years

Location: Western United States Size: Weight: 11 pounds Length: 24 inches Diet: cactus, sagebrush, mesquite, grasses, crop plants Lifespan: 1 – 5 years

PRONGHORN ANTELOPE

DESERT COTTON TAIL

Location: Western United States Size: Weight: 90 – 150 pounds Length: 4.5 feet Diet: Forbs, shrubs, sagebrush, grasses, and cacti. Lifespan: 10 – 12 years

Location: Western United States Size: Weight: 2 – 3 pounds Length: 14 – 19 inches Diet: grasses, cacti, bark, twigs, mesquite Lifespan: 2 years

BLACK TAILED PRAIRIE DOG

WESTERN RATTLESNAKE

Location: Western United States Size: Weight: 1 – 3 pounds Length: 12 – 15 inches Diet: grasses, sedges, forbs, roots, seeds, insects Lifespan: 3 – 5 years

Location: Southwestern United States Size: Length: 3 – 5 feet Diet: Mice, rats, rabbits, gophers, ground dwelling birds, lizards, other small animals. Lifespan: 15 – 20 years

GUNNISON’S PRAIRIE DOG

BULL SNAKE

Location: Southwestern United States Size: Weight: 2 – 4 pounds Length: 12 – 15 inches Diet: grasses, herbs, leaves Lifespan: 4 years

Location: United States Size: (largest species of snake in U.S) Weight: 8 pounds Length: 8 feet Diet: rodents, birds, eggs, lizards Lifespan: 20 years

BANNER-‐TAILED KANGAROO RAT

TEXAS HORNED LIZARD

Location: Western United States Size: Weight: 1 -‐ 6 ounces Length: 6 – 12 inches Diet: seeds, grasses Lifespan: 12 years

Location: Southwestern United States Size: Length: 3 – 6 inches Diet: ants, grasshoppers

ROUNDTAIL HORNED LIZARD

R E P T I L E

(rep-‐tile)

Any of a class (Reptilia) of air-‐breathing vertebrates that include the alligators and crocodiles, lizards, snakes, turtles, and extinct related forms (as dinosaurs and pterosaurs) and are characterized by a completely ossified skeleton with a single occipital condyle, a distinct quadrate bone usually immovably articulated with the skull, ribs attached to the sternum, and a body usually covered with scales or bony plates.

Location: Southwestern United States Size: Length: 3 – 4 inches Diet: insects

WHIPTAIL LIZARD Location: Southwest United States Size: Weight: Length: 3 – 6 inches Diet: small terrestrial invertebrates

S E I S M O S A U R U S

P E T R I F I E D

W O O D

(Greek root: petro meaning "rock" or "stone") noun Fossil formed by the infiltration of minerals into cavities between and within cells of natural wood, usually by silica (silicon dioxide, SiO) or calcite (calcium carbonate, CaCO). Often this replacement of organic tissue by mineral deposits is so precise that the internal structure as well as the external shape is faithfully represented; sometimes even the cell structure may be determined. PETRIFIED WOOD

(diplodocidae)

Time Period: Jurassic 201-‐145 million years ago Location: White Mesa Morrison Formation Size: Ranges from flakes to trucks Length: 50 feet Base: 6 feet

noun A giant, herbivorous, or plant-‐eating, dinosaur, Seismosaurus inhab-‐ ited western North America during the late Jurassic period, approxi-‐ mately 159 to 144 million years ago. It belongs to the order Saurischia—the lizard-‐hipped dinosaurs—and the suborder Sauropoda. It is a member of the family Diplodocidae.

SEISMOSAURUS Time Period: Jurassic 201-‐145 million years ago Location: White Mesa Morrison Formation Discovery: 1979 Excavation: 1985 Size: Longest skeleton ever disocvered

B I R D

O F

P R E Y

Any member of the order Falconiformes (eagles, falcons, hawks, and vultures) or Strigiformes (owls). Falconiforms are also called raptors. All birds of prey have a hook-‐tipped beak and sharp curved claws called talons. A carnivorous bird that feeds wholly or chiefly on meat taken by hunting or on carrion. These birds hunt for food primarily via flight, using their keen senses, especially vision.

