St Mary's Jacobite Syrian Church Neelimangalam. Souvenir 2010 by BONEY PHILIP

FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ ....................................................................................... 27 sk‚v tacokv bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-∏≈n \oen-aw-Kew Ncn-{X-h-gn-bn-eqsS ................................................................................ 51 tZhm-eb aqtdm≥ A`n-tjIw kpdn-bm\n k`m ImgvN∏ - mSv ..................................................................... 55 ssZhm-eb IqZmi, s]cp-∂mƒ BtLm-jß - ƒ ˛ Ah-tem-I\w .............................................................. 103 ]≈n-bpsS Ncn{Xw ................................................................................... 119 kqcys\ AWn-s™mcp kv{Xo ˛ ssZh-am-Xm-hmb ]cn-ip≤ I\yI adnbw ...................................................... 151 hnip-≤t- bm-l∂ - m≥ kv\m]I\pw tam¿ Ko-h¿Kokv kl-Zmbpw ................................................................... 155 IpSpw_w `qan-bnse \∑-If- psS Ddh ............................................................. 161 ]cn-ip-≤\ - mb tam¿ Btlm- ....................................................................... 167 amXm ]nXm Kpcp:ssZhw ........................................................................... 169 \oen-aw-Kew ]≈n, Hcp sFXolyw .................................................................171 \√ Zn\w .............................................................................................. 173 hnip≤ Ip¿∫m\ ................................................................................... 175 Aﬂm-b-ZuXyw ....................................................................................... 183 ]cn-ip-≤∑ - mcpw ip≤n-aX - n-If- pw \ΩpsS B{i-bt- I-{μ-ßƒ .................................... 187 A\p-{K-ln-°s- ∏´ Xe-apd ......................................................................... 189 \ΩpsS tZhm-ebw ................................................................................... 197 sh≈n-\-£{Xw ...................................................................................... 201 hn. k`bpw k¨tU-kvIqƒ {]ÿm-\hpw ...................................................... 205 I¿Ø≥ X≥ Bebw .............................................................................. 209 A`n-hμy ]nXm-°∑ - m-cpsS t]cp-Ifpw A¿∞-ßfpw ........................................... 209 t^mt´m-WnIvkpw \mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-f-Pnbpw hnip-≤-{K-Ÿ-Im-gv®-∏m-Sn¬ ...................................................................... 211 ae-¶c- b - nse a¨ad™ kpdn-bm\n k`m ]nXm-°∑ - m¿ ........................................ 215 amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ Adn-bm≥ .......................................................................... 223 aZy-]m\w Hcp tZio-bh - n-]Øv....................................................................... 225 {]m¿∞\ ............................................................................................ 227 Rm≥ \nßsS hey-Ω®n ............................................................................ 229 tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw: hn`h kam-lc- W - hpw hn\n-tbm-Khpw ............................ 235 tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW hc-hvsN-ehv IW°v ................................................. 238

FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ Ncn-{Xw Dd-ßp∂ \oen-aw-Kew tZi-Øn\v Hcp iXm-_vZ-tØm-S-SpØv Bflob DW¿Δpw ssZhoI ssNX-\yhpw {]Zm\w sNbvXv {]tim-`n°p∂ sk‚v tacokv bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-∏≈n k`bv°pw CS-hIbv°pw A`n-am-\hpw Ae-¶m-c-hp-ambn ho≠pw ]pXp-°n-∏-WnXv IqZmi \SØn ka¿∏n-°p-hm≥ CS-h-Ibv°v km[n-®-Xn¬ ap∂ta ssZhsØ al-Xz-s∏-SpØp∂p {]Xn-_-‘-ßsf AXn-Po-hn®p≈ Cu tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw, hnizmk kwc-£W hy{K-X-bp-sSbpw C—m-i-‡n-bp-sSbpw HsØm-cp-a-tbm-sS-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\ß-fpsSbpw ê-am-Wv. F°m-eØpw At¥ym-Jym-knw-lm-k-\-tØmSv XnI™ Iqdpw `‡nbpw hnt[-b-Xzhpw ]pe¿Øn-t∏m-cp∂ Cu CS-hI kXy-hn-izmk kwc-£-W-Øn-\m-bp≈ t]mcm-´-Øn¬ ]q¿Δ-Imew apXte ap≥\n-c-bn¬ Xs∂ Bbn-cp∂p F∂p≈ kXyw ChnsS {]tXyIw Hm¿Ωs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. \sΩ hnizm-k-Øn¬ Dd-∏n®v, hgn \SØn hmßn-t∏mb t{ijvT-B-Nm-cy-∑m-scbpw tZhm-eb ÿm]-\-Øn\pw hf¿®bv°pw th≠n Xß-fpsS saøpw a\hpw kºØpw ka¿∏n®v AXy-≤zm\w sNbvXv aä-d™ \ΩpsS ]q¿Δ ]nXm-°-∑m-scbpw Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ ssZh-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ kvacn®v {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. tZhm-eb ÿm]-\-Øn-s‚bpw ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWØns‚bpw IqZm-i-bp-sSbpw a‰p Ncn{X aplq¿Ø-ß-fp-sSbpw kvac-W-Iƒ hcpw Xe-ap-dbv°v ]I¿∂v \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v DX-Ip∂ Hcp kph\o¿ ]pd-Øn-d-°p-hm≥ Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ km[n-®Xv ssZh-\-S-Øn-∏mbn Icp-Xp-∂p. At\-I-cpsS klm-bhpw kl-I-c-Whpw hne-tb-dnb \n¿t±-i-ßfpw Cu DZya-Øn\v ]n∂n-ep-≠v. CXn¬ Aev]a- mtbm A[n-Ia- mtbm ]¶v tN¿∂v \nkvXqe tkh\w sNbvX F√m-h¿°pw \μn Adn-bn-®p-sIm≠v Cu kph-\o¿ AZ-c-thmsS ka¿∏n-°p-∂p. {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ X∂ A\p-{Kl kμ¿`-ßƒ°pw Iq´mbvabv°pw ssZh-ta, Ahn-Sp-tØbv°v \μn.

FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ t_m¿Un\p th≠n, Fw. ]n. Ipcym-t°mkv aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ FUn-‰¿

ap≥ {SÃn-am¿ 1. {io. DÆq-ń, DZbw]p-Øq¿ 2. {io. Ipcy≥ sXmΩ≥, ]md-bn¬ 3. {io. h¿°n sNdn-bm≥, h´-bv°m-´p-Im-em-bn¬ 4. {io. sF∏v amWn ]\-t®-a‰w 5. {io. Nm≠n, apf-¥m¿a-‰-Øn¬ 6. {io. sF∏v amØ≥, amt∏m-Sn-bv°¬ 7. {io. t]mØ≥ Nm≠n, IÆmw-º-S-Øn¬ 8. {io. tImcpf tbml-∂m≥, aT-tØ´v 9. {io. sNdn-bm≥, πm°n-bn¬ 10. {io. sF∏v tImc, sIm√≥In-g-t°-Xn¬ 11. {io. h¿°n Ipcy≥, If-Øp-]-Sn-°¬ 12. {io. ]n. kn. Ipcym-t°m-kv, πm°n-bn¬ 13. {io. Nmt°m ôen-t∏m-kv, Nn‰n\n-°m-em-bn¬ 14. {io. amØ≥ Cń-b-hn-cm, sXt° h´-bv°m-´p-Im-em-bn¬ 15. {io. amWn, ]Sn-™msd Ipgn-bm-ºm´v 16. {io. sF∏v Cu∏≥, Cug-am-en-bn¬ 17. {io. amXyp G{_-lmw, Ipº-f-Øn¬

18. {io. Ipcy≥ h¿Ko-kv, If-Øp-]-Sn-°¬ 19. {io. Fw. sI. t]mØ≥, aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ 20. {io. sI. ]n. G{_-lmw, sIm´p-∏-≈n-¬ 21. {io. ]n. Fw. tXma-kv, ]qhw-\n¬°p-∂-Xn¬ 22. {io. ]n. Fw. sF∏v, ]gq¿ ]≈n-∏p-dØv 23. {io. C´n-b-hncm h¿°n, sIm´p-∏-≈n-°-tcm´v 24. {io. F{_lmw Nmt°m, cma-\m-´p-X-d-bn¬ 25. {io. Cu∏≥ Nmt°m, Cug-am-en-bn¬ 26. {io. sI. bp. amWn, Xe-b-\m-´p-a-T-Øn¬ 27. {io.sI. hn. amØ≥, Ccp-´p-am-en¬ 28. {io. Fw. sI. tXma-kv, ap´-Øn-Ød 29. {io. sI. Fw. amWn. Ipº-f-Øn¬ 30. {io. sI. kn. Nmt°m ,I-≠w-sI-´n-b-Xn¬ 31. {io. sI. sI. sF∏v, Icn-∏m¬ 32. {io. sI.-Fw. De-l-∂m≥, Ipgn-b-ºm´v 33. {io. ]n. sF. amØ≥, ]gq¿ ]≈n-∏p-dØv 34. {io. Fw. ]n. Ipcym-t°m-kv, aßm-´p-Imembn¬ 35. {io. sI. F. cmPp, sIm√≥In-g-t°-Xn¬

ap≥ sk{I-´d- n-am¿ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

{io. {io. {io. {io. {io. {io. {io. {io. {io.

kn. Fw. Nmt°m, ]pØ≥]p-c-bn¬ sI. sF. tImc IÆ≥sXm-´n¬ ‰n. C. amXyp, sXt° h´-bv°m-´p-Ime sI. sI. ]oen-t∏m-kv, Ipº-f-Øn¬ sI. sI. Ipcy≥, IÆ≥-sXm-´n¬ sI.-hn. kv°dn-bm, Ccp-´p-am-en¬ Fw. kn. Ipcym-t°m-kv, aÆq¿ C.-Fw. t__n, amt∏m-Sn-bv°¬ ]n. Fw. amXyp, ]gq¿ ]pØ≥]pc

10. {io. ]n. Fw. Ipcym-t°m-kv, ]\-t®-a‰w 11. {io. sI. sI. sF∏v, Icn-∏m¬ 12. {io. sI. sI. ^nen-∏v, If¿a-‰-Øn¬ 13. {io. sI. sI. Ipcp-hn-f, If-Øp-]-Sn-bv°¬ 14. {io. cmPp sI. amXyp, IÆ≥sXm-´n-bn¬ 15. {io. sI. F. cmPp sIm√≥ Ing-t°-Xn¬ 16. {io. sI.-Fw. De-l-∂m≥, Ipgn-bm-ºm´v 17. {io. kn. kn. jnPp, sNcn-hp-Im-em-bn¬, aÆq¿

tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW IΩ‰n c£m-[n-Imcn

: tIm´bw `{Zm-k\ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ A`n-hμy tXmakv tam¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v

sNb¿am≥

: dh. ^m. B≥{Uqkv Nnc-hØd hnImcn

sshkv sNb¿am≥

: dh. ^m. Ipcym-t°mkv πm]-d-ºn¬

P\-d¬ I¨ho-\¿

: {io. G{_lmw Nmt°m, cma-\m-´p-X-d-bn¬

tPmbn‚ v P\-d¬ I¨ho-\¿

: {io. cmP≥ kmw, ASp-ap-dn-bn¬

\n¿ΩmW k_vI-Ω‰n I¨ho-\¿

: {io. ]n. Fw. amXyp, ]gq¿ ]pØ≥]p-c-bn¬

ss^\m≥kv k_v-I-Ω‰n I¨ho-\¿

: {io. sI. sI. sF∏v, Icn-∏m¬

]ªn-kn‰n & ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv k_vI-Ω‰n I¨ho-\¿

: {io. Fw. ]n. Ipcym-t°mkv, aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬

{SÃn

: {io. sI. F. cmPp sIm√≥ Ing-t°-Xn¬

sk{-I-´-dn

: {io. kn. kn. jnPp, sNcn-hp-Im-em-bn¬, aÆq¿

\n¿ΩmW k_vIΩ - ‰n AwK-ßƒ1 2 3 4 5 6

{io. APnØv Ipcp-hn-f, If-Øq-∏-Sn-°¬ {io. ]n. Fw. Ipcym-t°m-kv, ]\-t®-a-‰w {io. C. Fw. t__n, amt∏m-Sn-°¬ {io. sI.-kn. Nmt°m, I≠w-sI-´n-b-Xn¬ {io. tam≥kn kvIdn-b, ]≈n-∏p-dØv {io. C.-]n. amWn, Cug-am-en¬

7 8 9 10 11

{io. tImcpf G{_-lmw, aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ {io. _n\p amWn, h´-bv°m-´p-Im-em-bn¬ {io. ]n. Fw. amXyp, ]gq¿ {io. t__n tXma-kv, ]≈n-∏p-dØv {io. sI. Fw. tXma-kv, Ipgn-bm-ºm´v

ss^\m≥kv k_vIΩ - ‰n AwK-ßƒ 1 2 3 4 5

{io. ]n. Fw. tPmk-^v, ]gq¿ Ipgn-bm-ºm´v {io. ]n. sI. G{_-lmw, cma-\m-´p-X-d-bn¬ {io. sI. Fw. Ipcym-t°m-kv, sIm®p-a-ßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ {in. ]n.-sI.-tXm-a-kv, ]gq¿ ]´mWn-°mem {io. sI. sF. h¿§o-kv, IWn-bm-´p-Im-em-bn¬

6 7 8 9 10 11

{io. {io. {io. {io. {io. {io.

]n. sF. amWn, ]gq¿ ]≈n-∏pdw Pn_n-®≥, sIm´p-∏-≈n-°-tcm´v ]n.-hn. amXyp, ]gq¿ hmg-°me sI.-Fw. tXma-kv, I≠w-sI-´n-b-Xn¬ sPdn≥ amXyp, ]gq¿ ]´m-Wn-°mem ]n. sI. tPm¿÷v, ]gq¿ Ing-t°-Xn¬

]ªnkn‰n & ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv k_vIΩ - ‰n AwK-ßƒ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

{io. ]n.-hn. De-l-∂m≥, ]pd-tØ´v {io. cmPp F. tXma-kv, Aº-e-Ød {io. h¿§okv amXyp, Ccp-´p-am-en¬ {io. sI. Fw. De-l-∂m≥, Ipgn-bm-ºm´v {io. ]n. Fw. jmPn, ]\-t®-a‰w {io. Xºm≥ ]n. h¿Ko-kv, ]pd-tØ´v {io. ]n.-sI. Ipcym-t°m-kv, aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

{io. G{_lmw kmw, Ipº-f-Øn¬ {io. hn.-kn. sNdn-bm≥, thew]-d-ºn¬ {io. tPm¨ tP°-_v, aßm-´p-aTw {io. sI.-bp.-s_-∂n, sIm®o-∏-Sn-°¬ {io. ‰n.-Fw. De-l-∂m≥, ]≈n-sX-t°Xn¬ {io. ]n.-Un. tPm¨, ]pØ≥]pc {io. ]n.-]n. G{_lmw, ap´-Øn-Ø-d-bn¬

sk‚v tacokv bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-∏≈n \oen-aw-Kew Ncn-{X-hg- n-bn-eq-sS . . . . sIm√-h¿jw 1082 I∂n 2 (A.D 1907)

ac-ßm-´n-emb aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ t]mØ≥tImcpf Cu {]tZi- Ø p≈ bmt°m- _ mbkpdn- b m\n {Inkv X ym- \ n- I ƒ°v ]≈nbpw skan-tØ-cnbpw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v Htc-°¿ ÿew Zm\-ambn \evIn.

sIm√-h¿jw 1090 aIcw 6 (A.D. 1915)

ae- ¶ c sa{Xm- t ∏m- e oØ Bbn- c p∂ ]pWyt«mI\mb ]utemkv tam¿ Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A\p-hmZI-ev]\-{]-Imcw hn. ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬ tZhm-ebw ]Wnbp-∂-Xn\v ASÿm\ine ÿm]n®p.

sIm√-h¿jw 1090 Ip`w 24 (A.D. 1915)

apfw-Iq´v sIm≠v \n¿Ωn® tZhm-ebw IqZm-i-sNbvXv Znhy_en A¿∏n-°-s∏-´p.

sIm√-h¿jw 1101 aIcw (A.D. 1926)

I√pw achpw D]-tbm-Kn®v tZhm-e-b-\n¿ΩmWw Bcw-`n-®p.

sIm√-h¿jw 1101 Ip`w (A.D. 1926)

At¥ymJym knwlm-k\ {]Xn-\n[n ]. kvfo_m tam¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n Cu ]≈n-bn¬ Fgp-s∂≈n Ipcn-in≥sXm-´n-bn¬ am¿ Iuam ]nXm-hns‚ Xncp-ti-jn∏v ÿm]n-®p.

sIm√-h¿jw 1103 aIcw (A. D.1928)

]pWy-t«-mI-\mb aoJm-tb¬ tam¿ Zoh∂ymkntbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm \ho-Ic - n® tZhm-eb - Ø - ns‚ IqZm-iI - ¿Ωw \n¿Δ-ln-®p.

1953-˛56

tZhm-ebw (a-Zv_lm Hgn-sI) ]pXp°n ]Wn-Xp.

1958

]: Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS I_dn-S-Øn-te-°p≈ hS-°≥ taJem Xo¿∞m-S-Isc Cu ]≈nbn¬ kzoI-cn®v BXnYyw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®p.

1971-˛72 1982 s^{_p-hcn 12

aZv_lm ]pXp°n ]Wn-Xp.

1988 s^{_p-hcn

]pWy-t«m-I-\mb Koh¿§okv tam¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncpta\n (s]-cp-º≈n Xncp-ta\n) Cu ]≈n-bpsS Km‘n-\-K¿ Nm∏-en¬ ]cn-ip≤ Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥ _mhm-bpsS Xncptijn∏v ÿm]n-®p.

1990-˛91

]≈n-bpsS πm‰n\w Pq_n-en- Hcp h¿jw \o≠p- \n∂ hnhn[ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn BtLm-jn-°-s∏-´p.

1993 s^{_p-hcn 10

At¥ymJym knwlm- k \ {]Xn- \ n[n tam¿ At{]w XotamØntbmkv B_qZnsa{Xmt∏meoØm ]≈n kμ¿in®p.

2006 P\p-hcn 8

CS-h-I-sa-{Xm-t∏m-enØm A`n-hμy tXmakv tam¿ XotamØn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW ASn-ÿm\-ine Bio¿hZn®v ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW ^≠v DZvLmS\w sNbvXp.

2007 s^{_p-hcn 10

At¥ymJym knwlm-k\ {]Xn-\n[n e≠≥ B¿®v _nj∏v am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv t‰ma sa{Xm-t∏m-enØm Cu ]≈nbn¬ hn: Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n®p.

2007 sk]vXw-_¿ 14

CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-enØm A`n-hμy tXmakv tam¿ XotamØn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW ASn-ÿm\-ine ÿm]n-®p.

2008 P\p-hcn 18

]: F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZmkv sk{I-´dn A`nhμy tPmk^v tam¿ {KotKmdntbmkv Xncp-ta\n ]≈n-bpsS ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp.

2008 HIvtSm-_¿ 22

]: At¥ymJy ]m{Xn-b¿°okv C·m-Øn-tbmkv kmJm {]Y-a≥ _mh Xs‚ \memw ss…lnI kμ¿i-\-th-f-bn¬ Cu tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ aqtdm≥ A`n-tjI IqZm-i-bv°p≈ ine hmgvØn A\p-{K-ln®p.

2009 P\p-hcn 11

CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-enØm A`n-hμy tXmakv tam¿ XntamØn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n tZhm-eb - Ø - ns‚ XmXvIm-enI IqZmi \n¿h-ln-®p.

2010 P\p-hcn 11

]pXp-°n-∏W - nX tZhm-eb - Ø - ns‚ aqtdm≥ A`n-tjI IqZmi t{ijvT ImtXm-en°m _t -en-tbmkv tXmakv {]Y-a≥ _mhm-bpsS {][m\ Im¿Ωn-I-XzØnepw CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏menØm A`n-hμy tXmakv tam¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n-bp-sSbpw a‰v A`nhμy sa{Xm-t∏m-en-Øm-am-cmb tPmk^v tam¿ {KotKmdn-tbm-kv, Gen-bmkv tam¿ AØm-\-tkym-kv, kJ-dn-bmkv tam¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\m-kv, sFkIv tam¿ HkvXmØn-tbmkv F∂o Xncp-ta-\namcp-sSbpw kl-Im¿ΩnI-XzØnepw \S-Ø-s∏-´p.

At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ]: C·m-tXymkv kmJm {]Ya≥ _mhm Xs‚ H∂mw ss«ln-I-k-μ¿i-\-th-f-bn¬ Cu ]≈n-bpsS Km‘n-\-K-dn-ep≈ ]: Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥ Nm∏ens‚ ASn-ÿm-\- ine Bin¿h-Zn-®p.

tZhm-eb aqtdm≥ A`n-tjIw kpdn-bm\n k`m ImgvN∏ - mSv

tUm.Ipcym-t°mkv tam¿ sXtbm-^o-temkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ bqtdm∏v `{Zm-k-\w & MSOT dkn-U‚ v sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ

]cn k`-bpsS hnizm-ka- \p-kc- n®v hn. aqtdm-\`- ntjIw Hcp hy‡n-bn¬ ÿnc-amb ap{Z CSp-∂X - pt]mse ]pXp-°hpw ssZhm[nhm-k-Øn-\p≈ tbmKy-Xbpw aqtdm≥ IqZm-ib - neqsS Be-bØn\v e`n-°p-Ib - m-Wv.

{]mcw-`-Imew apX¬ Xs∂ {]tXyIw hy‡n-I-sfbpw hkvXp°-sfbpw ÿe-ßs - f-bpw ka-bs - Øbpw hnip≤w As√-¶n¬ th¿Xncn-°-s∏-´-Xmbn ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°pw. F√m aX-ß-fnepw kwkvImc-ß-fnepw hyXykvX cq]-Øn¬ CXpZr-iy-am-Wv. kpdn-bm\n k`bpsS tZhm-e-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn¥bpw amXr-Ibpw {][m-\-ambn blqZm ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ ASn-ÿm\s∏´Xpw AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]gb \nba tbcp-itew tZhm-eb amXrIbn¬ ]n≥Xp-S¿∂p-≈-Xpam-W.v ]cn k`-bpsS hnizm-k-a-\p-k-cn®v hn. aqtdm-\-`n-tjIw Hcp hy‡n-bn¬ ÿnc-amb ap{Z CSp-∂-Xp-t]mse ]pXp-°hpw ssZhm[nhm-k-Øn-\p≈ tbmKy-Xbpw aqtdm≥ IqZm-i-bneqsS Be-bØn\v e`n-°p-I-bm-Wv. CXv ta¬∏-´-°m-c≥ am{Xw \nd-th-‰-s∏-Sp∂ IqZm-i-bm-Wv. CXv Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ ]mSn-√mØXpw BIp-∂p.

ip{iqjm \S-]Sn c≠p ip{iq-j-IfmbmWv Cu IqZmi {Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \ng-emb ]g-b\ - n-ba- hpw s]mcp-fmb ]pXnb \nb-ah - pw t]mse. c≠mw ip{iq-j-bn¬ _en-]oT ip{iqj, ssl°vem ({]-Im-cw) ip{iqj F∂o c≠p `mK-ß-fp-≠v. H∂mw ip{iqj°v Awi-h-kv{X-ßƒ [cnt°-≠X - n-√. Nne-t∏mƒ aq∂mw aWn {]m¿∞-\bv°p ap≥t]m, kuIcym¿∞w Xte Znhkw k‘ym \a-kvImcw Ignt™m H∂mw ip{iqj \S-Øm-dp-≠v. c≠mw ip{iqjbv°v Awi-h-kv{X-ßƒ [cn®n-cn-°-Ww. BZyw aqtdm≥ IqSmsX t{XmW-kn¬ Ipcn-i-S-bmfw hc-bv°p-Ibpw ]n∂o-Sv- A-Xn\p apI-fn¬ IqSn hn.-aq-tdm≥ ]pc´n Ipcni-S-bmfw hc-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. {XnXz-\m-a-Øn¬ ap{Z-bnSp∂tXmSp-IqSn CXns‚ ]q¿Øo-Ic - Ww \nh¿Øn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p. epØn\n-bmbpw {]m¿∞-\-Ifpw ]q¿Øo-I-cn®v hncn-°q´w BtLm-jn®v IqZm-i-sNbvXv t{XmWkv Ae-¶-cn-°p-∂p. AXn\p tijw-ta¬∏-´°m-c≥ aqtdm≥ Ip∏n-sb-SpØv BtLm-j-ambn ]pd-s∏´v `nØn-Ifn¬ Ipcn-i-S-bmfw hc-bv°p-∂p. BZyw aZv_-lm, Ing°v `nØn, hSt° `nØn-b-cn-In¬ IqSn h∂v hmXn-ep-I-fn¬ hc®v sX°p-`m-KØp-IqSn Ing-t°m´v h∂v hc-®-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂p. -k-am-]\ {]m¿∞\ \SØn t{XmtWmkn≥ ta¬ hbv°p-hm-\p≈ Ipcniv BtLm-jn®v \nt£-]n-°p-∂p.-

tZ-hm-e-b-Øns‚ {]m[m-\yhpw hnhn[ `mK-ßfpw kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS tZhm-e-b-ßƒ ]g-b-\n-b-asØbpw tbcp-itew tZhm-e-b-sØbpw amXr-Ibm°nbmsW∂v ap≥]v {]Xn- ] m- Z n- ® pht√m. ]pd. 26 ¬ ssZhw ko\mbv ae-bn¬ h®v kz¿§ob tbcp-it- e-ans‚ amXrI tamsibv°v ImWn-®p-sImSp-°p-∂p. AXn≥ {]Im-ca- mWv kam-Ka- \ - I - q-Smchpw ]n∂o- S p≈ tZhm- e bw \n¿Ωn- X nbpw. AXn≥ {]Imcw Be-bsØ 4 `mK-ß-fmbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p∂p. 1. P\- ß - f psS ip≤o- I - c - W ÿew (]p- d sØ {]mIm-cw) 2. AIsØ {]mImcw (ssl-°vem) 3. ]qPm-h-kvXp-°ƒ hbv°p-∂-Xn\pw BNm-cy∑mcpw ip{iq-j-Icpw \n¬°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ hnip-≤-ÿ-ew (-sI-k-ØpXp-am) 4. btlm-h-bpsS s]Íw Ccn-°p∂ AXn-hn-ip≤-ÿew (a-Zv_-lm) Be-b-Øn-te°v {]th-in-°p-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v IgpIn ip≤o-I-cWw {]m]n-°p-∂-Xns‚ {]Xo-Iambn ]n®-fs - Øm-ń-bn¬ Pe-ap-≠m-Ipw. Be-bØ - n\p-≈n-te°v {]th-in-°p-tºmƒ Ggv XncnIfp≈ Ihc hnf°v {]mIm-c-Øns‚ \Sp-hn-ep-≠m-Ipw. AXn\pa∏p-d-Øp≈ ÿm\w ImgvN-b∏w Ccn°p∂ ÿew. G‰hpw ap∂n-embn AXn-hn-ip-≤ÿ-ew. kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS Be-ba- mXrI ]cn-tim[n-®m¬ BZyw ]qapJw As√-¶n¬ \mS-I-im-e. ChnsS-bmWv amtam-Zokm kzoI-cn-°m-Ø-hcpw, hnizm-k-]-Tn-Xm-°fpw \n∂n-cp-∂-Xv. \mSI imesb∂ t]cp e`n-°phm≥ ImcWw A£-cm-`ym-kan-√m-Ø-hsc hnizm-khpw thZhpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥ BwKy-`m-j-bn-eq-sSbpw Iem-cq-]ßfn-eq-sSbpw {]I-S-\-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv ChnsS sh®m-bncp∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂p. F∂m¬ bcpitew tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn \ΩpsS ]≈n-I-fn¬ amtam-Znkm sXmń Agn°IØn\v v heXp hi- Ø p≈ ÿm\- Ø m- W v . \sΩ IgpIn ip≤o-I-cn-°p∂ ain-lm-bpsS Xncphn-em-hn¬ \ns∂m-gp-Inb c‡hpw sh≈hpw heXp hiØp \n∂p {]h-ln®p F∂-Xns‚ {]XoI-am-W-Xv. ]qapJw Ign™v hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v \n¬°phm-\p≈ ÿm\-amWv ssl°vem. Ggv Xncn-If - p≈ Ihc hnf-°p-t]mse AXns‚ \Sp-hn¬ FÆ hnf-°p-≠v. amtam-Zn-k-mbm¬ IgpIn shSn-∏m-°s∏´ hnizmkn Xncp-h-N-\-Øm¬ {]Im-in-Xcm-bn-

Øo-cp-∂p. Ggv Ihc hnf-°p-Iƒ Ggv IqZm-i-IfpsS {]Xo-I-ambpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Agn-°Iw `uXnI ]dp-Zo-km-bpsS {]XoIw IqSnbmWv. thZ-]p-kvX-Ihpw, Ipcnipw c≠p-Xn-cnIfpw Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-Ipw. -\≥a Xn≥a-I-sf-°p-dn®p≈ Adn-hns‚ hr£-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-ambn hn. {KŸhpw, Poh-hr-£-amb Ipcn-ipw, Xncn-Iƒ Imh¬ \n¬°p∂ sIcq-ºp-I-fpambn {]Xn-]m-Zn°-s∏-Sp-∂p, AXn-hn-ip≤ ÿe-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-amb hn. aZv_lm, Poh-a∂shbv°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂ ]qPm-]m{X-ßf - psS ÿm\Øv Imkm, ]nem-kI - f - pw, Altdms‚ Xfn¿Ø hSn-bpsS Nnlv\-amb Ipcnipw \n¬°p-∂p. kz¿§-tØm-Spw, ssZhw Cdßn hkn® ko\mbv ae-tbmSpw hn. aZvv_-lmsb kqNn∏n-°ptºmƒ I¿Øm- h ns‚ _en- ] o- T hpw ssZhnI knwlm-k-\-hp-ambn hn. t{XmW-kns\ Nn{Xo-Icn-°p-∂p.

tZhm-eb \n¿ΩnXn ]mf-b-Øns‚ at≤y C{km-tb¬ a°-fpsS c£-bv°mbn Db¿Ønb kam-K-a\ IqSmcw tZhme- b sØ Zr„m- ¥ - s ∏- S p- Ø p- ∂ p. c£bv - ° mbn C{km-tb¬ a°ƒ ]mf-bsØ e£y-am°n HmSpIbpw AXn\p Np‰pw IqSp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. AXv Db¿∂n-cn-°p∂p. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ `qan-sbbpw kz¿§-sØbpw _‘n-°p∂ bmt°m_v Z¿in® tKmh-Wnbpw tZhm-eb {]Xo-I-am-Wv. (D-ev]. 28: 12) Pe-{]-f-b-Øn¬ \n∂p c£-s∏-Sp-hm≥ t\ml \n¿-Ωn® s]´-I-ambpw (D-ev]. 6:13, 7:1)sh-fn-]mSp ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ P\-tØm-sSm∏w hkn°p∂ ssZhnI IqSm-c-hpam-Wv tZhm-e-bw (-shfn 21: 3,4 ). tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ {]th-in-°p-∂Xp apX¬ t{XmtWmkv hsc ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn Db¿Øn]Wnbp-∂p. CXv `uan-I-X-e-Øn¬ \n∂pw kz¿t§m-∂X-ß-fn-te°v a\p-jy≥ {]th-in-°p-∂Xv kqNn-∏n°p-∂p. Be-b-Øns‚ ]pdsa, ]qap-JsØ Ipcnin-t\-°mƒ Db¿∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww hn. aZv_-lmbpsS apI-fnse Ipcn-iv. (tIm-X-aw-Kew, Icn-ßm®n-d, ISp-Øp-cp-Øn, ]nd-hw XpS-ßnb ]gb tZhme-b-ß-fn-se√mw CXv Zriy-am-Wv.) kpdn-bm\n k` Ing-°p-]S- n-™mdp Zni-bnse tZhm- e - b - ß ƒ ]Wn- b m- d p- ≈ p. blkv t °¬ {]h-N-\-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂Xpt]mse Ingt° hgnbmbn ssZh-tX-Pkv hn. aμn-c-Øn¬ {]th-in-®p. (b- l - k v t °¬ 43:12,40:12,10:19) bmK- ß ƒ A¿∏n-°p-tºmƒ Ing-t°m-´p≈ tKm]pcw Xpd-∂nSp- ∂ p. (sbsl: 46:12) hn.- a - Ø m- b n- b psS 57

kphn-tijw 24:27 A\p-kc - n®v ain-lm-bpsS hchv Ing-°p-\n-∂m-sW∂v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

≤o-I-cn-®p-I-gn-bp-tºmƒ Bebw ssZh tXP- n\m¬ \nd-bp-∂p (1 cmP 8:11). ssZh-Øns‚ IÆpw sNhnbpw AhnsS Xpd-∂n-cn-°p-∂p (-1 cmP 9:30).

hn. aqtdm-\-`n-tjIw A`n- t j- I - s Ø- ° p- d n®v Nn¥n- ° p- t ºmƒ AXn\v {]Xo-Im-fl-Ihpw aX-]-c-hp-amb A¿∞Øn¬ ]pcm-X\ Imew apX¬t° D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂- X mbn ImWmw. CuPn- ] v ‰ n¬ hf- s c- ° m- e ßƒ°p-ap≥]p Xs∂ FÆ sIm≠p≈ A`ntjIw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. CXv ip≤oI-c-W-Øn\pw, kuJy-Øn-\pw, kuμ-cy-Øn\pw imco-cnI shSn-∏n\pw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.-cm-Pm-°∑m-scbpw ]ptcm-ln-X-scbpw A`n-tjIw sNøptºmƒ Ah¿°v al-Xzhpw kpc-£bpw e`n°p∂XmbnAh¿ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. hy‡n-Iƒ°p ]pdsa hr£-ßƒ, hn{K-l-ßƒ, Bbp-[-ßƒ hscbpw A`n-tjIw sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. A`n-tj-I-Øn-eqsS tZh≥am-cpsS {]tXy-I-i‡n A`n- t jIw sNø- s ∏- S p∂ hkv X p- h nt\m hy‡nt°m e`n-°p∂p F∂v hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. hn. thZ- ] p- k v X - I - Ø n¬ Asse- b v t ^m, {Intbm F∂o c≠p ]Z-ßƒ A`n-tj-IsØ kqNn∏n- ° p- h m≥ D]- t bm- K n- ° p∂p. H∂m- a - t ØXv hmNym¿∞- Ø nepw c≠m- a - t ØXv aX- ] - c - a mb A¿∞-ØnepamWv. ]gb \nb-a-Øn¬ Hen-shÆbpw {]tXyI kpK-‘{- Z-hy-ßfpw tN¿Ø FÆ sIm≠v hn-ip≤ ÿe-Øp-h®v Xe-bn-eqsS A`ntjIw sNøp-tºmƒ A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ IqSn {]XoI-ambn AXns\ ImWp-∂p. A`n-tj-I-Øn-eqsS kt¥m-jhpw ssZhn-Im-\p-{K-lhpw e`n-°p-∂p. (1 cmP 1:39, 1 i.-ap. 10:1, k¶o. 45:7) ssZhmflmhns\ e`n-°p∂p, {]tXyI kwc-£Ww e`n°p∂p, ssZh-hp-ambn t\¿_-‘-Øn-em-Ip-∂p, (1 iap 10:13, 24:6˛11, 26:9˛23 2iap 1:14) Aip-≤nbn¬ \n∂pw th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂p, (]pd 30:29) CXv hkvXp-°ƒ°pw _m[-I-am-Wv (-]pd 40:19) tehy 8:10). ]pXnb \nba-Øn¬ {Intbm, {Inkvam F∂o ]Z-ßƒ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-`n-tj-IsØ kqNn-∏n-°phm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. (At∏m. {]. 10:30) CXneqsS {]tXy-I-i‡n e`n®v \ntbmKw e`n-°p-∂p. Dev]. 28:10˛20 `mK-ß-fn¬ bmt°m_v Z¿in-°p∂ tKmh-Wn-sb-°p-dn®pw bmt°m_v Xebn-W-bmbn sh® I√v FÆ sIm≠v A`n-tjIw sNbvXv B ÿe-Øn\v t_tY¬ F∂p t]cn-Sp∂Xmbpw ImWp∂p. Hc¿∞-Øn¬ BZy tZhmeb A`n-tjIw \S-Øn-bXv bmt°m-_m-sW∂p ]d-bmw. item-tam≥ tZhm-ebw ]WnXp hnip-

D]-kw-lmcw ]uc-kvXy-Im-gvN∏ - m-Sn¬ k` Hcp Bcm-[\m kaq-l-am-Wv. tZhm-ebw Bﬂob t_tYepw. bmt°m_v I√n¬ FÆ Hgn-®-Xp-t]mse tZhmeb IqZmi ka- b Øv sa{Xm- t ∏m- e oØm hn. t{XmWkpw tZhm-e-bhpw hn. aqtdm-\m¬ ap{Z IpØp-∂p. Cu {]XnjvT ssZhw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p F∂-Xns‚ sXfnhv Dev]. 31:13 ¬ Zriy-amWv "" \o I¬ØqWn\v A`n-tjIw sNøp-Ibpw hrXsa-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvX ÿe-amb t_tY-ense ssZh-amWv Rm≥'' ]cn-ip-≤m-ﬂ-hns‚ {]Xo-I-amb hn. aqtdm\m¬ Hcp tZhm-ebw A`n-tjIw sNø-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ AXv hnip-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´v ssZhnI tXP mepw km∂n-≤y-Ømepw \nd-bp-∂p. sbi-ømhv 6:1˛10 hsc `mK--ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse {Iqt_≥amcpsS tXcp- I - f m¬ hebw sNø- s ∏- S p- ∂ p. hnizmknIfpsS {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ ssZhw k∂n-ln-X-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. c£-bpsS ASbm- f - a mbn kwc- £ - W hpw tZi- Ø ns‚ ]mf-bhp-ambn Db¿∂p- \n¬°p-∂p. kz¿t§m-∂X-ßf - n-te°v a\p-jys\ Itc-‰p∂ tKmhn-Wn-bmbn Bebw ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. \mi-Øn¬ \n∂pw c£ \¬Ip∂ s]´-I-ambn Bebw \n¬°p-∂p. hn. amtam-Zn-k-mbm¬ IgpIn shSn-∏m-°-s∏´, hn. aqtdm\m¬ ap{Z-bn-S-s∏´ Poh-\p≈ Be-b-ßfmb hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v \oXo-Ic- W - hpw hnip-≤o-Ic- W - hpw al-Xzo-I-c-Whpw c£bpw A\p{K-lhpw e`n°p∂ ÿm\-ambn amdp-∂p hn. aqtdm-\-`n-tj-IØm¬ tZhm-ebw. c£m-am¿§-ß-fmb hn. IqZmi-I-fpsS A\p-jvTm\ tI{μ-ambpw ssZh-]p-{Xs‚ Xncp-ic - oc c‡-ßf - psS BtLmj ÿm\-hp-ambn amdp∂p hn. tZhm-e-bw. btlmh hkn-°p∂ Cu ÿew shSn-t∏msS kq£n-°p-hm≥ ssZh-h-N\w \sΩ Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ (]pd 3:5) hnip-≤ntbmsS AXn¬ {]th-in-°p-Ibpw I¿Øm-hns‚ Xncp- i - c oc c‡ßfpsS Awin- I - f mbn \mw Be-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øp-h-cp-tºmƒ tami ko\mbv ae-bn¬ \n∂pw Cdßn h∂-t∏mƒ apJw kqcy-s\-t∏mse hnf-ßn-b-Xp-t]mse ssZhnI tXP- mepw ]c- k v ] c kv t \l- Ø mepw Pzen-°p∂ A\p-`hw Hmtcm hnizm-knbnepw D≠mtI-≠-Xm-Wv.

dnt∏m¿´v “Rm≥ \nt∂mSp IqsS- D-≠v; {`an®p t\mt°≠, Rm≥ \ns‚ ssZh-amIp∂p; Rm≥ \ns∂ i‡o-I-cn°pw; Rm≥ \ns∂ klm-bn-°pw; Fs‚ \oXn-bp≈ hess¶ sIm≠v Rm≥ \ns∂ Xmßpw.” sbi-ømhv 41:10

G{_lmw Nmt°m cma-\m-´p-Xd-bn¬, P\-d¬ I¨ho-\¿ & k`m- am-t\-PnwKv IΩ-‰n-bwKw

]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\ßƒ Bcw-`n®v tIhew c≠p h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Cu ssZhnI-]≤ - Xn hnP-bI - c-ambn ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-hm≥ km[n-®Xv CS-hI - mw-Kß - fpsS \nc-¥c- a- mb {]m¿∞\-bpsSbpw ITn-\m-≤zm-\Ø - ns‚bpw ^e-ambpw k¿tΔm-]cn k¿Δ-i‡ - \ - mb ssZh-Øns‚ Af-h‰ Ir] H∂p-sIm≠pw am{X-am-Wv.

1915 ˛¬ hnip≤ ssZh-amXm-hns‚ \m-aØ - n¬ ÿm]n-Xa- mb Cu ]cn-ip≤ tZhm-ebw ]pXp-°n-∏W - nXv aqtdm≥ A`n-tjI IqZmi \S-Øs∏- ´ Cu thf- b n¬ C{X- t Ømfw hgn- \ - S - Ø nb k¿Δ- i - ‡ - \ mb ssZhsØ \μn-tbmsS kvXpXn-°p-∂p. Cu ]cn-ip≤ tZhm-e-bw, At¥ym-Jym-bp-sS-bpw, Ing-s°m-s°bp-sSbpw ]:]t{Xm-kns‚ ss«lnI knwlm-k\ - Ø - n≥ Iogn-ep≈ ae¶c bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n k`-bpsS tIm´bw `{Zm-k\ - Ønse {]apJ tZhm-eb - ß - f - n¬ H∂mbn, Cu tZi-Øns‚ {]Im-it- Km]p-cambn ]cn-ek - n-°p-∂p. hn.-ssZ-ha- m-Xm-hns‚ a≤y-ÿX - b - n¬ A`-bs∏´v \m\-mPmXn aX-ÿ-cmb At\-I¿, Xß-fpsS D±njvS Imcy-e_v[n°pw tcmK-im-¥n°pw a‰v ssZhnI A\p-{K-lß - ƒ°p-ambn Cu tZhm-eb - Ø - n¬ h∂v {]m¿∞n®v A\p-{K-lß - ƒ {]m]n®v t]mIp-∂Xv \nXy-Im-gvNb - m-Wv. kXy-hn-izmkw kwc-£n-°p-∂X - n\v hf-sc-b[ - nIw t¢ißƒ kln-°p-Ib - pw, _e-]c- o-£W - ß - sf AXn-Po-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn´p-≈X - m-Wv Cu CS-hI - . sIm√-h¿jw 1090 ¬ (AD 1915) apfw-Iq´v sIm≠v \n¿Ωn® BZy tZhm-ebw sIm√-h¿jw 1103 ¬ (AD 1928) I√pw achpw D]-tbm-Kn®v \ho-Ic- n®v HmSp ta™p. 1953˛56 ¬ ÿe-]c- n-anXn aqew A∂sØ sNdnb tZhm-ebw (a-Zv_lm Hgn-sI) ]pXp-°n-∏W - n-Xp. 1971-˛72 ¬ hn. aZv_lmbpw ]pXp-°n-∏W - n-X - p. (ÿm-]\Imew apX-ep≈ ]≈n-bpsS Ncn{Xw A\y-{X)

tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]mcw-` -{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

2.1

{]mcw` ]≤Xn (Initial Project)

Zim-_vZß - ƒ ]n∂n-´t- ∏mƒ CS-hI - bpsS hf¿®°v A\p-tbm-Pyambpw Imem-\p-kr-Xa- mbpw \ne-hn-ep≈ tZhm-ebw ]pXp-°n-∏W - n-bW - sa-∂p≈ CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fpsS Nnc-Ime B{Klw tZhm-eb \hXn 61

h¿j-Øn¬ (2005) {]_-es- ∏-´Xv ssZh-ln-Xw- H∂p sIm≠p-am-{X-amWv. tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]mcw`-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v hnImcn hμy tImX-tI-cn¬ G{_lmw tIm¿-F-∏n-kvtIm-∏m-bpw, Znhw-K-X-\mb tIm´-bn¬ sNdn-bm≥ A®\pw kvXpXy¿l-amb t\XrXzw \¬In. 2005 \hw-_¿ 27-˛mw XobXn IqSnb hnti-jm¬ s]mXp-tbmKw ]≈n-bpsS \ofw Iq´n ]pXnb \mS-Ii - mebpw apJ-hm-chpw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xn\v sFI-I-WvtTy\ Xocp-am-\n-®p. B¿°n-sSIv‰v Iam≥U¿ kt¥mjv tPm¨ Xøm-dm-°nb πm\pw 15e£w cq]-bpsS FÃn-ta‰pw ]≈n amt\-PnwKv IΩ‰n-bpsS ip]m¿i-{]-Imcw s]mXptbmKw AwKo-Ic- n®p. tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw Imcy-£-a-ambpw ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambpw \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v tZhm-e-b-]p\¿\n¿ΩmW Hm¿K-ss\-knwKv IΩ-‰n-bp-w, \n¿ΩmWw, ss^\m≥kv, ]ªn-kn‰n F∂n-hbv°v k_v IΩ-‰nIfpw I¨ho-\¿am-scbpw sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. _‘s∏´ IΩ-‰n-Ifpw ]≈n-am-t\-PnwKv IΩ-‰n-bpw- hn.ssZham-Xm-hns‚ a≤y-ÿX - b - n¬ A`-bs- ∏´p e£y-{]m]vXn-°mbn {iaw Bcw-`n-®p. 2005 Unkw-_¿ 18\v IqSnb s]mXp-tbmKw CShI sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm- A`n-hμy tXmakv tam¿ XotamØn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS D]-tZ-iß - fpw, \n¿t±-ißfpw am\n®v ]≈n \ofw Iq´n \n¿Ωn-°p-∂X - n\p ]Icw \ne-hn-ep≈ ]≈n-bpsS ÿm\Øp Xs∂ CS-hI - mw-Kß - ƒ°v kuI-cy-{]-Za- mb coXn-bn¬ Bcm[-\b - n¬ kw_-‘n-°p-∂X - n\v ]cym-]vXa- mb coXn-bn¬ tZhm-ebw ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\v Xocp-am-\n-®p. πm\pw FÃn-ta‰pw Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW IΩ-‰nsb Npa-Xe - s- ∏-Sp-Øn. tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw hn]p-es- ∏-Sp-Ønb ]›m-Øe - Ø - n¬ hnhn[ k_v IΩ-‰n-If - n-te°v IqSp-X¬ CS-hI - mw-Kßsf s]mXp-tbmKw sXc-s™-Sp-°pIbpw sNbvXp.

2.2

tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW ASn-ÿm-\-ine Bio¿hm-Zhpw tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW^≠v DZvLm-S-\hpw

CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ A`n-hμy tXmakv am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n 2006 P\p-hcn 8˛mw XobXn Rmb-dmgvN hnip≤ Ip¿∫m-\m-\¥ - cw tZhmeb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW ASn-ÿm\ ine Bio¿h-Zn-°pIbpw CS- h - I mwKw hμy Cu∏≥ tIm¿ F∏nkv t Im∏m Cug- a m- e n¬ \¬Inb BZy XpI (Rs. 50001/-) kzoI-cn-®v tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW ^≠v DZvLm-S\w sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. A∂p-Xs∂

tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW ASn-ÿm-\i - ne CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ A`n-hμy tXmakv tam¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n Bio¿h-Zn-°p∂p.

CS-hI - mw-Kß - f - n¬ \n∂pw 1,33,000 cq]m kw`m-h\ - bbmbn e`n®p.

2.3 ]pXp-°nb ]≤Xn (Revised Project) 2006 s^{_p-hcn 19-˛mw XobXn IqSnb s]mXptbmKw tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw c≠p L´-ßf - nembn \S-Øp-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. BZy-L-´-ambn aZv _ lm HgnsI ]≈n ]p\¿\n¿Ωn- ° p- ∂ - X n\v B¿°n-sSIv‰v Iam≥U¿ kt¥mjv tPm¨ Xøm-dm°nb 2650 N: ASn hnkvXo¿Æ-ap≈ tZhm-eb - Ø - ns‚ \n¿±njvS πm\pw 26.50 e£w cq]-bpsS FÃnta‰pw AwKo-I-cn-®p. c≠mw L´-ambn hnip≤ aZv_lm

tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-W- ^≠v CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A`n-hμy tXmakv tam¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n DZvLm-S\w sNøp-∂p.

]p\¿\n¿Ωn-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ sNe-hp-Iƒ IqSn IW-°nse-SpØv 40 e£w cq]-bpsS ^≠v kam-lc- n-°p-∂Xn\pw CXn¬ 30 e£w cq] CS-hI - mw-Kß - f - n¬ \n∂pw kzcq- ] n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ v , Hmtcm CS- h I `h- \ - ß - f n¬ \n∂p Ah-cpsS Hcp amksØ hcp-am-\s- a-¶nepw H‰Ø- h - W bmtbm Xh- W - I - f m- b n Hcp h¿jw sImt≠m kam-l-cn-°-W-sa∂pw Xocp-am-\n-®p. Cu e£yw ap≥\n¿Øn _lp. hnIm- c n- b psSbpw,

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amXm H]v‰n-°¬kv Xmg-Øp-I-≠-Øn¬ _n¬Unw-Kv, Dg-hq¿ Mob: 9447385946 shs≈-gpØp IÆ-S-Iƒ, IqfnwKv •mkp-Iƒ, ]Δ¿ •m p-Iƒ apX-em-bh anX-amb \nc-°n¬ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-tØmsS Xøm¿ sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.