GOLDEN EAGLE Habitat: Grassland Diet: small to medium size mammals, including larger prey Nesting: build their nests on cliffs averaging 5-‐6 feet wide and 2 feet deep. Behavior: astonishing speed Size: 27.6-‐33.1 in. long

PRARRIE FALCON Habitat: Grassland, deserts and open areas Diet: Ground squirrels, birds, rodents, lizards and insects Nesting: On overhanging south-‐facing cliffs up to 500 feet high Behavior: Forage by swooping low Size: 14-‐18.5 in. long

FERRUGINOUS HAWK Habitat: Grassland Diet: Rabbits, ground squirrels, and prairie dogs Nesting: Trees Behavior: Soaring Size: 22-‐27.2 in. long Considered threatened in several states

BURROWOING OWL Habitat: Grassland Diet: Insects, scorpions, small mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles. Nesting: Nests in burrows Behavior: Catches food with feet. Hunts by walking, hopping, or running along the ground, or by flying from perch.

TURKEY VULTURE Habitat: Open woodland or landfills Diet: Carrion, mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians and fish Nesting: On rock crevices and caves Behavior: Distinctively slow flight style Size: 25-‐32 in. long

COMMON RAVEN Habitat: Mountains,deserts Diet: Small mammals, baby tortoises, eggs, fish, grains and berries Nesting: Cliffs, trees and tall places Behavior: On the ground ravens walk confidently, sometimes with a swagger, sometimes sidling Size: 22-‐27 in long

S E E D E A T E R

S O F T -‐ B I L L

SEEDEATER Any songbird that lives chiefly on seeds and typically has a more or less strong conical bill for crushing them. In this sense, the term includes the sparrows, buntings, finches, grosbeaks, canaries, weavers, and waxbills.

BREWERS SPARROW Vulnerable in NM Global Population: 16 million White eye ring Slim, forked tail Size: Length: 4.5”

SOFT-‐BILL Any of numerous birds with rather fragile weak bills suitable for consuming insects and other small animals as food.

LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE

BENDRIE'S THRASHER

Habitat: Open woodland Diet: Insects, amphibians, small reptiles, small mammals and birds Nesting: Trees Behavior: Kills by biting prey in back of neck, cutting the spinal cord. Size: 7.9-‐9.1 in. long

Breed in NM Large, long-‐tailed songbird Dull grayish brown all over Long, slightly down-‐curved bill Faint spots on chest and belly

CASSIN SPARROW

GRAY VIREO

Habitat: Grassland Diet: Insects Nesting: Ground Behavior: Ground Forager Size: 5.1-‐5.9 in. long

Habitat: Found in desert scrub Diet: Arthropods, some fruits Nesting: Shrubs Behavior: Gleans from leaves, twigs, branches Size: 5-‐4.9 in. long

BLACK-‐CHINNED SPARROW Prefers desert, dense sagebrush; in the far west Diet: dry chaparral with a variety of shrubs and scrub oak Size: Length: 5-‐5 1/2"

G R A S S

CHEAT GRASS (grass)

noun

Any of a large family (Gramineae syn. Poaceae) of monocotyledonous mostly herbaceous plants with jointed stems, slender sheathing leaves, and flowers borne in spikelets of bracts. Include many low, green, nonwoody plants that make up the families Poaceae (formerly Gramineae), Cyperaceae (sedges), and Juncaceae (rushes).

ALKALI SACATON Native Reproduction by seed Starts growth early mid-‐spring Blooms: June until frost Soil: sandy soils of desert foothills and dry and gravelly slopes Great for erosion control Size: 1.5 to 3’ tall

BLUE GRAMA Blooms: July to August Good quality summer grazing for all classes of livestock and wildlife Soil: stony, cobbly, gravelly, sandy, fine soil Size: 6-‐20” tall

Season: cool Soil: all kinds except extremely wet Size: 8-‐25” tall

CRESTED WHEATGRASS Starts growth in early spring Blooms in late spring Soil: well drained, loamy soils Good forage for all classes of livestock and fair for wildlife Size: 1 to 3’ tall

NEEDLE AND THREAD Native Drought tolerant Seed reproduction Soil: drained sands to fine sandy loams to coarse gravelly loam soils Prevents wind erosion on sandy soils Size: 1-‐4’ tall Forage for elk in winter and spring

BLUESTEM

MESA DROPSEED

Drought tolerant Flowers: tan Eaten by songbirds and upland gamebirds Soil: well-‐drained, medium to dry, infertile soil Size: 1.5 to 3’ tall

Native Drought tolerant Season: warm Bloom: Sep. to Nov. Wonderful forage for cattle Soil: well-‐drained sand, sandy loams and gravelly soils Size: 12-‐40” tall

SQUIRRELTAIL

C A C T U S

(cac-‐tus)

noun Season: cool Soil: all kinds except extremely wet Size: 8-‐25” tall

H E R B

Any of the flowering plants that make up the family Cactaceae, containing about 1,650 species, native through most of North and South America, with the greatest number and variety in Mexico. Cacti are succulent perennials. Most live in and are well adapted to dry regions (such as deserts). Cacti generally have thick herba-‐ ceous or woody stems containing chlorophyll. Leaves usually are absent or greatly reduced, minimizing the surface area from which water can be lost; the stem is the site of photosynthesis. GRAMA GRASS CACTUS