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kl-hnIm-cn-bp-sSbpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tZhmeb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW IΩ‰n AwK-ßƒ 2006 s^{_p-hc- n,am¿®v amk-ßf - n¬ CS-hI - b - nse apgp-h≥ `h-\ß - fpw kμ¿in-®p. ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb Nne {]Xn-k‘ - n-Iƒ aqew tZhmeb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW{]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ Hcp h¿j-°mew kvXw`-\m-hÿ - b - n¬ Bsb-¶nepw CS-hI - mw-Kß - f - psS \nc-¥-c-amb {]m¿∞\-bpsS ^e-ambn Dt±i-e-£y-hp-ambn ap≥t]m´p t]mIp-∂-Xn\v ssZh-Ir]-bp-≠m-bn. 2006 Pq¨ amk-Øn¬ hnIm-cn-bmbn Npa-X-e-tb‰ _lp:amXyqkv Imhp-¶-e-®≥ tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw km£mXv°cn-°p∂-Xn\v A£o-W] - c- n-{iaw Bcw-`n®p

2.4

2.5

ASn-ÿm\ inem-ÿm-]\w

2007 sk]v‰w-_¿ 14-˛mw XobXn …o_m-s]-cp\mƒ Znhkw CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ A`n: tXmakv tam¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-a\ - - p-sIm≠p hn. A©nt∑¬ Ip¿∫m-\-sb-Øp-S¿∂v ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-bp∂ tZhm-eb - Ø - ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\i - ne ÿm]n-®p. Su¨ πm\nw-Kv, ^b¿ & tk^v‰n, {Kma-]© - m-bØv XpS-ßnb

A¥na ]≤Xn

(Final Project) 2007 Pq¨ amkw 17-˛mw XobXn IqSnb s]mXp- t bmKw \ne- h n- e p≈ tZhm- e bw ÿnXn sNøp∂ ÿeØp Xs∂ ]pXnb tZhm-ebw \n¿Ωn-°-W-sa∂pw 19.02.2006 ¬ IqSnb s]mXp-tbmKw AwKo-Ic- n® πm\n-t\°mƒ sa®-s∏-´ πm≥ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ F©n-\o-b¿am-cpsS tkh\w ]pXp°n ]Wn-bp∂ tZhm-eb- Ø - ns‚ inem-ÿm-]\ I¿Ωw CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Dd-∏m-°W - s- a∂pw Xocp-am-\n-®p. hnhn[ F©nA`n-hμy tXmakv tam¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂p. \o-b¿am¿ Xøm-dm-°nb πm≥ ]cn-tim-[n®v tZhm-eb ]p\¿ \n¿ΩmW IΩ‰n Xøm-dm-°nb Imcym-eb - ßfn¬ \n∂v, \n¿ΩmW A\p-aXn e`n-°pdnt∏m¿´v 2007 BKÃv 5˛mw XobXn IqSnb s]mXp∂-Xn\v ]ns∂bpw \mev amk-°mew ImØn-cn-t°≠n tbmKw hni-Z-ambn N¿® sNbvXp. B¿°n-sSIv‰v h∂p. Iam≥U¿ kt¥mjv tPm¨ B.Arch, M.S. FIIA \n¿ΩmW Icm¿ te_¿ Xøm-dm-°nb 140 ASn \ofhpw 40 ASn hoXnbpw apJ- 2.6 hm-cØ - n\p 85 ASn Db-ca- p-≈Xpw hnip≤ aZv_l - mASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ bv°v ]m¿iz-ap-dn-Ifpw {]mIm-c-Øn\v c≠p hi-ß\n¿ΩmW kma-{Kn-If - psS KpW-ta∑ Dd-∏p-hfnepw hcm-¥b - pw, Dƒhiw aq∂p hiØv _m¬°- cp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw, \n¿Ωm-W-^≠v kam-l-cn-°p∂ Wn-bp, cq]-`w-Kn-bp≈ \mS-Ii - m-eb - p-apƒs∏sS 8000 {IaØn¬ \n¿ΩmW tPmen-Iƒ \S-Øp-hm≥ kmhN: ASn hnkvXo¿Æ-ap≈ πm≥, AXns‚ khn-ti-j- Imiw e`n-°p-sa∂-Xn-\mepw, \n¿ΩmW hkvXp-°ƒ X-I-fpw, ta∑-Ifpw ÿe-ku-I-cyhpw ]cn-K-Wn®v t\cn´p hmßn \n¿ΩmW Icm¿ te_¿ ASn-ÿm-\s]mXp-tbmKw sFII-WvtTy\ AwKo-Ic- n-®p. hnip≤ Øn¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v ]≈n amt\-PnwKv IΩ-‰n-bpw k`-bnse At\Iw tZhm-eb - ß - ƒ ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-°p- ]≈n ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW Hm¿K-ss\-knwKv IΩ-‰n-bpw ∂-Xn\v πm\pw FÃn-ta‰pw Xøm-dm°n _‘-s∏´ kwbp‡ambn \evInb ip]¿i 2007 HIvtSm-_¿ \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - psS ta¬t\m´w \S-Øn-bn- 28-˛mw XobXn IqSnb s]mXp-tbmKw AwKo-Ic- n-®p. ´p≈ B¿°n-sSIv‰v Iam≥≠¿ kt¥mjv tPmWns‚ te_¿ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n¿ΩmW Icm¿ A\p-`h - k - º - Ø - v ]cn-KW - n®v \n¿Ωm-W{- ]-h¿Ø-\- \¬Ip- ∂ - X n\v ap{Z- h ® sS≥U- d p- I ƒ £Wn® ß-fpsS ta¬t\m´w A-t±-lsØ Gev]n-°p-∂X - n\p ]≈n amt\PnwKv IΩ-‰n-bpsS \S-]-Snbpw tbmKw tbmKw Xocp-am-\n-®p. \n¿±njvS πm≥ {]Imcw 75 e£w AwKo-I-cn®p. cq]-bpsS FÃn-ta‰pw s]mXp-tbmKw AwKo-Ic- n-®p.

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2.7

knhn¬ F©n-\o-b-dpsS tkh\w

\n¿±njvS πm≥ {]Imcw \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø\-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂X - n\v tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿°v kmt¶-XnI D]-tZiw \¬Ip-∂X - n\pw Bh-iy-amb kv{SIvNd¬ Unssk≥ \evIp-∂X - n\pw Hcp knhn¬ F©n-\o-bdpsS tkh\w {]tbm-P\ - s- ∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n\v ta¬hn-hcn® s]mXp-tbmKw Xocp-am-\n-®p. \n¿ΩmW Icm¿ \evIp-∂X - n\,v ap{Zh® sS≥U-dp-If - psS kp£va]cntim-[\ \S-Øp-∂X - n\pw {]kvXpX F©n-\o-bd- psS tkh\w D]-tbm-Ks- ∏-Sp-ØW - s- a∂pw tbmKw Xocpam-\n-®p. ta¬ Xocp-am-\{- ]-Imcw knhn¬ F©-n\ - o-b¿ {io. kp\n¬ sI.- t Pm- k ns\ ( M.E.Struct) I¨kƒ´‚ v F©n-\o-b¿ Bbn ]≈n amt\-PnwKv IΩ‰n \ntbm-Kn-®p.

‘-\I - ƒ°p hnt[-ba- mbn \n¿Ωm-WI - c- m¿ \¬Ip∂-Xn\v AwKo-Imcw \¬In.

tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ DZvLm-S\w

2008 P\p-hcn amkw 18-˛mw XobXn hn. ssZham-Xm-hns‚ s]cp-\m-fn-t\m-S\ - p-_‘ - n®v ]cn-ip≤ F∏nkvtIm-∏¬ kq-∂l-tZmkv sk{I-´dn A`n: tPmk^v am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-a-\- psIm≠v tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ D-ZvLm-S\w sNbvXp. ]≈n-bpsS sh_vssk‰pw

2.8 tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW Ãnb-dnwKv IΩ‰n 2007 HIvtSm-_¿ 28-˛mw XobXn IqSnb s]mXptbmKw tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-Wh - p-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-ßƒ k_v IΩ‰nIƒ hnfn®p Iq´n Btem-Nn°p-∂X - n\v kabw e`n-°mØ ASn-b¥ - nc kμ¿`ß-fn¬ s]s´-∂v Xocp-am-\ß - ƒ FSpØp \S-∏m-°p∂-Xn\pw, s]mXp-tbm-K-Øns‚ AwKo-Im-c-Øn\p hnt[-ba- mbn I¿Ω ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkp-{XWw sNbvXp {]mh¿Øn-Ia- m-°p-∂X - n-\pw, ta¬t\m´w hln-°p-∂Xn\pw, _lp. hnImcn sNb¿am- \ mbpw P\- d ¬ I¨ho-\¿, k_v IΩ‰n I¨ho\¿am¿, {SÃn, sk{I´dn F∂n-h¿ AwK-ßf - mbpw Hcp Ãnb-dnwKv IΩ‰n cq]o-Ic- n-®p. tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\ß - fpsS ka-kvX-ta-J-e-I-fn-se-bpw, I¿Ω-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Imcy-£a- a- mbpw Ip‰-a‰- X - mbpw \S-∏m-°n, Cu alXvkw-cw`w e£y-{]m-]vXn-bn-se-Øn-°p-∂X - n\v Ãnb-dnwKv IΩ‰n AwK-ßƒ _lp. hnIm-cn-am-cpsS t\X-rXzØn¬ ssZhm-{i-btØmsS ITn\{]bXv\w sNøp-Ibp-≠mbn

2.9 \n¿ΩmW tPmen-Iƒ : Icm¿ Dd-∏n-°¬ ap{Z-h® sS≥U-dp-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v _‘-s∏´ IΩ-‰n-Iƒ \¬Inb ip]m¿i {]Imcw 2007 Unkw_¿ 9˛mw XobXn IqSnb s]mXp-tbmKw tZhm-eb \n¿ΩmW ap≥]-cn-Nb - w, sNbvXn-´p≈ a‰p tIm¨{SmIv ‰ p- I ƒ, tIm¨{Io‰v tPmen- I ƒ°m- h - i y- a mb bt{¥m-]I - c- W - ß - f - p-sS-bpw a‰p kma-{Kn-If - p-sSbpw DSa-ÿX, hnZ-KvZc- mb sXmgn-em-fn-If - psS e`y-X, anX-amb \nc- ° v , I¨kƒ´‚ v knhn¬ F©n- \ o- b - d psS ip]m¿i F∂nh IW-°n-se-SpØv tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿ {io. F. B¬-_¿´n\v (Im-cpWy I¨k-{S-£≥kv sh≈q¿, ]mºm-Sn) te_¿ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ \n_-

tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW DZvLm-S\w A`n-hμy tPmk^v tam¿ {KotKm-dntbmkv Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂p.

A`n. Xncp-ta\n A∂p-Xs∂ DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp. 2008 s^{_p-hcn 3˛mw XobXn IqSnb ]≈ns∏m-Xp-tbmKw tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-WØ - n-\m-hi - yamb \n¿Ωm-Wh - k - vXp-°ƒ KpW-\n-eh - mcw Dd-∏m°n Izt´-j≥/ sS≥U¿/ N¿® XpS-ßnb \S-]S- n-If - n¬ IqSn ]≈nbv°v G‰hpw em`-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ hmßp∂Xn\v Ãnb-dnwKv IΩ-‰nsb Npa-Xe - s- ∏-Sp-Øn. 2008 s^{_p- h cn 15- ˛ mw XobXn \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø\ßƒ Bcw-`n-®p.

\n¿ΩmW hkvXp-°-fpsS {Ibw

\n¿Ωm-WØ - n-\m-hi - y-amb KpW-\n-eh - mcw IqSnb ‰m‰/sshimJv XpS-ßnb {_m≥Up-IfpsS hnhn-[X - cw Iºn-Iƒ (TMT Bars) sX≈Iw amXm Ãoen¬\n∂pw _‘-s∏´ Iº-\n-I-fpsS sIm®n-bm¿Uv \nc-°n¬ hn]-Wn-hne Bt]-£n-Ia- mbn Ipd™ kμ¿`-ßfn¬ hmßn tÃm°v sNbvXp. kna‚ v(i-¶¿ {_m≥Uv),

Nmcn-‰_ - nƒ {SÃp-Iƒ°-\p-hZ- n-°p∂ {]tXyI samØhne \nc- ° n¬ C¥ym kna‚ v k v Iº- \ n- b psS AwKoIrX samØ-hym-]mcn G‰p-am-\q¿ sh≈m-a‰w GP≥ko-kn¬\n∂pw Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw hmßn. KpW-ta-∑t- b-dnb ]pg aW-ens‚ hne h¿≤-\h - p-aqew πmÃ-dnßv Hgn-®p≈ F√m \n¿Ωm-Wm-hi - y-ßƒ°pw G‰hpw sa®-s∏´ t]m_vk¨ {_m≥Uv M sand (I-cn-¶¬ s]mSn®v Igp-In-sb-Sp-°p∂ aW¬) Iº-\nbpsS \n›nX \nc-°nepw CjvSn-I-bpw, sa‰-epw. Izt´-j≥ ASn-ÿm-\-Ønepw Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw hmßn.

tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW°Ω‰n hn]p-eo-I-c-Ww

2008 G{]n¬ 13-˛mw XobXn IqSnb ]≈ns∏mXptbmKw tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW IΩ‰n hn]p-eq-Icn-®p. tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW ]ptcm-KX - n°v A\pk-cW - a- mbn \ne-hn-ep≈ tZhm-ebw `m-Kn-Ia- mtbm apgp-h\ - mtbm s]mfn®p \o°w sNøp-∂X - n\v s]mXptbmKw A\p-aXn \¬In.

hnImcn

2008 Pq¨ amkØn¬ _lp: B≥{Uqkv Nnch-Ødb®≥ ]≈n hnIm-cn-bmbn Npa-Xe - t- b‰p. _lp: A®s‚ anI-hp‰ t\XrXzhpw, Dd® \ne-]m-SpIfpw \n¿Ωm-W{- ]-h¿Ø\-ßƒ kpK-aa- m-°n.

\n¿Ωm-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ip’n-X-{iaw

tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bcw-`n®v tIhew \mep amk-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ^ut≠j≥, s_bvkvsa‚ v \n¿ΩmWw ]q¿Øn-bm°n tZhme- b - Ø ns‚ Adp- ] - X n¬]cw XqWp- I ƒ 13 ASn Db¿Øn ]≈n-bpsS ]Sn-™m-dp-hiw _m¬°-Wnbpw \mS-Ii - m-eb - psS ta¬Ø´pw tIm¨{Io‰v sNøp-∂Xn\v km[n-®p. \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ {ZpX-KX - nbn¬ ]ptcm-Ka- n-®p-hcth Cu ]≈n-bnt∑¬ bmsXmcpAh-Im-ih - p-an-√mØ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`m t\XrXzw 2008 Pq¨ 23-˛mw XobXn G‰p-am-\q¿ ap≥kn^v tImSXn- b n¬ apS- ¥ ≥ hmZ- ß ƒ D∂- b n®v A\ymbw ^b¬sNbvXv [ OS No. 130/2008] \n¿Ωm-W{- ]-h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ “tÃ” sNøn°p-∂X - n\v \S-Ønb Ip’n-X{iaw Cu CS-hI - bv°v Hcn-°epw hnkvac- n-°m-hp-∂X-√. t\Xr-\n-c-bnse ka-tbm-Nn-X-amb \S--]-Sn-Iƒ sIm≠pw CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fpsS {]m¿∞-\-sIm≠pw bph-P\ß-ƒ ssIøpw saøpw ad-∂v Atlm-cm{Xw AXy≤zm\w sNbvXXp sIm≠pw AUz. s_∂n Ipcy≥, AUz. jmP-lm≥ F∂n-hc- psS {]iw-k\ - ob- a mb {]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒsIm≠pw {]i- k v X - \ pw, {]K-¤\pw, k`m-tI-kp-Iƒ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂X - n¬ hnZ-KvZ\ - p-amb ko\n-b¿ A`n-`mjI≥ {io.-]n.-hn.-tXmakv kXymh- ÿ - I ƒ _lp- a m- \ - s ∏´ tImSXn apºmsI ka¿∞-ambn t_m[n-∏n-®-Xp-sIm-≠pw, k¿tΔm-]cn k¿Δ-i‡-\mb ssZh-Øns‚ Af-h‰Ir]-sIm≠pw A\ymbw X≈n-s°m≠v CS-hIbv°v A\p-Iq-e-ambn 2008 Pqsse amkw 11-˛mw XobXn G‰p-am-\q¿ ap≥kn^v tImS-XnbpsS hn[n-bp-≠m-bn. kXy-Øn-s‚bpw \oXn-bpsSbpw hnPbw CS-hm-Iw-Kß - f - psS a\- n¬ Bizmk-Øns‚ Ipfn¿ ag s]øn®p.

]pØ≥ DW¿Δv

ta¬ kw`hw CS-h-Imw-K-ßƒ°v ]pØ≥ DW¿Δpw, Bth-ihpw {]Zm\w sNbvXp. \n¿Ωm-W{]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ ]q¿Δm-[nIw thK-Xb - n¬ \S-Øp∂-Xn\pw kmº-ØnI kam-lc- Ww Du¿÷n-Xs- ∏-SpØp-∂X - n\pw CXv Hcp \nan-Øa- m-bn.

]pXp-°nb FÃvta‰v / CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fpsS hmKvZm\w, B\p-]m-Xn-Iambn ]pXp-°¬

\n¿ΩmW kma-{Kn-IfpsS (Iºn, kna‚ v XpSßnbhbpsS) hne h¿≤-\hv aqehpw, KpW-\n-eh - mcw IqSnb a‰p \n¿ΩmW kma-{Kn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Xocp-a\ - n-®X - psIm≠pw 2006 PqWn¬ s]mXp-tbmKw AwKoI-cn® FÃn-ta-‰n-s\-°mƒ 35% h¿≤-\hv IW°n-se-SpØv CS-hI - mw-Kß - f - psS hmKvZm\w B\p-]mXn-Ia- mbn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm≥ 2008 Pqsse 6˛mw XobXn IqSnb s]mXp-tbmKw Xocp-am-\n-®p. Cu Bh-iy-Ønte°v hnIm-cn- _lp:B≥{Uqkv Nnc-hØ - d A®s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW IΩ‰n AwK- ß ƒ F√m CS- h I `h- \ - ß - f pw 2008 Pqssebn¬ kμ¿in-®p.

Ip∂p-amw-sXm-´n-bn¬ GP≥kokv kw{Im¥n Mob: 9961066116 sI.-F-kv. Imen-Øo-‰, tImgn-Øo-‰, tÃj-\-dn, ]e-N-c-°v, t_°dn apX-em-bh am¿Pn≥ {^o \nc-°n¬ e`n-°p-∂p. s{]mss{]-‰¿ kv‰o^≥ Fw.-‰n., Xpcp-Øn-°m´v

hy‡n-hmbv] FSp-°p-∂Xn\v A\p-hmZw

\n¿Ωm-W{- ]-h¿Ø-\ß - f - psS thKX A\p-kcn®v F√m CS-hI - mw-Kß - f - n¬ \n∂pw ] - p-\¿\n¿ΩmW ^≠n- t e- ° p≈ hnlnXw e`n- ° phm≥ h∂ ImeXmakw aqew D≠mb kmº-ØnI sRcp°w adn-IS- ° - p-∂X - n\v CS-hI - mw-Kß - f - n¬ \n∂pw a‰v A`ypZb Imw£n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw _m¶v \nc-°n¬ ]eni \¬In Bh-iy-amb XpI hmbv] FSp-°p-∂X - n\v 2008 Pqsse 6˛mw XobXn IqSnb s]mXptbmKw Ãnb-dnwKv IΩ-‰nsb Npa-Xe - s- ∏-Sp-Øn.

ta¬°qc \n¿ΩmWw

\n¿±njvS πm≥ {]Imcw tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ ta¬°q-c-bpsS Ão¬ N´-°qSv \n¿Ω-°p-∂-Xn\v \¬Inb sS≠¿ t\m´o-kn≥{]-Imcw e`n® sS≠-dpIƒ _‘-s∏´ IΩ-‰n-Iƒ hni-Za- mbn ]cn-tim-[n®p. G‰hpw Ipd™ \nc°v Bh-iy-s∏´ Xncp-hm-¶pfw a‰-∏≈ - n¬ Ão¬ ^m{_n-t°-j\v Ah-cpsS Zo¿LIme {]h¿Ø\ ]cn-N-b-hpw, henb ]≈n-I-fp-sS kv‰o¬ {S v \n¿ΩmW ]mS-hhpw ]cn-KW - n®v _‘s∏´ IΩ-‰n-I-fp-w knhn¬ F©n-\o-bdpw \¬Inb ip]m¿i-If - psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ 2008 Pqsse 6˛mw XobXn IqSnb s]mXp-tbmK Xocp-am-\{- ]-Imcw Icm¿ \¬In. Icm¿ \n_-‘\ - I - ƒ°p hnt[-ba- mbpw \n¿±n-jvSUn-ssk≥ A\p-k-cn®pw Ão¬ AtXm-dn‰n Hm^v C≥Uy-bpsS SAIL am¿°v Ão¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-Xs∂ Icm-dp-Im-c≥ \n›nX ka-bØ - n-\p-≈n¬ Ão¬{S v \n¿ΩmWw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. \n¿ΩmW thf-bn¬ B¿°nsSIv‰v ]cn-tim-[\ - \ - S- Øn, kmt¶-XnI anIhv Dd∏p hcpØn. Ãnb-dnwKv IΩ-‰n-bw-K-ßƒ _lp hnIm-cn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tIm¨{Sm-IvSd- psS Xncphm-¶p-fØ - p≈ ÿm]-\Ø - n¬ ]cn-tim-[\ \SØn D]tbm-Kn® Ãoen-s‚ KpW-\n-eh - mchpw, \n¿ΩmW coXnbp-sS anIhpw Dd-∏m-°n. 2008 sk]v‰_ - ¿ 24-˛mw XobXn _p[-\mgvN _lp: hnIm-cn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ {]m¿∞-\-sb-Xp-S¿∂v tZhm-eb - Ø - ns‚ ta¬°qc Ib-‰p∂ tPmen-Iƒ Bcw`n-®p. CS-hI - mw-Kß - ƒ Blvfm-Zt- ØmsS Cu NS-ßn¬ ]s¶-sS-Øp. 4 ZnhkwsIm≠v Cu tPmen-Iƒ ]q¿Ønbm°n.

dq^v jo‰v

Imtem-Nn-Xa- mb Km¬hm-enbw dq^v jo‰p-If - n¬ G‰hpw sa®-s∏-´-sX∂v B¿°n-sSIv‰pw knhn¬

F©o-\n-bdpw Hcp t]mse ip]m¿i sNbvX If¿ dq^v C≥Uym-Iº - \ - n-bpsS (CRIL) 0.5mm jo‰v Xs∂ hmßp-∂X - n\v Iº-\n-bpsS am¿°-‰nwKv amt\-Pc- p-ambn ]e {]mhiyw IqSn-bm-tem-N\ \SØn, t{]mPIvSv hne°p (am¿°‰v hne-tb-°mƒ hfsc Ipd™ \nc°n¬ Iº\n A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ {]tXy-I-hne) 496 kvIzb¿ ao‰¿ jo‰p-hm-ßp-∂X - n\v 10-˛10-˛2008 ¬ Iº\n°v Hm¿U¿ \¬In. tÃm°p ]cn-an-Xn-aqew jo‰p e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v 3 BgvNsØ Ime-Xm-akw t\cn-´p. HIvtSm-_¿ Ah-km\w e`n® jo‰v, \hw-_¿ amkØn¬ Xs∂ ta¬°qc \n¿Ωm-W- I-cm-dp-Im-cs‚ hnZKv[c- mb sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ 4 Znh-kw-sIm≠p ta™p.

].-]m-{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS Bio¿hmZw 2008 HIvtSm-_¿ amkw 22-˛mw XobXn tamtdm≥

]cn. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm t{XmtWm-kn¬ ÿm]n°p∂-Xn-\p≈ ine Bio¿h-Zn-°p-∂p.

tam¿ C·m-Øn-tbmkv kmJm sFhmkv H∂m-a≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mh Xs‚ 4˛mw ss«lnI kμ¿i\ thf-bn¬ ]pØ≥Ipcniv ]m{Xn-b¿°m sk‚-dn¬ h®v Cu ]≈n-bpsS {][m\ t{XmtWm-kn¬ ÿm]n°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ine Bio¿h-Zn®v hnImcn _lp. B≥{Uqkv Nnc-hØ - d A®s\ Gev]n-°p-Ib - p-≠mbn. \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-ep≈ tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ {Xnam-\Nn{Xw ]cn-ip≤ ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kv_mhm ho£n-°p-Ibpw, tZhm-eb \n¿ΩmWw F{XbpwthKw ]q¿ØoI-cn-°p-hm≥ A\p-{K-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]: F∏nkv t Im- ∏ ¬ kpl- ∂ - t Zmkv sk{I- ´ dn A`n- h μy tPmk^v am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\nbpw X±-hk-cØ - n¬ k∂n-ln-X\ - m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu [\y aplq¿ØØn¬ kw_-‘n® ]≈n amt\-PnwKv IΩ‰n AwKß-sfbpw Ãnb-dnwKv IΩ‰n AwK-ßs- fbpw B≤ym-

ﬂnI kwL-S\m {]Xn-\n-[nI-sfbpw ]cn-ip≤ _mhm Bio¿h-Zn®v A\p-{K-ln-®p. .

\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn°v A\p-kr-Xa- mbn \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ tZhm-eb - hpw

I´n-f-hbv]v

]pXnb tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ {][m\ Ińf 2008 \hw-_¿ 9˛mw XobXn hnip≤ Ip¿∫m-\°v tijw knwlm-k\ ]≈n-If - psS sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ A`n-hμy Koh¿Kokv am¿ Znh-∂ym-t- kymkv Xncp-a\ - - p- sIm≠p Bio¿h-Zn®v ÿm]n-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. CS-hI - mw-Kß - ƒ H∂-S¶w Cu NS-ßn¬ D’h {]Xo-Xn-tbmsS kw_‘n-®p. tZhm-eb - Ø - ns‚ ap≥h-iØ - p≈ Iń-fI - fpw P\ep-Ifpw tX°p-XS- n-bn¬ sImØp-]Wn sNbvXv \n¿Ωn®p. hS°p sX°p-hi - ß - f - nse Iń-fI - f - pw, P\-ep-Ifpw aZv_-lm-bpsS Np‰p-ap≈ P\-ep-Ifpw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xn\v B™n-en-ØSn D]-tbm-Kn-®p. ap≥h-i-Øp≈ Iń-fI - ƒ°v tX°v B¿®p-Ifpw _m°n F√m Iń-fIƒ°pw, P\-ep-Iƒ°pw, tIm¨{Io‰v B¿®p-Ifpw D-d-∏n-®p. tX°p Iń- f - I ƒ te_¿ ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ kw{Im¥n sk‚ v tXmakv Snwt_-gvkn-epw, B™nen Iń-fI - f - pw, P\-ep-Ifpw te_¿ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ IpS-

{]m¿∞-\t- bmsS hn. _en-]oTw _lp. hnImcnbpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \o°w sNøp-∂p.

2008 \hw-_d- n¬ hnip≤ aZv_lmbpw s]mfn®p am‰s∏-´p. {]tXyI {]m¿∞-\-I-tfmsS _lp. hnIm-cnbpsS km∂n-≤y-Øn¬ hn. _en-]oTw \o°w sNbvXv ]pXnb aZv _ - l m- b psS ÿm\Øv ]mZ- k v ] ¿ita¬°mØ ÿeØv `{Z-ambn \nt£-]n-®p. ]pXnb aZv - _ lm- b psS tIm¨{Io‰v ta¬°qcbpsS \n¿ΩmWw 2008 Unkw-_¿ amkØn¬ {InkvXp-a- n\p apºmbn ]q¿Øn-bm-°n, ta¬°q-cb - psS tae-{KØv Ipcnip ÿm]n-°p-∂X - n\v ssZh-ln-X-am-bn.

A`n. Koh¿Kokv tam¿ Zoh-∂ym-tkymkv Xncp-ta\n {][m\ I´nf Bio¿h-Zn-°p-∂p.

am-fq¿ s_Ãv hpUvknepw anX-amb \nc-°n¬ `wKnbmbn \n¿Ωn-®p. CXn\mh-iy-amb Iq∏v tX°v ]mdºpg Kh: Snw_¿ Unt∏m-bn¬\n∂v \n›nX \nc-°nepw, B™nen DcpƒXSn sNdp-InS hym]m-cn-bn¬ \n∂v Unt∏m- \n-c° - nepw Ipd-™h - n-ebv°pw hmßn. tIm¨{Io‰v B¿®p-If - pw, `nØn-bpsS apIƒ`m-KØv Dd-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ tIm¨{Io‰v P\-ep-Ifpw sh‚n-te‰-dp-Ifpw Izt´-j≥ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ KpW-ta∑ Dd∏p- h - c pØn Ipdn®n kmPv t Im F≥Pn- \ o- b - d nwKv h¿Ivkn¬\n∂pw hmßn.

\ne-hn-ep≈ aZv_lm \o°w sNø¬

Xm¬°m-enI IqZmi

`mKn-Ia- mbn \n¿ΩmWw ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb tZhme-b-Øns‚ aZv_-lm-bn¬ Xm¬°m-enI _en-]oTw \n¿Ωn®v 2009 P\p-hcn 11-˛mw XobXn Rmb-dmgvN CShI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A`n. tXmakv am¿ Xotam-Øntbmkv Xncp-a\ - - p-sIm-≠v Xm¬°menI IqZmi \n¿h-ln-®v Znhy-_en A¿∏n-®p. P\p-hcn 15-˛mw XobXn hn. ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ hnØp-Isf {]Xn-bp≈ s]cp∂mƒ Znh-khpw XpS¿∂p≈ Bdv Rmb-dm-gvNI - f - nepw G{]n¬ amk-Øn¬ lmim BgvNb - nepw sk]v‰w-_dn¬ F´p-t\m-ºnepw Cu aZv_l - m-bn¬ Bcm-[\ \SØn.

`nØn-\n¿ΩmWw

ta≥a-bp≈ 54,000 CjvSnI 2009 s^{_p-h-cn, am¿®v amk-ßf - n-embn {io.-Fw.-G. tZhkym amS-t»-

cn-bn¬ \n∂pw Izt´-j≥ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ hmßn. 2009 s^{_p-hcn 17-˛mw XobXn `nØn-\n¿ΩmWw Bcw`n-®p. \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ tZhm-eb - Ø - ns‚ sa®-s∏´ CjvSn-Ifpw \n¿Ωm-WØ - n\v D]-tbm-Kn®p aZv_l - mbpsS `nØn \n¿Ωm-WØ - n\v tIm¨{Io‰v I´-Iƒ D]tbm-Kn-®p. I´n-fI - f - pw, P\-ep-Ifpw sh≥-dn-te-‰d- p-If - pw, Dd- ∏ n- ® v , 2009 am¿®v Ah- k m- \ - t ØmsS lmim Bgv N bv ° p apºmbnØs∂ `nØn- \ n¿ΩmWw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n.

22 apJ-hm-c-Øn¬ …o_m Db¿Ø¬

Bcm-[\, ]co-jvlm-fn¬

]≈n-bpsSπmÃ-dnw-Kv, Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬ tPmen-Iƒ, koenwKv XpS-ßnb \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ kpKa-ambn \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v 2009 Pq¨ 15 apX¬ hn. Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-°p-∂Xpw a‰p F√m ip{iqj-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂Xpw ]mcojv lmfn¬ Bcw`n-®p.

πmÃ-dnwKv

BKÃv amkw ]Ip-Xn-tbmsS apJ-hmcw Hgn®p≈ πmÃ-dnwKv tPmen-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bmbn. πmÃ-dnw-Kn\v ta∑-tb-dnb ]pg-a-W¬, Izt´-j≥ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ samØ hym]mcn {io B‚Wn I√-db - n¬ \n∂pw hmßn.

20 kl-hn-Imcn 2009 Pq¨ amkw 7˛mw XobXn _lp: Ipcym-t°mkv πmº-dº - n¬ A®≥ kl-hn-Im-cn-bmbn Npa-Xe - t- b-‰p. 2009 BKÃv 2˛mw XobXn IqSnb s]mXptbmKw _lp. A®s\ tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW°Ω-‰n sshkv sNb¿am-\mbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.

tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW kvac-WnI

2009 BKÃv amkw 23-˛mw XobXn IqSnb s]mXptbmKw tZhm-eb IqZm-ibpw s]cp-∂mƒ BtLmjhpw 2010 P\p-hcn 3 apX¬ 15 hsc hn]p-e-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-It- fmsS \S-Øp-∂X - n\pw IqZm-itbm-S\ - p-_‘n® tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW kvac-WnI {]kn-≤oI-cn-°p-∂X - n\pw Xocp-am-\n-®p. kvac-WnI Xøm-dm-°p∂-Xn\v ]_vfn-kn‰n I¨ho-\¿- aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ {io.Fw.-]n.-Ip-cym-t°m-kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ FUn-t‰m-dnb¬ t_m¿Uv cq]o-Ic- n-®p. Ãob-dnwKv IΩ‰n D]-tZiI kanXn Bbn {]h¿Øn-°-W-sa∂pw s]mXptbmKw \njvI¿jn-®p.

2009 sk]v‰_ - ¿ 14-˛mw XobXn …o_m s]cp-∂mƒ Znhkw apJ-hm-cØ - ns‚ tae-{K-Øn¬ …o_m ÿm]n-°p-∂X - n\v ssZh-Ir-]b - p-≠m-bn. kl-hn-Im-cn. _: Ipdn-bm-t°mkv πmº-dº - n¬ A®≥ hn. Ip¿∫-\sb XpS¿∂v {]m¿∞-\-]q¿Δw Cu I¿Ωw \n¿Δ-ln-®p. hf-sc-b[ - nIw CS-hI - mw-Kß - ƒ Cu NS-ßn- ¬ BÀmZ-tØmsS kw_-‘n-®p. \hw-_¿- amk-tØmsS apJ-hmcØns‚ πmÃ-dnßv tPmen-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bmbn.

23 Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬ tPmen-Iƒ `nØn-bpsS πmÃ-dn-ßv \S-Øp∂ ka-bØ - p-Xs∂ hb-dnßv kw_-‘-amb tPmen-Ifpw I¨kƒ´‚ v Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬ F©n-\o-b¿ s{]m^: ]n.-hn. h¿°n-bpsS M.Sc.Engg. (sk‚ v tPmk^v F≥Pn-\o-bd- nwKv tImtfPv ]mem) ta¬t\m-´Ø - n-epw, At±-lØ - ns‚ cq]-tc-Jb - \ - p-kc- n-®pw Bcw-`n-®p. KpW-\n-eh - m-ca- p≈ ]n.-hn.kn ss]∏p-Iƒ Izt´-j≥ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-epw, KpW-ta-∑bv°p {]kn≤amb ^ot\m-seIvkv {_m≥Uv

tI_n-fp-Iƒ Iº\n A\p-hZ- n® {]tXyI \nc-°nepw hmßn. kzn®v, tkm°-‰v, t_mIvkv, t_m¿Uv XpS-ßnb kma-{Kn-Iƒ°v Legrand, Crab Tree, ABB, MK XpSßnb {]apJ {_m≥Up-If - psS Izt´-j≥ hmßn, _‘-s∏´ Iº-\n-If - psS skbn¬kv amt\-P¿am-cpambn N¿® sNbvXv a’-ck - z-`m-ha- p≈ \nc-°p-Iƒ ]pXp°n hmßn. G‰hpw BI¿jI-Ia- mb {]tXyI \nc°v (am¿°‰v hne-tb-°mƒ 55% Ipd-hv) A\p-hZn® Legrand mosaic modular kzn®pIfpw a‰p Dev]∂ - ß - fpw Iº-\n-bpsS AwKo-IrX Uoe¿ apdnbm-\n-°¬ {_tZgvkv tIm´bw aptJ\ hmßn. sse‰p-Iƒ, ^m≥kn ^n‰n-ßvIƒ, koen-ßv^m≥, Ae-¶m-ch - n-f° - p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh Izt´-j≥ ASn-ÿm\-Øn¬ Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, tIm´-bw, Nß-\m-t»cn XpSßnb \K-c-ß-fnse {]apJ Uoe¿am-cn¬\n∂pw hmßn. CS-hI - mw-Kß - f - mb {io tam≥kn kv°dnb ]≈n∏p- d w, {io.- ] n.- F w. amXyp ]gq¿, {io.- t Pm¿÷v G{_lmw sIm√-∏≈nbn¬ F∂n-h¿ ]≈n-bpsS CeIv{Sn-°¬ tPmen-Iƒ kuP-\y-ambn sNbvXp-sIm-≈msa-∂v \¬Inb hmKvZm\w 24/5/2009¬ IqSnb s]mXptbmKw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw Ce-{Sn-°¬ tPmen-Iƒ Izt´j≥ £Wn-°msX Ah¿°p \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v A\phmZw \¬IpIbpw sNbv X p. KWy- a mb te_¿ Nm¿÷v hcp-am-bn-cp∂ _rlØmb hb-dnßv tPmenIƒ Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬ FPn-\o-b-dpsS ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬ ta¬hn-hc- n® CS-hImKwßƒ bmsXmcp {]Xn-^e - hpw kzoI-cn-°msX hfsc `wKn-bmbn \n¿Δ-ln-®p. CSn-an-∂¬ {]Xn-tcm[ kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xn\v Izt´-j≥ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Icm¿ \¬In. Icm-dp-Im-c≥ (ap-It- f¬ Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬kv tIm´-bw). Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬ FPn-\o-bd- psS ta¬ t\m´-Øn¬ Cu tPmen kmt¶-XnI anI-thmsS ]q¿Øn-bm°n.

24 koenßv 2009 sk]v‰w-_d- n¬ Xs∂ B[p-\nI coXn-bn-ep≈ ]n.-hn.kn koenßv Imtem-Nn-Xa- mbn \n¿Ωn-°p-∂X - n\v {iaw Bcw- ` n- ® p. ]n.- h n.kn bn¬ G‰hpw \√ {_m≥Umb kn‚Ivkv jo‰v Xs∂ D]-tbm-Kn®v _eh-Ømb Pn.-sF. s{^bn-an¬ B¿®v tamU¬ koenßv \n¿Ωn-°p-∂X - n\v e`n® Izt´-j\ - p-If - n¬ Nß-\m-t»cn ]b-\n-b¿ Aeq-an-\nbw h¿°vkns‚ Izt´-j≥ \nc°p-sIm≠pw {]h¿Ø\ ]cn-Nbw sIm≠pw hfsc BI¿j-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. aW¿ImSv sk‚ v tacokv bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm\n IØo-{U¬, ]pXp-∏≈n sk‚ v tPm¿÷v bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm\n∏≈n, G‰p-

am-\q¿ {InkvXp-cmPv ]≈n XpS-ßnb At\Iw {]ikvX tZhm-bß - f - psS koenßv tPmen-Iƒ hfsc `wKnbmbn \n¿Δ- l n® ]b- \ n- b ¿ Aeq- a n- \ nbw h¿°vkns‚ s{]mss{]-‰-dp-ambn Ãnb-dnwßv IΩ-‰nbw-Kß - ƒ _:hnIm-cn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ IqSn-bm-temN-\I - ƒ \S-Øn, \nc-°p-Iƒ ho≠pw Ipd®v 13-˛09-˛2009 se kwbp‡ IΩ‰n Xocp-am\w {]Imcw Icm¿ \¬In. knhn¬ FPo-\n-bd- psS ta¬t\m´-Øn¬ Icmdp-Im-c≥ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°p hnt[-b-ambn koen-ßv \n¿ΩmWw hfsc at\m-lc- a- mbn \n›nX ka-bØ - n\p-≈n¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-°n.-

25 ^vtfmdnßv \mS-Ii - m-eb - n-epw, hcm-¥b - nepw Agn-°I - Øpw KpW-ta-∑-tb-dnb {_u¨ {Kmss\‰v …m_p-I-fpw, aZv_l - m- bn-epw, {]mIm-cØ - ns‚ `nØn-tbmSp tN¿∂v HcSn hoXn-bnepw {_u¨ {Kmss\‰v ssSep-I-fpw, _m¬°-Wn-bn¬ kndm-anIvkv ssSep-Ifpw hncn-°p∂-Xn\v _‘-s∏´ IΩ-‰n-If - psS ip]m¿i 2009 \hw_¿ 15˛mw XobXn IqSnb s]mXp-tbmKw AwKo-Ic- n®p. tIm´bw, Fd-Wm-Ipfw \K-c-ß-fnse {]apJ Uoe¿am-cn¬ \n∂pw e`n® Izt´-j-\p-I-fpsS ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ Ãnb-dnwßv IΩ‰n AwK-ßƒ _lp: hnIm-cn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ _‘-s∏´ tjmdq-ap-Iƒ kμ¿in®v kmºn-fp-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®p. KpW-\n-eh - mc-ap≈ ta∑-tb-dnb …m_p-Iƒ, G‰hpw Ipd™ hne, Bh-iy-Øn-\p≈ tÃm°v, hne-sIm-SpØp Xo¿°p-∂Xn-\p≈ kmh-Imiw F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn®v ap´p-Nnd tdmb¬ am¿_nƒkv & {Kmss\-‰vkn¬ \n∂pw Bhiy-amb {Kmss\‰v …m_pw ssSepw kndm-anIv ssSepw hmßn. Ãnb-dnwKv IΩ‰n AwK-ßƒ {]kvXpX ÿm]-\h - p-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v \n›-bn® {]tXyI \nc-°n¬ ÿm]-\Ø - nse hnZ-Kv[c- mb sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ \hw-_¿ 17-˛mw XobXn ]Wn-Iƒ Bcw-`n-®p. GI-tZiw ]Xn-\t- ©mfw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ cm]I¬ tPmen-sNbvXv 2010 P\p-hcn 7˛mw XobXntbmsS ^vtfmdnßv tPmenIƒ at\m-lc- a- mbn ]q¿Øn-bm-°n.

26 aZv_-lm-bnse Ae--¶m-c-∏-Wn-Iƒ aZv_-lm-bpsS ta¬Ø-´nse Ae-¶m-c-∏-Wn-Iƒ 2009 BKÃv amk- t ØmsS tIm¨{Sm- I v S ¿ {io B¬_¿´n-s‚ Npa-Xe - b - n¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-sb¶nepw aZv_l - m-bpsS XqWpI-fp-sSbpw B¿®p-If - psSbpw Ae- ¶ m- c - ∏ - W n- I ƒ hnZ- K v Z - \ mb as‰mcp tIm¨{Sm-IvSd- psS kuI-cym¿∞w \hw-_¿ amk-Øn-

tebv°p \o´n-h® - p. {]i-kvX\ - mb tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿ {io. km_phns‚ (FdWmIpfw) Npa-Xe - b - n¬ aZv_l - mbpsS Ahti-jn® Ae-¶m-c-∏-Wn-Iƒ Icm¿ ASnÿm-\Ø - n¬ \hw-_¿, Unkw-_¿ amk-ßf - n-embn hfsc at\m-lc- a- mbn ]q¿Øo-Ic- n-®p. 2010 P\p-hcn BZy BgvN-bn¬ Ae-¶m-c-∏-Wn-I-fpsS {]tXyI s]bn‚nwßv {io hnt\mZv Fd- W m- I p- f - Ø ns‚ ta¬t\m-´Ø - n¬ \n¿Δ-ln-®p.

27 IXIv/P\¬]m-fn-Iƒ tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ F√m IX-Ip-Ifpw P\¬]m-fnI-fpsS s{^bnapw KpW-ta-∑bp≈ tX°p-sIm≠v \n¿Ωn-®p. `nØn-bpsS apIƒ `mKsØ tIm¨{Io‰p P\-ep-Iƒ°v s]uU¿ tIm´Uv Aeq-an-\nbw s{^bnw D]-tbm-Kn-®p. P\-ep-Iƒ°v 4 Fw. Fw. sπb≥ •m pw, I´nf/ P\¬ B¿®p-If - nepw sh‚n-te-‰d- p-Ifnepw t{^mÃv •m pw Dd-∏n-®p. F√m IX-Ip-Ifpw \n¿±njvS Unssk≥ A\p-kcn®v Icm¿ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kw{Im¥n sk‚ v tXmakv Snw_¿ am¿´pw P\¬ s{^bn-ap-Iƒ te_¿ ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ IpS- a m- f q¿ s_Ãv hpUv k pw tIm¨{Io‰v P\-ep-If - psS Aep-an-\nbw s{^bn-ap-Iƒ tIm´bw Ipt∂¬ Aep- a n- \ nbw h¿°v k pambn N¿® \SØn \n›-bn® \nc-°nepw at\m-l-c-ambn \n¿Ωn-®p.

28 t{XmtWmkv \n¿ΩmWw 2009 \hw- _ ¿ 4˛mw XobXn _p[- \ mgv N t{XmtWmkpIƒ \n¿Ωn°p∂ `‡n \n¿`-c-amb

_lp. hnImcn t{XmtWmkv \n¿ΩmWØn\v Bcw`w Ipdn-°p∂p

I¿Ωw _lp: sshZn-Ic- psS t\Xr-Xz-Ønepw B¿°nsS-Iv‰ns‚ km∂n-≤y-Ønepw \S-Øs- ∏-´p. CS-hI - mwK-ßƒ {]m¿∞-\t- bmsS Cu NS-ßn¬ kw_-‘n-®p.

t{XmtWmkv \n¿ΩmWw Hcp Zriyw

{][m\ t{XmW-kn-s‚bpw Ccphi-ßf - nse t{XmWkp-I-fp-sSbpw \n¿ΩmWw D®bv°v Hcp aWnbv°v Bcw-`n®v CS-ap-dn-b - msX XpS¿∂v shIp-t∂cw Bdp-aWn°p apºmbn ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. Cu I¿Ω-Øn\v {]tXyIw \ntbm-Kn-°s- ∏´ I¬∏-Wn-°m-cpw, klmbn-Ifpw A∂p cmhnse as‰mcp tPmenbpw sNømsX hnip-≤n-tbm-Spw, hrX-tØm-Spw-IqSn Cu NS-ßn¬ kw_-‘n-®p.

29 I¬°p-cniv 2009 BKÃv 23-˛mw XobXn IqSnb s]mXp-tbm-KXo-cp-am-\{- ]-Imcw 17 ASn-s]m-°a- p-≈Xpw 6 sÃ∏pItfmSp IqSn-bXpw F´p ]´hp-ap≈ I¬°p-cniv ÿm]n°p-∂X - n\v ]mem-bnse {]apJ I¬°p-cnip \n¿amW-°m-cn¬\n-∂pw, I¬°p-cniv \n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ {]apJ tI{μ-amb Xangv\m-ńse am¿Øm-WvUØ - p≈ {]ivkvXc- mb tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿am-cn¬ \n∂pw \nc-°pIƒ tiJ-cn-®p \n¿±njvS Af-hn≥ {]Im-c-ap≈ I¬°p-cn-ins‚ kmºn-fp-Iƒ _lp: hnIm-cn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ãnb-dnßv IΩ-‰n-bK - w-ßƒ ]mem-bnep≈ Aa-tem-¤h tÃm¨ h¿Ivkv tjmdq-an¬ t\cn´v I≠v t_m≤y-s∏-´v am¿Øm-WvUsØ \nc°n\p Xpey-amb hne-bv°v Icm¿ Dd-∏n-®p. 2009 \hw-º¿ amk-Øn¬ e£-Ws- amØ at\ml-camb I¿°p-cniv ]≈n-ap-‰Øp ÿm]n-®p. \ne-hnep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ipcn-in≥ sXmń-bn¬ ÿm]n-®n-cp∂ am¿ Iuam ]nXm-hns‚ Xncp-ti-jn-∏v, hnImcn _lp: B≥{Uqkv Nnc-h-Ød A®≥ ]pXnb Ipcn-in≥ sXmń-bn¬ 2009 \hw-º¿ 21˛mw XobXn am‰n ÿm]n®p. Iv\m\mb AXn `{Zm-k\ dm∂n taJe sa{Xmt∏m-eoØm A`n-hμy Ipcym-t°mkv am¿ Chm-\ntbmkv Xncp-a\ - - p-sIm-≠v, I¬°p-cn-ins‚ IqZmi

™-Xv. 2011 P\p-hc- n-bn¬ hnip≤ ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ s]cp-\m-fn\p apºmbn _m°n F√m Nn{X-ßfpw ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°p-∂p.

A`n-hμy Ipdn-bm-t°mkv tam¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n I¬°p-cniv IqZmi sNøp∂p

I¿Ωw 2009 Unkw-_¿ 27˛mw XobXn \n¿hln®p. CSh-Imw-Kß - f - mb {io aØm-bn-]p-dt- Ø-´pw, {io Ipcymt°mkv Cu∏≥ Icn- ∏ mepw kwbp- ‡ - a mbn kvt]m¨k¿ sNbvXv t\¿®-bmbn ka¿∏n-®-XmWv Cu I¬°p-cn-iv.

30 •m v h¿°v tIc-fØ - nse {]i-kvXa- mb ]e ]≈n-If - p-tSbpw •mkv h¿°v sNbvXn-´p≈ Xr»q¿ apb-e≥ kndmanIvkv ]m¿´v\¿ {io kndn-ep-ambn ]e-Xh - W _lp: hn-ImcnbpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ãob-dnwKv IΩ‰n AwKßƒ IqSn-bm-tem-N\ \SØn ÿm]-\Ø - ns‚ \n-›nX \nc-°n¬ Xmsg hnh-cn-°p∂ {]hr-Øn-Iƒ°p 2009 \hw-_¿ 17˛mw XobXn AUzm≥kv \¬In Icm¿ Dd∏n-®p. 1. Cd- ° p- a Xn sNbv X KpW- \ n- e - h mcw IqSnb If¿•m- n¬ hn. ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ Nn{Xhpw ]cn-ip≤m- ﬂ m- h ns‚ {]Xo- I hpw \n¿Ωn- ° p- I .(hn- i p≤ aZv_lm-bn¬ ÿm]n-°p-∂X - n-\v) 2. ta¬hn-hc- n® C\w If¿ •m v apdn®v cq]-s∏-SpØnb sNdnb Ij-W-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v ].-ssZh amXm-hns‚bpw hnip≤ bqlm-t\m≥ amwtZm-\m-bpsSbpw hn:Koh¿§okv kl-Zm-bp-sSbpw sams °v Nn{X-ßƒ \n¿Ωn®v apJ-hm-c-Ønepw AtX Nn{XßfpsS sNdn-b sskkv aZv_-lm-bpsS Ing-°p-hiØpw ÿm]n-°pI. 3. {]kvXpX If¿ •m n¬ tZhm-eb - Ø - n\v A\ptbm-Pyhpw {]Xo-Im-ﬂI - h - p-amb Nn{X-ßƒ \n¿Ωn®v apJ-hm-c-Øn-s‚bpw SΔdp-I-fp-sSbpw P\-ep-I-fpsS ÿm\Øv Dd-∏n-°p-I. ka-b-]-cn-anXnbpw kmº-ØnI sRcp-°hpw aqew tZhm-eb IqZmi°p ap≥]mbn 1˛mw C\Øn¬s]´ Nn{X-ßƒ am{X-amWv ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ Ign-

s]bn‚nßv

s]bn‚nwßv tPmen-Iƒ te_¿ ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ \S-Øp-∂X - n\v 2009 BKÃv amk-Øn¬ Izt´j≥ £Wn-®p. G‰hpw Ipd™ \nc°v Bh-iy-s∏´ tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿ A\n-b-∏≥, Nß-\m-t»cn, hf-sc-b[nIw ]≈n-IfpsS s]bn‚nwKv tPmen-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn´p-≈X - p-sIm≠pw Npcp-ßnb ka-bØ - n-\p-≈n¬ ]WnXo¿°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb ]cn-Nb kº-∂-cmb sXmgn- e m- f n- I - f psS e`y- X bpw apJ- h m- c - Ø ns‚ apIƒ`mKw hsc s]bn‚nwKv sNøp-∂X - n-\p≈ k÷oI-cW - fpw Dd-∏m°nb-Xp-sIm≠v {]kvXpX tIm¨{SmIvS¿°v, \nc-°p-Iƒ ho≠pw Ipd®v Icm¿ \¬In. BKÃv amkw Xs∂ sh≈ kna‚ v ]qin. s\scm-em-°v, Gjy≥s]-bn‚ vkv, UyqeIvkv XpS-ßnb {]apJ s]bn‚ v Iº-\n-If - n¬ \n∂pw e`n® Izt´- j ≥ {]Imcw _‘- s ∏´ Iº- \ n- I - f psS skbn¬kv amt\-P¿am-cp-ambn shtΔsd N¿®Iƒ \SØn a’c kz`m-h-ap≈ \nc-°p-Iƒ ho≠pw ]pXp°n hmßn. G‰hpw BI¿j-I-amb {]tXyI \nc°v (am¿°‰v hne-tb-°mƒ 30% Ipd-hv) A\p-hZn® sF.kn.-sF C≥Uym enan-‰Uv Iº-\n-bpsS UypeIvkv s]bn‚pw, ss{]adpw, Fa¬j\pw ]pdw`nØn-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ {]tXyI Dev]-∂ßfpw Iº\n-bpsS AwKo-IrX Uoe¿ If-Øp-∏S- nbv°¬ t{SbvtU-gvkv aptJ\ hmßn. 2010 P\p-hcn BZy BgvNt- bmsS s]bn‚nw-ßv, t]mfo-jnßv tPmenIƒ at\m-lc- a- mbn ]q¿Øn-bm-°n.

32 s{Ubn-t\Pv tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ ta¬°q-c-bn¬ hogp∂ agsh≈w s{Ubn-t\Pv ss]∏p-If - n¬ IqSn Xmtgbv°v Hgp°n ap‰Øp hogp∂ ag-sh-≈-tØm-sSm∏w ap‰Øn\v ASn-bn-embn \n¿Ωn® henb HmSbn¬ IqSn ]≈n-hI hb-en¬ Hgp-°p∂ s{Ubn-t\Pv kwhn[m\w te_¿ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ k÷-am-°n.

33 em≥Uv kvs°bn-∏nßv 95 temdn temUv aÆv Cd°n ]≈n ap‰w ka-\nc-∏m°n tdmUv tdmf¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v Dd-∏n-®v, 3000 Iyq_nIv ASn 1/2” sa‰¬ hncn®v `wKn-bm-°n. ap‰Øn\p ]Sn-™mdp hiw A¿≤-hr-Øm-Ir-Xn-bn-epw, hS-°p-hiw 2 ASn hoXn-bnepw sX°p-hiw 5 ASn hoXn-bnepw ]p¬Ø-InSn \n¿Ωn-®pw, CS-hn´v sNdnb 81

sNSn-Iƒ \´pw, ]≈n-ap-‰sØ InW-dn\p cq]-`wKn hcpØn-bpw, ]cn-kc- Z- riyw \b-\m-\μ - I - c- a- m-°n. 2009 \hw_¿ ]Ip-Xn-tbmsS Bcw-`n® Cu tPmen-Iƒ 2010 P\phcn BZy-hm-cØ - n¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-bn. ]p¬Ø-InSn \n¿Ωm-WØ - n-\m-hi - y-amb sImdnb≥ {Km pw, _^t√m {Km pw sNSn-Ifpw CS-hI - mwK-amb {io ]n.-Fw. jmPn ]\-t®-a‰w kvt]m¨k¿ sNøpIbpw ]p¬Ø-InSn at\m-lc- a- mbn cq]-Ie - v]\ sNbvXv \n¿Ωn-°p-∂X - n\v At±lw ta¬t\m´w hln°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

34 a‰p \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ tZhm-eb IqZm-i°v sXm´p-ap≥]mbn Ah-tijn® \n¿ΩmW tPmen-Iƒ F√mw-Xs∂ ]q¿Ønbm°n. ]pXnb tZhm-e-b-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]pXnb ssa°vsk‰v k÷o-Ic- n®pw Ib-‰p-]m-tb-°mƒ KpW-ta∑ IqSnb t]mfn-s{]m-∏s- se≥ Im¿s∏‰v ]≈nb-I - Øv hncn®pw P\p-hcn 9˛mw Xob-Xn-tbmsS aqtdm≥ A`n-tjI IqZm-i° - mbn tZhm-eb - hpw CS-hI - bpw Hcpßn.

36 ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb tZhm-ebw: Hcp {ZpX ho£Ww 36.1

aZv_lm

\ne-hn-ep-≠mbn-cp∂ aZv_-lm-bpsS amXr-Ibn¬ aq∂v B¿®p-It- fmSp IqSnbXmWv hnkvXm-cap≈ ]pXnb aZv_l - m. Agn-°I - Øp \n∂pw aZv_lm-bn-te°p Ggp \S-Iƒ D≠v. ]≈n-bIØv GXp `mK-Øp-\n-∂mepw hnip-≤-Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-°p-∂Xv Zriy-am-Ip∂ hn[-Øn-emWv a-Zvl_lm-bpsS {IaoI-cWw. {][m\ t{XmWkv hnip≤ ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ \ma-Øn-epw, hS-°p-h-isØ t{XmtWmkv hnip≤

35 t\¿® kma-{Kn-Iƒ ]pXp°n∏WnX tZhm-eb - Ø - n¬ Bcm-[\ - b - v°mh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ, Xnc-»oe, t{XmtWm-knse Ipcniv, sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-°m-ep-Iƒ, NntØm-e, hnip≤ aZv_-lm-bn¬ ÿm]n-°p-hm-\p≈ ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhns‚ {]Xo-Im-flI Nn{Xhpw aZv_l - m-bpsS {][m\ B¿®n\p apI-fn¬ ÿm]n-°p-hm-\p≈ ]cn-ip≤ ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ Nn{Xhpw (C-d° - p-aX - n-sNbvX If¿ •mkn¬ \n¿Ωn-®-Xv) Ccp-h-i-ß-fn-sebpw B¿®pIƒ°p-ap-I-fn-ep≈ hnip≤ bqlm-t\m≥ amwtZm\bp-sS-bpw, hnip≤ Koh¿§okv kl-Zm-bp-sSbpw If¿ •mkv Nn{X-ßƒ. Gh≥tKen-tbm≥ tai, {]kwK ]oTw,\a-kvImc tai, amtΩm-ZokmsØmń, Xq°phnf-°v, Ae¶mc hnf-°p-Iƒ, ]≈n-bI - sØ `WvUmcw, ^m≥, Syq_v sse‰p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh CS-hI - mw-Kßƒ t\¿®-Im-gvNb - mbn ka¿∏n-®p. (enÃv A\y-{X). tZhm-eb - Ø - ns‚ {][m-\h - m-Xn¬, GXm\pw P\ep-Iƒ, apJ-hm-c-Øn-epw, aZv_-lm-bpsS Ing°p hiØpw ÿm]n-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ hnip≤ ssZh-am-Xmhn-s‚-bpw, Imh¬]n-Xm-°∑ - m-cp-sS-bpw, samssk°v •mkv Nn{X- ß ƒ F∂n- h bpw CS- h - I mw- K - ß ƒ kvt]m¨k¿ sNbvXX - m-Wv. (enÃv A\y-{X)

bqlmt\m≥ amwtZm-\-bpsS \ma-Øn-epw, sX°p hisØ t{XmtWmkv hnip≤ Koh¿§okv kl-Zm- bpsS \ma-Øn-ep-amWv ÿm]n-Xa- m-bn-´p-≈X - v. aZv_-lm-bpsS ]m¿izß-fn-embn hepXpw sNdp-Xpamb c≠p apdn-Iƒ hoX-ap≠v Ccp-hi - Ø - pw c≠p henb P\-ep-Ifpw \mep sNdnb P\ep-Ifpw aZv_lm-bn¬ aXn-bmb hmbphpw shfn-®hpw e`n-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ {Iao-Ic- n-®n-cn-°p∂p. aZv_l - m-bpsS tIm¨{Io‰v ta¬Ø´v _mc¬ thmƒ´v amXr-Ib - nemWv \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v. AXn\p apI-fn-embn tIm¨{Io‰v ta¬°q-cbpw ta¬°qcbv ° p apI- f n¬ Ipcnipw ÿm]n- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. ta¬°q-cb - psS Db-c° - q-Sp-X¬ ]cn-KW - n®v {]i-kvXamb e^m¿Pv dq^nMv C≥Uym- ° - º - \ n- b psS tIm¨{Io‰v HmSp-Iƒ (Cu¿∏w hen-°m-Øh - b - pw, DSbm-Øh - b - pw) Iº-\n-bn¬ \n∂p t\cn´p hmßn, Iº\n-bpsS hnZKvZ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ te_¿ ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ ta™n-cn-°p-∂p. inev]-`w-Kn-bp≈ XqWp-I-fn-tebpw B¿®p-I-

fn-tebpw ta¬Ø-´p-I-fn-tebpw Ae-¶m-c-∏-Wn-Iƒ aZv_l - m-bpsS at\m-lm-cn-Xbv°p am‰p-Iq-´p-∂p. Bk∂-`m-hn-bn¬ _kvIp-Znim IqSn \n¿Ωn®v aZv_lm IqSp-X¬ at\m-l-c-am-°p-hm≥ km[n-°s´sb∂p {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. aZv_-lm-bpsS ]pdw-`n-Øn-I-fpsS Xd \nc∏v hsc cq]-`w-Kn-bp≈ _mw•q¿ ine-Iƒ ]Xn-∏n-®ncn°p∂p. Ing°phiw ]cn-ip≤ ssZh-am-Xm-hn-s‚-bpw Imh¬]n-Xm-°∑ - m-cpsSbpw samssk°v •mkv Nn{Xß-fpsS amXr-I-Iƒ sIm≠pw a‰p Nn{X-∏-Wn-Iƒ sIm≠pw Aew-Ir-Xa- m-Wv.

Im¿∏-‰pw, ]≈n-bI - w- a-t\m-lc- a- m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

36.2

inev]`- w-Kn-bp≈ XqWp-If - n≥ta¬ Hmh¬ BIr-Xnbn¬ \n¿Ωn-®n-´p-≈ cq]-`w-Kn-bp≈ \mS-Ii - m-eb - psS hS-°p-hiØp ]cn-ip≤-ssZ-ha- m-Xm-hn-s‚bpw sX°ph-iØp ]cn-ip≤]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw a≤yÿ-Xb - n¬ GXp ka-bØpw {]m¿∞n°p-∂X - n-\p≈ ÿe kuIcyhpw k÷o-Ic- W - ß - fpw G¿s∏-Sp-Ønbn-cn-°p-∂Xv hmkvXp Ie-bpsS anI-hm-Wv. \mS-Ii - me-bpsS cq]-`w- K - n-bp≈ Xpd- mb ta¬Ø-´n¬, ImÃv, Ab¨ {Kn√pIƒ Dd-∏n®v Ia-\o-ba- m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Agn-bv°Iw

a≤y-`mKw A¿≤-hr-Øm-Ir-Xn-bp-≈Xpw 13 ASn hoXn-bp-≈Xpamb Agn-bv°I - Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb cq]-`w-Kn-bp≈ sdbn-enßv ta∑-tb-dnb tX°n¬ kw{Im¥n sk‚ v tXmakv ^¿Wn-®¿ am¿´v anX-amb \nc-°n¬ \n¿Ωn-®p.

36.3

_m¬°Wn

{]mIm-cØ - n\v hS°p sX°p hi-ßf - n¬ 4 ASn hoXnbn-epw, ]Sn-™m-dp-hiw a≤y-`m-KØv 18 ASn hoXnbnepw AI-hf - h - p≈ _m¬°Wn \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ae-¶m-c-∏-Wn-Iƒ D≈ ]mc-s∏‰pw at\m-l-c-amb Ão¬ sdbn-enwßpw _m¬°-Wn-bpsS `wKn h¿≤n∏n-°p-∂p. _m¬°-Wn-bp-sSbpw sÃb¿sI-bn-kns‚bpw Ão¬ sdbvenwßv \n¿±njvS tKPpw t{KUpw Dd- ∏ m°n Izt´- j ≥ ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ tIm´bw kzkvXnIv Ão¬ h¿°vkv \n¿Ωn-®p.

36.4

{]mImcw

Agnbv°Iw Dƒs∏sS {]mIm-cØ - n\v 94 ASn \ofhpw 40 ASn hoXn-bp-ap≠v. `wKn-bp≈ koen-ßpw, _m¬°-Wnbpw Agn-°Iw sdbn-enßpw ^m≥kn-^n‰nw-Kp-Ifpw Ae-¶c- h - n-f° - pIfpw, t]mfn-s{]m-∏s- se≥

36.5 hcm¥ {]mIm-cØ - n\p shfn-bn-embn Ccp-hi - Øpw 7 ASn hoXn-bp≈ hcm-¥bpw inev]`- w-Kn-bp≈ XqWpIfpw tZhm- e - b - Ø ns‚ ÿe kuI- c yhpw Zriy`wKnbpw h¿≤n-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. hcm-¥b - nse ta¬Ø´n¬ ImÃv Ab¨ {Kn√pIƒ Dd-∏n®v, sjbvUp-Ifn¬ sNdnb HmSp-Iƒ ]Xn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv tZhm-ebw IqSp-X¬ at\m-lc- a- m-°p-∂p.

36.6 \mS-I-ime

36.7 apJ-hmcw 85 ASn Db-ca- p≈ apJ-hm-cØ - ns‚ tae-{KØv ÿm]n- ® n- ´ p≈ …o_mbpsS Xmsg- b mbn ]m{Xob¿°m Fwªw at\m-lc- a- mbn Nn{Xo-Ic- n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. aZv_l - m-bpsS Ccp-hi - ß - f - nepw c≠p tKm]p-cß - fpw Bdv kvXq]-ßf - p-ap-≠v. tKm]p-cß - f - psS tIm¨{Io‰v ta¬°q-cbn¬ tIm¨{Io‰v HmSp-Iƒ ]Xn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p. sÃbn≥Uv •mkv Nn{X-ßfpw ]cn-ip≤ ssZham- X m- h n- s ‚- b pw, Imh¬]n- X m- ° - ∑ m- c p- s Sbpw samssk°v •mkv Nn{X-ßfpsS amXr-II - fpw a‰p Nn{X∏-Wn-Ifpw sIm≠v apJ-hmcw Ia-\o-ba- m-Wv.

a\p-jy-\m¬ Akm-≤y-am-bXv ssZh-Øm¬ km-≤y-w

2008 P\p-hc- n-bn¬ ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø\-ßƒ Bcw-`n®v A`w-Kpcw XpS¿∂v tIhew c≠p h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Cu ssZhn-I] - ≤ - Xn hnP-bI - c- a- mbn ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-hm≥ km[n-®Xv CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fpsS \nc-¥-c-amb {]m¿∞-\-bpsSbpw ITn-\m-≤zm-\-Øns‚bpw ^e-ambpw k¿tΔm-]cn k¿Δ-i-‡-\mb ssZh-Øns‚ Af-h‰ Ir] H∂p-sIm≠pw am{X-amWv. ]cn-ip≤ ssZh-am-Xm-hnt‚bpw kIe ]cn-ip-≤∑m-cp-sSbpw, ip≤n-aX - n-If - psSbpw a≤y-ÿX e£y{]m-]vXn-bn¬ FØp-∂X - n\v CS-hI - bv°v XpW-bmbn.

38 hnip≤ aqtdm≥ A`n-tjI IqZmi 2010 P\p-hcn 10,11 Xob-Xn-If - n¬ t{ijvT ImtXmen°m _t -en-tbmkv tXmakv {]Y-a≥ _mhm-bpsS {][m\ Im¿Ωn-IX - z-Ønepw CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ A`n-hμy tXmakv am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nbp-sSbpw, a‰p A`n-hμ - y s- a-{X-t∏m-eoØamcp-sSbpw kl- I m¿Ωn- I - X z- Ø nepw Cu tZhm- e - b - Ø ns‚ aqtdm≥ A`n-tjI IqZmi \S-Øs- ∏-´ [\y aplq¿Øßƒ Cu ]≈n-bpsS Ncn{X GSp-If - n¬ X¶ en]nIfn¬ Bte-J\w sNøs∏-S-pw. CS-h-Imw-K-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw BÀm-ZØ - n-s‚bpw A`n-am-\Øn-s‚bpw ssZh-Xn-cp-ap-ºm-sI-bp≈ ka¿∏-WØ - ns‚bpw ka-ba- m-Wn-Xv. ]cn-ip≤ ]m-{Xo-b¿°okv _mh Bio¿h-Zn® inebpw, (P-\phcn 3˛mw XobXn ]pØ≥Ip-cninse ]m{Xo-b¿°okv sk‚-dn-¬ \n∂pw hnfw_c tLmj-bm-{X-bmbn hnhn[ tZhm-eb - ß - fn¬ IqSn {]bmWw sNbvXv ]≈n-bn¬ FØn-®X - v.) \mfn-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ eLp-Ncn{Xw Bte-J\w sNbvX sNºp XInSv AS°w sNbvX shf-fns®∏pw {][m\ t{XmtWm-kn¬ hnip≤ aqtdm≥ IqZm-i-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v ÿm]n-®n-´p≠v. \nehn-ep-≠mbncp∂ t{XmtWmkv \o°w sNbvXt∏mƒ e`n® sh≈n-s®-∏pw, (Ip-¥n-cn-°-hpw, kpK-‘{- Z-hy-ßfpw AS-ßn-bX - )v. CtXm-sSm∏w \nt£-]n-®p. (hn. aqtdm≥ A`n-tjI IqZmi kw_-‘n® hni-Za- mb dnt∏m¿´p A\-{X)

`h-\-ßfpw kμ¿in-®p. tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿amW ^≠n-te-°p≈ hmKvZm\w kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw CS-hI - mwK-ßƒ \¬Inb hnlnXw kam-lc- n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 2008 Pqsse- b nepw 2009 am¿®v , G{]n¬ amkßfnepw hnImcn _lp: B≥{Uqkv Nnc-hØ - d A®s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW IΩ‰nbwK-ßƒ CS-hIbnse apgp-h≥ `h-\-ßƒ kμ¿in®v \n¿ΩmWs®e-hn-ep-≠mb h¿≤-\h - n-\\ - pkr-Xa- mbn hmKvZm\ hnlnXw ]pXp°n ^≠v kaml-cWw \SØn . 2008 Pq¨ apX¬ amt\-PnwKv IΩ‰n AwK-ßƒ _‘-s∏´ hm¿Up-If - nse `h-\ß - ƒ XpS¿®-bmbn kμ¿in®v ^≠v kam-lc- Ww XpS¿]≤-Xn-bm-°n. \nc-h[n CS-hI - mw-Kß - ƒ ]≈n B^o-kn¬ hmKvZm\ hnlnXw Xh-WI - f - mbn AS-®p. B\p-]m-XnI hnln-Xtam, hy‡n hmbv]tbm e`n-°m-Xn-cp∂ Npcp°w Nne CS-hI - mw-Kß - f - psS `h\-ßƒ _lp: hnIm-cn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ãnb-dnwKv IΩ‰nbwK-ßƒ 2009 Pq¨ amk-Øn-¬ kμ¿in-®p. 2009 HIvtSm-_¿, \hw-_¿ amk-ß-fn¬ _lp: hnImcn/ kl: hnIm-cn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ IΩ-‰nbw-Kß - ƒ CS-hI - b - nse an°-hmdpw `h-\ß - ƒ Hcn°¬ IqSn kμ¿in-®p. CS-hI - mw-Kß - f - n¬ \n∂pw 30˛11˛2010 hsc 6037227 cq]m tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW ^≠n-te°v kw`mh-\b - mbn e`n®p. (enÃv A\-{X) 250 ¬ ]cw CS-hI `h-\ß - ƒ am{X-ap≈ Cu sNdnb CS-hI - b - n-¬ \n∂pw KWy-amb XpI kam-lc- n-°p-hm≥ km[n-®Xv CS-hImw-K-ß-fpsS Ie-h-d-bn-√mØ kl-I-cWw H∂psIm≠p am{X-am-Wv.

39 tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW ^≠v kam-l-cWw

39.2

''Fs‚ Be-bØ - n¬ Blmcw D≠m-tI≠Xn\v \nßƒ Zimwiw apgp-h\pw `WvUm-c-Ønte°p sIm≠p-hc - p-hn≥. Rm≥ \nßƒ°v BImiØns‚ Infn-hm-Xn-ep-Isf Xpd∂v, ÿew t]mcmsX hcp-thmfw \nß-fpsS ta¬ A\p-{Klw ]I-cp-Ibn-√tbm?” (aemJn 3:10)

CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fpsS ASpØ _‘p-°-fn¬ \n∂pw a‰p A`yp-ZbImw£n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kmºØnI klmbw A`y¿∞n®p sIm≠p≈ _lp: hnIm-cn-bpsS IØv CS-hI - bv°p shfn-bp≈ A™qdn¬∏cw hy‡n-Iƒ°v X]m-enepw, t\cn´pw FØn°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. _‘p-P\ - ß - f - n¬ \n∂pw a‰p A`ypZ-Imw-£n-If - n¬ \n∂pw 17,36,865 cq]m kam-lc- n-°phm≥ Ign-™p. (enÃv A\y-{X). t{ijvT ImtXm-en°m _mh-mbp-sSbpw A`nhμy CS-hI - s- a-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm- bp-sSbpw Iev]\ - t- bmSp IqSnb tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW ^≠n-te°v kmºØnI klmbw A`y¿∞n-®p- sIm-≠p≈ A`y¿∞\ (t{_mj¿) tIm´-bw, I≠-\m-Sv, sIm®n, A¶-amen

39.1 CS-hImwK-ßƒ hnln-X-ambn \¬In-bXv 2006 am¿®v, G{]n¬ amk-ßf - n¬ hnImcn hμy G{_lmw tImsd∏nkv t Im∏m tImX- t I- c n¬, kl:hnImcn Znhw-K-X-\mb sNdn-bm≥ tIm´-bn¬ A®≥ F∂n- h cpsS t\XrXz- Ø n¬ tZhm- e b ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW IΩ-‰n AwK-ßƒ CS-hI - b - nse F√m

^≠v kam-l-cWw, CS-h-Ibv°v shfn-bn¬ \n∂v

`{Zm-k-\-ß-fnse {]apJ tZhm-e-b-ßƒ kμ¿in®v \¬Ip-Ib - p-≠m-bn. aW¿ImSv sk‚ v tacokv bmt°m_mb kpdn-bm\n IØo-{U-en¬ \n∂pw KWy-amb kmº-ØnI klmbw (Hcp e£w cq]) e`n-®p. a‰p `{Zm-k\ - ß - f - n¬ \n∂pw tImX-aw-Kew am¿tØm-Ω≥ ]≈n 25000 cq]bpw Icn-ßn-®nd sk‚ v tPm¿Pv ]≈n ]Xn-\m-bncw cq]bpw \¬Ip-Ib - p-≠m-bn. A`n-hμy sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am-¿, _lp: sshZnI¿ F∂n-h-cn¬ \n∂pw, Bﬂob kwL-S-\-I-fn¬ \n∂pw 163731 cq] kw`m-h\ Bbn e`n-®p. (enÃv A\y-{X)

39.6 hy‡n-hmbv] s]mXp-tbmK \n›-b{- ]-Imcw Icm¿, \n_-‘\-Iƒ°p hnt[-b-ambn CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw 29,30,000 cq]-bpw, a‰p A`yp-ZbImw£n-If - n¬ \n∂pw 7,60,000 cq]bpw hy‡n-hm-bv]-bmbn kam-l-cn-®p. kz¿Æw ]Wbw h®pw 3,00,000 cq]m CS-hI - mw-Kß - ƒ hmbv]b - mbn \evIn. (enÃv A\y-{X).-

39.7 {]tXyI amk-hcn ]≤Xn hy‡n-hm-bv]-Iƒ F{Xbpw thKw XncnsI \¬IpI F∂ Dt±-ie - £ - y-tØmsS Htcm CS-hI - `h\-Øn¬ \n∂pw IpSpw_mw-K-ß-fpsS kmº-ØnI ÿnXn°v A\p- k r- X - a mbn, {]Xn- a mkw cq]m 1000,800,600,400,200,100/˛ F∂o {Ia-Øn¬ 25 amkw sIm≠v 25 e£w cq]m kam-lc- n-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ {]tXyI-am-kh - cn ]≤Xn 2010 am¿®v 21˛mw XobXn IqSnb s]mXp-tbm-KX - o-cp-am-\{- ]-Imcw 2010 Pq¨ apX¬ \S∏m-°n-h-cp-∂p. 30˛11˛2010 hsc Cu ]≤-Xn-{]-Imcw 3,28,900 cq] e`n-®p.

39.3 Iq∏¨ ]ncnhv ]cn-ip≤ C·m-Øn-tbmkv Gen-bmkv {Xn{Xob≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mh-bpsS I_-dn-SØ - n-te°p hS-°≥ taJ-eb - n¬ \n∂pw bm{X-Xn-cn-°p∂ Xo¿∞mS-I¿ 2008epw 2009 epw bm{Xm-at≤y Cu ]≈n-bn¬ hn{i-an-®-t∏mƒ Hcp \√ hn`mKw Xo¿∞m-S-I-cn¬ \n∂pw “tZhm-e-b-]p-\¿\n¿ΩmW ^≠v” Iq∏¨ ]ncn-hn-eqsS 93300 cq] kam-l-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn CXn¬ 25000 cq]m tImX-aw-Kew am¿tØm-Ω≥ ]≈n {SÃn {io. Ipcymt°m-kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ B ]≈n CS-hI - mw-Kß - ƒ \¬In-bX - m-Wv.

40 tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW hchp sNehp IW°v

39.4 _\n-^n‰v kvIow ]c-kv]c klm-bØ - n-eqsS Bhiyamb kμ¿`ß-fn¬ \n›nX XpI KpW-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v e`y-am°p∂ _\n-^n‰vv kvIow 2007 sk]v‰w-_¿ apX¬ Bcw`n®p. kvIoan¬ AwK-ßf - mb CS-hI - mw-Kß - ƒ°v Cu ]≤Xn hfsc D]-Im-c{- ]-Za- m-Wv. ss^\m≥kv I¨ho\¿ Icn-∏m¬ {io.-sI.-sI.-sF-∏ns‚ t\Xr-XzØnepw Npa-X-e-bnepw Cu ]≤Xn hfsc Imcy-£a- a- mbpw kphy-hÿ - n-Xa- mbpw \S-Ønh-cp-∂p. Cu ]≤-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw \mfn-Xp-hsc 2 e£w cq]m tZhm-eb - ] - p-\¿\n¿ΩmW ^≠nte°p kam-lc- n-°p-∂X - n\p km[n-®p. ]≤Xn ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ c≠pe£w cq]m IqSn tZhm-eb - ] - p-\¿\n¿ΩmW ^≠n-te°v e`y-amIp-∂-Xm-Wv.

39.5 ]≈n-h-cp-am\w 2006˛07 apX¬ ]≈n-bpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ sNe-hp-If - n¬ kmº-ØnI A®-S°w ]men®v 6,97,000 cq]m tZhm-eb - ] - p-\¿\n¿ΩmW ^≠nte°v kzcq-]n-°p-∂X - n\v km[n-®p.

8000N: ASn hnkvXo¿Æ-ap≈ Cu ]cnip≤ tZhm-eb - Ø - ns‚ \n¿ΩmWs®ehp 135, 65,000 cq]bmWv. tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿am¿°pw ÿm]-\ßƒ°pw, C\nbpw sImSpØp Xo¿°p-hm≥ D≈ 6,35,000 cq]m IqSn ]≈n-bpsS km-ºØ - nI _m≤y-Xb - mbn IW-°m°n BsI \n¿ΩmWs®e-hv 142 e£w- cq-]b - mWv

hchv 2 6.97

.93 3.06 3.29

7.6 60.37

29.3

20.36

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F√m-hn[ Aep-an-\n-bw, Ão¬, πmÃnIv ]m{X-ßfpw {]k-t‚-j≥ sk‰p-Iƒ, \ne-hn-f-°p-Iƒ XpSßn F√m-hn[ ho´p]-I-c-W-ßfpw Rß-fpsS tjmdq-an¬ \n∂pw Iº\n hnebv°v e`n-°p-∂p.

Gjy≥ s]bn‚ vkv If¿ thƒUv \nt∏mƒ If¿ {Intb-j≥kv s\tcm-emIv If¿ kvtI]vkv _¿P¿ If¿ _m¶v UyqeIvkv If¿ skmeq-j≥kv

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tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW hc-hp-sN-ehp IW-°p-Iƒ 30˛11˛2010 hsc-bp-≈Xv Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ BUn‰v sNbv X v s]mXp- t bmKw AwKo- I - c n- ® Xv A\y{X tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

{ia-Zm\w

\ne-hn-ep≈ tZhm-ebw s]mfn-®p-\o-°p-∂X - n\v CS-hI - mw-Kß - ƒ cmhpw ]Iepw AXy-≤zm\w sNbvXp. aZv_lm \o°w sNøp-∂-Xn\v {]Xo£n-®-Xnepw A[nIw ka-bhpw A≤zm-\hpw th≠n h∂p. hnhn[ Bh-iy-ßƒ°mbn CS-hI - mw-Kß - ƒ ap≥Iq´n \n›bn® ]e Znh-kß - f - nepw {ia-Zm\w sNøp-Ib - p-≠mbn. temdn / Sn∏¿ temdn-If - psS DS-aÿ - c- mb CS-hImw-Kß - ƒ Xß-fpsS hml-\ß - ƒ Cu Bh-iy-Ønte°v kuP-\y-ambn \¬In.

42 BZ-cm-RvP-en 2003 ¬ Cu ]≈n hnIm-cn-bmbn kvXpXy¿lambn tkh\w A\p-jT- n-°p-Ibpw 2005˛06 ¬ klhn-Im-cn-bmbpw tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW IΩ‰n tIm˛-sN-b¿am-\mbn D¬IrjvS tkh\w sNøp-Ibpw sNbvX sNdn-bm≥ tIm´-bn¬ A®s‚ BI-kvanI \ncymWw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bmsX kpdn-bm\n k`m a°ƒ H∂-S¶ - hpw PmXn-aX - t- `-Zs- at\y Hcp tZisØ P\X apgp-h\pw ZpxJØn-em-bn. tIm´bw `{Zm-k\ - Ønse A\p-{K-loX sshZn-I\pw ]cn-ip≤ k`-bpsS sshZn-I-sk-an-\m-cn-bpsS en‰¿Pn hn`mKw aev]m-\pam-bn-cp-∂ tIm´-bn-e®s‚ AIm-eØ - n-ep≈ th¿]mSv ]cn-ip≤ k`bv°pw tIm´bw `{Zm-k\ - Ø - n\pw Xocm\jvSw Xs∂. ae-¶c- b - psS hm\-ºmSnsb kz¿§ob amem-Ja- m¿s°m-∏w, kz¿§ob Km\-ßƒ ]mSn ]pIgvØp-hm≥ ssZhw hnfn-®p-sh∂v hniz-kn-°mw. _lp: A®\v BZ-cmRvPen A¿∏n-®v {]m¿∞n°p-∂p.

tZhm- e b ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW°Ω‰n sshkv sNb¿am-\mbn hninjvS tkh\w sNbv X p hcsh I¿Xr- k - ∂ n- [ n- b n- t e°p hmßn-t∏mb If-Øp∏-Sn-°¬ {io. Ipcy≥ h¿§okv Zo¿L-Imew Cu ]≈n-bpsS {Skv‰n, k`m- a m- t \- P nwKv IΩ- ‰ n- b wKw F∂o \neIfn¬ kvXpXy¿l-amb tkh\w A\pjvTn® hy‡n-bmWv. At±-lØ - ns‚ ]mh-\kvac- W - bv°p apºn¬ BZ-cm-RvPen A¿∏n®p {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. tZhm-e-b-]p\¿ \n¿ΩmWw at\m-l-cambn ]q¿Øo-Ic- n®p ImWp-hm\pw ]pXp-°n∏-WnX ]≈n-bn¬ hnip≤ Ip¿∫m\bn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-hm\pw A{K-ln-®n-cp∂ hnizmkn-If - mb ]e CS-hI - mw-Kß - fpw \n¿ΩmW Ime-bf - h - n¬ I¿Xr-k∂ - n-[n-bn-te°p bm{Xbm-bn. hmßn-t∏m-bh - nizm-kn-Iƒ°vv BZ-cmRvPenIƒ A¿∏n®p {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. CS-h-I-bpsS ÿm]\ Imew apX¬ kXy-hnizmkw kwc- £ n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ pw, CS- h - I - b psS hf¿®°pw th≠n AXy-≤zm\w sNbvXv a¨a-d™ amXm]nXm-°∑ - m-cp-sS-bpw, ktlm-Zc- o-ktlm-Zc- ∑ - m-cpsSbpw, AIm-eØ - n¬ s]men™CS-hI - b - psS BimZo]w aT-tØ´v Ipdn-bm-t°mkv I»o-ib - p-sSbpw ]mh\-kvac- W - b - v°p ap≥]n¬ BZ-cm-RvPe - n-Iƒ A¿∏n®p {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p.

43 IrX-⁄X tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v th≠ {]tNm-Z\ - h - pw, D]-tZ-iß - f - pw, am¿§-\n¿t±-ißfpw \¬In A\p-{K-ln® tIm´bw `{Zm-k\ sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Øm-bpw, tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-W-°-Ω‰n c£m-[n-Im-cn-bp-amb A`n-hμy tXmakv am¿ XotamØn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-Sp≈ `‡n _lp-am\BZc-hp-Iƒ IrX-⁄X - m-]q¿Δw Xr∏m-Zß - f - n¬ ka¿∏n°p-∂p. 2005˛2006 ¬ tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]mcw-`{]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°p t\XrXzw \¬Inb ap≥hn-Imcn hμy G{_lmw tImX-tI-cn¬ tIm¿ F∏n-kvtIm∏m klhn-Imcn Znhw-K-X-\mb sNdn-bm≥ tIm´-bn¬ A®≥ F∂n-hc- psS \nkvXpe tkh\w Cu CS-hI \μn-tbmsS kvacn-°p-∂p. 2006 Pq¨ apX¬ 2008 G{]n¬ hsc hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ _. amXyqkv Imhp¶¬ A®s‚ D÷z- e - a mb t\XrXzw tZhm- e b ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-WØ - n\p ]pXnb Znim-t_m[w \¬In. 2006 ¬ hn`m- h \w sNbv X sNdnb ]≈n- b psS ÿm\Øv Xmc-Xt- ay\ hen-∏a- p-≈Xpw at\m-lc- h - pamb tZhm-eb - Ø - ns‚ t{]mPIvSv Xøm-dm-°p-∂X - n\pw _lp: A®≥ {]iw-k-\o-b-amb t\XrXzw \¬In. \n¿Ωm-W{- ]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ kpK-aa- mbn ]ptcm-Ka- n-°p91

tºmƒ At±-lØ - ns‚ tkh\w Bh-iy-s∏´ hntZi-Øp≈ tZhm-eb - Ø - nte°v At±lw \nb-an-X\ - m-bn. _lp: A®s‚ anI-hp‰ t\XrXzw CØ-cp-WØ - n¬ \n o-aa- mb IrX-⁄X - t- bmsS kvacn-°p-∂p. 2008 Pq¨ amkw apX¬ hnIm-cn-bmbpw tZhme-b] - p-\¿ \n¿ΩmW IΩ‰n sNb¿am-\mbpw hninjvS tkh\w A\p-jvTn-°p∂ _lp: B≥{Uqkv Nnc-hØ-d A®s‚ kp[ocamb t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-W {- ]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°v {Iam-\p-KX - a- mb ]ptcm-KX - n-bp-≠m-bn. 2009 Pq¨ amk-Øn¬ _lp: Ipdn-bm-t°mkv πmº-d-ºn¬ A®≥ kl-hn-Im-cnbmbn \nb-an-X\ - m-bn. _lp: hnIm-cn-bp-sS-bpw, kl: hnIm-cn-bp-sSbpw Du¿÷-kz-ehpw kvXpXy¿l-hp-amb t\XrXzw \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ ka-b_ - ‘ - n-Xambn ]q¿Øo-Ic- n-°p-∂X - n\v klm-bI - a- m-bn. _lpam-\-s∏´ sshZn-I-tcm-Sp≈ \n o-a-am-b \μnbpw kvt\lhpw lrZ-b] - q¿Δw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. B¿°n-sSIv‰v Iam≥U¿ kt¥m-jv tPm¨, knhn¬ F©n-\o-b¿ {io. kp\n¬ tPmkv kab _‘n-Xa- mbn \n¿ΩmW tPmen-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿ {io. B¬_¿´v {][m\ takvXncn {io. N{μ≥ a‰p hnhn[ Icm¿ tPmen-Iƒ IrXy-ka- b - Øp sNbv X p Xo¿Ø tIm¨{Sm- I v S ¿am¿, \n¿ΩmW hkvXp-°fpw a‰p kma-{Kn-Ifpw bYm-kabw \¬Inb ÿm]-\ß - ƒ, hym]m-cn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh - c- psS «mL\o-ba- mb tkh-\ß - ƒ°p \μn ]d-bp-∂p. ]≈n ap‰Øp ÿm]n-®, e£-Ws- amØ at\ml-c-amb I¬°p-cniv kvt]m¨k¿ sNbvX {io. aØmbn ]pd-tØ-´v. {io. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv Cu∏≥ Icn∏m¬, ]≈n-bpsS Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬ tPmen-Iƒ bmsXmcp {]Xn-^-ehpw kzoI-cn-°msX `wKn-bmbn sNbvXp Xo¿Ø {io. t- am≥kn kvIdnb ]≈n-∏p-dw, {io.-]n.Fw.-amXyp ]gq¿, {io. tPm¿Pv G{_lmw sIm√-∏≈n. ]≈n- a p- ‰ Øp ]p¬Ø- I nSn \n¿Ωn- ° p- ∂ - X n\v ta¬t\m´w hln- ° p- I bpw sImdn- b ≥ {Km pw, _^t√m {Km pw sNSn-Ifpw kvt]m¨k¿ sNøpIbpw sNbvX {io. jmPn ]\-t®-a‰w F∂o CS-hImw-K-ß-tfm-Sp≈ IrX-⁄X kvt\l-]q¿Δw Adnbn-°p-∂p. tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ {][m-\-hm-Xn¬, P\-ep-Iƒ, apJ-hm-c-Øn-epw, aZv_-lm-bpsS Ing°p hiØpw ÿm]n-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ hnip≤ ssZh-am-Xm-hn-s‚-bpw, Imh¬]n-Xm-°∑ - m-cp-sS-bpw, samssk°v •mkv Nn{Xßƒ kvt]m¨k¿ sNbvX CS-hI - mw-Kß - ƒ ]pXp°n-∏-WnX tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ Bcm-[-\-°m-h-iy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ, Xnc-»o-e, Ipcn»v sagpXncn-°m-ep-Iƒ, hnip≤ aZv_lm-bn¬ ÿm]n-®-n´p≈ •mkv Nn{Xßƒ, Gh≥tKen-tbm≥ tai, \a-kvImc tai, {]kwK ]oTw, amtam-Zo-km-sØm-´n, Xq°p-hn-f°v, Ae¶m-ch - n-f° - p-Iƒ, `WvUmcw, ^m≥, ‰yq_v sse‰v XpSßn-bh t\¿®-bmbn ka¿∏n® CS-hI - mw-Kß - s- fbpw a‰p hy‡n-Is- fbpw \μn-tbmsS kvacn°p-∂p.

Cu DZyaw hnP-b{- ]-Za- m-°p-∂X - n\v kmº-ØnI klmbw \¬Inb aW¿ImSv sk‚ v tacokv bmt°m_m-b- kp-dn-bm\n IØo-{U¬, tImX-aw-Kew am¿tØmΩ≥ ]≈n. Icn-ßm-®nd sk‚ v tPm¿Pv ]≈n XpSßnb tZhm-eb - ß - fnse hnIm-cn-am-tcmSpw kl-hn-Imcn-am-tcmSpw `c-Wk - a- n-Xn-tbm-Sp≈ IrX-RvPX CØcp-WØ - n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kmº-ØnI klmbw \¬In Cu kwcw-`Ø - n\v {]tNm-Z\w \¬In-b A`nhμy sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øa- m-cm-b tXmakv tam¿ XotamØn-tbm-kv, Koh¿§okv tam¿ Zoh-∂ym-tkymkv F∂o Xncp- t a- \ n- a m- t cm- S pw hμy tIm¿ F∏n- k v t Im∏mamtcmSpw a‰v sshZnI t{ijvTt- cmSpap≈ kvt\l _lp-am\ BZ-ch - p-Iƒ IrX-⁄Xm]q¿Δw Adn-bn°p-∂p. \n¿ΩmW ^≠v, DZvLm-S\ ka-b-Øpw, ]n∂oSpw KWy-amb hnlnXw \¬Inb CS-hI - b - nse sshZn-I≥ hμy. Cug-am-en¬ Cu∏≥ tIm¿ F∏nkvtIm-∏msb Cu Ah-kc- Ø - n¬ \μn-tbmsS kvacn°p-∂p. hmKvZm\ hnlnXw DZm-cambn \¬In klm-bn® kztZ-iØ - pw, hntZ-iØ - p-ap≈ CS-hI - mw-Kß - ƒ, kw`mh\ \¬Inb a‰p hy‡n-Iƒ hntZ-i-Øpw kz-tZiØpw ]e- hy-‡n-If - n¬ \n∂pw kw`m-h\ - I - ƒ kaml-cn®v ]≈n-bn¬ G¬∏n® CS-hI-Kw-ßƒ KWyamb XpI hmbv] \¬Inb CS-hI - mw-Kß - ƒ a‰p A`ypZb Imw£n-Iƒ F∂n-htcm-Sp≈ \n o-aa- mb \μn {]Im-in-∏n®p sIm≈p-∂p. Ãnb-dnwKv IΩ‰n AwK-ßf - mb k¿Δ{io cmP≥ kmw ASp-ap-dn-bn¬, (tPm-bn‚ v P\-d¬ I¨ho-\¿). {io.-]n.-Fw.-amXyp ]gq¿, ]pØ≥]pc-bn¬ (\n¿ΩmW IΩ‰n I¨ho- \ ¿) sI.- s I- . F∏v Icn- ∏ m¬ (ss^\m≥kv IΩ‰n I¨ho- \ ¿) Fw.- ] n.- I p- c ymt°mkv aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ (]-ªn-kn‰n IΩ‰n I¨ho\¿) sI.-F.-cmPp sIm√≥ Ing-t°-Xn¬ ({SÃn), kn.kn jnPp sNcn-hp-Im-em-bn¬ (sk{I-´dn) F∂n-h-cpsS I¿tΩm- ’ p- I - X bpw A¿∏Wat\m- ` m- h hpw \nkzm¿∞-tk-h-\-hpw, k¿tΔm-]cn ]cn-ip-≤-ssZ-ham-Xm-hn¬ A`-b-s∏-´p-sIm-≠v Hcp-a-\-t m-sS-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ssi-enbpw tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw ka-b_ - ‘ - n-Xa- mbn ]q¿Øo-Ic- n-°p-∂X - n\v klm-bI-am-bn. tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - psS hnhn[ taJ-e-Ifn¬ Ãnb-dnwKv IΩ‰n AwK-ßƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw kpXy¿l-ambpw amXr-Im-]-c-ambpw A£oWw {]b-Xv\n-®p.. \n¿Ωm-Wt- h-fb - psS BZy-L´- ß - f - n¬ {SÃn-am-cmbn- c p- ∂ , {io.]n.- s F.- a m- Ø ≥ ]gq¿ ]≈n- ∏ p- d w, Fw.-]n.-Ip-cymt°mkv aßm-´p-Imebn¬ F∂n-hc- psS I¿Ω\n-cX - a- mb tkh-\ß - ƒ \μn-tbmsS kvacn-°p∂p. Cu Ime-bf - h - n¬ {io.-kn.kn jnPp sNcn-hp-Imem-bn¬, {io.-sI.F cmPp sIm√≥ Ing-t°-Xn¬ F∂nh¿ sk{I-´d- n-am-cmbpw {io.-]n.sI tXmakv ]gq¿ ]´mWn-°m- e {io. Xºm≥.]n.-h¿Kokv ]pd-tØ´v F∂nh¿ tPmbn‚ v sk{I-´d- n-am-cmbpw hninjvS tkh\w 93

ImgvNh - ® - p. Ch-cpsS \nkzm¿∞ tkh\ßƒ \μntbmsS kvacn-°p-∂p. ]≈n-am-t\-PnwKv IΩ‰n AwK-ß-ƒ, tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW Hm¿K-ss\-knßv IΩ‰n AwK-ßƒ, k_vIΩ - ‰n AwK-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh - c- psS Bﬂm¿∞amb kl-Ic- W - hpw A\-kypX ]cn-{i-ahpw ÿntcm’m- l hpw ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ°p Du¿÷w ]I¿∂p. F√m-ht- cmSpw Af-h‰ \μn {]Imin-∏n-°p-∂p. \ne-hn-ep≈ {SÃn {io sI.-Fw. De-l∂m≥ Ipg-bm-ºm-´v, sk{I-´dn {io]n.-Fw. Ipcymt°mkv ]\-t®-a‰w. tPmbn‚ v sk{I-´dn {io tPm¨ tP°_v aßm-´p-aTw F∂n-h-cp-sS-bpw, amt\-PnwKv IΩ‰n AwK-ßf - p-sSbpw klmb kl-Ic- W - ß - ƒ°v Af-h‰ \μn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Imcy-£-a-am-bpw, amXr-Im-]-c-ambpw _\n-^n‰v kvIow \SØnhcp∂ ss^\m≥kv I¨ho-\¿ Icn∏m¬ {io sI.-sI. sF∏ns‚ \nkpXve tkh-\ßƒ°v \o o-aa- mb \μn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ tZhm-ebw s]mfn®p \o°p∂-Xn\pw ]cnkcw hrØn-bm-°p-∂-Xn\pw Iøpw, saøpw ad∂v cm]- I ¬ {ia- Z m\w \S- Ø p- I bpw ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW ^≠v kam-lc- W - Ø - n\v bXv\n-°pIbpw sNbvX bqØv Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ {]h¿ØI¿, a¿Ø- a - d nbw h\nXm kamPw AwK- ß ƒ, slbn¬ tacn eoKv AwK-ßƒ, kWvtU-kvIqƒ A≤ym-]-I¿, hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ, {]m¿∞-\-tbm-Kmw-Kßƒ a‰v CS-hI - mw-Kß - ƒ F∂n-htcm-Sp≈ Af-h‰ IrX-⁄X tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. {ia-Zm-\b - ⁄w hnPb-I-c-am-°p-∂-Xn\v temdn/Sn∏¿ temdn XpS-ßn-bh kuP-\y-ambn \¬Inb CS-hI - mw-Kß - sf \μn-tbmsS kvacn-°p-∂p. F√m {ia-Zm\ bPvR-ß-fn-epw kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-SpØ- {][m\ ip{iq-j-I≥ {io.-]n.-hn. tXmakns‚ tkh-\-ßƒ \μn-tbmsS kvacn-°p-∂p. A°u-≠‚ v {io. Pnt‚m sNd-nbm≥ h´-°m-´p-Im-embn¬, B^okv Akn-Ã‚ v {in. hn.-Fw.-amWn h´-°m´p-Im-em-bn¬ \n¿Ωm-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ DS-\ofw klm-bn-bmbn {]h¿Øn® {io. kÆn G{_lmw sIm√-∏≈nbn¬ F∂n-hscbpw \μntbmsS kvacn-°p∂p. 2008 Pq¨ apX¬ A©pamk-tØmfw s]mfn®p \o°nb tZhm-eb ÿm\Øp Bcm-[\ XpS¿∂p \S-Øp-∂X - n\v ]¥¬ kuIcyw \ma-\m-{X-amb hmSIbv ° v {Iao- I - c n® {io.- c mPp Im\m- ´ p- X p- ≠ Ønt\mSp≈ (sk‚ v tacokv lb-dnßv k¿Δokv t]cq¿) Af-h‰ \μn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fp-sSbpw A`ypZbImw£nI-fpsSbpw \n¿tem-`-amb klmb kl-I-c-W-ßfpw t{]m’m-l-\-ßfpw Cu alXv kwcw`w e£y-{]m]v X n- b n- s e- Ø n- ° p- ∂ - X n\v Xmßpw XW- e - p - a mbn. sNdpXpw hepXp-ambn e`n® F√m klm-bß - fpw \μn]q¿Δw kvacn-°p-∂p.

\ne- h n- e p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ tZhm- e bw s]mfn®p \o°nb t¢i-Ic- a- mb {ia-Øn¬ G¿s∏´ B_m-ehr≤w CS-hI P\-ßƒ°pw \m´p-Im¿°pw tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW thf-bn¬ 90 ASn Db-cØ - n¬ hsc hnhn[ tPmen-If - n¬ G¿s∏-´n-cp∂ \n¿ΩmW sXmgnem-fn-Iƒ _‘-s∏´ a‰p-≈-h¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿°pw \n m-c] - c- p°p-Iƒ t]mepw G¬°msX ImØp-]c- n]m- e n® kv t \l- \ n- [ n- b mb ssZh- Ø n\v kv X pXn Itc‰mw.