(herb)

Perennial Bloom: April and May Soil: fine, sandy clay loams and red sandy soils

noun A seed-‐producing annual, biennial, or perennial that does not develop persistent woody tissue but dies down at the end of a growing season

KNIGHTS MILKVETCH

PRICKLYPEAR

Destination: NM, Sandoval County, Mesa Prieta Perennial herb Blooms: May to early June Soil: Dakota formation sandstone and grassland, rimrock ledges

Pollinated by insects Blooms: March through May Flower: yellow and red at the base Redish fruit (tunas) Nopalitos can be eaten as vegetables Soil: sandy, gravelly and rocky soil

WOLLY PLANTAIN

SPINYSTAR

Native Annual Blooms: winter (late), spring, summer Soil: Desert, upland Size: 8 in. tall

Native Attracts: hummingbirds, songbirds, sonorans, butterflies Eatable fruit (birds and human) Propagation: seed Soil: dry decomposed granite, sand, limestone, low organic content Size: 1’ tall

F L O W E R I N G

P L A N T S

Any of the more than 250,000 species of angiosperms (division Magnoliophyta) having roots, stems, leaves, and well-‐developed conductive tissues (xylem and phloem). The division is composed of two classes: monocots and dicots. Monocots have flower parts in threes, scattered conducting strands in the stem, and usually promi-‐ nent parallel veins in the leaves, and they lack a cambium. Dicots have flower parts in fours or fives, conducting strands arranged in a cylinder, a net-‐veined pattern in the leaves, and a cambium.

SCARLET GLOBE MALLOW Native Grought tolerant Blooms April to August Deep orange or brick red to pinkish Fruit: schizocarp Eaten by most species of ehrbivores Soil: dry grassland prairies Size: 2.5 in. tall

TOWNSENDS ASTER

HOARY TANSYASTER

Native to New Mexico NM Sandoval County (30 Kilometers North from White Mesa) Soil: Gypsum Size: 2-‐10 cm tall

Blooms late spring, summer, fall Purple, white(rare) Size: Up to 4’ tall

TANSYMUSTARD

EVENING-‐PRIMROSE

Native to the US Blooms February through May Flowers from yellow to whitish Size: 2’ tall Soil: dry, sandy soils in arid areas

Drought tolerant Bloom: late spring and summer, early fall Yellow or pink Fragrant Attracts butterflies Size: 6-‐36 in. tall

SILVERLEAF NIGHTSAHDE

ANNUAL OWNSEND DAISY

Blooms May through September Deep violet to light blue Reproduces through seed and roots Size: 1 to 3 ft. height

Native to NM, Colorado, Arizona, Texas, Utah Bloom Aprin, May and June White, pink, purple

T R E E

FOURWING SALTBRUSH

(tree)

noun A woody perennial plant having a single usually elongate main stem generally with few or no branches on its lower part. Most trees have a single self-‐supporting trunk containing woody tissues, and in most species the trunk produces secondary limbs called branches. Trees take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen during photosyn-‐ thesis. Their root systems help retain water and soil, preventing floods and erosion.

S H R U B

Dominates plants in the mesa Seed Reproduction Drought tolerant Soil: well-‐drained, sandy to rocky soils, it also occurs on denser, clayey soils

ONE SEED JUNIPER

RUBBER RABBITBRUSH

Native Bloom: fall and winter Soil: dry mesas, hillsides, among pinyons Size: less than 25’ tall

Native Nati Fruit is an schene Bloom: Yellow green flower Somewhat dry toletant Size: 12-‐90 in. tall Soil: dry sandy, gravelly or heavy clay

SHADSCALE SALTBUSH

(shrub)

noun Any woody plant that has several stems, none of which is dominant, and is usually less than 10 ft (3 m) tall. When much-‐branched and dense, it may be called a bush. Intermediate between shrubs and trees are arborescences, or treelike shrubs (10–20 ft, or 3–6 m, tall).

Native to the US Blooms during early summer Slow ability to spread through seed production High drought tolerance Size: 3’ height

BIGELOW SAGE

WINTERFAT

Blooms: August, September, October, November Yellow disk flowers Pollinated by wind Fruites: achenes Size: 7.9” to 3.3’ tall

Native to US Seed reproduction High drought tolerant Size: 3’ height Soil type: dry clayey soil, alkaline flat. Sandy areas