44.00 D]-kw-lmcw ""Fs‚ Bebw kIe- Pm-Xn-Iƒ°pw {]m¿ ∞-\m-ebw F∂p hnfn-°s - ∏-Spw.'' hn. a¿t°mkv 11:17 sbcp-itew tZhm-ebw ]Wn-bp-∂X - n\v itemtam≥ cmPm-hn\v ssZh \ntbmKw D≠m-bX - p-t]mse, tZhm-ebw ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-°p-∂X - n\v Cu Xe-ap-dbv°v e`n® Akp-e` `mKyw k¿Δ-i‡ - \ - mb ssZh-Øns‚ Ir]m-hcw H∂pam{X-am-Wv. Cu b⁄-Øn¬ Aev]amtbm A[n-Ia- mtbm ]¶m-fn-If - m-Im≥ km[n-®h - sc Icp-Wm-\n-[n-bmb ssZhwXºp-cm≥ kar-≤-ambn A\p-{Kln°s´-sb∂v {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. Cu ]cn-ip≤ tZhm-ebw tZi-Øns‚ sISm-hn-f° - mbn, CS-hI - mw-Kßƒ°pw hcpw Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°pw, F√m hnizm-knIƒ°pw A`-bt- I-{μ-ambn ]cn-ek - n-°p-hm≥ ]cn-ip≤-ssZ-ha- m-Xm-hns‚ alm-a≤ - y-ÿX klm-bI - a- m-Is- ´sb∂v {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. BI-am\ kpdn-bm\n k`-bp-sS ]cam≤y£-\mb tamtdm≥ tam¿ C·m-Øn-tbmkv kmJm {]Y-a≥ ]m{Xo-b¿°okv _mh-tbmSpw, ae-¶c- b - psS t{ijvT ImtXm-en°m B_q≥ tam¿ _t -en-tbmkv tXmakv {]Y-a≥ _mhm-tbm-Spw, tIm´bw `{Zm-k\ sa{Xm-t∏meoØ A`nhμy tXmakv tam¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncpta\ntbm-Sp-ap≈ `b`‡n _lp-am\ BZ-c-hp-Iƒ Xr∏m-Zß - f - n¬ ka¿∏n-°p-∂p. k¿Δ-i-‡-\mb ssZhsØ al-Xz-s∏-Sp-Øns°m≠pw `mKy-hX - n-bpw, A\p-{K-lo-Xb - p-amb ]cn-ip≤- ssZh-am-Xm-hn-s‚-bpw, \ΩpsS Imh¬ ]nXm-°∑m-cmb tam¿ bqlm-t\m≥ amwtZm-\m-bp-sS-bpw, hnip≤ Koh¿§okv kl-Zm-bp-sS-bpw, hnip≤ Ipdnbm- t °mkv kl- Z m- b p- s S- b pw, am¿ Iuam ]nXmhns‚bpw, ]cn- i p≤ Gen- b mkv XrXo- b ≥ _mhm- b p- s S- b pw, ae- ¶ - c - b nse ]cn- i p- ≤ - \ mb Koh¿Kokv tam¿ {Kn-tKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw (]-cp-ae - ), ]cn-ip≤ ]utemkv tam¿ Iqdn-temkv Xncpta-\n-bp-sSbpw (]m-W-º-Sn) a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ A`-bs∏´p sIm≠pw Cu dnt∏m¿´v khn-\bw ka¿∏n°p∂p. tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW IΩ-‰n°p th≠n, G{_lmw Nmt°m cma-\m´pXd-bn¬ P\-d¬ I¨ho-\¿

tZhm-eb ]p\¿ \n¿ΩmWw: hnhn[ Zriy-ßƒ....

ASn-ÿm-\- inemÿm-]\w (2007 sk]v‰w-_¿ 14)

]p\¿\n¿ΩmW DZvLm-S\ - t- Øm-S\ - p-_‘ - n®v - ]pXnb tZhm-eb - Øns‚ {Xnam\Nn{Xw A`n. tPmk^v am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-a\- p-sIm≠v {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.

tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW L´-ßƒ ˛ hnhn[ Zriy-ßƒ

]cnip≤ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS Bio¿hmZw (2008 HIvtSm-_¿ 22)

tZhm-e-Øns‚ {][m\ t{XmtWm-kn¬ ÿm]n°p∂-Xn-\p≈ ine ]cn. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm Bio¿h-Zn-°p-∂p.

tZhm-eb - Ø - ns‚ {Xnam-\N - n{Xw ]cn. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm ho£n-°p-∂p.

]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw ]ptcm-K-an-°p∂p

I´n-f-hbv]v (2008 \hw-_¿ 9)

apJ-hm-c-Øn¬ …o_m ÿm]n-°¬ 2009 sk]v‰w-_¿ 14

100

t{XmtWmkv \n多立mWw 2009 \hw-_多 4

101

102

tZhm-eb IqZmi, s]cp-∂mƒ BtLm-jß - ƒ ˛ Ah-tem-I\w (2009 Unkw-_¿ 27 apX¬ 2010 P\p-hcn 15 hsc)

jnPp kn.-kn. sNcn-hp-Im-em-bn¬ (sk-{I-´-dn)

CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fp-sSbpw Cu CS-h-Isb kvt\ln-°p-∂-h-cp-sSbpw A[zm-\-Øn-s‚bpw {]m¿∞\-bp-sSbpw ^e-ambn cq]-s∏-´-XmWv Cu at\m-lc ssZhm-e-bw. I¿Ømhv `h\w ]Wn-bp-∂n-s√¶n¬ ]Wn-°m-cpsS {]bXv\w hy¿∞-am-sW∂p k¶o¿Ø-\-°m-c≥ \sΩ Hm¿Ωn∏n-°p-∂p. hn. ssZham-Xm-hns‚ a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ I¿Øm-hns‚ alm-\p-{K-l-Øm¬- C-S-h-I-P-\-ßfpw A`yp-Z-b-Imw-£nIfpw tN¿∂p ]Wn-Xp-b¿Øn-b-XmWv Cu tZhm-e-bw. 1915 ¬ ssZh-hN-\Ø - ns‚ al-Xz-Øn-\mbpw hn. ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ ]pI-gvNb - v°pambpw kvYm]n°-s∏´v 2006 ¬ ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bcw-`n® \ΩpsS \h-tZ-hm-eb - Ø - ns‚ IqZm-iI - ¿Ωßfpw BtLm- j - ß fpw CS- h - I - P - \ - ß - f psS BﬂoI \ho-Ic - W - Ø - n\pw Poh-Im-cpWy {]h¿Ø\-Øn\pw hnizm-k˛ ]mc-ºcy {]tLm-j-W-Øn\pw DX-Ip∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-tfm-sS-bm-Wv- B-hn-jv°-cn-®-Xv. 2009 Unkw-_¿ 27˛mw XobXn am¿ Iuam ]nXmhns‚ Xncp-ti-jn∏v ÿm]n-®n-´p≈ I¬°p-cniv IqZm-i-tbm-Sp-IqSn Bcw-`n®v 2010 P\p-hcn 15˛mw XobXn hn. ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ Hm¿Ω s]cp-∂m-tfmSp-IqSn Ah-km-\n® tZhm-eb aptdm-\` - n-tjI IqZmi˛ s]cp-∂mƒ BtLm-j-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Cu \mSns\m-∂msI A\p-{K-l-Im-c-W-am-bn. ae-bmf at\mc-a, awKfw Zn\-∏-{X-ß-fnepw, hnizm-k-kw-c-£-I\nepw {]kn-≤o-Ic - n® kπn-sa‚p-Iƒ tZhm-eb IqZmi-bm-tLm-j-ß-fpsS hnfw-_-c-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.-tZ-hmeb aptdm-\-`n-tjI IqZmi I¿Ω-ß-fp-sSbpw s]cp∂m-fm-tLmj ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw Ncn-{X-Xm-fp-I-fneqsS Hcp bm{X.

I. 2009 Unkw-_¿ 27 Rmb¿ Iv\m\mb AXn-`{- Zm-k\ dm∂n taJem sa{Xmt∏m-eoØ A`n-hμy Ipcym-t°mkv am¿ Cuhm-\ntbmkv Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ Fgp∂≈n hn. Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-®p. XpS¿∂v tZhm-eb IqZm-ibv°v apt∂m-Sn-bm-bp≈ I¬°p-cniv IqZmi A`n- h μy Xncp- a - \ - p- s Im≠v \n¿h- l n- ® p.

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104

]≈n- a p- ‰ Øv \ne- h n- e p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ Ipcnin≥sXm´nbn¬ ÿm]n-®n-cp∂ am¿ Iuam ]nXmhns‚ Xncp-ti-jn∏v Cu I¬Ip-cn-ins‚ D≈n¬ am‰n ÿm]n-®n-´p-≠v. BZy-^e - s - ∏-cp-∂mƒ {]am-Wn®v CS-hI `h\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ ka¿∏n-°-s∏´ Im¿jn-I-hn-f-hp-I-fp-sSbpw, a‰v Dev]-∂-ß-fpsSbpw tee-tØm-Sp-IqSn A∂sØ BtLm-j]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ ]cy-h-km-\n-®p.

II. 2009 Unkw-_¿ 31 hymgw 2010 h¿j-Øn¬ CS-h-Ibv°v A\p-{K-lßfpw, ssZhnI Icp- X - e p- I fpw, tZhm- e b ]p\¿\n¿Ωm- W - Ø ns‚ A\p- { K- l - I - c - a mb ]q¿Øo-I-c-Whpw bmNn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]mXn-cmIp¿∫m\ kl- h n- I mcn _. Ipcymt°mkv πm]dºn¬ A®≥ A¿∏n-®p.

III. 2010 P\p-hcn 3 Rmb¿ tZhm-eb aptdm-\-`n-tjI IqZm-i-bp-sSbpw CS-hI-bpsS {][m-\-s]-cp-∂m-fmb hnØp-Isf {]Xnbp≈ hn. ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ Hm¿Ω s]cp-∂m-fmtLm- j - Ø n- s ‚bpw Bcw`w Ipdn- ® p- s Im- ≠ v tlmtWm-hm¿ anj≥ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ A`n-hμy bmt°m_v am¿ At¥m-Wn-tbmkv Xncp-a-\- psIm≠v hn. Ip¿∫m- \ - b v ° p- t ijw s]cp∂mƒsImSn Db¿Øn. ]cn-ip≤ ]m{Xo-b¿°okv _mh ae-¶-cbnse Xs‚ \mem-aXv ss«lnI kμ¿i\ thfbn¬ Bio¿h-Zn® ]≈n-bpsS t{XmtWm-kn¬ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ine hln®p sIm≠p≈ tZhm-e-b-Iq-Zmi hnfw-_c tLmj-bm-{X-bn¬ CSh-Imw-K-ßƒ AXyp¬km-l-tØmSpw `b-`-‡ntbmSpw IqSn ]s¶-Sp-Øp. P\p-hcn 03˛mw XobXn hnfw-_c tLmj-bm-{X-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\mbn \qdn¬∏cw hml-\-ß-fn¬ ]pd-s∏´ CS-hImw-K-ßƒ s]cp-º≈n ]≈n-bnse A`n-hμy Koh¿Kokv am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I_-dn-S-Ønepw apf-¥p-cpØn am¿tØm-Ω≥ ]≈n-bnepw {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ \SØn D®bv°v 12 aWn-tbmsS ]pØ≥ Ipcniv ]m{Xob¿°m sk‚dn¬ FØn-t®-cp-I-bp-≠m-bn. ]pØ≥ Ipcniv ]m{Xo-b¿°m sk‚-dn¬ A`n-hμy bmt°m_v am¿ At¥m-Wn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bn¬ \n∂v CS-h-I-hn-Imcn ^m. B≥{Uqkv Nnc-h-Ød ine G‰p hmßn hnfw-

_-c-tLm-j-bm{X Bcw-`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.-ap-f-¥pcpØn am¿tØm-Ω≥ ]≈n bqØv Atkm-kn-tbj≥ bqWn-‰ns‚ klm-b-tØmsS {]tXyIw cq]I¬∏\ sNbvX cY-Øn-emWv aZv_-lm-bn¬ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ine Fgp-∂-≈n-®-Xv. hnfw-_c tLmj-bm-{Xbv°v BZyw kzoIcWw e`n-®Xv ate-°p-cniv Zb-dm-bn-em-Wv. Zb-dm[n-]≥ A`n-hμy Ipcym-t°mkv am¿ Znb-kvt°mdkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ D÷z-e-amb kzoI-c-W-amWv tLmj-bm-{Xbv°v \¬In-b-Xv. XpS¿∂v A`n-hμy Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ t{ijvT ImtXm-en°m _tk-en-tbmkv ]utemkv ZzoXn-b≥ _mhm-bpsS I_-dn-¶¬ [q]-{]m¿∞\ \S-Øp-Ib - p-≠m-bn.-hS- ° - ≥ `{Zm-k\ - ß - f - n¬ \n∂p≈- a-™-\n-°c Xo¿∞m-S-\-Øns‚ Bcw-`-ÿm\-amb {]kn-≤-amb aWoSv am¿ Ipcym-t°mkv ]≈nbn¬ D®bv°v 1 aWn-tbmsS tLmj-bm{X FØn-t®¿∂p. lrZy-amb kzoI-c-Whpw tLmjbm-{X-bw-K-ßƒ°v D®-`-£-Whpw ]≈n hnIm-cnbp-sSbpw `c-W-k-an-Xn-bp-sSbpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ B CS-hI \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn. XpS¿∂v Ncn-{X{]-kn-≤a - mb ]ndhw sk‚ v tacokv ]≈n, \ΩpsS ]q¿Δn-I-cpsS amXr CS-h-I-bmb hS-Ic sk‚ v tPm¨kv ]≈n, t]cq¿ a¿Øivap\n ]≈n, \ΩpsS ]q¿Δn-I-cpsS amXr CS-h-Ibpw BZy-Ime- L - ´ - ß - f n¬ \ap°v B{i- b - h p- a m- b n- c p∂ aW¿ImSv sk‚ v tacokv IØo-{U¬, tIm´bw `{Zm-k\ Bÿm-\-amb sk‚ v tPmk^v IØo{U¬ F∂o ]≈n-I-fn¬ tLmj-bm-{Xbv°v Kw`nc-amb kzoI-c-W-amWv e`n-®-Xv. Km‘n-\-K¿ am¿ Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥ Nm∏-ense hn. tamdms‚ I_-dn-S-Ønse [q]-{]m¿∞-\-bv°p-tijw cm{Xn F´p-a-Wn-tbmsS tLmj-bm{X ]≈n-bn¬ FØnt®-cp-Ib - p-≠m-bn. XpS¿∂v ]≈n-bn¬ [q]-{]m¿∞\bpw Bio¿Δm-Zhpw \S-∂p.

IV. 2010 P\p-hcn 6, 7, 8, 9 P\p-hcn 06˛mw XobXn Z\-lm-s]-cp-∂mƒ BtLm-jn-®p. P\p-hcn 7,8,9 Xob-Xn-If - n¬ ssZhIr]bv°pw tZhm-e-b-Iq-Zm-i-bpsS A\p-{K-l-I-camb \S-Øn-∏n\pw th≠n CS-h-I H∂-S¶w aq∂v Znh-kw- t\mºv BN-cn-®p. 9˛mw XobXn cmhnse 7.30 \v Km‘n-\-K¿ Nm∏-en¬ hn.-Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-°-s∏-´p. At∂-Zn-hkw sshIp-t∂cw 5 aWn°v amt∏m-Sn-bv°¬ {io. tImc amØs‚ `h\-Øn¬ \n∂v Bcw-`n-® tZhm-eb IqZmi sImSnac tLmj- b m{X 6 aWn- t bmsS ]≈n- b n¬

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106

FØn- t ®- c p- I bpw sImSn- a cw ]≈n- a p- ‰ Øv Db¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂v k‘ym-{]m¿∞\bpw \S-∂p.

V. P\p-hcn 10 Rmb¿ At∂Znhkw cmhnse 8.15 \v \ncWw `{Zmk\ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A`n-hμy Koh¿Kokv am¿ Iqdn-temkv Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v hn. Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-®p. XpS¿∂v a¨a-d™ ]q¿Δ-]n-Xm-°∑msc {]tXy- I - a mbn A\p- k v a - c n- ° p- I bpw Ah¿°p th≠n {]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw skan-tØcn-bn¬ A`n-hμy Xncp-a-\- ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ [q]-{]m¿∞\ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

VI. tZhm-eb IqZmi P\p-hcn 10, 11 2010 P\p-hcn 10 Rmb¿ sshIp-t∂cw 6 aWn, \oen-aw-Kew CS-h-I-bpsS am{X-a√ \m\mPmXn aX-ÿ¿ lrZ-ssb-Iy-tØmsS Hcp-an®p hkn-°p∂ Cu {]tZ-i-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Xs∂ ]pXn-sbm-c≤ - ymbw Fgp-Xn-t®¿Ø Znhkw. taL-ßsf sXm´p-\n-ev°p∂ tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ c£m-I-c-amb …o_m \mSns\ A\p{Kln®p \nev°p∂ at\m-l-c-amb \h-tZ-hm-e-b-Øns‚ IqZm-i-Zn\w. H∂mw L´ tZhm-eb IqZm-i-bpsS Im¿ΩnI- c mb CS- h I sa{Xm- t ∏m- e oØm A`n- h μy tXmakv am¿ Xntam-Øn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm, ]. F∏n-kvt°m-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZmkv sk{I-´dn A`n-hμy tPmk^v am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Øm,-A-t¥mJym hnizmk kwc-£-W-kan-Xn-bpsS {]kn-U‚ v A`n-hμy Gen-bmkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm, ae-_m¿ `{Zm-k-\-Øns‚ A`n-hμy kJ-dn-bmkv am¿ ]oeIvkn-t\mkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm, ssaem-∏q¿ `{Zmk-\Ø - ns‚ A`n-hμy sFk°v am¿ HkvØm-Øntbm-kv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm, F∂n-hsc CS-h-I-hnIm-cnamcpw ap≥hn-Im-cn-amcpw Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v hnizm- k n- I fpw tN¿∂v kzoI- c n®v ]≈n- b nte°m\bn-®p. IrXyka-bØ - m- cw-`n® IqZmi I¿Ω-Øn\p km£yw hln-°m-s\-Ønb h≥ hnizm-kk - a - qlw tZhm-e-bhpw _m¬°-Wnbpw tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ Ccp-h-i-ßfpw {]tXyIw Xøm-dm-°nb ]¥-epIfpw \nd-™p-I-hn-™p. IqZmi I¿Ωw CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-ØmbpsS Bap-J-{]-kw-KtØmsSbmWv Bcw-`n-®-Xv.-

Iq-Zmi I¿Ω-ßƒ c≠p aWn-°q-dn-tesd \o≠p\n-∂p. dh. ^m. sNdn-bm≥ tIm´-bn-ens‚ t\XrXz-Øn¬ sshZnI kwLw Km\-ßƒ Be-]n-®p.t¢m vUv k¿Iyq´v Snhn F√m-bn-SØpw {Iao-Icn-®n-cp-∂Xp sIm≠v tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ Ccp-hiØpw ]¥-ep-I-fnepw Hs°-bmbn \n∂n-cp∂ Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v `‡-P-\-ßƒ°v IqZm-i-I¿Ωßƒ ASp- Ø p- I- ≠ p- sIm≠v AXn¬ ]¶p tNcm≥ Ign-™p.-Iq-Zmi I¿Ω-Øns‚ Hmtcm L´-Ønepw XpS¿∂v \S-°m≥ t]mIp∂ NSßns‚ ssZh-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ]›m-Ø-ehpw {]m[m-\yhpw A`n-hμy tPmk^v am¿ {KntKm-dntbmkv Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v hnh-cn®p \evIn-bXv hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v ]pXnb A\p-`-h-ambn. IqZm-ibn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn FØn-t®¿∂ tI{μa{¥n {io. sI. hn. tXmakv , {]Xn-]£ t\Xmhv {io. DΩ≥Nm≠n F∂n-h¿ CS-h-Imw-K-ßƒ°v Biw-k-Iƒ t\¿∂v kwkm-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

VII. P\phcn 11 Xn¶ƒ, tZhm-eb IqZm-ibpsS c≠mw L´hpw {]Ya Znhy-_-enbpw s]mXp-k-tΩ-f-\hpw tZhm-e-b-Iq-Zmi-bp-sSbpw hn. aq∂n≥ta¬ Ip¿∫m-\-bp-sSbpw apJy-Im¿Ωn-I-\mb t{ijvT ImtXm-en°m B_q≥ tam¿ _tk-en-tbmkv tXmakv {]Y- a ≥ _mhm Xncp- a - \ - p- s Im≠v cmhnse 7.00 \v ]≈n-bn¬ Fgp-s∂-≈n. klIm¿Ωn-I-cmb A`n-hμy tXmakv am¿ Xntam-Øntbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A`n-hμy sFkIv am¿ HkvØm-Øn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm, CS-hI hnImcn ^m. B≥{Uqkv Nnc-hm-Ød - t- bmSpw klhn-Imcn ^m. Ipcym-t°mkv πm]dºn-en-t\mSpw, ]≈n `c-W-k-anXn AwK-ßƒ F∂n-h-tcmSpw At\Iw hnizm- k n- I - t fm- S p- s am∏w t{ijv T _mhmsb ]≈n-bn-te°v hc-th-‰p. c≠mw L´ IqZm-i-I¿Ω-ßƒ Hcp aWn-°q-dn-tesd \o≠p \n∂p. XpS¿∂v t{ijvT ImtXm-en°m _mhmbpsS apJy-Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬ hn. aq∂n≥ta¬ Ip¿∫m\ \S-∂p. hn. Ip¿∫m-\bv°p tijw kvt\l hncp∂pw XpS¿∂v tZhm-e-b-Øn-\-IØv s]mXp-k-tΩ-f-\hpw tNcp-I-bp-≠m-bn. CS- h I sa{Xm- t ∏m- e oØm A`n- h μy tXmakv am¿ Xntam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-a-\- ns‚ A≤y-£-X-bn¬ IqSnb s]mXp-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ CS-hI - h - n-Imcn ^m. B≥{Uqkv Nnc-hØ - d kzmKX-w Biw-kn-°p-Ibpw, tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW

107

108

IΩ‰n P\-d¬ I¨ho-\¿ {io. F{_lmw Nmt°m cma-\m-´p-X-d-bn¬ dnt∏m¿´v Ah-X-cn-∏n°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. t{ijvT ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bpsS DZvLmS-\-{]-kw-K-Øn¬ CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fpsS HsØm-cpan-®p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ BlvfmZw {]I-Sn-∏n°p-Ibpw Cu CS-hI k`bv°v \¬Ip∂ tkh\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v {]Io¿Øn®p kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw CS-h-Imw-K-ßƒ°v ssZhn-I-amb Biw-k-Iƒ t\cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tZhm-eb IqZm-i-tbmS\p_-‘n®p \n¿Ωn®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ c≠v `h-\-ß-fpsS Xmt°m¬ Zm\w {io. sI.-kn. tPmk^v Fw.-F¬.-Fbpw, tZhm-eb IqZmi kph-\o-dns‚ {]Im-i\w {io. tPmkv. sI. amWn Fw.-]nbpw \n¿h-ln-°p-I-bp≠m-bn. {io. tXmakv Nmgn-°m-S≥ Fw.-F¬.-F., {io. hn.-F≥. hmk-h≥ Fw.-F¬.F, `{Zmk\ sk{I-´dn shcn. dh. sI. Ipcym-t°mkv Ing-t°SØv tImsd-∏n-kvt°m-∏, G‰p-am-\q¿ _vtfm°p ]©m- b - Ø wKw {io. km_p amXyp, sk‚ v t]mƒkv am¿tØmΩ ]≈n hnImcn ^m. kÆn tPm¿Pv F∂n- h ¿ Biw- k - I ƒ A¿∏n®p kwkmcn-®p.-k-l-hn-Imcn ^m. Ipcym-t°mkv πmº-d-ºn¬ IrX-RvPX ]d-™p.

VIII. P\p-hcn 11, 12, 13 (Xn-¶ƒ, sNmΔ, _p[≥) Cu Znh-k-ß-fn¬ cmhnse 7.30\v _lp hnIm-cnbpsSbpw kl-hn-Im-cn-bp-sSbpw t\Xr-XzØn¬ hn.-Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-°s-- ∏-´p. bmt°m-_mb k`-bnse {]kn≤ kphn-ti-j-I-cmb dh.-^m. ]utemkv ]mtd-°-c, dh. ^m. tPm¿÷v amt¥m´w, dh.-^m. amXyqkv tXm°p-]md F∂n-h¿ bYm{Iaw 11, 12, 13 Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ sshIp-t∂cw k‘ym-{]m¿∞-\sb XpS¿∂v kphn-tij {]`mj- W - ß ƒ \S- Ø n hnizmkn- I sf Bﬂob DW¿hp-≈-h-cm-°n.

IX. P\p-hcn 14 hymgw cmhnse 7.30 \v ]≈n-bn¬ hn.-Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-°-s∏-´p. sshIp-t∂cw 7.30\v k‘ym{]m¿∞-\sb XpS¿∂v ]cn-ip≤ Gen-bmkv XrXob≥ ]m{Xo-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS Xncp-ti-jn∏v ÿm]n- ® n- ´ p≈ Km‘n- \ - K ¿ Nm∏- e n- t e°v BtLm-j-amb s]cp-∂mƒ dmkm \S-∂p.-Ip-cn-ip-

Ifpw, sImSn-If - pw, apØp-°p-SIfpw, IØn® sagpIp-Xn-cn-I-fp-ambpw dmkm-bn¬ {]m¿∞-\m-]q¿Δw AWn-\n-c∂ ip{`-hkv{X-[m-cn-I-fmb hnizm-knIƒ ImgvN-°m-cn¬ t]mepw `‡n-bp-f-hm-°n. dmkm Nm∏-en¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ ^m. Ipcy≥ amXyp hS-t°-∏-d-ºn¬ [ym\-{]-kwKw \S-Øp-Ibp-≠m-bn. hnhn-[-ß-fmb hmZy-ta-f-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSnb `‡n-\n¿`-c-amb {]Z-£nWw IrXyw 10aWntbmsS ]≈n-bn¬ FØn-t®¿∂p. Bin¿hm-ZsØ XpS¿∂v \S∂ Icn-a-cp∂v Iem-{]-I-S\w `‡-P-\-ß-fn¬ BlvfmZw ]I¿∂p.

X. P\p-hcn 15 sh≈n CS-h-I-bpsS {][m\ s]cp-∂m-fmb hnØpIsf {]Xn- b p≈ hn. ssZh- a m- X m- h ns‚ Hm¿Ωs∏cp-∂mƒ hn. A©n≥ta¬ Ip¿∫m-\t- bmSp-IqSn BN-cn-®p. CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A`nhμy tXmakv am¿ Xntam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-a-\- psIm≠v hn. Ip¿∫m-\bv°v apJy-Im¿Ωn-IXzw hln- ® p. hnZym- ` ym- k - c w- K Øv D∂X hnPbw t\Snb hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p≈ Ahm¿Uv Zm\hpw F≥tUm-hvsa‚ v hnX-c-Whpw A`n-hμy Xncp-a\- p-sIm≠v \n¿Δ-ln-®p. XpS¿∂v ]≈n-∏pdw Ipcn-in≥ sXmń-bn-te°v dmkmbpw, Bin¿hmZhpw, t\¿®-hn-fºpw \S-∂p. At∂-Zn-hkw sshIp-t∂cw 4.00 aWn°v \S∂ A≤ym-flnI kwL-S-I-fpsS hm¿jnI ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ s{]-m^. dq_nƒ cmPv (F-kv.-_n.tIm-tfPv Nß-\m-t»-cn) apJy-{]-`m-£-Whpw dh.^m. tPmkn F{_lmw A´- ® nd (k¨tU kvIqƒ `{Zm-k\ Ub-d-IvS¿) Biwkm {]kwKhpw \S- Ø n.- X p- S ¿∂v k¨tU- k v I qƒ hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS hnhn[ Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw bqØv At m-kn-tb-j≥ Xøm-dm-°nb tZhm-eb-]p-\¿\n¿Ωm-WØ - ns‚ hnhn[ L´-ßf - p-sSbpw tZhm- e - b - I qZm- i - I ¿Ωß- f p- s Sbpw hoUntbm {]Z¿i-\hpw \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. A≤ym-flnI kwL- S - \ I- f psS hm¿jnI ktΩ- f - \ sØ XpS¿∂v sshIp-t∂cw 6.00 aWn°v _lp klhn-Im-cn-b-®≥ s]cp-∂mƒ sImSn-bn-d-°n-b-tXmsS tZhm-eb IqZmi ˛ s]cp-∂mƒ BtLm-j-ßƒ awK-f-I-c-ambn ]cy-h-km-\n-®p.

109

I¬°p-cniv IqZmi 2009 Unkw-_¿ 27

s]cp-∂mƒ sImSn-bp-b¿Ø¬ 2010 P\p-hcn 3

sImSna-c-tLm-j-bm{X 2010 P\p-hcn 9

110

{][m\ t{XmtWm-kn¬ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ine (]-cn. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm Bio¿h-Zn-®-Xv) ]pØ≥Ip-cniv ]m{Xn-b¿°m sk‚-dn¬ \n∂pw hnhn[ tZhm-e-b-ß-fnse kzoI-c-Wß-tf-‰p-hmßn, ]≈n-bn-te°v hnfw-_c tLmj-bm-{X-bmb sIm≠p-h-cp-∂p.

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tZhm-eb IqZm-ibpw s]mXp-kt- 立-f\ - hpw (2010 P\p-hcn 10, 11)

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tZhmeb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW kvac-WnI 2010 {]Im-i\w {io. tPmkv sI. amWn Fw.-]n. \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂p.

tZhmeb IqZm-itbm-S\ - p-_‘ - n®v \n¿Ωn®v sImSp-°p∂ `h-\ß - f- psS Xmt°m¬Zm\w {io. sI.-kn. tPmk^v Fw.-F¬.F \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂p.

em≥UvkvtI-]nwKv h¿Ivkv, Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬ te_¿ h¿Ivkv XpS-ßn-bh sNbvXp X∂ CS-hI - mw-Kß - ƒ°pw \n¿ΩmW tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿°pw D≈ D]-lmcw CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ \¬Ip-∂p.

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e- N - { I- Ø ns‚ Xncn- ® n- e n- \ n- S - b n¬ ]pXnb am\w tXSn hS°v \n∂pw Ing°p \n∂pw bYm-{Iaw FØnb c≠v bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n IpSpw-_-ßƒ, Abva\w ]Ip-Xn-bn¬s∏´ \´mt»cn, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv Ic-If - psS \m´p-{]-am-Wnam-cn¬ \n∂pw ImW-]m´ hyh-ÿ-bn¬ e`n® \ne-ß-fn-epw ]pc-bn-S-ß-fn-epw Im¿jnI hrØnbpw Imen-h-f¿Øpw \SØn Pohn®v t]m∂p. kw{IahmWn`w sIm≠v Ncn{X {]kn-≤amb \oen-aw-Kew {]tZ-iØv Irjn°pw I®-hS-Øn-\p-ambn 17˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤w apXemWv kpdn- b m\n {Inkv X ym- \ n- I ƒ h∂p Xmakw XpS-ßn-b-Xv. Ncn{X tcJ-I-f-\p-k-cn®v IqØm-´p-Ip-f-Øn\p kao-]-ap≈ ]pcm-X-\-amb hS-Ic hn. tbml-∂m≥ amwtZm-\mbpsS \maØn-ep≈ ]≈n CS-h-I-bnse C©-°pgn IpSpw_-Øn¬ \n∂p h∂v ac-ßm-´n¬ ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-k-am-°n-b-hcpw aW¿ImSv sk‚ v tacokv ]≈n CS-h-I-bnse C´n-tb-SØv IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂v h∂v sIm√≥In-g-t°-Xn¬ ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-k-am-°n-b-hcpw Cu IpSn-tb-‰-°meØp Xs∂ Cu {]tZ-iØv Xma-k-°m-cm-bn-cp∂ ]pdtØ´v IpSpw-_-°mcpw BWv \oen-aw-Kew {]tZisØ BZysØ bmt°m-_mb hnizm-kn-I-

fmb kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ. ssZh hnizmk-Ønepw {InkvXob Pohn-X-Ønepw XojvWX-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ch¿ Xß-fpsS Bﬂob Bhiy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn\v tIm´-b-Øn-\-SpØv ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬ ÿm]n-®n-´p≈ sNdnb ]≈n-tbbpw aW¿ImSv hn. a¿Ø-ad - nbw ]≈n-tbbpw B{i-bn®v t]m∂p. ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ ]n∂n-´-t∏mƒ Cu IpSpw_- ]-c-º-c-bn¬ s]´-hcpw Cu IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw kv{XoIsf hnhmlw sNbvXp Cu {]tZi-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-®-h-cp-ambn Ht´sd IpSpw-_ßƒ \ne-hn¬ h∂p. A°m-eØv bm{X kuIcy-Øns‚ A]-cym-]vX-Xbpw Ime-h¿j-Øns‚ sISpXnbpw aqew Xß-fpsS acn-®-h-cpsS ih kwkv I m- c w sNdn- b - ] - ≈ n- b nepw aW¿ImSv ]≈nbnepw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v Nne-t∏m-sg-¶nepw Ch¿°v t¢iw kln-t°-≠n-h-∂n-´p-≠v. sIm√-h¿jw 1080˛mw B≠v Bb-t∏mtg°pw Ccp-\q-dn¬]cw h¿jw ChnsS Ncn{X ]mc-º-cy-ap≈ ]nXm-°-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS IqSn]m¿∏n-\-SpØv Hcp ]f-fn-bv°pw skan-tØcnbv°pw ÿew Is≠-Øm-\p≈ {ia-am-cw-`n-®p. X¬^- e - a mbn ac- ß m- ´ n¬ IpSpw- _ mw- K - a mb aßm´p- I m- e m- b n¬ {io. t]mØ≥ tImcpf sIm√-h¿jw 1082˛mw B≠v I∂n amkw c≠mw

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XobXn, tIm´bw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ 988˛mw \º-cmbn cPn-kvd-d¿ sNbvX B[m-c-{]-Imcw, sNdp-ss]ßfw ]mS- t i- J - c - Ø n\v Ing- ° mbn ÿnXn sNøp∂ Xs‚ ]≈n-∏p-dØv Ip∂p-Ime ]pcbn-S-Øn¬ \n∂v Htc-°¿ ÿew ]≈nbv°pw skan-tØ-cn-bv°p-ambn Zm\w \¬In. F∂m¬ ]≈n ]Wn XpS-ßp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Iev]\ e`n-°p∂-Xn\v ]ns∂bpw \mfp-Iƒ Gsd th≠n h∂p. ]mW-ºSn hn. a¿Ø-a-dnbw ]≈n-bn¬ I_- d - S - ß n- b n- c n- b v ° p∂ ae- ¶ c sa{Xm- t ∏meoØm \n. h. Zn. {io. ]utemkv tam¿ Iqdn-temkv Xncp-a-\- nse Iev]\ {]Imcw sIm√-h¿jw 1090 aI-c-amkw 6˛mw XobXn ChnsS hn. ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬ Hcp ]≈n ]Wn-bp-∂-Xn\p inem-ÿm-]\w \SØn. k¿Δ {ioam-∑m-cmb aßm´pIm-em-bn¬ t]mØ≥ tImcp-f, h´-bv°m-´p-Imembn¬ sNdnbm≥, If¿a-‰-Øn¬ Ipcy≥ Ipcy≥, ]\-t®-a-‰Øn¬ sF∏v amWn, Ipº-f-Øn¬ Ipcy≥ t]mØ≥, ]md-bn¬ sXmΩ≥ Ipcy≥ XpS-ßnb-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Ønepw Cfw Xe-ap-d-°m-cpsS kl-I-c-W-Ønepw 16 tIm¬ \of-Ønepw 6 tIm¬ hoXn-bn-ep-ambn apfw-Iq´v sIm≠v ]≈n sIńbp≠m-°n. ]. At¥m-Jym-knw-lm-k-\Øn¬ ASn-bp-d®v hniz-kn-°p∂hcmb ChnSpsØ P\-ß-fpsS Bflo-b-Im-cyßƒ \S-Øp∂-Xn-\p-th≠n, ae-¶csa{Xm≥ A`n-hμy Iqdntemkv Xncp- t a\n Fcp- Ø n- b v ° ¬ _lp. a¿t°mkv tPmk^v IØ-\msc Npa-X-e-s∏-SpØp-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS \ΩpsS ]q¿Δ ]nXm°-fpsS Nnc-Im-em-`n-emjw km[n-X-am-bn. 1090 Ipw`-amkw 24˛mwXobXn Rmb-dmgvN B ]≈nbn¬ BZy-ambn hn. Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n°-s∏-´p. ImØn-cp-∏ns‚ Hcp hymg-h-´-°m-e-Øn\p tijw am{X-amWv F√m Rmb-dm-gvNbpw ChnsS _en A¿∏n-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ `mKy-ap-≠m-bX - v. CSh-I-bnse Bflob {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂Xn¬ Fcp-Øn-bv°¬ A®≥ A£oWw ]cn{i- a n- ® n- c p- ∂ p. I√pw achpw D]- t bm- K n®v ]≈nbv°p `nØnbpw ta¬°qcbpw \n¿Ωn-°p∂-Xn\pw ]cn-ip≤ aZv_l - m-bpsS ]Wn XpS-ßp∂-Xn-\pw A°m-eØv km[n-®p. 12 h¿jsØ CS-hI tkh-\-Øn\v tijw sIm. h. 1102 ˛¬ hm¿≤-Iy-k-l-P-amb AkpJw aqew Fcp-Øn°¬ A®≥ hnImcn ÿm\Øv \n∂v ]n≥hm-

ßp-Ibpw Bep-hm Xr°p-∂Øp skan-\mcn ]≈n-bn¬ I_-d-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ \n. h. Zn. {io. ]ueqkv tam¿ AØm-\m- n-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nbpsS (h-enb Xncp-ta-\n) Iev]\ {]Imcw ap∏mØn-bn¬ _lp. aØmbn IØ-\m¿ (-sN-dp-sImºn- e - ® ≥) CS- h I `cWw Gs‰- S p- ° p- I bpw sNbvXp. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Xs∂ t\cn-b{¥ _lp. aØmbn IØ-\m-cpsS tkh-\hpw CSh-Ibv°p e`n-®n-´p-≠v.- _-lp. Fcp-Øn-bv°-e®s‚ ImeØv XpSßnh® aZv _ - l m- b psS ]Wn]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw sIm. h. 1103 aI-c- am-k-Øn¬ ]≈n-bpsS IqZmi tIm´-bw, \nc-Ww, Xpº-a¨ `{Zm-k\ sa{Xm-s∏m-eoØm \n.-h.-Zn.-{io. aoJm-tb¬ am¿ Zoh-∂ym-tkym-kv Xncp- a - \ psIm≠v \S- Ø n- ° p- ∂ - X n\pw km[n-®p. sIm√-h¿jw 1101 (1926) Ipw`-am-k-Øn¬ At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ ae-¶-c-bnse {]Xn-\n[n, Ip∂w-Ipfw B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-bn¬ I_-d-S-ßn-bn-cn-bv°p∂ \n.-h.Zn.{io. …o_m tam¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-a\ psIm≠v Cu ]≈n-bn¬ Fgp-∂-≈n-h-cn-Ibpw ]cn-ip≤ Iua ]nXm-hns‚ Xncp-ti-jn∏v aßm-´p-Im-em-]p-c-bnS-Øns‚ Ing°v hiØv A∂v D≠m-bn-cp∂ Ipcp-in≥ sXmń-bn¬ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F√m h¿jhpw hn. ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ hnØpIsf {]Xn-bp≈ s]cp-∂mƒ sIm≠m-Sp-tºmƒ Cu Ipcn-in≥ sXmń-bn-tebv°p BtLm-j]q¿Δ-amb dmk \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ Ipcp-in≥sXm-ń-bpsS Po¿tÆm-≤m-cW {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øm≥ _p≤nap-´p-≠m-hp-Ibpw 1944 ˛ ¬ Cu Ipcn-in≥sXmń ]≈n-ap-‰-tØ°v am‰nÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ipcn-in≥sXmń ]p\x{]XnjvT \n. h. Zn. {io. aoJm-tb¬ tam¿ Zoh-∂m- n-tbm v Xncp-a-\- psIm≠v \n¿h-ln-®p. sIm. h. 1106 (1931) ¬ ap∏m-Øn-bn¬ _lp. aØmbn IØ-\m¿°v ]I-c-ambn h´-°pt∂¬ IpSpw-_mw-Ka - mb R≈-\m´v _lp. amWn IØ-\msc \nb-an-®p-sIm≠v CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏meoØ \n.h.Zn.{io. aoJm-tb¬ tam¿ Zoh-∂m n-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n I¬]\ \¬In. kl-hnIm-cn-bmbn Npt≠hmte¬ _lp. bmt°m_v IØ-\mcpw \nb-an-X-\m-bn.

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Gsd Xma- k n- ° msX Npt≠- h m- t e¬ bmt°m_v IØ- \ m¿ k`- h n´p t]mI- b m¬ R≈-\m´v _lp. amWn-°-Ø-\msc CS-hI tN¿Øv ]´-°m-c-\mbn `cWw \S-Øp-hm≥ CShI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A\p-aXn \evIn. \ΩpsS ]≈n-bn¬ ap∏-Øn-b©v h¿j-tØmfw R≈\m´v _lp.amWn IØ-\m¿ tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®p sIm√- h ¿jw1107 (1932)Xpemw 16˛mw XobXn sXt°-h-´-bv°m´pImem-bn¬ sXmΩn aI≥ amØ≥ tIm´bw k_vcPn-Ãm¿ Hmô n¬ 12˛mw \º-cmbn cPn-Ã¿ sNbvX B[m-c{]-Imcw 13 sk‚ v ]pc-bnSw ]≈n°v Zm\-ambn \evIn. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ Cu hkvXp ]≈n-°mcy-Øn¬ \n∂v hnev°pI-bp-≠m-bn. sIm√-h¿jw 1108 ¬ ac-ßm-ń¬ IpSpw_-]-c-º-c-bn-ep≈ If-Øp-]-Sn-bv°¬ Xd-hmńse IpSpw-_-\m-Y≥ ]md-bn¬ {io. Ipcy≥ sXmΩ≥, ]≈nbv°v Ing-°p-hiw tN¿∂p InS°p∂ Htc°¿ ÿew Zm\-ambn \evIn. ]qhw\nev°p-∂-Xn¬ sXmΩn, h´-bv°m-´pIm-em-bn¬ sNdn-bm≥ kvIdn-b, IÆ≥ sXmńbn¬ Ipcy≥ Ipcy≥ F∂n-h-cpsS t\Xr-XzØn¬ Cu CS-h-I-bn¬s]´ 27 IpSpw-_-°m¿ tN¿∂v \mec sk‚ v ÿew hmßn, ]≈nbv°v Ing-°p-hi - Ø - p-IqSn t]mIp∂ hgn-tbm-cØv Hcp Ipcn- i n≥ sXmń ]WnXv sIm. h. 1114˛¬ ]≈nbv°v Zm\-ambn \¬In. CXmWv C∂sØ ]≈n-∏p-dØv Ipcp-in≥sXmń. CXn\p Np‰p-ap≈ aXn¬ ]n∂oSv hf-sc-Im-e-Øn\p tijw ]WnXo¿Ø-Xm-Wv. aIcw 15 \v ]cn-ip≤ I\y-I-a-dn-b-mans‚ hnØp-Isf {]Xn-bp≈ s]cp-∂mƒ, taSw 19 \v Koh-dp-Kokv kl-Zm-bpsS \ma-Øn-ep≈ s]cp∂mƒ, anYp\w 24 \p tbml-∂m≥ amwtZm-\mbpsS \ma-Øn-ep≈ s]cp-∂mƒ, F-´p-t\mºv BN-cWw F∂nh apS°w IqSmsX \S-Øn-t∏mcp-I-bpw ]e h¿j-ß-fnepw CS-h-I-°m¿ s]cp∂mƒ G‰v \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. 1936 ¬ Znhm≥ k¿ kn. ]n. cma-kzman Aø-cpsS {]tXyI DØ-chv hgn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdnse F√m ]≈n hI skan- t Ø- c nbv ° pw aXn¬ sIń Xncn-®n-cn-bv°-W-sa-∂p≈ \nbaw {]m_-ey-Øn¬ hcp-I-bpw AXn≥ {]Imcw \ap°v skan-tØcn \jvS-s∏-Sm-sX-bn-cn-°p-∂Xn- \ p - t h≠n Hcp Np‰p- a - X n- e ns‚ ]Wn

c≠m- g v N - b v ° Iw ]q¿Øo- I - c n- b v ° p- I bpw sNbv X p. A∂sØ CS- h I P\- ß - f psS A£oW ]cn-{iaw sIm≠p am{X-amWv CXp km[n- ® - X v . skan- t Øcn ]Wn - ] q¿Øn- b mbtXmsSm∏w ]≈n-apdn IqSn \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\v km[n-®p. kwh-’c - ß - ƒ ]n∂n-´t- ∏mƒ CS-hI - b - psS hf¿®-°-\p-kr-X-ambn ]≈n hen-∏-s∏-Sp-tØ≠n-h-∂p. Hcp kl hnImcnbpsS tkh-\hpw Bh-iy-ambn h∂p. s]mXp-tbmK \n›-b-{]Imcw hnImcn R≈-\m´v _lp. amWn IØ\msc klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn 1948 \hw-_¿ amk-Øn¬ aT-tØ´v {io. tImcpf tbml-∂ms‚bpw {ioaXn adn-bm-Ω-bp-sSbpw GI ]p{X≥ {io. Ipcym-t°m-kn\v CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm \n. h. Zn. {in. aoJm-tb¬ tam¿ Zoh-∂m-kntbmkv Xncp-a\ - v sIm≠v siΩmi ]´w \¬In. k`-bnse t{ijvT-a-ev]m-∑m-cn¬ -\n∂v kpdnbm\n ]TnØw ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb siΩ-i\v 1952 ¬ Bephm Xr°p-∂Øv skan-\m-cn-bn¬ h®v Koh-dp-Kokv tam¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-a-\- psIm≠v I»oim ]´w \evIn. \t∂ sNdp-∏Ø - n¬ Xs∂ kt≠ kvIqƒ A≤ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp∂ aT-tØ´v _lp. Ipcymt°mkv -Iio»m kt≠-kvIqƒ {]Ya A≤ym]-I-\mbn tkh\w XpS¿∂p. -]≈n hcp-am-\-ßfmb ]nSn-b-cn, sI´p-sXßv F∂nhbpsS GIoI-c-Ww \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn¬ At±lw hnPbw ssIh-cn-®p. CS-h-I-bpsS A∂sØ Bim-Zo]w F√m-h-scbpw ZpxJØn¬ BgvØn sIm≠v 1955 HIvtSm-_¿ H∂mw XobXn AIm-e-Øn¬ s]men-™p. XpS¿∂v CS-hI hnIm-cnsb `c-WØn¬ klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]md-bn¬ _lp. tP°_v A®s‚ tkh\w e`n-®p. 1952 ¬ ]≈n ]pXp°n ]Wn-bp-∂X - n-\p≈ Btem- N - \ - I - f p- a mbn \ΩpsS ]nXm- ° - ∑ m¿ apt∂m-´p-h-∂p. BZysØ Btem-N\ {]Imcw A∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂ sNdnb ]≈nbv°v c≠p hitØbv°pw Nm¿Øv \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn-cp∂p Dt±-iw. 1953 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw ]≈n ]Wn-bpsS ]≤Xn hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øn, C∂p≈ ]≈n-bpsS ]Wn XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]pØ≥]p-c-bn¬ {io. kn.- Fw. Nmt°m-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ k¿Δ {ioam-∑m-cmb amXyp G{_-lmw -Ip-º-fØn¬, aT- t Ø´v tImcpf tbml- ∂ m≥,

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sXt° h´-bv°m´pImem-bn¬ C´n Ahn-cm, Cug-am-en¬ sF∏v Cu∏≥, ]gq¿ amØ≥, sIm√w Ing-t°-Xn¬ sF∏v tImc, amt∏m-Snbv ° ¬ amØ≥, If- Ø p- ] - S n- b v ° ¬ h¿°n Ipcy≥, ]Sn-™msd Ipgn-bm-ºm´v amWn-am-Wn, DZbw]pØq¿ Nm≠n, ]md- b n¬ sXmΩ≥ Ipcy≥, IÆm-º-S-Øn¬ t]mØ≥ Nmt°m XpSßn a‰p F√m CS-h-I-°m-cp-sSbpw kl-Ic-W-Øn¬ ]≈n ]Wn Du¿÷n-X-ambn XpS-ßn. CS-h-I-°m-cn¬ \n∂p ]n-cnhv tiJ-cn®pw CSh-Ibv°p ]pd-Øp-\n∂pw ]WwkzoI-cn-®p-amWv ]≈n-]Wn \S-Øn-b-Xv. ]≈n ]Wn-bv°m-h-iyamb CjvSnI apgp-h≥ {io. ]n.-sF. ]p∂≥ ]mem-ºSw kw`m-h-\-bmbn X∂n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. \mev h¿jw sIm≠v (1956) ]≈n-bpsS aZv_lm Hgn-sI-bp≈ ]Wn ]q¿Øo-Ic - n-®p. Cu kμ¿`-Øn¬ CS-hI `c-W-Øn\v klm-b-Iambn Hcp CS-h-Imw-K-Xz-Øn\v I»oim-]´w \evtI-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iyw s]mXp-tbm-K-Øn\v t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AX-\p-k-cn®v Nne-º-´p-t»cn¬ {io. amXyp-hn-s‚bpw {ioaXn adn-bm-Ω-bpsS-bpw Cfb ]p{X≥ {in. kn.-Fw. tPmWn\v Cu ]≈n-bn¬ h®v sIm®n I≠-\mSv `{Zm-k\ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm \n. h. Zn. {io. ]utemkv tam¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv Xncp-ta\n siΩm-i-]´w \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1958 ¬ kap- Z m- b - t °- k n¬ D≠mb kp{]ow tImSXn hn[nbpw AXns\ XpS¿∂p ]. ]t{Xm- ns‚ ss«lnI knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Bcq-V-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ \n. h. Zn. a.-a. {io. C·mØn-tbmkv bm°q_v XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS 1958 Unkw. 16˛mw Xob-Xn-bnse kam-[m\ Iev]\ A\p-k-cn®pw k`-bnse _mhm I£n, sa{Xm≥ I£n \ne-]m-Sn¬ \n∂v amdn k`m-a-°ƒ°v Hcp-an®v {]h¿Øn-bv°p-hm\p≈ kml-N-cyw D≠m-bn. Gsd Xma-kn-bmsX ae-¶c - b - n¬ `n∂n∏pw 1960 ¬ At¥ym-Jy≥ aqhvsa-‚pw \ne-hn¬ h∂p. F°m-ehpw At¥ymJym knwlm-k-\-tØmsSm∏w Dd-®p-\n-∂n-cp∂ Cu ]≈n-bnse _lp`q-cn-]-£-Øns‚ hnizm-kw kwc-£n-°-bv°-s∏SmsX h∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Cu ]≈n-bnse Bcm-[\ apS-ßn. Cu Ime-L-´-ßfn¬ kXy hnizmkkwc-£-W-Øn-\p-th≠n CS-hI apgph≥ bmX-\bpw thZ-\bpw kln-bvt°≠n h∂n-

´p-≠v. CØ-cp-W-Øn-se√mw t\Xr-ÿm-\Øp {]h¿Øn® k¿Δ {ioam-∑m-cmb tImcpf tbml∂m¬ aT-tØ´v, h¿°n Ipcy≥ If-Øp-]-Snbv°¬, sF∏v Cu∏≥ Cug-am-en¬, sF∏v amWn Icn-∏m¬, amØ≥ ]gq¿, sI.bp amWn Ipgn-bm-ºm-´v, Ipcy≥ h¿Kokv If-Øp-]-Snbv°¬, amXyp G{_lmw Ipº-f-Øn¬, amWn Cug-am-en¬, XpS-ßn-bh - c - psS tkh\w kvac-Wob-am-Wv. a™-\n-°-c-bn¬ I_-d-S-ßn-bn-cn-bv°p∂ ]cn-ip≤ Gen-bmkv XrXob≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm- b psS I_- d n- ¶ - t e°v Im¬\- S - b mbn Xo¿∞bm{X- t ]m- I p∂ `‡- P - \ - ß ƒ 1958 apX-emWv \ΩpsS ]≈n-bn¬ FØn XpS-ßn-bXv. Ahsc kvt\l]q¿Δw Ct∏mgpw kzoIcn®p D®-`-£Ww \evIn hcp-∂p-≠v. h¿jw tXmdpw Xo¿∞m-S-I-cpsS FÆw h¿≤n®p hcp-∂p. 1960 ¬ Cu ]≈n- b n¬ Bcm- [ \m kuIcyw \jv S s∏- ´ - t ∏mƒ Bflob Imcyßƒ°v apS°w hcm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]≈n ]pcbn-S-Øn\v sXm´-Sp-Øp≈ ac-ßm-ń-emb cma-\m´p-X-d-bn¬ {io. Ipcy≥ hI ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Nm∏¬ \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw At¥ymJym hnizm-knI-fpsS Bflob Imcy-ßƒ hnLv\w IqSmsX \S∂p t]mcp-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂p I√p-¶{X _lp. tXmakv I»oimbpsS `c- W - Ø n\p Iogn¬ CS-hI {]h¿Øn®p h∂p. At¥ymJym hnizm-k-Øn¬ Xo£-vW-amb \ne-]m-Sp≈ Cu CS-h-I-°m¿°v s]mXp-tbmKw IqSn X¶-fpsS Bflob Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn\v CS-hI-bnse Hcw-K-Øn\v I»oim-]´w sImSp-°W-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n-bv°p-Ibpw CXns‚ ]›mØ-e-Øn¬ Cug-am-en¬ {io. sF∏v Cu∏s‚bpw {ioaXn kmdm-Ω-bp-sSbpw Cfb ]p{X≥ {io. Cu. sF. Cu∏\v CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm \n. h. Zn. a. a. {in. ]ueqkv tam¿ ]oeIvkot\mkv Xncp-a\ - - p-sIm≠v 1961˛¬ siΩm-ip-]´w \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1964 ¬ At¥ymJym ]m{Xn- b ¿°okv \n.h.Zn.a.a.{io. C·m- Ø ntbmkv bm°q_v XrXo-b≥ _mhm Xncp-a-\ v sIm≠v ae-¶-c-bn-te°v Fgp-∂≈n hcp-Ibpw HutK≥ tam¿ Xotam-Øn-tbm-kns\ ae-¶c - b - psS ImtXm-en°m Bbn hmgn-bv°p-Ibpw BI-am\ ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n k`-bn¬ kam-[m\w ssIhcp-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂v henb ]f-fn-bn¬

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Bcm-[\ ]p\-cm-cw-`n-°p-Ibpw Bflob Imcy- _lp. sFk°v \¿°o¬ A®-\m-sW∂p≈Xv ßƒ _lp. R≈-\m´p amWn-I-Ø-\m-cp-sSbpw {]tXyIw {]kvXm-hy-am-Wv. 1975 apX¬ 1980 hsc Nne-º-´p-t»-cn¬ tPm¨ I»oim-bp-sSbpw I√p- CS-h-Ibv°v bmX-\-bp-sSbpw thZ-\-bp-sSbpw ¶{X tXma v I»oim-bp-sSbpw apdw-X-q-°n¬ Ime-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1980 se Ncn-{X-{]-[m-\-amb Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ I»oim-bp-sSbpw kl-I-c-W- tIcf sslt°m-SXn hn[nsb XpS¿∂v 1980 Øn¬ \S∂p hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cug-am-en¬ Pq¨ amkw 24˛mw Xob-Xn, tZhm-ebw Xpd∂p Cu∏≥ siΩm-i≥ I¿Ωm-Zn-Iƒ°v klm-bn- Bcm-[\ ]p\-cm-cw-`n-bv°p∂Xn\v km[n-®p. XpS¿∂p-≠mb AKv\n ]co-£-W-ßsf bmbn XpS¿∂p. 1965 sabvam-k-Øn¬ A\m-tcmKyw aqew AXn-Po-hn-°p-∂-Xn\v CS-hI H‰-s°-´mbn \neR≈-\m´v amWn-I-Ø-\m¿ hnc-an-bv°p-Ibpw sIm-≠p. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ {io. Ipcy≥ h¿I√p- ¶ {X tXmakv IØ- \ m¿ ÿew amdn Kokv If-Øp-]-Sn-bv°¬, G{_lmw Nmt°m - b - n¬, Fw.-kn. Ipcym-t°mkv aÆq¿ t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXt- ∏mƒ CS-hI - h - n-Im-cn-bmbn cma-\m-´p-Xd Nne-º-´p-t»-cn-bn¬ _lp. tPm¨ I»oimNpa- XpS-ßn-b-h¿ t\XrXzw \¬In-t∏m∂p . CS-hI Xe Gs‰-Sp-Øp. 1971 Pqsse amk-Øn¬ thZ- `cn-®n-cp-∂-hn-Imcn ^m.-sF-kIv \¿°o-ens‚ imkv{X D]-cn-]-T-\-Øn-\mbn Cu∏≥ siΩm- [ocX CS-h-I-°m-cpsS hnizmk Xo£vWX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. i≥ hntZ-i-tØbv°v t]mbn. 1981˛¬ Km‘n-\-K-dn¬ \mec sk‚ v 1971˛72 Ime-b-f-hn-emWv C∂sØ aZv_ÿew Nm∏¬ ]Wn-bp-∂X - n-\p-th≠n hmßm≥ lm-bpsS ]Wn ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®-Xv. 1972˛¬ am¿ HutK≥ ImtXm-en°m \ho- Ign-™p. 1981 BK-Ãn¬ CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m\-knw-lm-k\hmZw D∂-bn-®Xv k`-bn¬ ho≠pw eoØm \n. h. Zn. {io. Koh-¿-Kokv tam¿ {KotKm`n∂n-∏ns‚ hnØv ]mIp-Ibpw 1975 Bb-t∏m- dn-tbmkv Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v Cu ÿeØv tgbv°pw At¥ymJym knwlm-k-\-tØmSp Ipcnip ÿm]n- ® p. a™- \ n- ° - c - b n¬ I_Iqdp ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ Cu ]≈n hnImcn Nne- dßnbncn-°p∂ ]. Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥ _mhmº- ´ p- t »- c n¬ tPm¨ I»oim \ho\ knwlm- k - \ - h m- Z - Ø n\v t\Xr- X zw \¬Ip∂ ]£-tØbv°p Xncn-bp-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ henb ]≈n-bnse Bcm[-\bv°v apS°w h∂p. `qcn-]£ - w hcp∂ At¥ymJym hnizm- k n- I ƒ henb ]≈nbv°v kao-]-ambn ac-ßm-ń-emb cma-\m-´p-X-d-bn¬ {io. G{_-lm-ans‚ ]p{X-∑m-cmb tImcp-fbpw Nmt°mbpw Zm\-ambn \evInb ÿeØv, ÿn-camb Nm∏¬ ]WnXv kXy-hn-izmkw kwc-£n°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Bcm-[\ \S-Øn-t∏m∂p. Xpcp-tØ¬ tP°_v I»oimbpw aW-te¬ tPmk^v I»oimbpw Cu \n. h.-Zn. a. a {io. C·m-Øn-tbmkv kJm {]Y-a≥ _mhm Xncp-a\ - - n\v 1982 L´-Øn¬ CS-h-I-bpsS Bflo-bm-h-iys^{_p-hcn 12˛mw XobXn Km‘n-\K - ¿ Ipcn-in≥sXm-ń-bn¬ kzoI-cWw \¬Ip-∂p. ßƒ \nd-th-‰n. XpS¿∂p ^m. tP°_v I°m-ń¬ ^m. ss\\m≥ ItÆ-cn¬ F∂n-h¿ CS-hI - b - psS kmcYyw hln®p t]m∂n- bpsS 50˛mw {im≤-s∏-cp-∂mƒ BtLm-jn-°p-∂Xn\v th≠n 1982 s^{_p-h-cn-bn¬ ae-¶-c-bncp-∂p. 1977 apX¬ CS-hI - `- c - Ww \S-Øn-bXv bph- tebv ° v Fgp- ∂ - ≈ nb At¥ymJym ]m{Xn[o- c \pw I¿Ω- { ]m- ] v X - \ pw F√m- h - c p- s Sbpw b¿°okv \n. h.-Zn. a. a {io. C·m-Øn-tbmkv kvt\l- h m- b v ] - p Ifpw t\Sm≥ km[n® kJm {]Y- a ≥ _mhm Xncp- a - \ - n\v 1982

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Npa-Xe Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1984 ¬ ]≈n ]pc-bn-S-Øn\v sX°v tN¿∂v 10 sk‚ v ÿew hmßp-∂-Xn\v km[n-®p. Zo¿L-Imew k¨tU-kvIqƒ slUvamÃ-dmbpw ]≈n-bnse a‰v F√m A≤ym-flnI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw {io. F.-sP. Nm≠n ]md°m-em t\XrXzw \¬In-. - \ΩpsS ]≈n-bn¬ ip{iq-jI - c - mbn Xmg-tØ¬ {io. amØ≥ amWnbpw {io. amWn amØ-\pw Zo¿L-Imew tkh\w A\p-jvTn-®p. 1985 G{]n¬ amk- Ø n¬ IqSnb s]mXp-tbmK \n›-b-{]Imcw Km‘n- \ - K - d n¬ ]. Genbmkv XrXob≥ _mhm-bpsS \maØn¬ Ipcn-ip-]≈n ]Wn Bcw-`n®p. {SÃn Xe-b\ - m´p aT-Øn¬ {io. sI.-bp. amWn, I¨ho-\¿ ]gq¿ Ipgn-bm-ºm´v {io. ]n.-Fw. amXyp XpS- ß n- b - h - c psS t\Xr- X z- Ø nemWv Ipcn-ip-]≈n ]Wn XpS-ßnb-Xv. hnIm-cn-bmbn Xpcp-tØ¬ ^m. amXyq-kns\ \nb-an®v In´pIbpw kl-hn-Imcn ^m. Ipcymt°mkv aqe- b n¬ ÿew amdn t]mhp-Ibpw ]Icw kl-hn-Im-cn1984 P\p-hcn amkw 15˛\v t{ijvT ImtXm-en°m _mhm Xncp-a\ - - nse {][m\ Im¿an-IX - zØnepw, CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-enØm Koh¿Kokv am¿{Kn-tKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS bmbn ^m . amWn I√m-∏pdw \nbkl-Im¿an-IX - z-Ønepw NmØp-Ipfw Ipcn-in≥ sXmń-bpsS IqZmi \n¿Δ-ln-°p∂p. an-X-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. kl\ i‡nbpw tkh-\-]m-c-º-cyhpsNbvXp. 1983 ¬ tIh- e w aq∂v a mkw sIm≠v ap≈ ^m. amXyqkv Xpcp- t Ø- e n- s ‚bpw NmØp-Ipfw Ipcn-in≥ sXmń ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-Xp. ^m. amWn I√m-∏p-d-Øn-s‚bpw `cWw CS-h1984 P\p-hcn amkw 15˛\v t{ijvT ImtXm-en°m Ibv°p \h-ssN-X\yw ]I¿∂p. 1987 BZy- h m- c - Ø n¬ Km‘n- \ - K ¿ _mhm Xncp- a - \ - nse {][m\ Im¿an- I - X zØnepw CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Koh¿Kokv tam¿ {Ko-tKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS klIm¿an-IX - z-Ønepw Ipcn-in≥ sXmń-bpsS IqZmi \n¿Δ-ln-®p. CXns‚ ]Wn-Iƒ°v {SÃn Cugam- e n¬ Cu∏≥ Nmt°mbpw I¨ho- \ ¿ G{_lmw Nmt°m cma- \ m- ´ p- X - d - b nepw t\XrXzw \evIn. aT-tØ´v {io. tImcpf tbml-∂m≥ Zm\ambn \evInb Hcp sk‚ v ÿe-ØmWv NmØpIpfw Ipcn-in≥sXmń ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. 1982 ¬ kl- h n- I mcn ^m. tPmk^v tPm¨ sh´p-Ipgn ÿew amdn-t∏m-hp-Ibpw Km‘n \K¿ Nm∏-ens‚ IqZmi Koh¿Kokv tam¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv ^m. Ipcym-t°mkv aqe-bn¬ kl hnIm-cn-bpsS Xncp-a\ - - p-sIm≠v \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂p. s^{_p-hcn 12˛mw XobXn Cu ]≈n-bpsS B`nap-Jy-Øn¬ Km‘n-\-K¿ Ipcn-in≥sXm-ń-bn¬ kzoI- c Ww \¬Ip- I - b p- ≠ mbn. Km‘n\K¿ Ipcnip ]≈n-bpsS inem-^-eIw _mhm Xncp-a\- p-sIm≠v At∂-Zn-hkw Bin¿h-Zn-®p. 1982 G{]nen¬ ^m. sFk°v \¿°o¬ ÿew amdnt∏m-hp-Ibpw ^m. amWn I√m-∏pdw hnIm-cnbmbpw ^m. tPmk^v tPm¨ sh´p-Ipgn klhn-Im-cn-bmbpw CS-hI `cWw Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw

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Ipcn-ip-]-≈n-bpsS ]Wn ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-Ibpw 1987 P\p-hcn 13˛mw XobXn CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏meoØm Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v CXns‚ IqZmi \n¿h-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fw.-kn. tdmUns‚ Ing°v hiw tN¿∂v Km‘n\K¿ Ih-ebv°p kao]w Xe FSpØp \nev°p∂ Cu Ipcn-ip]≈n BI-am\ bmt°m-_mb k`bv°v F∂pw A`n-am-\-kvXw-`-am-Wv. ]. Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥ _mhm-bpsS Xncp-ti-jn∏v Cu Ipcnip]≈n-bn¬ 1988 s^{_p-hcn amk-Øn¬, {]tXy-I-ambn Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p∂ I_-dn¬ ÿm]n-®n-´p≈Xv CS-h-Ibv°v A\p-{K-l-Øn\pw hmgvhn\pw CS-bm-Ip∂p. ]≈n `cW \n¿h-l-W-Øn\v klm-b-amIpw hÆw 1987 apX¬ s]mXp-tbmKw AwKoI-cn® \S-]Sn N´-ßƒ \ne-hn¬ h∂p. 1988 sabvam-kØ - n¬ _lp. amXyqkv XpcptØ¬ I»oimbpw _lp. amWn I√m-∏p-dØv I»oimbpw ÿew amdn t]mhp-Ibpw _lp. tP°_v amXyp tIma-S-Øp-t»-cn¬ I»oim hnIm-cn-bm-bpw _lp. Ipcym-t°mkv tNmdm-‰n¬ I»oim kl-hn-Im-cn-bmbpw CS-hI `cWw Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

\p≈ Ah-kcw ssZh-Ir-]b - m¬ D≠m-bX - v. 1990 P\p-hcn apX¬ 1991 P\p-hcn hsc πm‰n\w Pq_nen h¿j-ambn BtLm-jn-°p-∂-Xn\pw hnhn[ I¿Ω-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\pw 1989 Unkw-_¿ 17˛mw XobXn IqSnb s]mXptbmKw Xocp- a m- \ n- ° p- I - b p- ≠ m- b n. Pq_nen

1990 G{]n¬ 12˛mw XobXn ae- _ m¿ `{Zm- k - \ m- [ n- ] ≥ \n.h.Zn.{io. tUm. tbmlm-t∂m≥ am¿ ]neIvkn-t\mkv sa{Xm-t∏m-enØm Xncp-a-\- psIm≠v Im¬I-gp-I¬ ip{iqj \SØp∂p.

satΩm-dn-b¬ ]mcn-jvlm-fns‚ inem-ÿm-]\ I¿Ωw 1990 P\p-hcn 14 \v t{ijvT ImtXm-en°m- _ mh \n. h. Zn. {io. _tk- e n- t bmkv ]utemkv ZzoXn-b≥ Xncp-a-\ v sIm≠v \n¿hln-®p. Hcp h¿jw \o≠p \n∂ πm‰n\w Pq_nen BtLm-j-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn k`-bnse A≤ymﬂnI kwL-S-I-fpsS tIm´bw `{Zm-k\Xe GI-Zn\ ktΩ-f\ - ß - ƒ (k¨tU kvIqƒ, h\nXm-ka - m-Pw, sshZoI-tbm-Kw apX-em-bh - ), bqØv At m-kn-tb-j≥ ]T-\-Iym-ºv, t\{X-Nn-In’m Iymºv, skan-\m-dp-Iƒ, CS-hI Zn\w, kvt\lhn-cp∂v apX-em-bh \S-Ø-s∏-´p. CtXm-S-\p-_‘n®v CS-h-I-bn¬ kvXpXy¿l-amb Poh-Im-

Pq_nen BtLm-j-ß-fpsS DZvLm-S\w t{ijvT ImtXm-en°m _mhm Xncp-a\ - - p-sIm≠v \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p. at\m-ca No^v FUn-‰¿ {io. sI.-Fw. amXyp tIm´bw `{Zm-k\ sk{I-´dn ^m. ]n.-]n. tPmk^v tIm¿ F∏n-kvt°m∏m, ^m. Pbnwkv I≠-ap-≠m-cn¬, ^m. tP°_v amXyp tIma-SØ - p-ti-cn¬ (hnIm-cn), ^m. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv tNmdm-‰n¬ (k-lh - n-Im-cn) F∂n-h¿ thZn-bn¬

ssZhnI hc-Zm-\-ß-fmb kt¥m-j-Øns‚bpw ]c-kv]c kvt\l-Øn-s‚.bpw t{ib- ns‚bpw {]Xo-I-am-bn-´mWv tZhm-e-b-ß-fn¬ Pq_nen BtLm- j n- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v . F∂m¬ \ΩpsS ]≈n ÿm]n-X-ambn 75 h¿jw ]n∂n-´t∏mƒ am{X-amWv Pq_nen BtLm-jn-°p-∂-Xn-

Pq_nen satΩm-dn-b¬ ]mcojv lmfns‚ inemÿm]-\I - ¿Ωw t{ijvT ImtXm-en°m _mhm Xncp-a\ - - p-sIm≠v \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂p.

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cp-Wy-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v \mμn Ipdn-®p. Pq_nen h¿j-Øn¬ \ΩpsS ]≈n-bn¬ BZy-ambn Im¬I-gp-I-¬ ip{iqj \S-Øp-hm≥ `mKy-ap-≠mbn. 1990 G{]n¬ 12˛mw XobXn ae_m¿ `{Zm-k-\m-[n-]≥ \n. h. Zn. {io. tUm. bqlm-t\m≥ tam¿ ]oeIvko-t\mkv sa{Xm-t∏meoØm Xncp- a - \ - p- s Im≠v Im¬I- g p- I ¬ ip{iqj \S-Øn. Pq_nen BtLm-j-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn Hcp kph-\odpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I-bp≠m-bn.

1993 s^{_p-hcn amk-Øn¬ ]mcn-jvlm-fns‚ IqZm-iI - ¿Ωw CS-hI sa{Xmt∏m-enØm A`n-hμy tUm. Koh¿Kokv tam¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-enØm Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v \n¿h-ln-°p∂p.

πm‰n\w Pq_nen kam-]\ ktΩ-f\w 1991¬ B¿®v _nj∏v am¿ tPmk^v ]uΔ-Øn¬ DZvLm-S\w sNøp-∂p. ctaiv sN∂n-Øe Fw.-]n., CS-hI sa{Xmt∏m-eoØm A`n-hμy tUm. Koh¿Kokv tam¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm F∂n-h¿ kao-]w.

hnImcn _lp. tP°_v amXyp tIma-SØp-t»-cn¬ I»oim, kl-hn-Imcn _lp. Ipcymt°mkv tNmdm-‰n¬ I»oim P-\-d¬ I¨ho-\¿ {io. G{_lmw Nmt°m cma-\ m-´ p-X - d - bn¬, I¨ho-\¿am-cmb k¿Δ-{io. Cu∏≥ Nmt°m Cug-am-en¬, sI. sI. Ipcp-hnf If-Øp-]-Snbv°¬, Fw.-kn. Ipcym-t°mkv aÆq¿, ]n.-Fw. tPmk^v ]gq¿ Ipgn-bm-ºm-´v, sI.-Fw. amWn Ipº-f-Øn¬, sI.- hn. amØ≥ Ccp-´p-am-en¬, ]n.-sI.-amXyp ]gq¿]-´m-Wn-°m-e, {SÃn {io. Fw.sI. t]mØ≥ aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬, sk{I-´dn {io. sI.-sI. Ipcy≥ IÆ≥sXm-´n-bn¬ XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ Pq_nen BtLm-j-ß-ƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬In. 1991 sabvam-kØ - n¬ hnIm-cn-bmbn _lp. Koh¿§okv tX°m-\Øv I»oimbpw kl-hn-Imcn- b mbn ]pfn- ° - ∏ - d - º n¬ _lp. tXmakv I»oim-bpw ÿm\-ta-‰p. 1992 P\p-hcn 15 ˛mw XobXn ]mcn-jvlmƒ \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpsS DZvLm-S\w CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A`nhμy tUm. Koh¿Kokv tam¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv

Xncp-ta\n \n¿Δ-ln-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. CS-h-Imw-Kß-fn¬ \n∂v hnln-X-ambpw hy‡n-hm-bv]bmbpw kam-l-cn® XpI hn\n-tbm-Kn®v BZyL´ \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn. Cu L´-Øn¬ {io. cmP≥ kmw ASp-ap-dnbn¬ KWyamb XpI hmbv]-bmbn \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn. BZy-L´ \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v k¿Δ {in. G{_lmw Nmt°m cma- \ m- ´ p- X - d - b n¬, Cu∏≥ Nmt°m Cug-am-en¬, sI. sI. Ipcphnf If-Øp-]-Sn-bv°¬, sI.-Fw. amWn Ipº-fØn¬, cmPp sI. amXyp IÆ≥sXm-´n-bn¬ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ t\XrXzw \¬In. 1993 s^{_p- h cn 10˛mw XobXn At¥ymJym {]Xn- \ n[n am¿ At{]w Xotam-Øn-tbmkv B_pZn Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v

1993 s^{_p-hcn 10˛mw XobXn At¥ymJym {]Xn-\n[n am¿ At{]w XntamØn-tbmkv B_pZn Xncp-a\ - - p-sIm≠v tZhm-eb - Ø - n¬ Fgp-s∂≈n a™\n-°c Xo¿∞m-SI kaq-lt- Ø-bpw, CS-hItbbpw Bin¿h-Zn-°p∂p.

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At¥mJym {]Xn-\n[ntbmsSm∏w amt\-PnwKv IΩ‰nbwK-ßƒ -

tZhm- e - b - Ø n¬ Fgp- s ∂≈n a™- \ n- ° c Xo¿∞m-SI kaq-l-tØ-bpw CS-hItbbpw Bin¿h-Zn-®p. 1993 s^{_p-hcn amk-Øn¬ ]mcnjvlm-fns‚ IqZm-i-I¿Ωw CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏meoØm A`n- h μy tUm. Koh¿Kokv tam¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-a\ - - p-sIm≠v \n¿h-ln-®p. 1994 sabvam-k-Øn¬ hnIm-cn-bmbn I≠ap-≠m-cn¬ _lp. sPbnwkv I»oimbpw klhn-Im-cn-bmbn aÆq¿ _lp. tP°_v sNdn-bm≥ I»oimbpw ÿm\-ta-‰p.

ÿm\-ta-‰p. CS-h-I-bpsS Bﬂo-bhpw euIoI-hp-am-bp≈ hnI-k\w e£y-am°n _. A®≥ hnhn[ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Xøm-dm°n {]h¿Ø\w \SØn. Bdv e£w cq]-bpsS ^≠v CS-h-ImwK-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Xh-W-I-fmbn kam-l-cn-°p-∂Xn\v Xøm-dm-°nb ]≤-Xn CXn¬ H∂p am{XamWv. {io. sI.Fw . De-l-∂m≥ Ipgn-bm-ºm-´v, {io. ]n.-Fw. amXyp ]gq¿]pØ≥]pc F∂nh¿ hnI-k-\-^≠v kam-l-c-W-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬In. 2001 P\p-hcn amk-Øn¬ ]≈n-]p-c-bn-SØn\v sX°p-h-i-Øp≈ 11.5 sk‚ v ÿew hmßp-hm≥ km[n-®p. CS-h-I-bpsS Nnc-Im-em-`n-em-j-am-bn-cp∂ Hm^okv tImwπ- I v k ns‚ \n¿ΩmWw 2001 sk]v‰w-_¿ 14˛mw XobXn A`n-hμy a¿t°mkv tam¿ Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta\n inem-ÿm-]\w

Hm^okv tImwπ-Ivkns‚ IqZmi

]mcn-jvlm-fns‚ c≠mw-L´ IqZmi

1997 sabvam-k-Øn¬ hnIm-cn-bmbn Ingt°-SØv _lp. Ipcym-t°mkv I»oim ÿm\ta-‰p. _lp A®s‚ t\XrXzw CS-h-I-bn¬ ]pXnb DW¿hv D≠m- ° n. 1997 \hw- _ ¿ amkØn¬ ]mcn-jvlm-fns‚ Ah-km-\-L´ \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw Npcp-ßnbka-bw-sIm≠v ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.{io.sI.kn.Nmt°m I≠w-sI-´n-b-Xn¬ {io. sI.-sI. sF∏v Icn-∏m¬ F∂n-h¿ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬In. 2000 sabv am- k - Ø n¬ tIm´- ∏ p- d Øv _lp. ^oen- t ∏mkv I»oim hnIm- c n- b mbn

\SØn Bcw-`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. F´p-e-£-Øn A≥]-Øn-c-≠m-bncw cq]m sNe-hn¬ tIhew \mev amkw sIm≠v \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. 2002 P\p- h cn 13˛mw XobXn CS- h - I sa-{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A`n-h-μy tXmakv tam¿ Xotam- Ø n- t bmkv Xncp- t a\n Hm^okv tImwπIvkv IqZmi sNbvXv Koh¿Kokv tam¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm-bpsS (s]-cpº≈n Xncp-ta\n) \ma-t[-b-Øn¬ \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp. {io. ]n.-Fw. tXmakv ]qhw\n¬°p∂-Xn¬ {in. sI.-sI. ]oen-t∏mkv Ipº-f-Øn¬ {io. ]n.-Fw. amXyp ]gq¿ ]pØ≥]pc F∂n-h¿ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬In. 2003 am¿®v amk- Ø n¬ ]≈n- ] p- c - b n- S Øns‚ sX°p-h-i-Øp≈ 28 sk‚ v ÿew hmßp-hm≥ km[n-®p. kt≠-kv-Iqƒ hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS ]T-\m-h-iy-Øn\mbn Hcp lmƒ \n¿Ωn-°pI

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F∂ CS-h-I-bpsS Nnc-Im-em-`n-em-jw k^-eam-°n-s°m≠v lmfns‚ inem-ÿm-]\w 2002 sk]v‰w-_¿ 14˛mw XobXn A`n-hμy a¿t°mkv tam¿ Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta\n \n¿h-ln-®p. ka-

kt≠-kvI - qƒ lmfns‚ inem-ÿm-]\w 2002 sk]v‰w-_¿ 14˛mw XobXn A`n-hμy a¿t°mkv am¿ Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta\n \n¿h-ln-°p∂p.

b-_-‘n-X-ambn \n¿ΩmWw ]q¿Øo-I-cn® Cu lmfns‚ IqZmi 2003 G{]n¬ 27˛mw XobXn A`n-hμy CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm tXma v tam¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n \n¿hln®v A`n-hμy aoJm-tb¬ tam¿ Zohm-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS t]cn¬ \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp. {io. ]n.-Fw. tXmakv ]qhw\nev°p-∂-Xn¬, {io. sI.-sI. ]oen-t∏mkv Ipº-fØ - n¬ F∂n-h¿ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬In. 2003 sab v amk-Øn¬ hnIm-cn-bmbn tIm´bn¬ _lp. sNdn-bm≥ I»oim ÿm\-ta‰p. Bdp- a m- k - Ø n- \ p- t ijw _lp. sNdn- b m≥ A®≥ Cfw-Ipfw kqt\m-tdm-]≈ - n-bn-te°v \nban- ° - s ∏- ´ - X n- \ m¬ XpS¿∂p≈ c≠p amktØmfw hμy Ipcym-t°mkv tImsd-∏n-kvt°m∏ Ing- t °- S Øv Xmev ° menI hnIm- c n- b mbn tkh\w A\p-jvTn-®p.-Xp-S¿∂v hμy sI.-F-≥. G{_lmw tImsd-∏n-kvt°m∏m tImX-tIcn¬ hnIm-cn-bmbn ÿm\-ta-‰p. ]e-{]m-hiyw am‰n-hb - v°s - ∏´ kwcw-`a - mb s]mXp I_¿ \n¿ΩmWw 2004 ¬ Bcw-`n-®p. 32 sk√p≈ s]mXp-I-_¿ 2005 G{]n¬ amktØmsS 3.75 e£w cq]m sNe-h-gn-®p ]q¿ØoI-cn-°m≥ km[n-®p. {SÃn ]n.-Fw. tXmakv ]qhw \n¬°p-∂-Xn¬ sk{I-´dn {io. cmPp sI.-amXyp IÆ≥-sXm-´n-bn¬ F∂n-h¿ Cu kwc-`-Øn\v

t\XrXzw \¬In. 2005 sabv amkw kl-hn-Im-cn-bmbn tIm´bn¬ _. sNdn-bm≥ I»oim \nb-an-X-\m-bn. 2005 Pqsse 3 ˛mw XobXn t{ijvT ImtXmen°m _mhm Bephm Xr°p-∂Øv skan-\mcn-bn¬ A\p-jvTn® D]-hm-kk - a - c - t- ØmSv sFIyZm¿Vyw {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm≠v Cu CS-h-I-bn¬ \n∂v ]s¶-SpØhcn¬ {io. tPm¿÷v G{_lmw sIm√-∏≈ - n¬, {io. _nt\mbv hn. tPm¿÷v henb-]d - º - n¬, {io. Xºm≥ ]n. h¿Kokv ]pd-tØ´v, {io. sI. kn. km_p sNdp-hn-c-en¬, F∂n-h¿ Pbn¬ hmkw A\p-`h - n-°p-Ibpw CS-hI - mw-Kß - fmb {io. sI. sI. amWn Ipº- f - Ø n¬, {io. ]n. sF. amØ≥ ]gq¿ ]≈n- ∏ p- d Øv (X-∂m≠v {SÃn) F∂n-h¿°v t]meo-kns‚ {Iqca¿±\w G¬t°≠n hcp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 2005 Unkw- _ dn¬ ]≈n B^o- k n\v sXm´p- I n- g - ° p- h - i - Ø p≈ 17 sk‚ v ÿew ]≈nbv°v Xodm-[m-c-Øn-eqsS kz¥-am-°p-∂Xn\v km[n-®p. 2005 ¬ ]≈n ÿm]n-X-am-bn´v 90 h¿jw XnI™p. \h-Xn-bpsS \nd-hn¬ tZhm-ebw ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ B{Klw CS-h-ImwK-ß-fn¬ i‡n-s∏SpIbpw 2005 \hw-_¿ 20 \v IqSnb ]≈n-s∏m-Xp-tbmKw Cu e£yw \nd-th‰p-∂X - n\v 51 AwK-ßf - p≈ Hm¿K-ss\-knwKv IΩ‰nbpw hnhn[ k_v IΩ-‰nIfpw cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibp-w sNbvXp. CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ A`n-hμy tXmakv tam¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v 2006 P\p-hcn 8˛mw XobXn Rmb-dmgvN ]≈nbn¬ Fgp-s∂≈n hnip≤ Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-°pIbpw tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW ASn-ÿm\ ine Bio¿h- Z n- ° p- I bpw \n¿ΩmW ^≠v

tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-W- ^≠v DZvLm-S\ s]mXp-kt- Ω-f\w

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Biw-kI - t- fmsS fmsS: Icn-∏m¬ sI.-Fw. Ipcy\pw IpSpw-_hpw

DZvLm-S\w sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 2006 Pq¨ amk-Øn¬ hnIm-cn-bmbn Imhp¶¬ _lp. amXyqkv I»oim ÿm\-ta-‰p. _lp. A®s‚ Du¿P-kz-e-amb t\XrXzw CSh-I-bn¬ tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø\-ßƒ°pw Poh-Im-cpWy {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw DW¿Δv krjvSn-®p. 2007 s^{_p-hcn 10˛mw XobXn At¥ymJym {- ]-Xn-\n[n e≠≥ B¿®v _nj∏v A`n-hμy tSmam tam¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv Xncp-a-\- psIm≠v tZhm- e - b - Ø n¬ Fgp- ∂ ≈n hn.-

s]-cp-∂mƒZn\-Øn¬ CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A`n-hμy tXmakv tam¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncpa- \ - p- s Im≠v ]pXn- b - ] - ≈ n- b psS aZv _ lm

]pXp-°n-∏W - n-bp∂ tZhm-eb - Ø - ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\i - n-em-^e - Iw A`n. CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm tXmakv am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-a\ - - p-sIm≠v A\m-—m-Z\w sNøp-∂p.

At¥ym-Jym {- ]-Xn-\n[n e≠≥ B¿®v _nj∏v A`n-hμy tSmam am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv Xncp-ta\n CS-hI - sb Bio¿h-Zn-°p-∂p. (2007 s^{_p-hcn)

Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-°p-Ibpw a™-\n-°c Xo¿∞mS\ kaq-l-sØbpw CS-h-I-sbbpw Bin¿h-Zn°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]≈n-bpsS `c-W\ - n¿Δ-lWw kpXm-cyhpw Imcy- £ - a hpw B°p- ∂ - X n\v th≠n Xøm- d m- ° nb \ho- I - c n® ]≈n \nb- a m- h en s]mXp-tbm-Kmw-Ko-Im-c-tØmsSbpw A`n-hμy CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS 31˛08˛07 se 58/ 2007˛mw \º¿ A\phmZ Iev]\ - t- bmsSbpw 2007 sk]v‰w-_¿ H∂p apX¬ {]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂p. Cu \nb- a m- h en{]Imcw CSh- I sb sk‚ v tPm¨kv hm¿Uv, sk‚ v tPm¿Pv hm¿Uv, am¿ Iuam hm¿Uv, am¿ Ipcym-t°mkv hm¿Uv, am¿ Gen-bmkv hm¿Uv F∂n-ßs\ A©p hm¿Up-I-fmbn Xncn®v `c-W-k-an-Xn-bw-K-ßsf sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. ]≈n \nb-am-hen {]Imcw ta¬∏Sn hm¿Up-I-fn¬ hm¿Up-Xe {]m¿∞-\mtbmK-ßƒ kam-cw-`n-®p. 2007 sk]v‰w-_¿ 14˛mw XobXn hn. …o_m-

ÿnXn sNøp∂ ÿeØv ]≈n ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW-Øn-\m-bp≈ Bin¿h-Zn® ASn-ÿm-\-ine ÿm]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. ]≈n ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - psS DZvLm-S\w 2008 P\p-hcn 18˛mw XobXn hnØpIsf {]Xn-bp≈ hn. ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ Hm¿Ωs]-cp-∂mƒ Zn\-Øn¬ ]cn-ip≤ F∏n-kvt°m∏¬ kp∂- l - t Zmkv sk{I- ´ dn A`n- h μy tPmk^v tam¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏meoØm \n¿Δ-ln-®p. ]≈n-bpsS HutZym-KnI s h _ v s s k ‰ v " w w w. s t m a r y s c h u r c h neelimangalam.com'' A`n- h μy Xncp- t a\n At∂-Zn-hkw DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp. 2008 am¿®v amk-Øn¬ sNdp-ss]-ßfw

At¥ym-Jym {- ]-Xn-\n[n e≠≥ B¿®v _nj∏v A`n-hμy tSmam am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv Xncp-ta\n hn.-Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-°p-∂p. (2007 s^{_p-hcn)

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sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A`nhμy tXmakv tam¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-a\ - p-sIm≠v \n¿Δ-ln-®p. 2008 Pqäm-k-Øn¬ hnIm-cn-bmbn Nnc-h-Ød _lp. B≥{Uqkv I»o im ÿm\-ta-‰p. tZhm- e b ]p\¿ \n¿ΩmWw kvt‰ sNøW- s a∂v Bh- i y- s ∏´v Hm¿Ø- t UmIv k v k`m t\XrXzw O.S.No.130/ 2008 {]Imcw _lp. At¥ymJy {]Xn-\n-[n-tbmsSm∏w- am-t\-PnwKv IΩ‰nbwK-ßƒ G‰p- a m- \ q¿ ap≥kn^v tImSXn ap≥]msI ]mS-ti-J-c-Øn¬s∏-´Xpw ]≈n-bpsS hS-°p-`m- ^b¬ sNbvX A\ymbw _lp. tImSXn X≈nKØv ]≈n-hI Nnd-tbmSp tN¿∂v InS-°p-∂- s°m≠v DØ-c-hm-bn. ]cn-ip≤ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS Xp-amb 75 sk‚ v \new hmßp-hm≥ km[n-®p. ^m. amXyqkv Imhp-¶¬ hnIm-cn-bm-bn- 4˛maXv ssilnI kμ¿i\ thf- b n¬, cp∂ Ime-b-f-hn¬ Poh-Im-cpWy {]h¿Ø-\-ß- ]pØ≥Ip-cn-inse k`m Bÿm-\Øv sh®v, fpsS `mK-ambn c≠v hoSp-Iƒ ]q¿Æ-ambpw Hcp 2008 HIvtSm-_¿ 22˛mw XobXn ]pXnb ]≈nhoSv `mKo-I-ambpw \n¿Ωn®v \evIp-hm≥ CS-h- bpsS aZv_-lm-bn¬ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ASnÿm\ ine ]cn-ip≤ _mhm Bio¿h-Zn®v Ibv°v km[n-®p. Km‘n-\-K¿ Nm∏-en¬ \ho-I-cn® aZv_- \¬Ip- I - b p≠m- b n. tZhm- e b ]qap- J sØ {][m\ Ińf 2008 \hw- _ ¿ 9˛mw XobXn knwlm-k-\-]-≈n-I-fpsS sa{Xmt∏meoØ A`nhμy Koh¿Kokv tam¿ Zoh-∂ym-tkymkv Xncpta\n Bin¿h-Zn®v ÿm]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 2009 Pqämk-Øn¬ πmw]-dº - n¬ _lp. Ipcym- t °mkv I»oim kl- h n- I m- c n- b mbn ÿm\-ta-‰p. ]≈n ap‰Øv ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p∂ ]pXnb

Km‘n-\-K¿ Nm∏-ense ]pXp°n ]Wn-X ]x Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xnb¿°okv _mhm-bpsS I_-dns‚ IqZmi A`n-hμy tXmakv tam¿ Xotam-Øntbmkv Xncp-ta\n \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂p.

lm-bp-sSbpw ]cn-ip≤ Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xo- b ¿°okv _mhm- b psS I_- d ns‚bpw IqZmi 2008 G{]n¬ 18 \v CS-hI

I¬°p-cniv IqZmi A`n-hμy Ipcym-t°mkv tam¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n

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]pØ≥Ip-cniv ]m{Xn-b¿°m sk‚-dn¬ ]. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-tbm-sSm∏w amt\-PnwKv IΩ-‰n-bw-Kß - ƒ, ]≈n ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW IΩ-‰n-bw-Kß - ƒ, B≤ym-ﬂnI kwL-S\m `mc-hm-ln-Iƒ F∂n-h¿- (2008 HIvtSm-_¿ 22)

I¬°p-cn-ins‚ IqZmi 2009 Unkw-_¿ 27˛mw XobXn Iv\m\mb AXn-`{Zm-k\ dm∂n taJem sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A`n-hμy Ipcym-t°mkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-a\ - - p-sIm≠v \n¿Δ-ln-°pI-bp-≠m-bn. ]gb Ipcn-in≥ sXm´n-bn¬ ÿm]n®n-cp∂ tam¿ Iuam ]nXm-hns‚ Xncp-ti-jn∏v ]pXnb Ipcn-in≥sXm-´n-bn-te°v am‰n ÿm]n®p. FÆm-bncw NXp-c-{i- ASn hnkvXo¿Æap-≈Xpw H∂c tImSn-bn¬∏cw cq]m \n¿ΩmW-sN-e-hp-ap≈ ]pXp°n ]WnX tZhm-e-bØns‚ aqtdm-\-`n-tjI IqZmi 2010 P\p-hcn

10,11 (Rm-b¿, Xn¶ƒ) XobXn--If - n¬ \S-Øs∏´p. tZhm-eb IqZm-i-bpsS H∂mw-L´w P\p-hcn 10˛mw XobXn Rmb- d mgv N sshIp- t ∂cw 6 aWn°v k‘ym {]m¿∞-\sb XpS¿∂v CS-h-Isa-{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A`hμy tXmakv tam¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-a-\- ns‚ {][m\ Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Ønepw ]cn-ip≤ F∏nkvt°m-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZmkv sk{I-´dn A`n-hμy tPmk^v tam¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm, At¥ymJym hnizmk kwc-£-W-k-an-XnbpsS {]kn-U‚ v A`n-hμy Gen-bmkv tam¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm, ae-_m¿ `{Zm- k - \ m- [ n- ] ≥ A`n-hμy kJ-dnbmkv tam¿ ]oeIv k ot\mkv sa {Xm- t ∏m- e o- Ø m, ssaem-∏q¿ `{Zmk-\m-[n-]≥ A`nhμy sFkIv tam¿ Hkv Ø mØn-tbmkv sa{Xmt∏m-eoØm F∂nh- c psS kl- I - c W-Ønepw \S-Ø-

tZhm-eb IqZm-ib - psS H∂mw L´w (2010 P\p-hcn 10)

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]p\¿\n¿Ωn-°s- ∏´ tZhm-eb - Ø - n¬ {^Ya Ip¿∫m\ t{ijvT ImtXm-en°m _mhm A¿∏n-°p∂p. (2010 P\p-hcn 11)

s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. tZhm-eb IqZm-i-bpsS c≠mw L´w P\p-hcn 11˛mw XobXn Xn¶-fmgvN cmhnse 8 aWn°v {]`mX {]m¿∞-\sb XpS¿∂v t{ijT ImtXm-en°m B_q≥ tam¿ _tk-en-tbmkv tXmakv {]Y-a≥ _mhm-bpsS apJy-Im¿Ωn-I-XzØnepw CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm A`n-hμy

c≠mw-L´ IqZmi

tXmakv tam¿ XotamØntbmkv Xncp-a-\- n-s‚bpw, A`n-hμy sFkIv tam¿ HkvØm-Øntbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bp-sSbpw kl-Im¿ΩnI-Xz-Ønepw \S-Ø-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. XpS¿∂v \S∂ hn. aq∂n≥ta¬ Ip¿∫m-\bv°v t{ijvT ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm apJy-Im¿Ωn-IXzw hln-®p. tZhm-eb IqZm-ib - n-epw s]mXp-kt- Ω-f\ - Ø - nepw tI{μ-a{¥n {io. sI.-hn. tXma-kv, {]Xn-]-£-t\Xmhv {io. DΩ≥ Nm≠n, {io. tPmkv sI. amWn Fw.-]n., Fw.-F¬.-F. amcmb {io. sI. kn. tPmk^v, tXmakv Nmgn-Im-S≥, hn. F≥. hmkh≥ a‰p P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, k`-bnse \nc-h[n tImsd-∏n-kvt°m-∏m-am¿, sshZn-I¿, siΩmi≥am¿, hnhn[ k`m t\Xm-°ƒ, Bbn-c-°-W°n\v hnizm-kn-Iƒ F∂n-h¿ ]s¶-Sp-°p-I-bp≠m-bn. tZhm-eb IqZm-isb XpS¿∂v \S∂ s]mXp-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ""tZhm-eb IqZmi kph\o¿ 2010'' s‚ {]Im-i-\hpw Poh-Im-cpWy {]h¿Ø- \ - ß - f psS `mK- a mbn \n¿Ωn®p \evIp∂ c≠v `h-\-ß-fpsS Xmt°m¬Zm-\hpw \S-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. hnImcn ^m. B≥{Uqkv Nnc-hØ - d - , klhn-Imcn ^m. Ipcym-t°mkv πmw]-d-ºn¬, P\d¬ I¨ho-\¿ G{_lmw Nmt°m cma-\m-´p-Xd-bn¬, tPmbn‚ v P\-d¬ I¨ho-\¿ cmP≥ kmw ASp-ap-dn-bn¬, \n¿ΩmW IΩ‰n I¨ho\¿. ]n.- F w. amXyp ]gq¿ ]pØ≥]p- c , ^n\m≥kv IΩ‰n I¨ho-\¿ sI. sI. sF∏v Icn-∏m¬, ]_vfn-kn‰n & ]_vfnIv dnte-j≥kv IΩ‰n I¨ho- \ ¿ Fw. ]n. Ipcym- t °mkv

145

146

F≥tUm-hvsa‚ v 2010 h¿jw G¿s∏- S p- Ø p- I bp≠mbn. Cu ]≈nbn¬ Ct∏mƒ 260 ¬ ]cw CSh- I - ` - h - \ - ß fpw Bbn- c - t Ømfw AwK-ßfpw D≠v . kt≠kvIqƒ, h\n-Xmk- a m- P w, sl bn¬tacn eoKv, hm¿Up-Xe {]m ¿∞-\m-tbm-Kßƒ, am¿ C·mØn- t bmkv bq tZhm-eb IqZmibpsS inem-ê - Iw t{ijvT ImtXm-en°m _mhm A\m-—m-Z\w sNøp∂p Øv Atkm- k ntb- j ≥, A aßm´p- I m- e mbn¬, {SÃn sI. F. cmPp t¥ymJym hnizmk kwc-£W kanXn F∂o sIm√≥In-g-t°-Xn¬, sk{I-´dn jnPp kn.-kn. Bflob {]ÿm-\-ßƒ Imcy-£-a-ambn {]h¿ sNcn-hp-Im-em-bn¬, tPmbn‚ v sk{I-´dn Xºm≥ Øn®p hcp-∂p. ]n. h¿Kokv ]pd-tØ-´v, hnhn[ IΩ-‰n-bw-K-ßƒ k¿Δ-i-‡-\mb ssZh-Øns‚ alm-IrXpS- ß n- b - h ¿ tZhm- e b ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW ]bpw Icp- W bpw ]cn- i p- ≤ m- fl m- h ns‚ \S{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬In. Øn∏pw ssZh-am-Xm-hmb hnip≤ I\y-I-a-dnCS- h - I - b n¬ \ne- h n- e p≈ F≥tUm- bman-s‚bpw kIe ]cn-ip-≤≥am-cp-sSbpw ip≤nhvsa‚p-If - mb ]md-°mem F.sP. Nm≠n satΩm- a-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw Znhy-a-lm-a≤yÿ-Xbpw Icpdn-b¬ F≥tUm-hvsa‚ v, If-Øp-]-Sn-°¬ Cu∏- Xepw Cu CS-h-Isb DØ-tcm-Øcw A`n-hr®≥ satΩm-dn-b¬ F≥tUm-hvsa‚ v, πm]-dº - n¬ ≤n-bn-te°v \bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ]n.-‰n. h¿Kokv satΩm-dn-b¬ Iymjv Ahm¿Uv F∂n-hbv°v ]pdsa aT-tØ´v _lp. Ipcymt°mkv I»o-imbpsS kv a cW \ne- \ n- d p- Ø p- ∂ Xn\v th≠n IShn¬ shcn. dh. G{_lmw tImsd∏n- k v t Im- ∏ mbpw {ioaXn A∂Ω G{_-lmapw tN¿∂v km[p-P\ ]cn- ] m- e - \ - Ø n\v th≠n Hcp e£w cq]m-bpsS tZhm-eb IqZmi s]mXp-kt- Ω-f\w t{ijvT _mhm DZvLm-S\w sNøp-∂p.

147

-a-™-\n-°c Xo¿∞m-S-I¿°p≈ hc-th¬]v

CS-h-I-Zn\w 2000 148

CS-h-I-Zn\w 2008

149

Xmsg: 1. De-l-∂m≥ sNcn-hp-Im-em-bn¬, 2. amWn Icn-∏m¬, 3. G{_lmw sIm√≥In-g-t°-Xn¬, 4. h¿°n h¿°n sImń-∏-≈n-°-tcm´v, 5. Ipcy≥ cma-\m-´p-X-d-bn¬, 6. sF∏v amØ≥ amt∏m-Sn-°¬, 7. sNdn-bm≥ kvIdnb h´-°m-´p-Im-e, 8. amXyp ]qhw-\n¬°p-∂-Xn¬, 9. sF]v ]gq¿]-≈n-∏p-d-Øv, 10. amXyp G{_lmw Ipº-f-Øn¬, 11. amWn ]gq¿ Nmem-I-cn, 12. Cń-b-hncm h¿°n sImń-∏-≈n-I-tcm-´v.

apI-fn¬: CS-Øp-\n∂v 1. A∂Ω amWn Cug-am-en¬, 2. Nn∂Ω amWn Xmg-tØ¬, 3. A∂Ω ]qhw-\n¬°p-∂-Xn¬, 4. tN®Ω C´nb-hnc tXm´p-¶¬ sXt°-Xn¬ 5. Nn∂Ω h¿°n sIm´n-∏-≈n-I-tcm-´v, 6. A∂Ω Ipcp-hnf ]gq¿ Ing-t°-Xn¬, 7. adn-bmΩ amWn ]gq¿ NmemIcn 8. Fw.-kn. adn-bmΩ agp-ht©cn]d-ºØv

80 hb-kn-\p-ap-I-fn¬ {]mb-ap-≈-hsc BZ-cn-®-t∏mƒ

CS-h-I-Zn\w 2000

150

kqcys\ AWn-s™mcp kv{Xo ˛ ssZh-am-Xm-hmb ]cn-ip≤ I\yI adnbw

dh.^m.- B≥{Uqkv Nnc-h-Ød (hn- I m- c n)

kz¿K-Øn¬ hen-sbmcp AS-bmfw ImWm-\m-bn, kqcys\ AWn-s™mcp kv{Xo, Ah-fpsS Im¬°ogv N{μ\pw Ah-fpsS Xe-bn¬ ]{¥≠p \£{Xw sIm≠p≈ Inco-Shpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

kz¿K-Øn¬ hen-sbmcp AS-bmfw ImWm-\m-bn, kqcys\ AWn-s™mcp kv{Xo, Ah-fpsS Im¬°ogv N{μ\pw Ah-fpsS Xe-bn¬ ]{¥≠p \£{Xw sIm≠p≈ Inco-Shpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. (sh-fn-]mSv 12:1) ]tﬂmkv Zzo]n¬ I¿Øm-hns‚ Zn\-Øn¬ Bﬂm-hn¬ ebn-®n-cp∂ tbml-∂m\v Bk-∂-`m-hn-bn¬ kw`-hn-°m-\n-cn-°p∂-hsb ssZhw tbip-{InkvXp apJm-¥ncw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°mSp-Ø-t∏mƒ I≠ Z¿i-\-amWnXv. Cu kz¿§ob Z¿i-\-Øn¬ tbml-∂m≥ «olm-I≠ kqcy≥ BcmWv? GXp a\p-jy-s\bpw {]Im-in-∏n-°p∂ kXy-sh-fn-®w temIØn-te°p h∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p; Ah≥ temI-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. temItam Ahs\ Adn-™n-√; Ah≥ kz¥-Øn-te°ph∂p. kz¥-ambhtcm Ahs\ ssIs°m-≠n-√. Ahs\ ssIs°m≠v Ahs‚ \ma-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂ Gh¿°pw ssZh-a-°ƒ BIphm≥ Ah≥ A[n-Imcw sImSp-Øp. Ah≥ c‡-Øn¬ \n∂√ PU-Øns‚ CjvS-Øm-e√; ]pcp-js‚ CjvSØm-ep-a√; ssZhØn¬ \n∂t{X P\n®Xv. hN\w PU-ambn Xo¿∂p. Ir]bpw kXy-hpw \nd-™-h-\mbn \ΩpsS CS-bn¬ ]m¿Øp. Rßƒ Ahs‚ tXP v ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂v GI-Pm-X\ - m-bh - s‚ tXP- mbn I≠p. (tbm-l-∂m≥ 1:9˛14). BZn-bn¬ hN-\-ap-≠mbncp∂p. hN\w ssZh-tØm-Sp-IqsS Bbn-cp-∂p.; hN\w ssZh-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah≥ BZn-bn¬ ssZhtØm-Sp-IqsS Bbn-cp-∂p. kI-ehpw Ah≥ apJm-¥cw Df-hmbn.; Df-hm-b-sXm∂pw Ahs\ IqSmsX Df-hm-b-X-√. Ah-\n¬ Poh-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Poh≥ a\p-jy-cpsS shfn-®-am-bn-cp-∂p. shfn®w Ccp-fn¬ {]Im-in-°p-∂p. Ccptfm AXns\ ]nSn-®-S-°nbn√ (tbm:1:1˛6) Cu Xncp-h-N\ {]Imcw {XnXz-Øn¬ c≠m-a\mb, hN-\-amb, ssZh-]p-{X-\m-b tbip At{X Cu \oXn kqcy≥. Ah≥ Xs∂-°p-dn-®p-Xs∂ km£yw ]d-™p. "" Rm≥ temI-Øns‚ shfn-®-am-Ip∂p'' (tbm:8:12) Cu \oXn kqcys\ AWn™ kv{Xn Bcm-bn-cn°pw? ZqX≥ Ah- t fmSv "" adn- b tb `b- s ∏- t S- ≠ , \n\°p

151

152

ssZh-Øns‚ Ir] e`n-®p, \o K¿`w [cn®v Hcp aIs\ {]k-hn-°pw, Ah\v tbip F∂p t]¿ hnfn-t°-Ww. Ah≥ hen-b-h-\m-Ipw, AXyp-∂Xs‚ ]p{X-s\∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Spw. I¿Øm-hmb ssZhw Ahs‚ ]nXm-hmb Zmho-Zns‚ knwlmk\w Ah\p sImSp-°pw. Ahs‚ cmPy-Øn\v Ah-km-\-ap-≠m-I-bn√ F∂p ]d-™p........ ]cnip-≤m-flmhv \ns‚-ta¬ hcpw. AXyp-∂-Xs‚ i‡n \ns‚-ta¬ \ng-en-Spw. BsI-bm¬ DZv`hn-°p∂ hnip≤ {]P ssZh-]p-{X-s\∂p hnfn°-s∏-Spw.'' (eqt°m :1:39˛-45). Cu Xncp-h-N-\{]-Imcw \ΩpsS CS-bn¬ ]m¿°p-hm≥ X°hÆw hN-\amw ssZh-sØ, \oXn-kq-cys\ K¿`w [cn®v Ah\v PUw \¬Inb ]cn-ip≤ I\y-I-a-dn-b-a-√msX BcmWv B kv{Xo. "" kv{XoI-fn¬ \o A\p-{Kln°s∏´-hƒ, \ns‚ K¿`-^-ehpw A\p-{K-ln-°-s∏-´-Xv. Fs‚ I¿Øm-hns‚ amXmhv Fs‚ ASp-°¬ hcp∂ am\w F\n°v FhnsS \n∂p-≠mbn'' F∂v ]cnip-≤m-flmhv \nd-™-h-fmbn skJcy ]ptcm-lnXs‚ `mcy-bmb Gen-k-_Øv ]d-™-Xn≥ {]Imcw \oXn-kq-cy-\mb tbip-\m-Ys\ Xs‚ DZ-c-Øn¬ hln® ]cn-ip≤ I\yI adnbw At{X B kv{Xo cXv\w. kqcys\ AWn™ kv { XobpsS Im¬Iogv ImW- s ∏´ N{μ≥ BcmWv? kqcy≥ kzbw {]Im-in-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ kzbw {]Im-in-°m≥ Ign-hn-√mØ N{μ≥ kqcy\n¬\n∂p {]Imiw kzoI-cn®v temI-Øn\v shfn®w (\n-emhv ) \¬Ip-∂p. "" ssZhw Ab-®n´v Hcp a\p-jy≥ h∂p, Ah\p tbml- ∂ m≥ F∂p t]¿. Ah≥ km£y-Øn-\mbn Xm≥ apJm-¥cw F√m-hcpw hniz- k nt°≠- X n\v shfn- ® - s Ø- ° p- d n®v km£yw ]d-hm≥ Xs∂ h∂p. Ah≥ shfn®--am-bn-cp-∂n-√. shfn-®-Øn\v km£yw ]d-tb≠p-∂-h\s{X'' (tbml : 1: 6˛8). shfn-®-Øn\p km£yw ]d-hm≥ h∂ tbml-∂m≥ kv\m]-I≥ ]d-bp∂p "" Bflmhv Hcp {]mhp-t]mse kz¿K-Øn¬ \n∂pw Cd-ßnh-cp-∂Xv Rm≥ I≠p. AXv Ahs‚ ta¬ hkn®p. Rmt\m Ahs\ Adn-™n-√. F¶nepw sh≈-Øn¬ kv\m\w Ign-∏m≥ Fs∂ Ab-®-

h≥ Ft∂m-Sv, Bcp-sS-ta¬ Bflmhv Cd-ßp∂Xpw hkn-°p-∂Xpw \o ImWptam Ah≥ ]cnip- ≤ m- fl m- h n¬ kv \ m\w Ign- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - h ≥ BIp∂p F∂p ]d- ™ p. Aßs\ Rm≥ ImWp-Ibpw Ch≥ ssZh-]p-{X≥ Xs∂ F∂p km£yw ]d- b p- I bpw sNbv X n- c n- ° p- ∂ p.'' (tbml: 1:32˛34) temI-Øns‚ shfn-®-am-Ip∂ {InkvXp tbip-hn-\m¬ {]Imiw e`n® tbml-∂m-s\-∏‰n tbip ]d-™p ""Ah≥ Pzen®p {]Im-in-°p∂ Hcp hnf-°m-bn-cp∂p'' Cu hnf-°mb tbml∂m≥ kv\m]-I-\mWv kv{XobpsS Im¬Iogv tbml-∂m≥ «olm Z¿in® N{μ≥. Cu N{μ\v Xs‚ \mYs‚ k∂n-[n-bn-ep≈ hn\bw A\ymZr-iy-a-t{X. "" Ah≥ hf-tcWw, Rmt\m IpdtbWw'' (tbml: 3:30) "" \ns‚ kv{Xoc-Xv\-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ cmP-Ip-am-cn-Iƒ D≠v. \ns‚ he-Xp-`m-KØv cm⁄n Hmô¿X- ¶ - a - W n™v \n¬°p∂p'' (k¶o: 45:9) ssZh- Ø ns‚ he- X p- ` m- K Øv cm⁄n-sb-t∏mse Inco-S-a-Wn-™p-\n¬°p∂ Cu kv{XobpsS Inco-S-Øn¬ ImW-s∏´ 12 \£-{X-ßƒ Bsc kqNn-∏n-°p∂p? `qan-bn¬ Ah-Xc - n® Znhy c£-Is\ Z¿in°p- h m≥ Ing- ° p- t Z- i Øp \n∂p- h ∂ hnZzm∑m¿°v hgn-Im-ń-bmbn BIm-iØv Hcp {]tXyI \£{Xw {]Xy-£a - m-hp-Ibpw Ah¿°p-ap-ºmbn t_Xvetlw e£y-am°n \oßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. icn-bmb am¿K-Øn¬ \£-{XsØ ]n≥Xp-S¿∂v Ch¿ _Xvetlw ]p¬°q-ń¬ Io‰p-io-e-I-fn¬ s]mXn™p InS-Øn-bn-cp∂ tbip-hns\ I≠p hμn®p km^-ey-a-S-bp-∂p. CXv Xs∂bmWv \Ωp-tSbpw {InkvXp-Z¿i\ am¿Kw. \oXn-kq-cy-\mb tbip-hns\ AWn-™v, Pzen®p {]Im-in-°p∂ N{μ-\m-Ip∂ tbml∂m≥ kv\m]-I≥ Im¬°ogpw bn{km-tb¬ tKm{Xw 12t\bpw \ymbw hnkvX-cn-°m≥ D]hn-jvS-cm-tI≠ \£-{X-ß-fmb 12 A∏-kvtXme- ∑ msc Xs‚ Inco- S - Ø n- e - W n™pw cm⁄nkam\w kz¿K-Øn¬ hmgp∂Xmbn ZnhyZ¿i-\-Øn-eqsS tbml-∂m≥ «olm I≠ B kv { Xoc- X v \ - Ø ns‚ a≤y- ÿ X \ap- s °- √ mh¿°pw A`-bhpw tIm´-bp-am-bn-cn-°-s´.

153

154

\oen-aw- Ke-Øns‚ a≤y-ÿ¿: hnip-≤t- bm-l∂ - m≥ kv\m]I\pw tam¿ Ko-h¿Kokv kl-Zmbpw BapJw:

dh. ^m. Ipdnbm-t°mkv πmw]d-ºn¬ (kl-hnImcn)

Cu c≠v hnip-≤∑ - mcpw CS-hI - b - psS Imh¬°mcmbn ]≈n-∏pdw tZiØns‚ sh≈n\-£{- Xß-fmbn {]tim-`n®p \nev°p-tºmƒ \m\mPmXnaX-ÿ-cmb \nhm-kn-Iƒ°v A`-bØ - n\mbn a‰v Ftßm´pw t]mtI-≠-Xn-√m-sb∂ Imcyw Ign™ 95 h¿jß-fmbn \ne-\n¬°p∂ ]c-a-kXyw Xs∂-bm-Wv.

1915 ¬ ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬ ÿm]n-X-amb \oen-a-wKew sk‚ v tacokv tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ hS-t°-t{Xm-tWmkv hnip≤-\mb tbml-∂m≥ amwtZm-t\m-bp-sSbpw sXt°t{Xm-tWmkv c‡-km-£n-bmb tam¿ Koh¿Kokv kl-Zm-bp-sSbpw AXn-hn-ip≤ \ma-Øn-em-Wt√m ÿm]n-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu c≠v hnip-≤∑mcpw CS-h-I-bpsS Imh¬°m-cmbn ]≈n-∏pdw tZi-Øns‚ sh≈n\-£{- X-ßf - mbn {]tim-`n®p \nev°p-tºmƒ \m\mPmXnaXÿ-cmb \nhm-kn-Iƒ°v A`-b-Øn-\mbn a‰v Ftßm´pw t]mtI≠-Xn-√m-sb∂ Imcyw Ign™ 95 h¿j-ß-fmbn \ne-\n¬°p∂ ]c-a-kXyw Xs∂-bm-Wv. Ai-c-W¿°v, tcmKn-Iƒ°v, Bew-_lo-\¿°v PmXn-aX Nn¥-bn-√msX Cu tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ h∂p {]m¿∞n-°p∂ A¿∞n-Iƒ°v Cu hnip-≤-cpsS {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ hgn-bmbn kzÿ-Xbpw kam-[m-\-hp-ap≈ Pohn-X-co-Xn-I-fn-te°v Xncn-b-s∏-Sp-hm≥ km[n-®n-´p≠v F∂p≈ At\-I-cpsS km£yw ChnsS FSpØp ]d-tb-≠p∂ kwKXn Xs∂-bm-Wv. Cu hnip≤-cn-eqsS At\-I¿°v e`n® kz¿Kob A\p-{K-l-ßƒ Hcn-°epw h‰n-t∏m-ImØ \ocp-dh - b - mbn ]cn-Wa - n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ]cn-ip≤ ssZham-Xm-hn-t\mSv tN¿∂v Cu Be-b-Øn¬ h∂v {]m¿∞n-°p∂ Hmtcm hnizm-kn-°pw-th≠n Xß-fpsS \mYs‚ k∂n-[n-bn¬ a≤yÿX A¿∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Cu ]pWy-hm-∑m-cpsS PohnXw \ap°pw ASpØ Xe-ap-dbv°pw am¿§-Z¿i-I-ta-Ip-hm≥ ]cym-]vXam-Ib - m¬ Ch-cpsS Pohn-XZ- ¿i-\ß - s - f-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-∂Xv \∂mbn-cn-°p-sa∂v Nn¥n-°p-∂p.

(A) hnip≤ tbml-∂m≥ kv\m]-I≥ F.-Un. H∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ sblqZy tZiØv F≥ sIscw (Ain Karim) F∂ ÿe-ØmWv tbml-∂m≥ P\n-®-Xv. Cu ÿew bcp-i-te-an\v 6 ssa¬ ]Sn-™mdv amdn ÿnXn sNøp∂p. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ P\-\Ø - n\v Bdv amkw ap≥]v skJcym ]ptcm-ln-X-s‚bpw Gen-ip-_m-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn tbml-∂m≥ P\n-®p (eq-t°m. 1:13). tbml-∂ms‚ hkv{Xw Gen-bm-hn-s\-

155

156

D¬Ir-jvS-X-bn-te°v \sΩ £Wn-°p-∂p. am{Xhp-a√ ""Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ hr£-ß-fpsS Nph-ń¬ tImSmen h®n-cn-°p-∂p. \√ êw Imbv°mØ hr£-ßƒ F√mw shń Xobn¬ C´p If-bpw'' (-eq-t°m.3:9) F∂p tI´-t∏mƒ Xobn¬ F¥p sNøWw F∂p tNmZn®v hen-sbmcp P\-°q´w tbml-∂m≥ ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse {]h¿Øn-°phm≥ Xøm-dm-Ip-∂-Xmbn thZ-Øn¬ \ap°v ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Aßs\ blq-Z-∑m-cpsS KWy-amb Iq´sØ tbip-hn-te°v BI¿jn®v Ahs\ A\p-K-an-°p-∂-h-cm-°p-hm≥ tbml∂m≥ ]cn- { i- a n- ® p. CXp- s Im- ≠ m- b n- c n°mw kv{XoI-fn¬ \n∂v P\n-®n-´p-≈h - c - n¬ tbml-∂mt\°mƒ hen-b-h-\p-≠m-bn-ń√ F∂p ]d-bphm≥ CS-bm-bXv. ChnsS Hcp {InkvXob ]ptcmln-Xs‚, k`m-{]-h¿Ø-Is‚, k`m hnizm-knbpsS IS-abpw {]h¿Ø-\hpw F¥m-bn-cn-°-Wsa∂v kv\m]I tbml-∂m≥ \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-°pI-bm-Wv. Cu Zriy coXn-bn-ep≈ {]h¿Ø-\hpw e£yhpw C∂v k`m-a° - ƒ°v Dt≠m-sb∂v ]cntim-[n®v \yq\-X-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn-t°-≠Xv Cu Ime-L´- Ø - nse AXym-hi - y-am-sW∂v Icp-Xs - ´.

3. ZuXy-Øn-\p-th≠n \ne-sIm≠ {InkvXp kvt\ln-X≥ ssZh-Øns‚ Ip™m-Sn-s\ temI-Øn\v ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p tbml∂ms‚ Pt∑m- t ±- i yw.- A - h s‚ ]cn- t O- Z \ Znhkw ]nXm-hmb k°-dnbm ]ptcm-ln-X≥ ]cnip-≤m-ﬂm-hn¬ Cu ss]X-en-s\-°p-dn®v ]d™ {]h-N-\ß-fn¬ CXv AS-ßn-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ ssZhsØ al-Xz-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw ssZh- l n- X - Ø n- \ - \ p- k - c n®v Pohn- ° p- h m\pw tbml- ∂ m≥ {i≤n- ® n- c p- ∂ p. ""Rmt\m IpdtbWw, Aht\m hf-tcWw'' (tbm-l.3:30) F∂ hN\w am{Xw aXn CXn\v sXfn-th-Im≥. \ΩpsS Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ssZh-ip-{iqj sNøp∂ t{]jn-X-cp-sSbpw BNm-cy-K-W-ß-fpsSbpw ZuXy-t_m-[hpw {]h¿Ø\ coXn-Ifpw ]p\-c-h-tem-I\w sNtø-≠p∂ kabw AXn-{Ian-®p-sh∂v ]d-sb-s´. hm°pw {]h¿Ønbpw Hcpt]mse B°n-s°m≠v ssZh-a-l-Xz-Øn-\pth≠n am{Xw {]h¿Øn-°p∂ t{]£n-X-scbmWv C∂v k`m-a-°-fn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw Imw£n-°p-∂-Xv.-F-∂m¬ Cß-s\-bp≈ `qcn-]£m-`n-{]m-bØ - n\v th≠{X {i≤ In´p-∂n-√m-sb∂-Xv Zp:Jk-Xy-a-t{X.

4. `b-s∏-SmsX A[m¿Ωn-I-X-bvs°-Xnsc t]mcm-Snb i_vZw ktlm-Z-c-\mb ^nen-∏ns‚ `mcy-bmb AcntÃm_pe-kns‚ aI-fp-amb sltcm-Zysb ]cn-{K-ln-°p-∂-Xn\v \n\°v hnln-X-a-√m-sb∂v tbml-∂m≥ apJ-Øp-t\m°n tltcm-Zm-hn-t\mSv ]d- ™ - t ∏mƒ AXn\v adp- h n- e - b mbn Xs‚ Pohs\ sImSp-t°≠n h∂p (a-Øm-bn.14 :1-- ˛-- 1---- 2). `b-an-√msX A[m¿Ωn-I-X-bvs°-Xnsc t]mcm-Snb tbml-∂ms‚ amXrI k`m-a-°ƒ F√m-hcpw ]n≥Xp-S-tc≠ Pohn-X-ssi-en-bm-Wv. AXv `c-W-I¿Øm-°ƒs°Xn-cmbn Bbn-cp∂mepw, Ak-XysØ IÆ-S®v ad-®p-]n-Sn-°phm≥ {ian-°p-tºmƒ k`-bn-em-bn-cp-∂mepw, kaql-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂mepw, cmPy-Øm-bn-cp-∂mepw Kp≠m-bn-khpw Acm-PI - X - zhpw shń-\n-cØ - epw ]oVn-Xs‚ \ymbw adn-®n-Snepw k¿Δ-km-[m-cW-ambn amdpw. Chn-sS-bmWv tbip-{InkvXp ]≠v tbcp-itew tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ Nm´-hmdv sIm≠v A[m¿Ωn-IXsb ASn®v HmSn®v ssZhØn- \ p≈ ÿe- ß ƒ ]cn- i p- ≤ - a m- ° p- h m≥ ho≠pw Cd-ßn-h-cp∂ Ahÿ kwPm-X-ambn Xocp-∂-Xv. C∂pw Xs‚ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-eqsS ssZhw Cu IrXyw \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂X - n¬ \ap°v k¿Δ- i - ‡ s\ al- X z- s ∏- S p- Ø mw. ""A\oXn sNøp- ∂ - h ≥ C\nbpw A\oXn sNøs´; hnip-≤≥ C\nbpw Xs∂ hnip-≤o-Icn-°s´; CXm Rm≥ thKw hcp-∂p; Hmtcm-cpØ\p Ah-\-hs‚ {]h¿Øn°p X°-hÆw sImSp-∏m≥ {]Xn-êw Fs‚ ]°¬ D≠v F∂ kz¿§-Ønse i_vZw ]≠v kv\m]-I-tbm-l∂m\neqsS At\-I¿°v am\-km-¥cw \evInb- X p- t ]mse k`- b n- s ebpw kaq- l - Ø nse At\Iw ]pgp-°p-Øp-I-tf‰ a\p-jy¿°v am\km-¥-cm-\p-`hw ssIh-cp-hm≥ hnip-≤s‚ a≤yÿ-X-bn¬ A`-b-s∏-´p-sIm≠v \ap°v {]m¿∞n°mw.

(B)hnip-≤K - o-h¿Kokv klZm Koh¿Kokv Gjymssa\-dnse I∏-tZm-Iy-bn¬ F.-Un. 283 ¬ P\n-®Xmbn hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ct±- l - Ø ns‚ amXm- ] n- X m- ° ƒ Ipeo- \ cpw ]nXmhv Utbm- ¢ n- j ≥ N{I- h ¿Øn- b psS k¿Δ-ssk-\ym-[n-]-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Icp-Xs∏-Sp-∂p. Koh¿Ko-km-Is´ N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS

157

158

ssk\y-Ønse Hcp Db¿∂ DtZym-K-ÿ-\p-ambn-cp-∂p. hn. Koh¿Kokv kl-Zm-sb-°p-dn®v A\h[n sFXolyßƒ k`m-a-°-fpsS CS-bn¬ {]N- c n®p hcp- ∂ p- ≠ v . AXn¬ {][m- \ - s ∏´ H∂mWv hymfnsb sIm∂v cmPm-hns‚ ]p{Xnsb c£n® kw`-hw. en_n-b-bnse cmPm-hns‚ aIfmb B≥t{Um-ta-Zs - b-bmWv skeo≥ F∂ ]´W-Øn¬ h®v ]pWy-hm-f≥ c£n-®-Xv. N{Ih¿Øn-bpsS ssk\y-Ønse Db¿∂ DtZym-Kÿ- \ m- b n- c p- ∂ - X p- s Im- ≠ m- b n- c n°mw hn.- K oh¿Kokv skeo≥ ]´-W-Øn¬ FØp-hm\pw cmP-Ip-am-cnsb hymf-Øns‚ hmbn¬ \n∂v c£s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw Ign-™-Xv. F∂m¬ Hcp cmPyØnse cmPmhpw P\-ßfpw ]cm-Pbw G‰p-hmßn-bS- Øv hn.-Ko-h¿Kokn\v hnP-bn-°p-hm≥ Ign™-Xv Xs‚ ssZhm-{ibw H∂p-sIm-≠p-am-{X-ambn-cp-∂p. am{X-hp-a√ skeo≥Im-cmb At\-Isc hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bn¬\n∂v am‰p-hm\pw kXy-ssZhsØ Bcm-[n-°p∂ hnizm-kn-I-fm-°p-hm\pw hn.-Ko-h¿Ko-kn\v km[n-°p-Ibpw cmPm-hns‚ A\p-aX - n-tbmsS AhnsS tZhm-eb - ß - ƒ ÿm]n°p-hm\pw ]ptcm-ln-Xsc \nb-an-®m°p-hm\pw Ign-™p. \memw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ \nt°mta-Znbbnse cmPm-hmb Utbm-¢o-jys‚ aX-]oV-sb-Øp-S¿∂mWv hn.-Ko-h-dp-Kokv kl-Zm-bmbn-Øo¿∂-Xv. {]kvXpX ]oV-Iƒ Ggv h¿jw hsc \o≠p-\n-∂-Xmbn Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ tcJ-s∏Sp- Ø p- ∂ p (Britanica 2001)- . A- ∏ - t em- k v , tlm¢nkv F∂o tZh-∑msc Bcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn\v hnk-Ω-Xn®Xn\m-emWv C{]-Imcw ]oV-Iƒ G¬t°-≠n-h-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ ]oV-\-I-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏mgpw At\Iw A¤p-X-ßƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-hm\pw N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS `mcy AeIvk-{¥n-bm-tbbpw ]p{Xn hte-dn-bm-tbbpw {InkvXp-hn-te°v apX¬Iq-´p-hm\pw hnip-≤\v km[n-®p. Ae-Ivkm-{¥n-b -taSw 8˛mw XobXn hmfm¬ sIm√-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]pWy-hm≥ G.-Un. 303 taSamkw 23˛mwXobXn ]me-kvXo-\nse enU (C-t∏mƒ C{km-tb-ense temZv) F∂ ÿeØv h®v c‡-km-£nXzw hcn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hnip≤ Koh¿Kokv klZmsb alm-\mb Ipkv X - ¥ ot\mkv N{Ih¿Øn- b psS Imew apXte ]pWy-hm-\mbn KWn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xmbn

F.-Un. 494 ¬ ]Wn-b-s∏´ c≠v kpdn-bm\n ]≈n-I-fnse enJn-X-ß-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. am{X-hp-a√ \nt°m-ta-Zn-b, epZnb, sX tem-\n-Iy- F∂o ÿe-ß-fn¬ hnip-≤s‚ \maØn¬ ]≈n-Iƒ ÿm]n-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.- hn.- Koh¿Kokv kl-Zmsb Cw•≠v cmPyw Imh¬ ]nXm-hmbn (Patron Saint) IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. kl-Zm-bpsS c‡-km-£n-Zn-\-amb G{]n¬ 23 C∂pw Cw•-≠n¬ s]mXp Hgnhv Zn\-ambn BNcn-®p-h-cp-∂p F∂v AhnsS t]mbn ]Tn® Cu teJ-I\v t\cn´v Adn-hp≈ kwK-Xn-bmWv. AhnSpsØ \mW-b-ß-fnepw tk\-I-fpsS bqWnt^m-ap-I-fnepw hnip-≤s‚ Nn{Xw Bte-J\w sNøp-Ibpw hnip-≤≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ Nph∂ Ipcniv AS-bmfw C∂pw AhnsS ImWm-sa∂Xpw aX-Xo-£-WX At»-j-an-√mØ B cmPy-Øn¬ sN√p-∂-hsc A¤pX-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. ]mºpI-fn¬ \n∂pw Cg-PmXn h¿§-ßfn¬ \n∂pw c£-t\-Sp-∂-Xn\v C∂pw At\-I¿ hnip≤ Koh-dp-Ko-kns‚ a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ A`-bs∏-Sp-∂p. B hnip-≤s‚ Pohn-Xhpw {]h¿Ø\-ßfpw \sΩ Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv GXv A\oXn-sbbpw F{X i‡-amb ZpjvS-X-sbbpw ASn]-X-dmØ ssZhm-{i-bhpw {InkvXp tbip-hnep≈ at\m-ss[-cyhpw sIm≠v tXmev]n-°m-sa∂- X m- W v . Zpjv S - X - b psS aq¿Øn- c q- ] - a mb hymfsØ \∑bpsS {]Xo-I-amb Ip¥w-sIm≠v Hcp hnizm-kn°v t\cn´v tXmev]n-°p-hm\pw At\-Isc tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-te°v \bn-°phm\pw km[n-°p-sa∂v ]pWy-hm-\mb klZm \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p.

D]-kw-lmcw \oenaw-K-ew- tZ-hm-e-b-Øns‚ Imh¬]nXm-°-∑m-cmb hnip≤ tbml-∂m≥ amwtZm-\bpsSbpw ]pWy-hm-\mb Koh¿Kokv kl-ZmbpsSbpw Pohn-X-Øns‚ GSp-I-fn-eqsS IS-∂psN-√p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-Z¿i-\-ßsf ]Tn°p-Ibpw Xß-fp-tS-Xmb Pohn-X-Øn¬ Ahsb kmwio-I-cn®v AsXmcp A\p-jvTm-\-am-°p∂ Gh¿°pw Ah-cpsS a≤y-ÿX hgn-bmbn k¿Δ sFiz-cy-ßfpw ssZhw Xºp-cm≥ \¬I-s´sb∂v CS-h-I-bv°p-th≠n {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p.

159

160

IpSpw_w `qan-bnse \∑-If - psS Ddh

kJ-dnbmkv tam¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø (ae-_m¿ `{Zm-k\w)

thZ-]p-kvXI - Ø - n¬ a-\pjys‚ DZv`h - hpw, Db¿®bpw, Xf¿®bpw, A\p-{K-lhpw ,in£-bpsa√mw Nn{Xo-Ic- n-®n-cn-°p∂Xv Hcp IpSpw-_Ø - ns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv.

`qan-bnse F√m \∑-I-fp-sSbpw Dd-hnSw GsX∂v At\z-jn®m¬ \mw sNs∂-ØpI IpSpw-_-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw. `qan-bnse F√m Xn∑-If - p-sSbpw Dd-hnSw At\zjnv®mepw sNs∂-ØpI IpSpw-_Ø - n¬ Xs∂ Bbn-cn-°pw. At∏m-kvtXm-enI k`-bnse ssZh-a-°ƒ°v hnip-≤-∑m-tcmSv Bg-am-b -Hcp BZ-c-hp-≠v. hnip-≤-∑m-cpsS AÿnIfpw Xncp-ti-jn-∏p-Ifpw ssZh-i‡nbpsS am≤y-a-ß-fmbn \mw ImWp-∂p. Hmtcm hnip-≤-∑m-cp-sSbpw Pohn-X-Øn\p ]n∂n¬ Hcp hnip-≤-Ip-Spw-_-ap-≠v. kaq-l-Ønse Hmtcm Ip‰-hm-fn-Isfbpw ]cntim-[n-®m¬ Ah¿°p ]n∂n¬ \∑ \jvS-s∏´ Hcp IpSpw-_sØ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. "thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ a-\p-jys‚ DZv`-hhpw, Db¿®bpw, Xf¿®bpw, A\p-{K-lhpw ,in£-bp-sa√mw Nn{Xo-I-cn-®ncn-°p-∂Xv Hcp IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv.' a\pjyPohnX-Øns‚ hf¿®-sbbpw Xf¿®sbbpw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv As√-¶n¬ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xv IpSpw-_-am-sW∂v thZ-]p-kvXIw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ]X\w Xs∂ ssZh-_‘w \jvS-s∏-SpØnb Hcp IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ]X-\-Øn¬ \n∂m-Wv. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ a\p-jy-Ip-e-Øns‚ c£ Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv ssZh-ln-X-Øn\p Iog-S-ßnb \t{k-Ønse sIm®p-Ip-Spw-_-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv. a\pjykaq-l-Øns‚ \∑sb kzm[o-\n-°p∂ ASn-ÿm\ LSI-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ hnip-≤o-I-cWw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.

I IpSpw_w thZ-]p-kvXI ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ {XnssXzI ssZh-Øns‚ kvt\l Iq´m-bva-bn¬ kvt\lØns‚ \nd-hn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ Xocp-am-\-amWv \ap°p \ΩpsS Ombbnepw kmZr-iy-Ønepw a\p-jys\ krjvSn°mw F∂Xv. ssZhØns‚kvt\lw Ic-I-hn-s™m-gp-In-b-XmWv a\p-jys‚ krjvSn. ssZh-kz-cq-]-Ønepw kmZr-iy-Ønepw krjvSn® a\p-jys\ t\m°n ssZhw ]d™p a\p-jy≥ GI-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv \∂-√. ssZh-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\k - z-`m-ha- mWv kvt\lw. ssZh-kvt\lw ]¶p-shbv°e - mWv (Agape) . ssZhw Xs‚ kvt\lw a\p-jy-\n-te°v sNmcn™v kvt\lw sIm≠v Ahs\ \nd®v ssZh-Xz-Øn-te°v hf¿Øp-I˛ CXm-bn-cp∂p ssZh-Øns‚ lnXw. ]¶ph°p-hm≥ kl-Po-hn-bn-√mØ-h\v ssZh-Xz-Øn-te°v hf-cm-\m-hn-√. AXp-sIm≠v ssZhw

161

162

C{]-Imcw ]d-™p. a\p-jy≥ GI-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv \∂-√. BZm-an¬ \n∂v Hcp kv{Xosb krjvSn-®psIm≠v Hcp Iq´mbva Pohn-X-Øn-te°v a\p-jys\ ssZhw ssI ]nSn-®p-b¿Øp-∂p. ssZh-km-∂n≤yw \nd-™p-\n-ev°p∂ Iq´m-bva-bnse Hcp hy‡nbpsS ho£Ww kl-Po-hn-sb-°p-dn®v Fßs\ Bbn-cn-°p-sa∂v BZm-ans‚ kl-Po-hn-tbm-Sp≈ {]Xn-I-c-W-Øn¬ \n∂p \ap°p a\- n-em-°mw. ""Fs‚ Aÿn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Aÿn Fs‚ amwkØn¬ \n∂p≈ amwkw'' F∂p ]d- ™ m¬ AXns‚ A¿∞w \o Fs‚-Xm-Wv. Xß-fpsS Iq´mbv a - b n¬ \∑bpw Xn∑bpw \n›- b n- ° m≥ ssZhsØ A\p-h-Zn®v ssZhsØ IqsS sIm≠p \S-°p∂ Hcp IpSpw-_-sØ-bmWv GZ≥ tXm´Øn¬ \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. BZm-an-te°v Hgp-In-sbØp∂ ssZh-kvt\lw lΔm-bn-te°p ]I¿∂v BZm-an¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ kvt\l-Øn\v {]Xnkvt\lw \evIp-Ibpw {XnXz-Øn-te°p hf-cpIbpw sNøp∂ IpSpw-_-sØ-bmWv \mw AhnsS ImWp-∂X - v. Cu kvt\l-Øns‚ \nd-hn¬ H∂mbn Xocp∂ B IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂v ssZh-kvt\lw sIm≠p \nd™ Xe-apd krjvSn-°s - ∏-SW - s - a∂pw AXn-eqsS Poh≥ ]I-c-s∏-S-W-sa∂pw ssZhw B{K-ln-°p-∂p. ssZh-kvt\-l-Øns‚ \nd-hn¬ Poh≥ ]I-cm-\mWv IpSpw_w ÿm]n-°-s∏-´n-cn°p-∂X - v. `qan-bn¬ ssZh ]p{X-∑m¿°v P∑w \evIpI-sb-∂-XmWv IpSpw-_-ØneqsS ssZhw B{K-ln°p-∂-Xv.

II ]m]w IpSpw-_sØ inYn-e-am-°p-∂p kvt\l-Øm¬ A`n-tjIw sNø-s∏´ BZmans‚ ho£Ww Xs‚ kl- P o- h n- s b- ° p- d n®v Ahƒ Fs‚ Aÿn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Aÿn amwkØn¬ \n∂p≈ amwkw F∂m-Wv. Hcp ]pcp-js\bpw kv{Xosbbpw \nco-£n-®m¬ imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpw Bﬂo-Ihpw _u≤n-Ihpw sshImcn-I-hp-ambn hf-sc-tbsd hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠v. Cu sshcp-≤y-ßƒ°v A∏p-dØv Xs‚ Aÿnbpw amwk-hp-ambn Ahsf Dƒs°m-≈m≥ km[n-®Xv ssZh-Ir-]-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Ir] \jvS-s∏´, ssZhØns‚ hm°p-Isf Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]pdw X≈nb, AXn-eqsS ssZhsØ Xs∂ ]pdwX≈nb a\p-jys‚ ho£Ww ss__nƒ hc®v ImWn-°p∂p. krjvSm-hn-t\-°mƒ A[nIw krjvS-h-kvXp°sf kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw, krjvSm-h√ krjvS-hkvXp-°-fmWv Fs∂ hf¿Øp-∂Xv F∂ BZmans‚ Imgv N - ∏ m- S v . CXp Xn∂m¬ \o

ssZhsØt∏mse- b mIpw F∂ ]nim- N ns‚ {]t_m-[-\-Øn\p ap≥]n¬ \ns∂ ssZh-sØ-t∏mse-bm-°nØo¿°m≥ \ns‚ ssZhw B{K-ln-°p∂n√, \ns‚ ssZhw A{X \√-h-s\m-∂p-a√ ssZhØnepw ssZh-Øns‚ ]c-a-amb \∑-bn-ep-ap≈ hnizmk XI¿® AhnsS IpSpw-_-Øn¬ kw`-hn°p-I-bm-Wv. Cu hnizmk XI¿®-bmWv a\p-jyIp-e-Øns‚ ]m]w. krjvS-h-kvXp-°sf ssZhambn I≠ a\p-jy≥, krjvSm-hns‚ \∑-Im-Wm≥ IÆv AS-™p-t]mb a\p-jy≥ Ah≥ ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂v AI∂v amdpw. BZw \o Fhn-sS F∂ hnfnbn-eqsS \jvS-s∏´ a\p-jys\ At\z-jn®v \S°p∂ ssZhw {]hm-N-I-∑m-cn-eq-sSbpw, a\p-jys‚ Ncn-{X-Øn-eq-sSbpw, a\p-jy-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ a≤yØn¬ amwkw [cn®v a\p-jy-\m-bn-Øo¿∂v B At\z-jWw XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv.- F-∂m¬ C∂pw ]ca \∑-bmb ssZhsØ Is≠-Ømt\m krjvS-hkvXp-°ƒ Fs∂ hf¿Øn-√m-sb∂pw Fs‚ \ne\nev]n\v Ah B[m-ca- s - √∂pw Xncn-®d- n-bm≥ ]‰mØ-hn[w A‘-am-bn-t∏mb IÆp-I-fp-am-bn-´mWv a\p-jy≥ Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. ]m]w a\p-jys‚ am\knI \nesb Imcy- a mb XI- c m- d n- e m- ° p- ∂ p. Ahs‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ssZh-Øns‚ aqey-ap≈ Nn¥bn¬ \n∂pw \new s]mØp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠mWv Ir] \jvS-s∏-´-h≥, Poh≥ \evIp-∂-hs\ t\m°n \o F\n°p X∂ Cu kv{Xo Ah-ƒ ]dn®p-X∂p Rm≥ Xn∂p F∂ Ip‰w hn[n-bp-sSbpw ]ndp-]n-dp-°-en-s‚bpw kzcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xv. Xs‚ hf¿®bv°pw Db¿®bv°pw th≠n ssZhw Zm\ambn \ev I nb Xs‚ PohX ]¶m- f n, Xs‚ XI¿®bv°p Imc-W-°mcn BsW∂v ssZhsØ Nq≠n ]d-bp∂ a\p-jys\ thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \mw ImWp-I-bm-Wv. C∂pw Xs‚ IpSpw-_mw-Kßsf t\m°n \o BWv Fs‚ XI¿®°p ImcW-°m-c≥, Imc-W-°mcn F∂v ]d™v A]-cs\ {]Xn-°q-´n¬ Ib-‰p-tºmƒ \n\°v Hcp Xncn-®-dnhv D≠m- I Ww \n\- ° p- I r] \jv S - s ∏- ´ p. \o ssZhsØ Fhn-sStbm \jvS-s∏-SpØn Ign-™psh-∂v. IpSpw-_-sØbpw IpSpw-_-Øn-eqsS k¥m\-ß-sf-bpw, ktlm-Z-c-ß-sfbpw ssZhw \n\°p \evIn-bXv \ns∂ ssZh-Xz-Øn-te°p hf¿Øm-\mWv. \ns‚ hf¿®°p Imc-W-°m-cm-tI-≠-h≥ \ns‚ i{Xp-hmbn \n∂v \n\-s°-Xn-cmbn {]Xn-Icn-°p-∂p-sh∂v \n\°p tXm∂p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ \ns‚bp-≈n¬ ]Xn™p Ib-dn-bn-cn-°p∂ ss]im-Nn-IXtbbpw ]m]-Øns‚ sI´p-Is - fbpw Is≠-Øm≥ \o Xøm-dmtb aXn-bm-hq. ssZhsØ X≈n If™n´pw Ah-\n-ep≈ hnizmkw \jvS-s∏-´n´pw

163

164

bmsXmcp `mh hyXym-k-hp-an-√msX a\p-jys‚ Pohn-X-Øn-te°v Cdßn hcp∂ ssZh-sØ-bmWv \mw GZ≥ tXm´-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. X∂n¬ \n∂v AI-∂p-t]mb a\p-jys\ tXSn GZ≥ tXm´-Ønse-Øp∂ ssZh-Øns‚ At\zjWw Im¬h-cn-bneq-sSbpw k`-bn-eq-sSbpw XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. ]m]w inYn-e-am-°nb Nn¥-bp-ambn ]ckv]cw apdn-th‰pw apdn-th-ev]n®pw Ign-bp∂ BZman-s‚bpw lΔm-bp-sSbpw Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v AhcpsS ]m]-Øns‚ \nd-hn¬ Hcp Xe-apd P∑w sIm≠p. ktlm- Z - c s‚ \njv I - f ¶ c‡sØ tKmXºp hb-en¬ No‰n-sØ-dn-∏n-°m≥ CS-bm°nb Imtbs‚ a\- m£n cq]w sIm≠Xv ]m]Øn¬ \n]-Xn® Hcp IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂m-Wv.

III in£-b√ c£-bmWv e£yw a\p-jy≥ ssZhsØ hn[n-bm-f\ - mbn ho£n°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw in£-b√ c£-bmWv ssZhØns‚ e£yw. Hcp ]pcp- j - \ n¬ \n∂v Hcp kv{Xosb krjvSn-®p-sIm≠v a\p-jys\ c£-bnte-°p hf¿Øm-\p≈ ssZh-Øns‚ ]≤Xn a\pjy≥ Xs∂ ]cm- P - b - s ∏- S p- Ø n- b - t ∏mƒ, Hcp kv{Xobn¬ \n∂v hN-\-amb ssZhw amwkw [cn®v Hcp ]pcp-j-\mbn ]pd-Øp-h∂v, Hcp a\p-jy≥ Fßn-s\-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v ssZhw B{K-ln-°p∂p-sh∂v shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ah-\mWv tbip. hnPmXnb ]p{Xn-bn¬ \n∂v Xs‚ aW-hm-´n-bmb k`sb Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-hm≥ Xs‚ Poh-s\-t∏mepw \jvSs∏-Sp-Øn-bXv k`bneqsS ssZh ]p{X-∑m¿°p P∑w \ev I m- \ m- W v . - A - X p- s Im- ≠ p- X s∂ ss{IkvXh IpSpw_ Pohn-XØ - ns‚ e£yw ssZh]p-{X-∑m¿°p P∑w \evIpI F∂-Xm-Wv. \o Fs∂ sIm∂mepw \o Fs‚ apJØp Xp∏n-bmepw sNfn-bn-eqsS Fs∂ hen-®n-g®v sIm≠p-t]m-bmepw \nt∂m-Sp≈ Fs‚ \ne-]mSv I¿Ømth Ch¿ sNøp-∂Xv Fs¥∂v Ch¿ Adn-bm-bvI-bm¬ ChtcmSp £an-t°-W-sa, F∂-Xm-Wv. ssZh-Øn¬ a\p-jy-\p≈ hnizmkw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mWv Cu _en-b¿∏-Ww. \jvS-s∏´p t]mb, ssZh-Øns‚ \∑-bn-ep≈ hnizmkw XncnsI \evIm-\mWv Cu kvt\l-Øns‚ _en-b¿∏-Ww.

IV hnhmlw F∂ IqZmi IqZmi F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w hnip-≤oI-cWw F∂m-Wv. ssZh-Øns‚ hnip≤n a\p-jy-

\n-te-°p- ]-I-cp-hm-\mWv ssZhw k`-bn¬ IqZmi ÿm]n-®X - v. hnhmlw F∂ IqZm-isb ssZhw k`bn¬ ÿm]n-®Xv ssZh-Øns‚ hnip-≤n -Ip-Spw-_Øn-te°p ]I-cp-hm-\mWv. Hcp aW-hm-f\pw aWhm-ńbpw tbip-hn¬ H∂mbn Xocp∂ IqZm-ib - mWv hnhm-lw. aq∂p-t]-cmWv hnhml ip{iq-j°p tijw IpSpw_w F∂ ÿm]-\Ø - n-te°p t]mIp∂-Xv. F∂m¬ ssZh-Øns‚ hnip≤n Pohn-X-Ønte°p ]I-cm\pw Xe-ap-d-I-fn-te°p ]I-cm\pw X°-hn[w hnhm-l-sa∂ IqZmibpsS al-XzsØ Xncn-®-dn™v AXns\ kao-]n-°p-∂-h-cpsS FÆw C∂p Ipd™p hcn-I-bm-Wv. hnhml Znh-k-ßƒ aZy-]m-\-Øn\pw a‰p BtLm-j-ßƒ°p-ap≈ Ah-k-c-ß-fmbn ImWp∂Xv hnhm-ls - a∂ IqZm-ib - psS ]mh-\X - bpw hnip≤nbpw \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. tamSn-bp≈ hkv{Xßƒ°pw hne-Iq-Snb B`-c-W-ßƒ°pw cpNn-I-camb t`mP-\-Øn\pw {]Ya ÿm\w sImSp-°ptºmƒ hnhm-l-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-h-cp∂ ssZhoI hnip≤n {]m]n-°p-hm≥ bmsXmcp hn[-Øn-ep≈ Hcp-°ß - fpw ]e-cp-sSbpw Pohn-XØ - n¬ C√. hnhml-Iq-Zm-isb ]q¿Æ-am-°p∂ hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-hm≥ Rmb-dm-g-NIfn¬ t]mepw aWhm-fs\m aW-hm-ńsbm FØm-dn-√. hnhml Znh-k-ß-fn¬ `h-\-ß-fn¬ IpSpw_-{]m¿∞-\-Iƒ t]mepw shdpw Hcp NSßp am{Xam-Wv. {]m¿∞\ ip{iq-j-bn¬ Bflm¿∞-ambn ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂X - n\p ]Icw t^mt´m, hoUntbm Ch Nn{XoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp Ah-k-c-ambn am{Xw Ahsb Nne¿ ho£n-°p-∂p. a‰p-≈h - c - psS apºn¬ Xß-fpsS kº-Øn-s‚bpw {]Xm-]-ß-fp-sSbpw [m¿jvSyw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂Xn\p≈ a’-c-th-Zn-If-mbn hnhml thZn-Iƒ A[-]-Xn-°p-∂p. CXp aqew ssZhw IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂pw Ah-K-Wn-°s∏-Sp-Ibpw A\y-am-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXp sIm≠mWv At\Iw IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-ßƒ hnhml-tijw Znh-k-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ Xs∂ hnhm-l-tamN-\-ambn Xocp-∂-Xv. IpSpw_w ssZh-Øm¬ ÿm]n-Xa- m-sW∂pw IpSpw-_Ø - ns‚ \mY≥ {InkvXphmsW∂pw IpSpw_-Øn-eqsS Pohs\ ]I-cm≥ hnfn-°-s∏-´-h-cmWv IpSpw- _ - P o- h n- X - ° m¿ F∂pw IpSpw- _ - Ø ns‚ ssZhXzw \jvS-s∏-´m¬ k`bpw kaq-lhpw XIcp-sa∂pw Xncn-®-dn™v IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS hnip-≤oI-c-W-Øn-\mbn \ap°p {]m¿∞n-°mw.

165

166

]cn-ip-≤\ - mb tam¿ Btlm-

sFk°v tam¿ HkvØm-Øn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø (ssaem-∏q¿ `{Zm-k\w)

tam¿ Btlm-bpsS t\XrXz-Øn¬ A©p Zb-dmIƒ \n¿Ωn-°s- ∏-´p. ]n¬°m-eØv hnizm-knIƒ°v A`-bt- I-{μ-ambn B Zb-dm-Iƒ am‰-s∏-´p.

tam¿ Btlm-bpsS Poh-Nc - n{Xw kpdn-bm\n `mj-bn¬ BZyambn At±-l-Øns‚ injy-∑m-cmWv Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. At±lw kndnbm-bn-ep≈ dmkv A¬-Fbv≥ F∂ ]´-W-Øn¬ P\n-®p. At±l-Øns‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ hn{K-lm-cm-[-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p. t]¿jy≥ ]´mfw dmkv A¬ Fbv≥ Iog-S-°n.-A-hnsS \n∂pw ]e-tcbpw XShp-Im-cm-°n-b-t∏mƒ tam¿ Btlmbpw Ah-t\m-Sp-Iq-sS-bp-≈hcpw sIm≠p-t]m-I-s∏-´p. F∂m¬ Cdm-°n-ep≈ \n\p-hm-bn¬ h®v Btlm tam¿ anJm-tb-ens\ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´p. At±-l-amWv tam¿ Btlmsb {InkvXym-\n-bm-°n-b-Xv. AhnsS \n∂pw Ah¿ c≠p-t]cpw Hcp-an®v tbip-{InkvXp apJm-¥ncw Ahs‚ kphntijw Adn-bn-°p-hm≥ Xpdm-_vZo-\n-te°v t]mbn. tam¿ Btlm-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ A©p Zb-dm-Iƒ \n¿Ωn°-s∏-´p. ]n¬°m-eØv hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v A`-bt- I-{μ-ambn B Zbdm-Iƒ am‰-s∏-´p. Xp¿°n-bn-ep≈ Zmcn-kvIzm-\n°v Ip∂n-ep≈ Zbd, _\m-an\p kao]w sZ^vs\Øv Zb-d; Kcm-k≥ F∂ {]tZi-Øn\p kao-]-ap≈ Aem-h-kn-ep≈ Zb-d, ka-Xew F∂¿∞ap≈ Aem-Xm-^n-bm-bn-ep≈ Zb-dm, ]cn: …o_m-bpsS Zb-d: Cu Zb-dm-Iƒ F√mw Xp¿°n cmPy-Øn-emWv ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. Cu A©p Zb-dm-Ifpw tam¿ Btlm-bpsS ]cn-{iaw sIm≠mWv ÿm]n-°-s∏-´-Xv. tam¿ Btlm I¿Ømhpw c£n-Xm-hp-amb tbip-anin-lmbpsS Xncp-\maw {]tLm-jn-®p-sIm≠v At\Iw {]tZ-iß - ƒ Np‰n k©-cn-®p. At±lw tbdp-itew apgp-h\pw Np‰n k©-cn®v AhnsS \n∂pw {Kokn¬ FØn. ]n∂oSv AhnsS \n∂pw IpkvX¥o- t \mkv t]meo- k n- s eØn (Constantinople.). AhnsS kμ¿in-°p∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ \ΩpsS I¿Ømhpw c£n-Xm-hpambhs\ {Iqin® Ipcn-ins‚ Awiw e`n-®p. B Xncp-ti-jn-∏pambn At±lw Xp¿°n-bn-ep≈ hn. …o_m-bpsS Zb-dm-bn¬ aSßn-sb-Øn. (Cu Xncp-ti-jn-∏ns‚ Awiw Xp¿°n-bn¬ Zb¿ _°dn-ep≈ ]cn: ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ ÿm]n-®n-´p-≠v. CXn¬ \n∂pw Hcp sNdnb Awiw Bbn-cn°mw ]cn: Gen-bmkv XrXob≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mh Xs‚ ]Sn-am-eb - n¬ kq£n-®Xpw ]n∂oSv ae-¶-cbv°v A\p-{K-l-ambn e`n-®-Xpw. Cu teJ-I≥ Xp¿°n-bn-ep≈ hn. …o_m-bpsS Zb-d-mbpw tam¿ Btlm-bpsS

167

168

I_-dn-Shpw kμ¿in-®n-´p-≠v). XpS¿∂v tam¿ Btlm- bm{X sNbvXv A¿ta-\n-bm-bn-ep≈ A¬hmkv F∂ {Kma-ØnseØn. AhnsS h®v ssZh-Øns‚ A\p-{K-l-Øm¬ tam¿ Btlm At\Iw A¤p-X-ßƒ {]h¿Øn-®p. tXtbm-tZm-dn-kns‚ sNIn-S\pw Dua-bpamb lqtdm F∂ aI\v kuJyw sImSp-Øp. ]nim- N n- \ m¬ ]oUn- ∏ n°- s ∏´psIm≠n- c p∂ lmt_¬ F∂ bphm-hn¬ \n∂pw ]nim-Nns\ ]pd-Øm-°n. hnip-≤-\mb tam¿ amIvkn-a-kns\ NXn-bn¬ IpSp-°n, Pbnen¬ AS-∏n® tZm¿kne F∂ h‘y-bmb bph-Xn°v {`m¥p ]nSn-®p. tam¿ Btlm hnip-≤-\mb amIvkn-a-kn-\pth≠n {]m¿∞n-®p. At±lw Pbn¬ tamNn-X\m-bn. tam¿ Btlm-bpsS {]m¿∞-\-bmepw A\p-{K-l-Ømepw tZm¿kn-e-bpsS {`m¥v amdpIbpw, h‘y-bmbncp∂-hƒ - Ggp B¨ Ip™pßƒ°v P∑w \¬In. AXn¬ G‰hpw aqØbmƒ tdmam-\kv ]n¬°m-eØv tam¿ BtlmbpsS injy-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. tam¿ Bt\m A¿ta\n-bm-bn-ep≈ A¬hm-kn¬ h®v I¿Øm-hns\ {Iqin® Ipcn-ins‚ Awi-sa-SpØv Xs‚ aSn-bn¬ h®p. B tZi-Øn\v F∂pw `oXn Df-hm-°nb Hm°p-a-c-Øns‚ t\sc B Xncp-ti-jn∏v Xncn®v ]nSn-®n´v ]d-™p “\-ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ Poh\p≈ Ipcniv I¿Øm-hns‚ i‡nsb ImWn°s´’’ DSs\ Xs∂ sImSp-¶m‰p hoin B Hm°p acw IS-]p-gIn AXn-t\m-Sp-IqSn Hcp Imfbpw

sNΩ-cn-bmSpw IqSn hmbp-hn¬ ]d∂v A¿tkdkv \Zn-bn-te°v Fdn-bs - ∏-´p. Cu kw`hw aqew B {Kma-Ønse `c-W-I¿Ømhv {InkvXob hnizmkw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw B {Kma-\n-hm-knIƒ F√m-hcpw IqSn-t®¿∂v Hm°p-acw \n∂ncp∂ ÿeØv tam¿ Btlm-bpsS t\Xr-XzØn¬ Hcp Zbdm ÿm]n-®p.- acw F∂¿∞-ap≈ Zm¿°v F∂ t]cpw Zb-dmbv°v \¬I-s∏-´p. ]cn. tam¿ Btlm A¿ta-\n-bm-bn-ep≈ A¬hmkv F∂ {Kma-Øn¬ h®v F.-Un. 525 P\p-hcn amk-Øn¬ I¿Øm-hn¬ \n{Z {]m]n®p. At±-l-Øns‚ ac-W-Øn-\p-tijw Ipd®v h¿j-ßƒ ]n∂n-´-t∏mƒ tam¿ Btlm-bpsS injy-KW - Ø - nse {][m-\n-bmb lqtdmbv°v Hcp Z¿i-\-ap-≠m-bn. Z¿i-\-{]-Imcw lqtdmbvv tam¿ Btlm- b psS injy- ∑ m- c mb tam¿ Genbm A¬t_- n- b m- \ n- t bmSpw, tam¿ t\ml A≥tØ-Zm-cn-tbmSpw IqsS A¬hm-kn¬ \n∂pw tam¿ Btlm-bpsS arX-i-cocw Xp¿°n-bnse sZ^vs\-Øn-ep≈ Zb-dm-bn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn kwkvI-cn-®p. tam¿ Btlm-bpsS Hm¿Ω-Zn-hkw ]pXp-Rm-b-dm-gvNbv°v tijw hcp∂ Rmb¿ BtLm-jn-°p-∂p. hnip≤ …o_m s]cp-∂m-fnt\mSv A\p-_-‘n®pw tam¿ Btlm-bpsS s]cp∂mƒ BtLm-jn-°p∂ ]Xnhpw D≠v. tam¿ Btlm-bpsS {]m¿∞\ tIm´-bmI-s´.

amXm ]nXm Kpcp:ssZhw ad°cpsXm-cn-°epw Cu a{¥w Dj-k-‘y-bn¬ DW-cWw ssZhsØ kvXpXn-°Ww A—t\bpw AΩ-tbbpw \μn-tbmsS Hm¿°Ww Adn-hns\ Aar-Xmbn Icp-XWw Adnhp X∂ Kpcp-hns\ inc p XmgvØn hW-ßWw hen-b-hsc am\n-°Ww Ffn-b-hsc kvt\ln-°Ww

\√-Iq´p IqSWw \√-hm°v tIƒ°Ww \∂mbn ]Tn-°Ww \√ am¿°p hmßWw \mSn-s\mcp Zo]-ambn \√-h-cmbn hmgWw kºm-Z-I≥

km_p sNdp-hn-c-en¬

169

170

\oen-aw-Kew ]≈n, Hcp sFXolyw

Xºm≥ ]n. h¿Ko-kv ]pd-tØ´v

IS∏mSv : Ip-cy≥ t]mØ≥ aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬

sFXo-ly-ßƒ Xe-ap-dX - e-ap-db - mbn hmbv samgn-bneqsS ]I¿∂p t]mcp∂p. hfsc ]g°w D≈ Hcp sFXolyw Cu tZhm-eb - sØ kw_-‘n®pw D≠v.

]pcm-X\ Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ°v F√mw Xs∂ AXns‚ D¬`h-hp-ambn _‘--s∏´v an°-hmdpw Hcp sFXolyw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. CXv AXns‚ {]m[m-\yhpw ]ucm-Wn-I-X-bpsS Bghpw Adn-bn-°p-∂Xp-am-bn-cn-°pw. \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v ap≥]v \S-∂X - mbn ]d-™p-tIƒ°p∂ Cu Imcy-ßƒ B Ime-L-´-Øn\v A\p-k-cn®v hne-bn-cp-Øn-bm¬ Nne hkvXp-X-Iƒ AXn¬ D≈-Xmbn \ap°v t_m[ys∏Spw. Bbn-cØn sXm≈m-bn-cØn ]Xn-\-©n¬ ÿm]n-X-amb \oenaw-Kew sk‚ v tacokv ]≈n-bpsS A∂p-ap-X-ep≈ Ncn{Xw F√m-hcp-sSbpw Adn-hn-te-°mbn Fgp-X-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. Ncn{Xw I≠-dn-hn-s‚bpw tI´-dn-hn-s‚bpw AXnepw D]-cn-bmbn sXfn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw ASnÿm-\-Øn-emWv cNn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ "sFXo-ly-ßƒ Xe-apd-X-e-ap-d-bmbn hmbv samgn-bn-eqsS ]I¿∂p t]mcp-∂p. hfsc ]g°w D≈ Hcp sFXolyw Cu tZhm-e-bsØ kw_-‘n®pw D≠v.' \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v ap≥]v Xs∂ \oen-aw-Kew {]tZ-iØv {InkvXym\n-I-ƒ IpSn-tbdn ]m¿Øp. IpSn-tb-‰-Øn\v ChnSw sXc-s™-Sp-°phm≥ ]e Imc-W-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B ImeØv tIm´bw {]tZisØ c≠p {][m\ hmWn-Py-tI-{μ-ß-fmbn Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xn¬ H∂v \oen-aw-Kehpw at‰Xv Xmg-Ø-ßm-Snbpw Bbn-cp-∂p. Nc°v \o°w {][m-\-ambpw Pe-am¿§w \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ B Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Bb-Xn\v kuI-cy-{]Z-amb {]tZiw F∂ \nebv°mWv ChnSw hmWnPy tI{μ-ß-fmbn Db¿∂p-h-∂-Xv. Cu hkvXp-X- _‘-s∏´ tIcf Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw \ap°v a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ km[n°pw. \oen-aw-Kew {]tZiw Irjnbv°v hfsc A\p-tbm-Pyamb ÿew IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. \oen-aw-Kew `mKØv C∂sØ Fw.kn. tdmUvv Acn-In¬ ImWp∂ \nc-sI-ń-Sß - ƒ apgp-h\pw B ImeØv [m\y-ßfpw i¿°-cbpw kq£n-®n-cp∂ ]≠-I-im-e-Iƒ Bbn-cp-∂p. B Ime-L-´-Øn¬ BWv A[zm\ioecpw Irjn-bn¬ Xev]ccp-amb ac-ßm-ń¬ IpSpw-_-°m¿ hS-I-c-bn¬ \n∂pw \oen-aw-Kew {]tZ-iØv IpSn-tbdn ]m¿Ø-Xv. A∂v Cu {]tZiw apgp-h\pw kqcyIm-eSn a\bpsS A[o-\-X-bn¬ Bbn-cp-∂-Xn-\m-¬ Ah-cpsS A\phm-Z-tØmsS am{Xta ChnsS Irj-n -sN-øp-hm≥ km[n-°p-am-bn-cp∂p-≈p. Irjn-sNbvXv e`n-°p∂ hnf-hns‚ Hcp `mKw IWn-bmbn a\-bn¬ FØn-°p∂ ]Xnhpw A°m-eØv D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. IqSmsX \√-co-Xn-bn¬ Irjn \S-Øn \√ hnfhv D≠m-hp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬

171

172

a\-°m¿°v Xmev]cyw tXm∂n B Irjn ÿew Ic-sam-gn-hmbn Irjn-sN-øp-∂-h¿°v ]Xn®v sImSp°p∂ coXnbpw A∂p \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \´m-t»-cn, ]md-ºpg, sh≈q-∏d- ºv {]tZ-iØv Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv sIm√≥ Ing-t°¬, ]pd-tØ´v, s\Sp-º≈n, s]cp-º-ew, CS-bv°m´v XpS-ßnb {]apJ ss{IkvXh IpSpw-_° - m¿ Bbn-cp-∂p. ChcpsS Im¿jnI D¬∏-∂-ßƒ hnev°p-∂-Xn\pw Bh-iy-amb a‰p km[-\-ßƒ hmßp-∂-Xn\pw \oen-aw-Kew {]tZ-iØv hcnI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu {]tZ-isØ I®-h-S-Øns‚ Hcp `mK-Øns‚ \nb{¥Ww ac-ßm-ń¬ IpSpw-_-°m¿°mbncp∂p. ta¬]-d™ {]tZ-i-Øp-≈-h¿ I®-h-S-Øn-\mbn hcn-Ibpw t]mhp-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv C∂v \oen-awKew ]≈n ÿnXn sNøp∂ ]≈n-∏pdw `mK-ØpIq-Sn-bp≈ hgn-®m-en-eqsS Bbn-cp-∂p. ImSv ]nSn®v òXn-bp-fh - m-°p∂ coXnbnem-bn-cp∂p hgn-®m-ens‚ Ccp-h-ihpw InS-∂n-cp-∂Xv. Hcp `mKw \cn-I-fpsS kt¶-X-amb \cn-°pgn F∂v Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. CXp-hgn k©-cn-®n-cp∂ bm{X-°m¿°v ]≈n-∏pdw `mKØv FØp-tºmƒ Nne ka-b-ß-fn¬ ss]imNnI i‡n-I-fpsS D]-{Zhw A\p-`-h-s∏-SpI ]Xnhm-bn-cp-∂p. am{¥n-I˛ Xm{¥nI I¿Ω-ß-fpsS Cu‰n-√-am-bn-cp∂ kqcy-Im-eSn a\ hI-bmbncp∂p ap≥]v Cu {]tZiw. òXn-aqew P\-ßƒ°v Cu hgn-bn-eqsS \S∂v \oen-aw-K-eØv I®-h-S-Øn\v FØp∂ Imcyw _p≤n-ap-ń-em-bncp∂p. A°m-eØv Cu {]tZ-isØ ss{IkvXh IpSpw-_-°m¿ Ah-cpsS Bflo-b-Im-cy-ßƒ°v IqSp-X-embpw B{i-bn-®n-cp-∂Xv tIm´bw sNdnb-]≈ - n-tbbpw aW¿ImSv ]≈n-tbbpw Bbn-cp-∂p.

\√ Zn\w

F_n≥ tXmakv a¿t°mkv ]≈n-∏p-dØv

ss]im-NnI i‡n-I-fpsS D]-{Zhw Gdn h∂t∏mƒ AXn\v ]cn-lmcw ImWp-∂-Xn\v aW¿ImSv ]≈nsb Xs∂ Chn-Sp-≈-h¿ icWw {]m]n-®p. Ahn-SpsØ hnIm-cn-b-®≥ XSn-bn¬ \n¿Ωn® Hcp Ipcniv A®s‚ Xs∂ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ F√m-htcbpw Iqń ChnsS sIm≠p h∂v ac-ßm-ń¬ ]pcbn-S-Øn¬ ÿm]n-®p. Aßs\ aW¿ImSv ]≈nbnse ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ k∂n-[n-bn¬ \n∂pw ssZhoI tXPkv ChnsS {]thiw sNbvXp. aW¿ImSv ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw sIm≠p-h∂ Ipcniv ÿm]n®v h¿j-ßƒ°v tijw BWv ChnsS Hcp Bcm- [ \mebw D≠m- I p- ∂ Xv . 1915 ˛¬ ac-ßm-ń¬ aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ t]mØ≥ tImcpf Zm\-ambn \¬Inb ÿeØv hn: ssZham-Xm-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬ ]≈n ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. BZyw Hme-ta™ sNdnb sjUv Bbncp∂p ÿm]n-®X - v. tZhm-ebw \n¿Ωn-°s - ∏-´t- ∏mƒ A∂v Ipcniv ÿm]n® AtX ÿm\Øv BWv hn: t{XmtWmkv ]Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv. ]pXp°n ]WnX ]pXnb ]≈n-bpsS aZv_lm ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv B ÿm\-Øm-Wv. \q‰m- ≠ p- I ƒ°v tijw \ΩpsS tZhm- e bw ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ aW¿ImSv ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Hcp sshZn-I≥ Xs∂ \n¿Ωm-WØn\v t\XrXzw \¬In--bXv tIhew bmZr-›n-I-a√. ssZh-\n-tbmKw Xs∂-bm-bn-´p-thWw Icp-Xp-hm≥. ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ A\p-{Kl ]cn-em-f-\-Ifm¬ [-\y-amb Cu tZh-mebw, B{ibw tXSp∂ \m\m-PmXn aX-ÿ-cmb P\-ßƒ°v Bflob \¬h-chpw A\p-{Kl a≤y-ÿhpw sNmcn-bp∂ Hcp ]pWy k-t¶X-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.

kqcy-\p-Zn®p Infn-Iƒ Nne®p \t√mcp Znhkw hs∂Øn AΩ-°nfn X≥ Ip™p-ßƒ°v Xo‰-tXSn t]mhp-Ibmw kqcy-\p-Zn-®p -In-fn-Iƒ Nne®p \t√mcp Znhkw hs∂Øn sam´p-Iƒ hncn™p ]q°ƒ hnS¿∂p \t√mcp Znhkw hs∂Øn hb-ep-Iƒ sImøm≥ I¿j-I-scØn \t√mcp Znhkw hs∂Øn (kq-cy-\p-Zn.........)

Std.V11 173

174

hnip≤ Ip¿∫m\

Dr. Mani Rajan Corepiscopa Principal, St. Joseph’s Training College, Mannanam

IqZm-iI - f- psS dmWnbmb hnip≤ Ip¿∫m\sb kw_-‘n®v ]Tn-°p-tºmgpw kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS ]mc-º-cy-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]Tn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

GsXmcp hnjbw ]Tn-°m≥ {ian-°p-tºmgpw {]mcw-`-ambn At\z-jn-t°-≠Xv GsX√mw {KŸ-ß-fmWv ]T-\-Øn\v D]-tbmKn-t°-≠Xv F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. CXv ]c-a-{]-[m-\-amb Imcy-am-Wv. Fs¥-∂m¬ \qdn-e[ - nIw {KŸ-ßƒ ae-bmf `mj-bnepw Cw•ojv `mj-bnepambn hn. Ip¿∫m-\sb kw_-‘n®v cNn-°-s∏-´n-´p≠v F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. B{in-X-{K-Ÿ-ßsf kw_-‘n®pw IqSmsX Ip¿∫m-\sb kw_-‘n®pw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ a‰p-X-e-ßsf kw_-‘n®pw Hcp eLp-hn-h-cWw {]mcw-`-Øn¬ \¬Ip-I-bm-Wv. 1. ]T-\-Øn-\m-{i-bn-°m-hp∂ {KŸ-ßƒ 2. hnip-≤- Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS Bcw-`hpw ]cn-Wm-a-hpw. 3. Xncp-h-kv{X-ßƒ 4. hnip-≤ -D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ 5. {]Xo-I-ßfpw hymJym-\-ßfpw 6. {]m¿∞-\-Ifpw hymJym-\-ßfpw 7. Ime-∏-g-°-Øn¬ h∂p-tN¿∂n-cn-°p∂ sX‰p-Iƒ 8. hnizmk {]am-Ww˛ hymJym\w 9. I¿Xr-{]m¿∞-\-˛-hym-Jym\w 10. hnip≤ ssZhm-e-bw˛ hnhn[ `mK-ßƒ hnip≤ Ip¿∫m-\sb kw_-‘n®v ]q¿Æ-tXm-Xn¬ ]Tn-°p∂-Xn\v ta¬]-d™ Imcy-ß-sf√mw ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. a‰p-Iq-Zm-iI - s - f-t∏mse IqZm-iI - f - psS dmWn-bmb hnip≤ Ip¿∫m\sb kw_-‘n®v ]Tn-°p-tºmgpw kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS ]mc-ºcy-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]Tn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS Bcm-[\-Iƒ, ip{iq-j-Iƒ, IqZm-i-Iƒ F∂nh ]mc-º-cy-hp-ambn CgpIn-t®¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. AeIvk{¥nb ]m{Xn-bm¿°o-km-bn-cp∂ tam¿ AØm-\mkntbm-kns‚ F.-Un. 367 se CuÃ¿ I¬]\ hgn-bmWv hnip≤ {KŸ-Øn-epƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ ]pkvX-I-ßsf kw_-‘n®v HutZym-KnI {]Jym-]-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. (The orgin of Bible by Philip Wesley Comport (1992) Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., p. 74) AXp-hsc k`-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ BNmc A\p-jvTm-\-ß-sfbmWv ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ F∂v hntijn∏n-°p-∂X - v. At∏m-kvtXm-enI ]mc-ºcyw F∂Xv Aen-JnX BNmc-ßƒ, hg-°-ßƒ, \S-]-Sn-Iƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ ho£n-°p-tºmƒ

175

176

ASn-ÿm-\-an-√m-ØtXm Aim-kv{Xn-btam A√. AXp-sIm-≠mWv ssIk-cym-bnse henb tam¿ _t -en-tbmkv (d.A.D. 379) Xncp-h-N-\hpw ]mcºcy-hpw Xpey-`-‡n-tbmSpw BZ-c-thm-Spw IqsS AwKo-Ic - n-°W - s - a∂v ]Tn-∏n-®n-´p-≈X - v. DZm-lc - W - a - mbn Ipcn-ip-hc - b - v°p-∂Xv, \n∂p-sIm≠v {]m¿∞n°p-∂-Xv, Ing-t°m-´-`n-ap-J-ambn {]m¿∞n-°p-∂Xv Ch-sb√mw ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv kpdn-bm\n k`-bn¬ A\p-h¿Øn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv.

I. hnip≤ Ip¿∫m-\sb kw_-‘n®v ]Tn-°p-∂X- n\v B{i-bn-°m-hp∂ {KŸ-ßƒ hnip≤ Ip¿∫m-\sb kw_-‘n®v hf-sc-b-[nIw {KŸ-ßƒ cNn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ ae-bm-f-Ønepw Cw•o-jnepw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ aq∂p ]pkvX-I-ßƒ ASn-ÿm-\-sa∂v IcpXm-hp-∂-h-bm-Wv. Xmsg ]d-bp∂ aq∂p ]pkvX-I-ß-fnse hymJym-\-ßƒ°pw \n¿t±-i-ßƒ°pw hncp-≤-am-bh X≈n-°-f-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. k`-bpsS ]mc-º-cy-amWv k`m-a-°ƒ ]Tn-t°-≠-Xv. hy‡nI-fpsS Xmev]-cy-ßfpw t_m≤y-ßfpw k`-bpsS ss]Xr-I-ambn kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-X-√.

ASn-ÿm\ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ 1. tam¿ tamsi _¿Io-s∏m, aqk-ense sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø (F.-Un. 813˛903) cNn® hnip≤ Ip¿_m\-bpsS hymJym\w 2. tam¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv _¿…o-_n, Ban-Zn-bnse sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø (-F.-Un. 1145˛1171) cNn® Bcm-[-\m-{I-a-Øns‚ hymJym-\w. 3. tam¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv _m¿ F{_mb, sX{Ko-knse a{^n-bm\ (F. Un. 1226˛1286) cNn® lqZmb Imt\m-\nse \memw A≤ym-bw.

II. hnip≤ Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS Bcw-`hpw ]cn-Wm-ahpw a. At∏m-kvtXm-e-Im-ew (H∂mw \q‰m-≠v) hnip≤ Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS A\p-jvTm-\-Øn¬ At∏m-kvtXm-e-Im-eØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ coXn hn.-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬\n∂v a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. At∏m-kvtXme {]h¿Øn-Iƒ 2:42 ""Ah¿ At∏mkvtXm-e-∑m-cpsS D]-tZiw tI´pw Iq´mbva BN-cn®pw A∏w \pdp-°nbpw {]m¿∞\ Ign®pw t]m∂p'' I¿Øm-hns‚ I¬]-\{- ]-Imcw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ hnip≤ Ip¿∫m\ A\p-jvTm-\sØ kw_‘n®v hnip≤ ]utemkv «olmbpw ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. 1.sImcn-¥y¿ 11:23˛26 ""Rm≥ I¿Ømhn-¶¬ \n∂pw {]m]n-°p-Ibpw \nßƒ°v G¬]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXv Fs¥-∂m¬: I¿Øm-hmb tbip-hns\ ImWn-®p-sIm-SpØ cm{Xn-bn¬ Ah≥ A∏-sa-SpØv kvtXm{Xw sNm√n \pdp-°n... Fs‚ Hm¿Ω-bv°mbn sNbvhn≥ F∂p ]d™p'' hnip≤ Ip¿∫m\ I¿Øm-hmb tbip aninlm ÿm]n--®Xv k‘ym ka-b-Øm-bn-cp-∂p (a-Ømbn 26:20, a¿t°m; 14:17). injy-∑mcpw I¿Ømhns‚ I¬]\ {]Imcw hnip-≤-Ip¿∫m\ A\p-jvTn-®n-cp-∂Xpw k‘ym-k-a-b-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. (A-t∏m. {]h¿Øn-Iƒ 20:7) I¿Øm-hns‚ ktlm-Z-c\pw Du¿t«-ans‚ H∂m-asØ {][m-\m-Nmcy-\p-amb tam¿ bmt°m_v s]¥n-t°mkvXn Rmb-dmgvN Ign-™p-h-cp∂ _p[-\mgvN At±-lØns‚ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ tam¿ bmt°m-_ns‚ {Ia-a-\p-k-cn®v hn. Ip¿∫m-\b -- ¿∏n®p. Cu {Iaw FhnsS\n∂v F∂-t±-l-tØmSv tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ At±lw ]d™p. ""Rm≥ H∂pw Iq´n-t®¿Øn-√.; Rm≥ H∂pw \o°n-°-f-™n√; I¿Øm-hn¬ \n∂p Rm≥ tI´-Xp-am{Xw'' (_¿…o-_n, p.15). tam¿ bmt°m_v F. Un. 62 ¬ c‡-km-£n-bm-bn. Bb-Xn-\m¬ H∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\tØmsS \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ hnip≤ Ip¿∫m\ (Z¿Km-bn¬ Ib-dp-∂-Xp-ap-X-ep≈ `mKw) Xs∂-bm-Wv C∂pw kpdn-bm\n k` A\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xv. Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fn≥ {]Imcw Zp:Jsh≈n-bmgvN G{]n¬

177

178

6 (F.-Un. 30) F∂v AwKo-Ic - n-®m¬ tam¿ bmt°m_v _en-b¿∏n-®Xv sabv 30 F.-Un. 30 emsW∂v IW-°m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

b. ]oV-bpsS Imew (1 -˛ 3 \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ) tdmam N{I-h¿Øn-amsc `b∂v hnizm-kn-I-ƒ H-fn®p Ign-™p-Iq-Snb Ime-L-´-am-bn-cp∂p c≠pw aq∂pw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ. 1. sZman-Xym-t\mkv (F.-Un. 81˛96) 2. {SmP≥ (F.-Un.98˛117) 3. a¿t°mkv Hmcn-en-tbmkv(F.-Un. 121˛174) 4. sk]vXo-tamkv skaotdmkv (F.-Un. 193˛211) 5. aIvkn-tamkv (F.-Un. 235˛238) 6. tZm°n-tbmkv (F.-Un.250˛251) 7. Utbm-¢o-jy≥ (F.-Un. 284˛305) F∂o cmPm-°-∑mcpw a‰p-]e cmPm-°-∑mcpw (A-_vZpƒ BlmZv dºm-®≥, 1948) {InkvXym-\n-Isf ITn-\-ambn ]oVn-∏n-®p. (c.f. 2 a°m-_n-b¿ 6:11). F. Un. 155 ¬ hnip≤ PÃn≥, At‚mWn-\kv ]bkv (F.-Un. 138˛161) F∂ N{Ih¿Øn-s°-gp-Xnb IØn¬ B Ime-L-´-Ønse {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ F{]-Imcw hnip-≤- Ip¿∫m\ A\p-jvTn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. AXv Xmsg ImWp∂ hn[w kw{K-ln-°mw. Ah¿ Kpl-I-fntem, \ne-h-d-I-fntem H∂n-®p-IqSpw. kabw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse {]h-N-\-ßfpw At∏m-kvtXm-e∑ - m-cpsS Fgp-Øp-Ifpw hmbn-°pw. aq∏≥ D]-tZ-in°pw. Ah¿ Fgp-t∂‰v Xßƒ°pth≠nbpw a‰p-≈-h¿°p-th-≠nbpw {]m¿∞n-°pw, IrX-⁄Xm kvtXm{Xw A¿∏n-°pw, A∏w ]¶ph-bv°pw, siΩm-i≥ -A-∏-ho-™p-Iƒ k∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cn-°p-∂-h¿°v sImSp-°pw. lmP-cm-Im-Øh¿°p- sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn sIm≠pt]mIpw. ASn-a-I-fmbncp∂ hnizm-kn-I-ƒ°v A≤zm-\-Øn-\p-tijw k‘ym-k-a-b-Øm-bn-cp∂p Bcm[-\bv°v kabw sImSp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv k‘ym-k-a-bØv tPmen-sN-øn∏n®v ]mXn-cm-{Xn-bn-embn-cp∂p hnizm-kn-Iƒ Bcm-[-\bv°v t]mbn-cp-∂-Xv.

c. thZ-hn-]-co-X-ßƒ (-\memw \q‰m-≠v) F. Un. 325 Pq¨ 19˛mw XobXn \nJym-bn¬ IqSnb kp∂-l-tZmknepw ]n∂oSv F.-Un. 381 ¬ IpkvX-¥o-t\mkv t]meo-kn¬ IqSnb kp∂-l-tZm-kn-ep-amWv C∂p-]-tbm-K-Øn-en-cn-°p∂ \nJym hnizmk{]amWw cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv.-{Xn-Xz-Øn¬ c≠m-a-\mb tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ kw_‘n®pw I\y-I-a-dn-bm-ans\ (ssZ-h-am-Xm-hv) kw_-‘n®pw ]cn-ip-≤m-ﬂm-hns‚ ]pd-∏m-Sns\ kw_‘n-®p-ap≈ ssZh-imkv{X X¿°-ßƒsIm≠v Iep-jn-Xa - m-bn-cp∂p \memw \q‰m-≠v. ""hnip≤ «ol∑m-cpsS Imew apX¬ IpkvX-¥ot\mkv N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS Imew hsc [q]m¿∏-Whpw skZvdmbpw Ign™v as‰m∂pw sNm√msX sshZo-I≥ t\sc Ip¿∫m\ Bcw-`n-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv'' (_¿…o_n, t]Pv 46, _¿Io∏m, t]Pv 25) AXn-\m¬ hnizmk{]amWw sNm√p∂ coXn \memw \q‰m≠n¬ (F.-Un. 325 \pti-jw) Bcw-`n-®p-sh∂p ]d-bmw. saskm-s∏m-t´m-ay≥ N{I-h¿Øn-bmb kmt∏m¿ (F.-Un. 340˛379){In-kvXym-\n-Isf ]oUn-∏n-®-Xp-aq-e-amWv "X_-sseØm' ]eI km¿Δ{Xn-I-ambn D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ h∂-Xv.

d. 5 apX¬ 19˛mw \q-‰m-≠p-hsc tam¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kv(-F.-Un. 460˛538) ]m{Xn-bm-°okv _mh cNn® "am\n-skm'(-\n≥amXmhv hnip-≤∑m¿..........) 6˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tN¿°-s∏-´p-sh∂p Icp-Xmw. ]gb\nba hmb-\-Iƒ ]pXn-b-\n-ba hmb-\-Iƒ F∂n-h-bv°p-tijw "]ncn-®p-hn-S-s∏-´-h¿ ]pd-Øp-t]m-Is´' F∂v siΩmi≥ {]Jym-]n-°p∂ coXn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu ]Xnhv 13˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ C√m-Xm-bn-Øo¿∂ncn-°p-∂p-sh∂v _m¿ F{_mb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠ (t]Pv 41). Pohs‚ ]pkvXIw hmbn-°p∂

179

180

coXn 9˛mw \q‰m-≠n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw (tam-si-_¿ Io∏m, t]Pv 28 ) 12˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ C√m-bn-cp-∂p (_¿…o-_n,-t]Pv 56). Pohs‚ ]pkvXIw hmbn-°mØ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Xq_vtZ≥ 6 FÆw D≈-Xn¬ H∂pw hn´p-I-f-bm≥ ]mSn-s√∂v tamsi _¿Iot∏m A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p (t]Pv 46). Pohs‚ ]pkvXIw hmbn-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ \n∂v Xp_vtZ≥. hmbn-°p∂ coXn 8,9 \q‰m-≠p-Ifn-ep≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Icp-Xp-∂Xv bp‡n `{Z-am-bn-cn-°pw. skZdm, s{]man-tbm-\p-I-ƒ 7˛mw \q‰m≠p-ap-X¬ k¿Δ km[m-cW - a - m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Icp-Xmw. At¥ymJym]m{Xn-b¿°o-km-bn-cp∂ bqlmt\m≥ aq∂m-a≥ (John of Cedras, A.D. 631-648) _mh skZ-dm-Iƒ cNn® ]nXm-hmWv. B ImeL-´-Øn¬ skZ-dm-I-ƒ hmbn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v A\p-am-\n-°mw. (_¿…o-_n,-t]Pv 42). F∂m¬ ]m] ]cn-lmc {]m¿∞-\sb (lq-tkm-sbm) kw_-‘n®pw ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ ImWp-∂n-√. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ "Ip°n-en-tbm-\p-I-ƒ' sNm√p∂ ]Xnhpw 12˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ C√m-bn-cp-∂p. P\-Øn\p apgph≥ km£y-Øn-s\-∂-hÆw Ip¿∫m\ Db¿Øn-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. kvtXm{XtØmSp-IqsS "]cn-ip-≤\mb GI-]n-Xmhv' F∂m-Zn-bm-bXp P\w sNm√p-∂p. I¿∫m-\m-\p-`-h-Øn-\p-tijw kvtXm{X-Øns‚bpw \μn-bp-sSbpw {]m¿∞-\bpw A\p-{K-l-Øns‚ {]m¿∞-\bpw \S-Øp-∂p(-_m¿ F{_m-b, t]Pv 42).

e. 13 apX¬ 19˛mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc hn.-Ip¿∫m\ sImSp-°p-∂Xv Ah-km-\sØ Bio¿hm-Z-Øn\v tij-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-in°-s∏-´p. ""Ip¿∫m\ sImSp-°p∂ ka-b-sØ-°p-dn®v Ct∏mƒ apX¬ Rßƒ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-sXs¥-∂m¬ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ "\nß-sf-√m-hcpw kam-[m-\-tØmsS t]mIp-hn≥' F∂-Xn-\p-ti-j-ambn-cn-°Ww Ip¿∫m\ sImSp-t°-≠-Xv''. Fs¥-∂m¬ Rß-fpsS Ime-ß-fn¬ Hcp -]-´-°m-c≥ ]Sn™m-tdm´p Ip¿∫m\ hln-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cp∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ P\-_m-lpeyw \nanØw At±-lØn¬ \n∂v Hcp bmZr-›nI kw`-h-ap-≠m-bn. (lq-ZmbImt\m≥, t]Pv 39). Cu \n_-‘\ Xs∂ ]cn-ip≤ ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{X-nb¿°okv _mhmbpw I¬]-\-bn-eqsS Bh¿Øn-®n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ skeq≥ _t«msΩm F∂ samgn sNm√n-°-gn-™m¬ P\-sam-s°bpw ]ncn-bp-Ibpw Ip¿∫m-\-ssI-s°m-≈p-∂-Xn\v Hcp-ß-s∏-´n-´p-≈-h¿ Xma-kn®p Ip¿∫m\ ssIs°m-≈p-Ibpw sNbvXp hcp-∂p. C\n-ta-em¬ bmsXmcp ]´-°m-c\pw skeq≥ _t«msΩm sNm√p-∂-Xn\p apºv P\-Øn\v Ip¿_m\ sImSp-∏m≥ ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂v A[n-Im-c-an-√. Cu I¬]-\sb [n°-cn-°p∂h≥ Xs‚ ]´-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂v Hgn-b-s∏-´-h-\m-bn-cn-°pw.(-]-cn-ip≤ ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xnb¿°okv _mh 1877 aIcw 15˛mw XobXn sIm®n-tIm-´-∏-≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw Fgp-Xnb I¬]-\bn¬ \n∂v, t]Pv 19) Ip°n-en-tbm-\p-Iƒ, a≤y-ÿ-{]m¿∞\ F∂n-hbpw Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ hn. Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-bn-cn°mw.

f. 20, 21 \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ hn. Gh≥tK-en-tbm≥ hmbn-®p-I-gn-™m¬ DSs\ B kphn-tij `mKsØ kw_-‘n®v {]kw-Kn°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p BZy-Im-esØ ]Xnhv. GXm≠v 25 h¿j-ßƒ°p-apºv Ip°n-en-tbm-\p-Iƒ sNm-√p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bv°m-bn-cp∂p {]kw-K-Øn\v ka-b-sa-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv. Ct∏mƒ {]kwKw Ah-km\sØ Bin¿Δm-ZØ - n-\p-ti-ja - m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Gh≥tK-en-tbm≥ {]Z-£n-WØ - n\p _lp-am-\] - q¿Δw sIm≠pt]mIp∂ ]Xnhv \n∂p t]mbn-cn-°p-∂p. hnhm-l-hm¿jnIw, P∑-Zn-\-kvtXm{Xw F∂nßs\ hn. Ip¿∫m-\bv°ptijhpw {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ \S-Øp∂ coXn km¿Δ-{Xo-I-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hn.-Ip¿∫m-\-bv°p-tijw ssIap-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv ho≠pw Ip°n-en-tbm-\p-Iƒ sNm√p-∂-Xns‚ kmwKXyw N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. hnip-≤-∑m-cpsS Xncp-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ, ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS I_-dn-S-ßƒ F∂n-h-bp≈ ]≈n-Isf ]cm-a¿in-®√ Cu A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. kpdn-bm\n cmK-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ am‰w, A\-hk-c-Ønse KoX-ßƒ F∂n-ßs\ hn. Ip¿∫m-\bpw ASn-ÿm-\-{]-am-W-ßƒ ]men-°-s∏-SmØ ]e-Im-cy-ßfpw N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v.

181

]gq¿ ]≈n-∏p-dØv ]n.-sF. amØ\pw IpSpw-_hpw

]gq¿ Ipgn-bmºm´v ]n.-Fw. tPmk^pw IpSpw-_hpw 182

Aﬂm-b-ZuXyw

^m. amXyqkv Imhp-¶¬ hnImcn (2006˛2008)

k` {InkvXphns‚ ico-chpw \mw Hmtcm-cpØcpw B ico-cØ - ns‚ Ah-b-h-ß-fp-am-Ip-∂p. Hmtcm Ah-bh - Ø - n\pw {]tXy-Ia- mb I¿Ωm-\pjvTm-\a- p-≠v. Cu A\p-jvTm-\-Øns‚ BsI-Øp-I-bmWv ico-cw.

D≤nX-\mb {InkvXp-hnt∑¬ ]Wn-b-s∏´ k` {InkvXp-hns‚ ico-c-amIp-∂p. \mw Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Cu ico-c-Øns‚ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Wv. CXns\ kw_-‘n-®-v hnip-≤-]-t{Xmkv «olm C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-∂p. 1 ]t{Xmkv 2:9, “ \nßtfm A‘-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂p Xs‚ A¤p-X-{]-Im-i-Øn-te°p \nßsf hnfn-®hs‚ k¬Kp-W-ßsf tLmjn-∏m≥ X°-hÆw sXcs™-Sp-°-s∏´ Hcp PmXnbpw cmP-Iob ]ptcm-ln-X-h¿§-hpw, hnip-≤hw-ihpw , kz¥-P-\hpw BIp-∂p''. C{]-Imcw k` anin-lm-bpsS ZuXy\n¿Δ-l-W-Øn-tebv°v hnfn-°-s∏-´-h-cm-Wv. hnip-≤-P-\-sa-∂-Xn-eqsS A¿∞-am-Ip-∂Xv kI-em-\p-`-h-cm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Bfl-amb ZuXyw Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ ]utcm-ln-Xy-[¿ΩsØ am‰n \n¿Øn hnNn-¥\w \SØp-∂Xv icn-b-√. Fs¥-∂m¬ k` F∂Xv (ECCLESIA) -hm-°nepw {]h¿Øn-bnepw {InkvXp-hns\ km£o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ th≠n hnfn°-s∏´ kaq-l-am-Wv. k` {InkvXphns‚ ico-chpw \mw Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw B ico-c-Øns‚ Ah-b-h-ß-fp-am-Ip-∂p. Hmtcm Ah-b-h-Øn\pw {]tXyI-amb I¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-\a- p-≠v. Cu A\p-jvTm-\Ø - ns‚ BsI-Øp-Ib - mWv ico-cw. ChnsS icocw {]h¿Ø-t\m-∑p-J-am-Ip-tºmƒ AXn\v e`n-°p∂ hc-Zm-\-ßƒ hyXy-kvXw F¶nepw AXv A\p-`-hn-°p-tºmƒ Hmtcm-cpØ¿°pw D≠m-Ip∂ Ir]m Zm\-ßƒ hnhn-[-ß-fmWv. Cu Xe-Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v thWw Bflm-b-ZuXyw F∂ kØsb t{iWo-I-cn-t°≠-Xv. Cu kØm-t{i-Wn-bpsS taJ-e-Iƒ ]mc-{Xn-Ihpw AtX-k-abw sFlo-Ihpw BWv. Ch c≠n-t\bpw H∂n®v DuSpw ]mhpw F∂-t]mse \n¿Øn Nn¥n-®m¬ am{Xsa bYm¿∞-amb {]h¿Ø-\-tijn a\- n-em°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈p. CXv hnhn-[hpw sshPm-{Xn-Ihpw BWv. F√m-‰n-s\-∏-‰nbpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°pI F∂Xv ÿe-]-cn-anXn sIm≠v {]bmkw Dfhm-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Npcp°w Nne Nn¥-Iƒ ChnsS ]¶p-shbv°p-hm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂p. H∂m-a-Xmbn s]mXp-\-∑-bm-bn-cn-°Ww F√m Bflo-b-cp-sSbpw ZuXyw. hnip≤ ]utemkv «olm sImcn-¥y¿°v Fgp-Xnb teJ\w 12 A≤ymbw 7˛mw hmIy-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. “F∂m¬ Hmtcm-cp-Ø\v Bflm-hns‚ {]Im-i\w s]mXp-{]-tbm-P-\-Øn\mbn \evI-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXv [z\n-∏n-°p-∂Xv k`mw-K-ß-fmb \mw Hmtcmcp-Øcpw G‰hpw hnip-≤hpw ImtXm-en-Ihpw At∏m-kvtXm-en-Ihpw Bb k`-bnse AwK-ßƒ BsW-∂p≈XmWv. ]uckvXy ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ k`-bpsS km¿Δ-{Xn-IX F∂Xv kI-e-tØbpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Wv.

183

184

AXv `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb km¿Δ-{Xn-IX A√ adn®v F√m-bn-SØpw ]c-∂n-cn-°p∂ `qan-bn¬ F√m-‰nt\bpw Dƒs°m- ≈ p∂ ]q¿Æ- X bpw kI- e Xpw BWv. Zriyhpw , AZr-iyhpw, kIe t_m[-ßsfbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amb kaqlw BWv CXv. 2˛mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn-ens‚ 33˛mw tcJ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-∂p, “ The apostolate of the laity is a sharing in the salvific mission of the church. Through Baptism and confirmation all are appointed to this apostolate by the Lord himself”. At∏m-kvtXm-enI Bflm-b¿ k`bpsS c£m-ZuXy \n¿Δ-l-W-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fp-am-Wv. hnip≤ amtam-Zn-km-bn-eq-sSbpw ÿnXnIc-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw Cu At∏m-kvtXmenIX {InkvXp Ah¿°v \¬In-bn-cn°p∂p. CXv [z\n∏n°p∂Xv Gh¿°pw D≈ ]¶m-fnØam-Wv. Cu ]¶m-fnØ-Øns‚ A¿∞w ]¶p-sh-bv°p∂ kaqlw F∂p≈-Xm-Wv. ]g- b - \ n- b aw ]cn- t im- [ n- ® m¬ ]pd- ∏ mSv ]pkv X Iw 18˛mw A≤ym- b - Ø n¬ tamsi- b psS {]h¿Øn-Iƒ AΩmbnA∏-\mb bnt{Xm I≠-t∏mƒ Bflmb ZuXy- Ø ns‚ Bh- i y- I - X - s b- ° p- d n®v Du∂¬ sImSp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ImWm≥ km[n-°pw. tami P\-Øn-\p-th≠n sNøp∂ Imcyw I≠-t∏mƒ bnt{Xm-tNm-Zn-®p, “ \o GI-\mbn hnkvX-cn-°p-hm≥ Ccn-°p-∂p” . XpS¿∂v bnt{Xm \n¿t±iw sImSp-°p∂p, “ \o sNøp∂ Imcyw \∂√m, \obpw \nt∂mSv IqsS-bp≈ Cu P\hpw £oWn-®p-t]mIpw Cu Imcyw \n\°v AXn-`mcw BIp-∂p; Rm≥ \n\°v Hcp Imcyw ]d-™p-Xcmw ssZh-`-‡-∑mcpw kXy-hm∑mcpw Zpcm-Zmbw shdp-°p-∂-h-cp-amb {]m]vXn-bp≈ ]pcp- j - ∑ msc kIe P\- Ø n¬ \n∂pw sXcs™SpØv Ahsc Bbncw t]¿°v A[n-]-Xn-amcmbpw \qdp-t]¿°v A[n-]X - n-am-cmbpw Aº-Xp-t]¿°v A[n-]-Xn-am-cmbpw ]Øp-t]¿°v A[n-]-Xn-am-cmbpw \nb- a n- ° p- I . Ah¿ F√m- k - a - b Øpw P\- Ø n\v \ymbw hn[n-°-s´. henb Imcy-sam-s°bpw Ah¿ \ns‚ ASp-°¬ sIm≠p-h-c-s´. sNdnb Imcy-sams°bpw Ah¿Xs∂ Xo¿°-s´. Cßs\ Ah¿ \nt∂mSv IqsS hln-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ \n\°p `mcw Ipdbpw” .-CXv ]¶p-sh-bv°-ens‚ {]I-S-am-b DZm-l-c-Wam-Wv. Bflmb-cn-eqsS tami ssZh-tØmSpw ssZhØn¬ \n∂v Bflm-bc- n-tebv°pw ZuXy \n¿h-lWw \S-Øp-∂p. aq∂m-a-Xmbn ssZh-im-kv{X-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-ƒ BIpI F∂ ZuXyw temI-Ønepw {]tXy-In®v `mcX-Ønse ssZh-imkv{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ anj-\-dnam-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\w, Km\-cN - \ - , ssZh-imkv{X Ncn{X {KŸm- h en F∂n- h - b n¬ Bflm- b - c psS ]¶v

hn]p-ehpw hne-s∏-´X - p-am-Wv. km[psIm®p-Ip™v D]tZin apX¬ {in. Cu. Fw. ^nen∏v, tUm. Fw.-Fw. tXmakv F∂n-h¿ hsc-bp≈ ssh⁄m-\nI t{iWn CXn\v DØ-a -D-Zm-l-cWw BWv. \mem-a-Xmbn Bflm-b¿ k`-bpsS Nme-I-i‡nbpw t{]c-Ihpw \ho-I-c-W-kv^p-enw-K-ßfpw Bbn amd-Ww. hnip≤ ]utemkv At∏m-kvtXm-e≥ Ft^-ky¿°v Fgp-Xnb teJ\w 4:12 apX¬ 16 h-scbp≈ hmIy-ß-fn¬ Bflm-b¿°p≈ ]¶v khnÿcw {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. F´v Imcy-ßƒ At±lw Du∂n- ∏ - d - b p∂p. {Inkv X p- h ns‚ ico- c - Ø ns‚ BfloI h¿≤-\, hnizm-k-Øns‚ ]q¿Æ-X, a\p-jycpsS ]q¿Æ hf¿®, {InkvXp-hns‚ ]q¿Æ-Xsb Imńs°m-Sp-°p-I, kvt\l-Øn¬ kXyw kwkm-cn-°p-I, {InkvXp F∂ Xe-tbmfw hf-cp-hm≥ klm-bn-°pI, D-Xhn-°mbp≈ {]h¿Ø\w, kvt\l-Øn-\m-bp≈ hf¿® F∂n-h-bmWv. Ch Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw {]tXyI-Xbpw hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw hnkvXm-c- `m-c-Øm¬ Dt]£n-°p-I-bm-Wv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ Bflmb ZuXyw F∂Xv tIhe-amb H∂-√. hy‡n-hn-I-k\w, hnI-k-\-Øn-t\mSv H∏-ap≈ kmaq-lnI {]Xn-_-‘-X, kphn-ti-jo-I-cW-Øn-ep≈ ]¶v, ssZh-cm-Py-Øn-te-bv°p-≈-Z¿i-\hpw, ]¶m-fn-Øhpw Hmtcm Bflm-b-s‚bpw ZuXy \n¿Δ-lW t{]c-I-ß-fm-Wv. Cu t{]c-I-i-‡n-bmWv \h-amb ssZh-im-kv{X-sØ-t∏mepw krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv. P¿K≥ tamƒ´vam≥ F∂ ssZh imkv{X-⁄≥ A`n{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p, ssZh-i-mkv{Xw ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿°v am{Xw D≈-X-√; adn®v km[m-c-W-°m¿°v IqSn-bp-≈Xm-h-Ww, -Im-cWw ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚ hc-{]-kmZw kmam\yh¬°-cn-°p-tºm-gmWv Bflmb ZuXyw ]q¿ÆX ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xv. k`-bpsS Imey-amb hf¿®, hnImkw, ]cn-h¿Ø\w F∂nh Imen-Ihpw Id-Xo¿ØXpw Bbmte Bflmb ZuXyw Nme-I-i‡n-bmbn ]cn-Wa- n-°p. Ch-cn-eqsS {InkvXp km£yw kIe temIhpw Adn-bWw Aßs\ DØ-c-hm-ZnØ ]q¿Æ-amb ZuXy \n¿Δ-l-W-amWv Bflm-b-t‚-Xv. hnip- ≤ m- fl m- h ns‚ {]h¿Ø- \ hpw hc- Z m- \ hpw Ah¿°v apX¬Iq-´m-Wv. Ch-cn-eqsS anin-lm-bpsS ]q¿W- s sZ- h - X zhpw Bf- Ø hpw {]Im- i n- ° m≥ {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. \oen-aw-Kew sk‚ v tacokv bmt°m_mb kpdn-bm-\n-∏-≈n-bpsS ]p\¿ \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ Bflmb ZuXy-Øns‚ _ln¿kv^p-cWw ImWphm≥ km[n-®-Xn¬ ssZhsØ kvXpXn-°p-∂p. ]≈nbpsS apt∂m-´p≈ A`n-hr≤n-bn¬ ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚ sI´p-]-Wn-°m-cmbn DØa km£n-I-fmbn Xocp-hm≥ \nßƒ Gh¿°pw k¿Δ-i-‡≥ F√m A\p-{K-lßfpw Ir]-Ifpw Xcp-hm≥ {]tXyIw {]m¿∞n-°p∂p. F√m Biw-k-Ifpw t\cp-∂p.

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]cn-ip-≤-∑mcpw ip≤n-a-Xn-I-fpw \ΩpsS B{i-bt- I-{μ-ßƒ {InkvXp hnizm-k-Øns‚ t]cn¬ c‡-km-£n-Iƒ Bb-h-scbpw, ]oU-\-ßƒ kln-®-h-scbpw kXy D]-tZjvS-I-∑m-scbpw, hnip≤ PohnXw \bn®v kzm`m-hnI acWw hcn-®-h-sc-bp-amWv ]cn-ip-≤-k` hnip-≤-∑m-cmbpw ip≤n-aXn-I-fp-ambn Db¿Øn {]m¿∞-\-I-fn¬ Hm¿°p-∂-Xv. Cßs\-bp-≈h - ¿ icocw hn´mepw tbip-hn¬ Pohn-°p-∂X - n-\m¬ kPo-h-cm-Wv.-A-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ hnizm-knIfpw hmßn-t∏mb hnip-≤-∑mcpw hn. Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ Hcp t]mse `mK-`m-°p-I-fm-sW∂v hn. k` ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ]cn-ip-≤-∑msc BZ-cn-°p-∂Xpw Ah-cpsS s]cp-∂mfp-Iƒ- B-tLm-jn°p-∂Xpw Ah-tcmSv a≤y-ÿX - A - `- y¿∞n°p-∂Xpw an°-hmdpw F√m ]ucm-WnI k`-I-fp-sSbpw hnizm- k - Ø n- s ‚bpw ]mc- º - c y- Ø n- s ‚bpw `mK- a m- W v . F∂m¬ Nne \qX\ k`-Iƒ ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-tcmSp≈ a≤yÿX {InkvXp-hns‚ GI a≤y-ÿ-Xsb Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂XmWv F∂p ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p.-F-∂m¬ Cu k`-I-fn¬s∏´-h¿ t]mepw Xßƒ°p-th≠n {]m¿∞n-°-W-sa∂v kl hnizmkn-I-tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. AXp {InkvXp-hns‚ GI a≤y-ÿ-Xsb A\m-Z-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn Ah¿ Icp-Xp-∂Xpan√. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ icocw hn´v {InkvXp-hn-t\mSv Gsd ASpØv Pohn-°p∂ Hcp hnip-≤-t\mSv Rßƒ°p-th≠n a≤y-ÿX AW-bv°-W-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv {Inkp-Xp-hns‚ a≤y-ÿXtbmSp≈ Ah-K-W\ BIp-I-bn-√-t√m. \ΩpsS kl- h n- i zm- k n- I - t fmSv \ap- ° p- t h≠n {]m¿∞n-∏m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ \Ωn¬ \n∂pw hmßn-t∏mbn tbip-{In-kvXp-hn¬ kPo-h-cm-bn-cn°p∂ hnip-≤-∑m-tcmSv \ap-°p-th≠n {]m¿∞n-∏m≥ ]d-bp∂Xv bp‡-am-Wv. hnip-≤-∑m-tcm-Sp≈ a≤y-ÿ-X-bn-ep≈ hnizmkw tlXp-hmbn Ah-cn-eqsS am{Xta ssZh-Ir] {]m]n-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈p-sh∂v k` ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂n√. adn®v hnip-≤-∑m-tcm-Sp≈ a≤y-ÿ-X, ssZh-tØm-Sp≈ Iq´mbva Gsd km≤y-am-°n-Øo¿°p-∂p. F¥p-sIm-s≠∂m¬ Ah-cpsS {InkvXp kam-\-amb kz`mhw a‰p-≈-hsc ]cn-ip-≤-amb {]Im-i-Øn-s‚bpw Pohn-X-Øn-s‚bpw Dd-hnS-Øn-\-cn-In-te°v B\-bn-°p∂p. Hcp hnip-≤s\ \Ωƒ _lp-am-\n-°p-tºmƒ B hy‡nsb _lp-am-\n-°p∂p F∂Xn-ep-]cn hnip-≤-\n¬ sXfn-™p-Im-Wp∂ ssZh-kz-cq-]sØ-bmWv _lp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv.B _lp-aXn hnip-≤\v ]cnip≤n \¬Inb ssZh- Ø n¬ sN∂p tNcp- ∂ - X n- \ m¬ bYm¿∞-Øn-ep≈ BZ-chv \mw ssZh-Øn\p ka¿∏n-°p∂

BZ-c-hm-Wv. hnip- ≤ - ∑ mtcmSp t\cn´v {]m¿∞n- ° p- ∂ Xn t\m Ahsc Bcm[n-°p-∂X - nt\m k` ]Tn- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ n- √ . \ap°p th≠nbpw \Ω-tfm-Sp-Iq-sS-bpw{]m¿∞n-°p-∂-Xn\v hnip- ≤ - ∑ m- t cmSv cmP≥ kmw ASp-ap-dn-bn¬ \mw At]-£n-°ptPmbn‚ v P\-d¬ I¨ho-\¿, ∂p. At∏mƒ hnip≤- ∑ m¿ \ΩpsS tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW IΩ-‰n. {]m¿∞-\bv°p adp]Sn \¬Ip-I-b-√, -a-dn-®v Ah¿ \ap-°p-th≠n ssZh-tØmSp bmN\ \S-Øp-I-bmWp sNøp-∂-Xv. hmßn-t∏mb hnip-≤∑ - m-cpsS a≤y-ÿX icn-bm-sW∂p-≈X - n\v ]g-b\ - n-ba- Ø - nepw ]pXn-b\ - n-ba- Ø - nepw [mcmfw sXfn-hp-Iƒ D≠v. 2 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 13 : 20˛21 ¬ tamhm-_ycpsS B{I-aWw `b∂v bn{kmtbey¿, Ah¿ AS°w sNøp-hm≥ sIm≠p-t]mb Hcp-hs\ Hcp h¿jw apºv acn®v AS-°-s∏-´-G-en-im-bpsS Aÿn-Isf kv]¿in-®-t∏mƒ Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-‰p. hmßn-t∏mb hnip-≤-∑m-cpsS Xncp--t»jn-∏p-I-fn¬ ssZhn-I-i‡n hkn-°p∂p F∂-Xn\v CXv Hcp sXfn-hmbn ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F{_mb teJ\w 13: 7 ¬ \nß-tfmSp ssZh-h-N\w {]kw-Kn®p \nßsf \S-Øn-bh - sc Hm¿Øp sImƒhn≥ AhcpsS Pohn-Xm-h-km\w Hm¿Øv Ah-cpsS hnizmkw A\pI-cn-∏n≥ F∂p ImWp-∂p. ChnsS Hm¿°pI F∂p ]d™n-cn-°p-∂Xv A¿∞-]q¿Æhpw kPo-hhpamb Iq´mbvasb AYhm {]m¿∞-s\-sb-°p-dn-®m-Wv. hnip-≤∑ - m-cpsS a≤y-ÿX - b - n¬ A`-bs- ∏´v ssZhnI \∑-Iƒ, Bﬂo-Ihpw `uXn-I-hp-amb Xe-ß-fn¬, A\p`hn®n-´p≈ At\Iw hnizm-kn-Iƒ C∂pw Pohn-®n-cn-°p-tºmƒ CXns‚ kmt¶-Xn-I-Xz-sØ-°mƒ D]-cn-bmbn a\p-jy-lr-Zb-ßf- n¬ kPo-ha- mbn \ne-sIm-≈p∂ Hcp bmYm¿∞y-amWv hnip-≤-∑m-tcm-Sp≈ a≤y-ÿ-X.

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A\p-{K-ln-°s - ∏´ Xe-apd

sI.-F.-cmPp sIm√≥In-g-t°-Xn¬ {SÃn

""Ahsc ImWp-∂h - s- cms°bpw Ahsc btlmhm A\p-{K-ln® k¥Xn F∂-dnbpw'' (sbi-ømhv 61:9)

""Ahsc ImWp-∂-h-scm-s°bpw Ahsc btlmhm A\p-{K-ln® k¥Xn F∂-dnbpw'' (sbi-ømhv 61:9) bn{km-tb¬ P\-sØ-°p-dn®v sbiøm {]hm-N-I≥ apJm-¥ncw btlmhbmw ssZhw Acpfn sNbvX-XmWv ta¬]-d™ {]h-N\w. bn{km-tb¬ P\Øns‚ k¬{]-h¿Øn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS ssZh-`-bhpw Ah-cp-sS-ta¬ btlm-hbmw ssZhw sNmcn-bp∂ Ir]m-h-chpw I≠n-´mWv Ah-sc-°p-dn®v {]hm-N-I≥ C{]Imcw {]h-Nn-®-Xv. ssZh-Øn\v Hcp Bebw ]Wn-bp-hm≥ e`n-°p∂ A\p-{K-lØ - nepw henb Hcp A\p-{Klw Hcp Xe-ap-d°v e`n-°p-hm-\n-√. B Akp-e` A\p-{K-l-amWv Cu ]≈n-bnse Ct∏m-gp≈ Xe-ap-d°v e`n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ hn. ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬ 1915 ¬ ÿm]n-X-amb \oen-aw-Kew sk‚ v tacokv bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-∏≈n, ssZh-amb I¿Øm-hns‚ AXn-c‰ Ir]-bmepw hn.-ssZ-h-am-Xm-hns‚bpw a‰p ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cp-sSbpw ip≤n-a-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw alm a≤yÿ-Xb - mepw, ssZh-Xn-cp-\m-aØ - n\p alXzw tLmjn-∏m≥ X°-hÆw ]p\¿\n¿Ωn°p-hm≥ A\p-{Klw e`n® Cu CS-h-I-bnse Ct∏m-gsØ Xe-ap-dsb ImWp-∂h¿ Hs°bpw Chsc btlmhm A\p-{K-ln® Xe-apd F∂p {]Io¿Øn°pw F∂p \n w-ibw ]d-bmw. 2007 sk]v‰w-_¿ 14˛mw XobXn ASn-ÿm-\-ine ÿm]n-®v 2008 P\p-h-cnbn¬ \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bcw-`n® tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw c≠p h¿jw sIm≠p ]q¿Øo-I-cn®v 2010 P\p-hcn amkw 11˛mw XobXn hn. aqtdm≥ A`n-tjIw sNø-s∏´v hn: Bcm-[\ \S-Øp-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn®p -Ir] sNbvX ssZhsØ al-Xz-s∏-Smw. Cu CS-h-I-bnse B_m-e-hr≤w P\-ßƒ tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]{In-b-I-fn¬ AXyp¬km-l-tØmsS Bth-i-]q¿Δw ]s¶-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. ÿe-]-cn-anXn aqew ho¿∏p-ap-´n-bn-cp∂ ]g-b-]-≈n-bpsS ÿm\Øv hnim-ehpw at\m-l-c-hp-amb ]pXnb ]≈n ]Wn-bpI F∂ e£y-Øn\p th≠n CShI P\-ßƒ Xß-fpsS Ign-hp-\-∏p-d-ambn ]cn-{i-an-®p. ]gb ]≈n s]mfn®p \o°p∂-Xpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ {ia-I-c-amb- F√m {]h¿Ø\ß-fnepw G¿s∏´ sIm®p-Ip´n-Iƒ apX¬ {]mb-am-b-h¿ hsc-bp≈ CS-h-I-P-\-ßƒ°pw hfsc Db-c-Øn¬

189

190

hsc tPmen sNbvX ]e-hn[ \n¿ΩmW sXmgn-emfn--Iƒ°pw Hcp t]md¬ t]mep-ta-ev°m-sX- ssZhw Xºpcm≥ ImØp F∂p-≈-Xv hn-kva-b-tØmsS am{Xta Hm¿°phm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈p. hn. ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚bpw ]≈n-bnse Imh¬ ]nXm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw a‰p ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cp-sSbpw a≤yÿ-Xbpw Icp-Xepw tZhm-eb \n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ A\p-{Kl-I-c-amb ]q¿Øo-I-c-W-Øn\p XpW-bm-bn. AXn-i-b-I-chpw A`n-am-\m¿l-hp-amb t\´-ß-fmWv Ign™ Hcp \q‰m-≠n-\n-Sbv°v Cu CS-h-Ibv°v kzmb-Øam-°p-hm≥ Ign-™Xv. ssZhm-\p-{K-l-Øns‚ aIp-tSm-Zm-lc-W-ß-fmbn ]≈n-bp-sSbpw CS-hIbpsSbpw hnI-k-\Øns‚ \mgn-I-°-√p-I-fmbn ]≈n-bpsS A\p-_-‘-ÿm-]\-ßƒ Xe-bp-b¿Øn \nev°p-∂p.

I. tam¿ Iuam-]n-Xm-hns‚ \ma-Øn-ep≈ Ipcn-in≥sXmń aßm´pImem- ]p-c-bn-S-Øn¬ ÿm]n-X-am-bn-cp∂ Ipcn-in≥ sXmń-bn¬ sIm. h. 1101 ¬ ]cn. …o_m am¿ HkvXm-Øntbmkv Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v am¿ Iuam-]n-Xm-hns‚ Xncpti-jn∏p ÿm]n-®p. F.-Un. 1944 ¬ ]≈n-ap-‰-tØbv°p am‰n ÿm]n® Cu Ipcn-in≥ sXmńbpsS IqZmi ]pWyt«m-I-\mb aoJm-tb¬ am¿ Zoh-∂ym-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏meoØm \n¿h-ln-®p. tZhmeb ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-W-tØm-S\p- _ - ‘ n®p ]≈n- a p- ‰ Øv at\m-l-c-amb I¬°p-cnipw Ipcn-in≥sXm-ńbpw ÿm]n®v am¿ Iuam-]n-Xm-hns‚ Xncp-ti-jn∏v ]pXnb Ipcn-in≥ sXmńbn-te°p am‰n ÿm]n-®p. 2009 Unkw-_¿ 27˛mw XobXn Rmb-dmgvN Iv\m\mb AXn-`-{Zm-k\ dm∂n taJem sa{Xmt∏m-eoØ Ipcym-t°mkv am¿ Chm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n ]pXnb Ipcn-in≥ sXmń-bpsS IqZmi \n¿Δ-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \m\m-PmXn aX-ÿ-cmb At\Iw hnizm-kn-Iƒ Znh-tk\ Cu Ipcn-in≥sXm-ń-bn¬ Xncn IØn-®p-{]m¿∞n®v A\p-{Klw {]m]n-°p-hm≥ FØp∂p.

II. ]≈n-∏pdw Ipcn-in≥sXmń ]≈n- b n- S - h - I bn¬ s]´ GXm\pw IpSpw-_-ßƒ tN¿∂v ]≈n-∏pdw Ih-e-bn¬ 4.50 sk‚ v ÿew hmßn sIm.-h. 1114 ¬ Hcp Ipcn- i n≥sXmń ]Wn-bn-®p ]≈nbv°p Zm\-ambn \evIn. ]≈nbpsS Imh¬]nXm-hmb am¿ Koh-dp-Kokv klZm-bpsS kvac-W-bn¬ hnizm-kn-I-ƒ Cu Ipcn-in≥ sXmńbn¬ {]m¿∞-\bpw t\¿®bpw ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.

III. Xmev°m-en-I-Nm-∏-ep-Iƒ k`-bn-ep-≠mb `n∂n-∏p-aqew 1960epw 1975epw ]≈nbn¬ Bcm-[-\m-ku-Icyw \jvS-am-b-t∏mƒ ]≈n-bpsS kao]Øv cma-\m-´p-X-d-bn¬ Ipcy≥ hI ÿeØpw cma-\m-´p-Xd-bn¬ G{_-lm-ans‚ ]p{X-∑m-cmb tImcp-fbpw Nmt°mbpw Zm\-ambn \evInb ÿeØpw Nm∏-ep-Iƒ ÿm]n®v Bcm[\ apS°w IqSmsX \SØn h∂p. 1964 ¬ k`m kam-[m-\ap-≠m-b-t∏mgpw 1980 ¬ tImS-Xn-hn[n A\p-Iq-e-am-b-t∏mgpw ]≈n Xpd∂p Bcm-[-\- ]p-\-ÿm-]n-°p-hm≥ km[n-®p. hy‡n hI-ÿ-eØv 1960 ¬ ÿm]n® Nm∏¬ 1964 ¬ ]≈n Xpd∂v Bcm-[\ Bcw-`n® kml-Nc- y-Øn¬ s]mfn®p \o°s∏-´p. 1975 ¬ ÿm]n-X-amb Nm∏¬ Ct∏mƒ k¨tUkvIqƒ Hm^o-k-mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂p. ]≈n AS-bv°s∏´v Bcm-[\bv°p apS°w ht∂-°m-hp∂ kml-N-cy-ap≠m-b-t∏mƒ Nm∏-ep-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ ÿew \evIn Bcm-[\ apS°w IqSmsX \S-°p-hm≥ klm-bn® am\y hy‡n-Isf CS-hI F°m-ehpw \μn-tbmsS kvacn-°pw.

IV. am¿ Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥ Nm∏¬, Km‘n-\-K¿ 1981 ¬ Fw.-kn. tdmU-cp-In¬ Km‘n-\-K¿ PwKvj\p Ing-°p-tN¿∂v 4.50 sk‚ v ÿew hmßp-hm≥ km[n-®Xv CS-h-I-bpsS Hcp henb t\´-am-bn-cp-∂p.1981 HmK-Ãn¬ CShI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ ]pWy-t«m-I-\mb Koh¿Kokv am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-a-\ psIm≠v B ÿeØv Ipcnip ÿm]n-®p. Km‘n-\-K¿ Ipcn-ip-]-≈n-bpsS ]Wn 1985 ¬ Bcw-`n-®v 1987 ¬ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-bv°-s∏-´p.1987 P\p-hcn 13˛mw

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XobXn am¿ {KntKmdn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏meoØ ]pXn- b - Ipcnip ]≈n- b psS IqZmi \n¿Δln-®p.]-cn-ip≤ Gen-bmkv XrXn- b ≥ _mhmbpsS Xncp-ti-jn∏v 1988 s^{_p- h - c nbn¬ Cu Ipcn-ip-]≈n-bn¬ ÿm]n-°s∏- ´ p. At\Iw hnizm-kn-Iƒ ]cn. ]nXm-hns‚ Xncp-tijn- ∏ p - ÿ m- ] n- ® n´p≈ Cu Nm∏-en¬ h∂p {]m¿∞n®v A\p-{K-l-ßƒ {]m]n®p hcp-∂p. F√m i\n-bm-gvNbpw Cu Nm∏-en¬ hn.Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. F√m h¿jhpw s^{_p-hcn amk-Øn¬ ChnsS tam¿ Gen-bmkv _mhm-bpsS s]cp∂mfpw BtLm-jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. 2007 ˛08 ¬ Cu Nm∏-en-s‚ apJm-chpw ]cn-ip≤ _mhm-bpsS Xncp-ti-jn∏p ÿm]n-®ncn-°p∂ I_dpw at\m-l-c-ambn \ho-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. Fw.-kn. tdmU-cp-In¬ CS-h-I-bpsS {]Xo-I-ambn Xe-bp-b¿Øn \nev°p∂ Cu Ipcnip ]≈n bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm\n k`bv°v BI-am\w A`n-am-\-kvXw-`-ambn ]cn-e-kn-°p-∂p.

V. NmØp-°pfw Ipcn-in≥ sXmń CS-hI - mwKw aT-tØ´v {io. tImcpf tbml-∂m≥ Zm\ambn \evInb ÿeØv ÿnXn sNøp∂ NmØp-Ipfw Ipcnin≥ sXmń 1983 ¬ at\ml-c-ambn ]pXp-°n-∏-WnXp. t{ijvT ImtXm-en°m tam¿ _t - e n- t bmkv ]utemkv ZznXo- b ≥ _mhm- b p- s Sbpw A`nhμy CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏meoØ Koh¿Kokv tam¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n-bp-sSbpw Im¿Ωn-I-XzØn¬ ]pXnb Ipcn-in≥ sXmń IqZmi sNø-s∏-´p.

tam¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv kl-Zm-bpsS a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ A`-bs∏´v B ]pWy kl- Z m- b psS \ma- Ø n¬ Cu Ipcnin≥sXm´n ka¿∏n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

VI. am¿_-tk-en-tbmkv ]utemkv ZznXob≥ lmƒ 1915 ¬ ÿm]n-X-amb ]f-fn-bpsS πm‰n\w Pq_nen 1990 ˛91 h¿jw hn]p-e-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-I-tfmsS CS-hI BtLmjn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. πm‰n\w Pq_nen BtLm-j-ßfpsS kvamc-I-ambn Hcp ]mcojv lmƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-hm≥ CShI s]mXp-tbmKw Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw AXn≥ {]Imcw 1990 P\p-hcn 14˛mw XobXn tam¿ _t -en-tbmkv ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥ _mh Xncp-a-\-kp-sIm≠v lmfns‚ inem-ÿm-

]\w \n¿h-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1993 s^{_p-hcn 8˛mw XobXn ]mco-jvlm-fns‚ Xmev°m-enI IqZm-ibpw 1998 am¿®v 29˛mw XobXn ]Wn-]q¿Øo-I-cn® lmfns‚ IqZmibpw s]cp-º≈ - n¬ tam¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v \n¿Δ-ln-®p. Pq_nen kvamc-I-ambn \n¿Ωn® ]mco-jvlm-fn\v ASn-ÿm\ ine-ÿm-]n® tam¿ _tk-en-tbm v ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm-bpsS kvacWm¿∞w ]mcojv lmƒ B ]nXm-hns‚ t]cn¬ \ma-IcWw sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

VII. Hm^okv tImwπIvkv CS-h-I-bpsS Nnc-Im-em-`n-em-j-am-bn-cp∂ Hm^okv tImwπ-Ivkns‚ \n¿ΩmWw 2001 sk]v‰w-_¿ 14˛mw XobXn

193

]gq¿ Ing-t°-Xn¬

194

A`n-hμy a¿t°mkv tam¿ Iqdn-temkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm inem-ÿm-]\w \SØn Bcw-`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. tIhew \mep-amkw sIm≠v ]q¿Øn-bm-°-s∏´ Hmôkv tImwπIvkv sIń-S-Øns‚ IqZmi A`n-hμy CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏menØ tXmakv tam¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v \n¿Δ-ln-®p. Hmôkv tImwπ-Ivkv ap≥ `{Zm-k\ sa{Xmt∏m-eoØmbpw ]cn.- F-∏n-kvt°m∏¬ kp∂-l-tZmkv {]knU‚p-am-bn-cp∂ s]cp-º-≈n¬ Koh¿Kokv tam¿ {KntKm-dntbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kvac-Wm¿∞w At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ \ma-I-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

VIII. k¨tU-kvIqƒ lmƒ k¨tU- k v I qƒ lmfns‚ inem- ÿ m- ] \w A`n- h μy a¿t°mkv tam¿ Iqdn-temkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ 2002 sk]v‰w_¿ 14˛mw XobXn \n¿h-ln-®p. Npcp-ßnb Imew sIm≠p \n¿ΩmWw ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb lmfns‚ IqZmi 2003 G{]n¬ 27˛mw XobXn A`n. tXmakv tam¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv sa{Xmt∏m-eoØ \n¿Δln-®p.-kXy hnizmk kwc-£I - \ - m-bn-cp∂, ""ae-¶c- b - nse K¿Pn-°p∂ knwlw'', F∂-dn-bs- ∏-´n-cp∂ ap≥ `{Zm-k\ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ aoJm-tb¬ tam¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS t]cn¬ Cu lmƒ \ma-I-cWw sNø-s∏-´p.

IX. s]mXp-°-_¿ ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-tbmSp tN¿∂v 32 sk√p-I-fp≈ s]mXp°-_¿ \n¿ΩmWw 2004 ¬ Bcw-`n®v 2005 ¬ ]q¿Øo-I-cn°p-hm≥ km[n-®p.

X. ]≈n-∏p-c-bn-S-ßƒ ta¬]-d™ \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Xs∂ ]≈n-bpsS kao-]Øv kzImcy hy‡n-I-fp-tS-Xm-bn-cp∂ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ ÿe-ßfpw hmßn kz¥-am-°p-hm\pw ]≈n∏cn-k-c-Øns‚ kuIcyw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm\pw CS-h-Ibv°p km[n-®p. ]≈n-°p -sX°p Ing°v 10.0 sk‚ v ˛ 1984 ]≈nbv°p sX°p-]-Sn-™mdv 11.5 sk‚ v ˛ 2001 ]≈nbv°p sX°p-h-iØv 28.0 sk‚ v ˛ 2003 ]≈n-bm-^o-kn\p Ing-°p-hiw 17.0 sk‚ v ˛ 2005 ]≈nbv°p hS-°p-hiw (]m-Sw) 75.0 sk‚ v ˛ 2008 IqSmsX 1981 ¬ Km‘n- \ - K ¿ Nm∏¬ ÿnXn sNøp∂ 4.5sk‚ v ÿehpw hmßp-hm≥ km[n-®p. Ch IqSmsX ]≈n ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn sIm.-h. 1082 ¬ aTtØ´v t]mØ≥ tImcpf Zm\-ambn \evInb Hmtc°¿ ÿehpw ]≈nbv°p Ing-°p-h-i-Ømbn sIm. h. 1108 ¬

]md-bn¬ {io. Ipcy≥ sXmΩ≥ Zm\-ambn \evInb Htc°¿ ÿehpw (C-t∏mƒ ]mcojv lmƒ ÿnXn sNøp∂ ÿew) Zm\-ambn e`n® ]≈n-∏pdw, NmØp-Ipfw Ipcn-in≥ sXm´n-Iƒ ÿnXn sNøp∂ ÿe-ßfpw 1975 ¬ Nm∏¬ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn cma-\m-´p-X-d-bn¬ G{_-lm-ans‚ ]p{X-∑m-cmb tImcp-fbpw Nmt°mbpw Zm\-ambn \evInb 2 sk‚ v ÿehpw Ct∏mƒ ]≈n-bpsS `qkz-Øp-°-fn¬ s]Sp-∂p. {]IrXn ca-Wo-bX ap‰n \nev°p∂ sNdp-ss]-ßfw ]mSti-Jc- t- ØmSp tN¿∂v ]≈n-∏pdw Ip∂p-Ime ]pc-bn-SØ - n¬ ÿnXn sNøp∂ ]≈n-bpsS Zriyw \b\ at\m-lcw Xs∂. 1. CS-hI P\-ß-fp-sSbpw \m\m-PmXn aX-ÿ-cmb hnizm-kn-If- p-sSbpw \n¿tem-`a- mb klmb kl-Ic- W - ß - ƒ sIm≠mWv tZhm-ebw C{X at\m-l-c-ambn c≠p-h¿jØn¬ Ipd™ ka-bw-sIm≠v ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign™-Xv. cq]-`w-Knbpw at\m-lm-cn-Xbpw ssZhn-I-tX-P pw HØn-W-ßnb Cu tZhm-ebw Cu CS-h-Ibv°p am{X-a√ ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n k`bv°v BI-am\w A`n-am-\n-°m-hp∂ {]Imi tKm]p-c-am-Wv. ""\o Fs‚ apºmsI Ign-®n-cn-°p∂ {]m¿∞-\bpw bmN-\bpw Rm≥ tI´p: \o ]Wn-Xn-cn-°p∂ Cu BebsØ Fs‚ \maw AXn¬ Ft∂bv°pw ÿm]n-∏m≥ X°hÆw Rm≥ hnip-≤o-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Fs‚ IÆpw lrZbhpw Ft∏mgpw Ahn-sS-bn-cn-°pw''. F∂v item-tam≥ cmPmhn-t\mSv btlm-hbmw ssZhw sbcp-itew tZhm-ebw kw_‘n®v Acp-fn-sNbvX hmKvZm\w (1 cmP. 9:3) ssZh-amb I¿Øm- h n\v A[n- h - k n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ mbn \mw \n¿Ωn®p ka¿∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ Cu tZhm-ebw kw_-‘n®pw A\z¿∞amIpw F∂v \ap°v hniz-kn-°mw. ""ASn-b≥ Cu ÿeØp sh®p Ign-°p∂ {]m¿∞\ tIƒt°-≠X - n\v \ns‚ \maw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v \o Acpfn sNbvX ÿeamb Cu Be-b-Øn-tebv°p cmhpw ]Iepw Xr°¨ ]m¿Ø-cp-tf-W-ta. Cu ÿeØp sh®p {]m¿∞n°p∂ \ns‚ P\-Øns‚ {]m¿∞\ tIƒt°-W-sa; -tI-´p£-an-t°-Ws- a''.- F∂v bcp-itew tZhm-ebw \n¿Ωn®v ssZhXn-cp-ap-ºmsI ka¿∏n-®p-sIm≠v item-tam≥ cmPmhp \SØnb {]m¿∞\ \ap°pw \ΩpsS ]pXnb tZhm-ebw ssZhXn-cp-ap-ºmsI ka¿∏n®p sIm≠p {]m¿∞n-°mw. 2. tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW thf-bn¬ ]≈n-bpsS Ffnb Npa-Xe°mc-\m-bn-cn-∏m\pw tZhm-eb \n¿Ωm-WØn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Ip-hm\pw e`n® A\p-{K-lsØ Hm¿Øv ssZh Xncp-\m-a-Øn\v alXzw Itc-‰p-∂p.

195

196

\ΩpsS tZhm-ebw

]n. Fw. amXyp ]gq¿ ]pØ≥]p-c I¨ho-\¿, I¨kv{S-£≥ IΩ‰n

""Cu Be-bØ - ns‚ ]n∂sØ alXzw apºn-te-Ø-Xnepw hep-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. Cu ÿeØp Rm≥ kam[m\w \¬Ipw.'' (l-§mbn 2.9)

ssZhw k¿Δ-hym-]nbpw k¿Δ-i‡ - \pw BsW-¶nepw ssZhn-Ii - ‡n Nne {]tXy-I-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw ÿm\-ß-fnepw tI{μo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn ]g-b-\n-b-aØnepw ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Ønepw am{X-a√ BZn-a-Imew apX¬°p-Xs∂ a\- n-em°p-hm≥ km[n-°pw. tKm{X-]n-Xm-hmb bmt°m_v lmcm-\n¬ h®p I≠ Z¿i\tØ XpS¿∂v At±lw \S-Ønb {]kvXm-h\ {it≤-b-am-Wv. ""btlmh Cu ÿe-Øp≠p kXyw. Rmt\m AX-dn-™n-√. (Ah≥ `b-s∏-´p) Cu ÿew F{X `b-¶cw CXp ssZh-Øns‚ Be-b-a-√msX as‰m-∂-√''. (Dev]. 28˛16,17) tamsibpsS ImeØp P\-ßƒ°p Bcm-[-\bv°pw _en-b¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn kamK-a\ IqSmcw \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw AXn¬ ip{iqj sNøp-hm≥ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑msc \nb-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. kam-K-a\ IqSmcw F∂ Bcm-[-\ma-μncw item-tam≥ cmPm-hns‚ ImeØv C∂-tØ-Xp-t]m-se-bp≈ aμn-c-ß-fmbn \n¿Ωn-°s- ∏-´p. ssZh-Øns‚ Bhm-kÿ - m\ßƒ a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-Xsa¶nepw Ahbn-se√mw ssZh-km-∂n≤yw \nd-™p-\n-∂ncp-∂Xmbn ImWmw. bmt°m_v \mń FÆ Hgn® I√p ssZh-Øns‚ Be-b-ambpw tamsi ]WnX IqSm-c-Øn¬ C{kmtb¬ hgn-]mSv A¿∏n-®Xpw, IqSmcw Db¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ AXn¬ ssZh-tX-P v \nd-™p-\n-∂Xpw (]p-d. 35. 21˛29, 40.17˛38) \ap°p ImWn-®p-X-cp-∂Xv BZn-aImew apX¬ Xs∂ tZhm-e-b-ß-fpsS {]k-‡nbpw ssZhw AXn¬ hkn-°p∂p F∂Xpw BIp-∂p. bn{km-tb-ens‚ ssZh-amb btlm-h-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ Bebw ]Wn-bphm≥ ZmhoZv cmPm-hn\p B{Klw D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw `mKyw Ah\p e`n-°msX Ahs‚ ]p{X-\mb item-tam≥ cmPm-hn\p e`n-®Xp t]mse ""`qan-bnse kI-ehw-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw `mKy-ßƒ°v tbmKy-X-bp-≈-hfpw, hnip-≤n-bp-≈-hfpw, alXz-ap-≈h - fpw, A\p-{K-ln-°s- ∏-´h - fpw, \nXy-I\ - y-Ibpw `mKy-hX - n-bp-amb...... ssZham-Xm-hmb hn. adn-bm-ans‚ \ma-Øn¬ Cu at\m-l-c-tZ-iØv tZhm-ebw \n¿Ωn°p-hm≥ km[n® \ΩpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿°pw BbXv ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-°p-hm≥ alm`mKyw e`n® Cu Xe-ap-d°pw ssZhsØ al-Xz-s∏-Sp-Ømw''. IjvS-∏m-Sn-s‚bpw kmº-ØnI ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw ImeØv 1915 ˛¬ 16˛tIm¬ \of-Ønepw 6 ˛tIm¬ hoXnbnepw \n¿Ωn® \ΩpsS BZy-tZ-hm-ebw ]n∂oSp I√pw -a-chpw D]-tbmKn®v `nØn-sIń AS-hm-°p-Ibpw hn. aZv_lm \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. aq∂mw L´-ambn 55 ASn \of-Ønepw 22 ASn hoXn-bnepw tZhm-ebw \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw 1971˛72 Ime-b-f-hn¬ aq∂p t{XmtWm-kp-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn hfsc at\m-l-c-ambn hn. aZv_lm \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ Ct∏mƒ Cu tZhm-ebw ]cn-]q¿Æam-bn ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv (-hn.-a-Zv_lm IqSmsX 80 ASn \ofhpw 40 ASn ho-Xnbp≈ {]Im-chpw \mS-I-im-ebpw Ccp-h-iØpw hcm-¥-Ifpw ]Sn-™mdp-h-isØ _m¬°-Wnbpw Dƒs∏-sS-bp-≈) Be-b-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v 2007 sk]v‰w_¿ 14 \v ASn-ÿm-\-ine ÿm]n-s®-¶nepw (]q¿Æ-am-b) \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\ßƒ Bcw-`n-®Xv 2008 s^{_p-hcnbnemWv. hfsc Npcp-ßnb Ime-L-´-Øn-\p≈n¬ Xs∂ Cu tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw `wKn-bmbn \n¿h-ln-°p-hm≥ Ign™Xv ssZh-Øns‚ A\-h-c-X-amb Ir]-bmepw Icp-W-bmepw CS-h-I-P-\-ßfpsS am{X-a√ \m\m-PmXn aX-ÿ-cmb \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw A`yp-Z-b-Imw-£n-I-fpsSbpw \n¿tem-à- mb klm-bk - l - I - c- W - ß - f- p-sSbpw hnizm-k] - q¿Æ-amb {]m¿∞\-bp-sSbpw ]n≥_ew H∂p-sIm≠p am{X-am-Wv. tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ Hmtcm L´-ßfpw hnizm-kn-I-fpsS a\- n¬ Akp-e` \nan-j-ß-fm-Wv.- BIam\

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kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS ]ca tae-≤y-£-\mb ]cn. ]m{Xnb¿°okv _mhm-bpsS Xr°-c-ß-fm¬ hn.- a-Zv_-lm-bn¬ ÿm]n-°p∂ ASn-ÿm-\-ine Bin¿h-Zn®p e`n-®Xv hfsc Gsd A\p-{K-l-I-c-ambn Icp-Xp-∂p. ssZh-B-cm-[\ \S-Øp∂Xnte-bv°mbn \n¿Ωn-°s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ Imem-\p-kr-X-ambpw kuI-cy-{]-Z-ambpw \ho-I-cn-°p-∂Xv kz`m-hn-I-am-Wv.-b-Ymk-abw Cu I¿Øhyw \n¿h-ln-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xpw, AXn¬ GsX-¶nepw hn[-Øn¬ `mK-`m-°m-Iphm≥ km[n°p-∂Xpw ssZhm-\p-{Klw H∂p-sIm-≠p-am-{X-am-Wv.-\-ap°v e`n® Xme-¥p-Iƒ bYm-tbmKyw hn\n-tbmKn-°p-∂Xpw ssZh-\n-tbm-K-Øn\v hn\-b-s∏´p `b-`‡n _lp-am-\m-Z-chp-I-tfmsS Ah \S-∏n-em-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-∂Xpw AXp sNøp-∂-h¿°p am{X-a√ ]n≥X-e-ap-d-Iƒ°pw A\p-{K-lØn\p Imc-W-`q-X-am-Ip-∂p. ""GXp `h-\hpw Na-∏m≥ Hcmƒ thWw. k¿Δhpw Na-®-ht\m ssZhw Xs∂'' F∂t√m thZ- h m- I yw (- F - { _m- b ¿ 3.4). bYm¿∞- h n- i zm- k nsb kw_‘n-®-S-tØmfw Xs‚ tZhm-e-bsØ kw_-‘n-®p≈ ho£Ww AXy-[nIw Xo£v-W-am-bn-cn-°pw. k¶o¿Ø-\°m-c≥ ZmhoZpcmPmhp ]d-bp-∂p, "" \ns‚ Be-b-sØ-°pdn-®p≈ Fcnhp Fs∂ Xn∂p If-bp∂p'' F∂v. btlm-hbn¬ PohnXw ka¿∏n-°p∂ ZmhoZp cmPmhv 1˛mw k¶o¿Ø\- Ø n¬ btlm- h m- b psS Be- b - Ø n¬ Zo¿L- I mew hkn°pw F∂v B{K-ln-°p∂p. tZhm-e-b-ß-tfm-Sp-≈ -ISpØ Xo£vWX - bv°v as‰mcp DZm-lc- W - a- mWv iqim≥ cmP[m-\n-bnse ]m\-]m-{X-hm-l-I-\mb s\l-aym-hv˛ blq-Zybn¬ \n∂pw h∂ ktlm-Zc- ∑ - m-cn¬ \n∂pw sbcp-it- e-ans‚ aXn¬ CSn-™Xpw AXns‚ hmXn-ep-Iƒ Xosh®p Np´p-If-™Xpw Adn-™-t∏mƒ ]d™ hmIyw At±lw ]d-bp∂p.... ""hcp-hn≥ \mw C\nbpw \nμm-]m-{X-am-bn-cn-°msX hÆw sbcp-i-te-ans‚ aXn¬ ]Wn-bpI'' (s\-l-aymhv 2.17 ). D]-h-kn®pw {]m¿∞n®pw kz¿§-Ønse ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂pw A\p-hmZw e`n®p aXn¬ ]Wn-bp-hm≥ XpS-ßnb s\l-aym-hns\ FXn-cm-fn-I-fmb k≥_-√Øpw tXmºnbmhpw ]cn-l-kn-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. ""Ah¿ bmKw Ign°ptam? Hcp Znhkw sIm≠p ]Wn-Xo¿Øp-I-f-bptam? sh¥p-In-S-°p∂ N≠n Iqºm-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂p Ah¿ I√p Pohn-∏n-°p-tam. Ah¿ Fßs\ ]Wn-Xmepw Hcp Ipdp-°≥ Ib-dn-bm¬ Ah-cpsS I∑-Xn¬ Dcp≠p hogpw''.- F-∂m¬ b-Ym¿∞ ssZh-`-‡-\mb s\l-aymhv AXp Ah-K-Wn-®psIm≠v btlm-hm-tbmSp {]m¿∞n®p ]d-™Xv ""Rß-fpsS ssZhta tIƒ°-Wta, Ah-cpsS \nμsb Ah-cpsS kz¥X-eb - n-te°v Xncn-°W - t- a'' (s\-l. 5.4). ssZh-Øns‚ aXn¬ ]WnXp Xo¿∂-t∏mƒ Np‰p-ap≈ PmXn-If- psS ap∂n¬ s\laym-hns‚ i{Xp-°ƒ Aev]-∑m-cm-bn. Cu {]h¿Øn RßfpsS ssZh-Øns‚ klm-bØ - m¬ km≤y-ambn F∂v Ah¿ {Kln-®p (s\-l.6.16). {InkvXp-tb-ip-hns‚ c£m-Ic- a- mb a\pjym-h-Xm-cw k¿Δ-P-\-Øn-\p-ap≈ alm-k-t¥m-jsØ {]Zm\w sNbvXXpt]mse ]p\¿ \n¿Ωn®p ka¿∏n-°-s∏´ \ΩpsS tZhm-ebw k¿Δ-P-\-Øn-\p-ap≈ {]m¿∞-\m-e-b-

ambn Xocp-am-dm-I-s´. _m_n-tem-Wnse {]hm-k-Im-eØp Zm\n-tb¬ {]hm-N-I≥ Xs‚ amfnI apdn-bpsS hmXn-ep-Iƒ sbcp-itew tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ t\sc Xpd-∂n´p {]m¿∞n-®p A\p-{K-l-ßƒ t\Sn-bXp t]mse temI-Øns‚ GXp-tImWnepw ]m¿°p∂ ssZh-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ Xß-fpsS lrZ-bhm-Xn-ep-I-ƒ ]cn. I\y-I-a-dn-bm-ans‚ \ma-Øn-ep≈ Cu Be-bsØ Hm¿Øp Xpd∂p {]m¿∞n-®p -A-\p-{K-lo-X-cmI-s´. ]pXnb tZhm-ebw Bcm-[-\bv°pw {]m¿∞-\-bv°pambn ka¿∏n-°p∂ Cu kabw hnizm-kn-Iƒ Bflm-hn¬ ]pXp°w {]m]n-t°≠ kabw IqSn-bm-Wv. ChnsS k∂nln-X-cm-Ip-tºmƒ ]m]n-bmb Np¶-°m-cs‚ at\m-`mhw \Ωn¬ \ng-en-°-Ww (-hn.-eq-t°mkv 18.13). F∂m¬ am{Xta A[nIw \oXo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xmb A\p-`hw \ap°v e`n-°pI-bp-≈p. At∏m-kvtXm-e-\mb hn. ]utemkv (1sImcn 2.16 17) \sΩ C{]-Imcw Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. ""\nßƒ ssZhØns‚ aμncw F∂pw ssZh-Øns‚ Bflmhp \nß-fn¬ hkn-°p-∂p F∂pw Adn-bp-∂n-√tbm ? ssZh-Øns‚ aμncw \in-∏n-°p-∂-hs\ ssZhw \in-∏n-°pw. ssZh-Øns‚ aμncw hnip-≤-a-t√m \nßfpw Aßs\ Xs∂''. ho≠pw (1sImcn 6.19 ¬) C{]-Imcw ImWp∂p ""ssZh-Øns‚ Zm\-ambn \nßfn¬ Ccn-°p∂ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ aμn-c-am-Ip∂p \nßfpsS ico-cw''. sbcp-itew ssZhm-ebw ]q¿Øo-I-cn® tijw ⁄m\n-bmb item-tam≥ {]m¿∞n-®-Xp-t]mse ""ASn-bßƒ Cu ÿe-Øp-sh®p Ign-°p∂ {]m¿∞\ tIƒt°≠-Xn\p \ns‚ \maw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂p \o Acpfn sNbvX ÿe-amb Cu Be-b-Øn-te°p cmhpw ]Iepw Xr°¨ ]m¿Øcptf-W-ta, Cu ÿeØp h®p {]m¿∞n∏m-\n-cn-°p∂ P\-ß-fpsS bmN\ tIƒt°-W-ta, \ns‚ hmk-ÿ-e-amb kz¿§-Øn¬ tIƒt°-W-ta, tI´p £an°-W-ta, A\p-{K-ln-t°-W-ta. F∂ hn\oX At]£ am{Xta Cu kt¥mj ku`mKy Ah-k-c-Øn¬ \mapw \nh¿Øn-∏m≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂p-≈p''. ""ssk\y-ß-fpsS btlmth Xncp-\n-hmkw F{X at\m-l-cw'' (k¶o 84˛1) F∂p ]pXnb tZhm-ebw ImWp∂-h¿ ]d-bp-tºmƒ BbXv CXn¬ {]h¿Øn-®-h¿°v F{Xtbm A[nIw Bfl-k-t¥mjw {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p.-Zmho-Zn-t\mSv tN¿∂v \ap°pw ssZhsØ al-Xz-s∏-Sp-Ømw. ""\ns‚ Be-b-Øn¬ hkn-°p-∂-h¿ `mKy-hm-∑m¿; Ah¿ \ns∂ \nXyw kvXpXn®p sIm≠n-cn-°pw''. \ns‚ {]Im-cß-fn¬ Ign-°p∂ Hcp Znhkw thsd Bbncw Znh-k-tØ°mƒ DØ-a-a-t√m, ZpjvS-∑m-cpsS IqSm-c-ß-fn¬ ]m¿°p∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ Fs‚ ssZh-Øns‚ Be-b-Øn≥ hmXn¬ Imh-¬°m-c-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv F\n°v Gsd CjvSw (k¶o 84˛4.10). ""hnip-≤-a-μn-c-Øn-¶-te°p ssI Db¿Øn btlmhmsb hmgvØp-hn≥. BIm-ihpw `qanbpw D≠m-°nb btlmhm kntbm\n¬ \n∂p \ns∂ A\p-{K-ln-°p-am-dm-I-s´''. I¿Øm-hmb tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ Ir]bpw ssZhØns‚ kvt\lhpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ Iq´m-bvabpw \msa√m-h-tcmSpw IqsS Ccn-°p-am-dm-I-s´.

199

200

sh≈n-\-£{Xw

Fw.]n. Ipcym-t°mkv aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ ]_vfn-kn‰n & ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv I¨ho-\¿

IqSp-X¬ Imew Pohn®p F∂-Xn-e√ Ipd-™Imew sIm≠v a‰p-≈h - cm¬ kvacn-°s- ∏-Sp-hm≥ X°-hÆw k`bv°pw CSh-Ib - v°pw-th≠n Pohn®p F∂-XmWv A®s‚ Pohn-X-hn-P-bw.

]p\¿\n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ IqZm- i - I ¿Ωw \S- ° p∂ Cu kμ¿`- Ø n¬ ]f- f n- h n- I mcnbpw CS-hI ]´-°m-c-\p-ambn-cp∂ A¥-cn® aT-tØ´v Znhy{io Ipcym-t°mkv I»oimsb kvacn-°p-∂Xv F¥p sIm≠pw DNn-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. kpdn- b m\n {Inkv X ym \nIƒ Iq´- a mbn ]m¿Øn- c p∂ \oen-aw-Kew tZiØv, ]pcm-X-\amb ac-ßm-ń¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ aT-tØ´v hoń¬ tImcpf tbml-∂ms‚bpw adn- b m- Ω - b p- s Sbpw aI\mbn 1924 sabv a mkw 24˛mw XobXn ]m∏-®≥ F∂ hnfn-t∏cn¬ Adn- b - s ∏- ´ n- c p∂ Ipcymt°mkv P\n- ® p.- \ o- e n- a w- K ew sk‚ v tacokv bmt°m- _ mb kpdn-bm-\n-∏≈n CS-h-Imw-K-ßfmbncp∂ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ ]≈n°m-cy-Øn\v apJy-ÿm\w \¬Int∏m- ∂ - h - c m- b n- c p- ∂ p.- \ - ´ m- t »cn tk{I´v lm¿´v kvIqfn¬ \n∂pw sslkvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw ]q¿Ønbm-°nb Ipcym-t°mkv sNdp-∏Øn¬ Xs∂ Bflob Imcy-ß-

fn¬ Gsd Xev]-c\m-bn-cp-∂p. CS- h - I bv ° v Hcp kl-hn-Im-cn-bpsS tkh\w Bhiy- a mbn h∂t∏mƒ s]mXp-tbmK Xocp-am-\-{]Imcw, CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn-cp∂ ]pWy-t«m-I\ - mb aoJmtb¬ tam¿ Zoh- ∂ ym- k n- t bmkv Xncp-a\- p-sIm≠v 1948 \hw-_¿ amkw Ipcy-t°m-kn\v siΩm-»]´w \¬In. hnizm-ksØ apdpsI ]nSn-°p-Ibpw AXn-\p-th≠n \nesIm-≈p-Ibpw sNbvX siΩm-i≥ \oen-aw-Kew sk‚ v tacokv ]≈nbn¬ kt≠-kvIqƒ A≤ym-]-I\mbpw slUvam-Ã-dmbpw tkh\w A\p-jvTn-®p. k`-bnse t{ijvT aev]m-∑mcpsS Iogn¬ a™-\n-°c C·m-Øntbmkv Zb-dm-bn¬ \n∂v siΩm-i≥ ssh-ZnI hnZym-`ymkw ]q¿Øn-bm°n. ap≠-°bw t{Kkn satΩm-dnb¬ CS- h - I - b n¬ IÆ- ¥ m\w ho´n¬ tXma-kns‚ aIƒ A∂Ωsb (Ip- ™ - Ω ) At±lw hnhmlw sNbv X p. 1952 ˛ ¬ Beph Xr°p-∂Øv skan-\m-cn-

201

202

aT-tØ´v Ipcym-t°mkv Iio-»m-bpsS I_-dS- °w

bn¬ h®v A`n-hμy Koh¿Kokv tam¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nbn¬ \n∂pw I»oim ]´w kzoI-cn®v ]pØ≥ Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-°p-I-bpw XpS¿∂v \oen-awKew sk‚ vta-cokv bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-∏≈n hnIm-cn-bmbn \nb-an-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1952˛ ¬ hfsc sNdnb Hcp tZhm-e-b-ambncp∂p CS-h-Ibv°v D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. tZhm-ebw hen∏-s∏-SpØn at\m-l-c-ambn \n¿Ωn-°pI F∂ {ia-Ic-amb {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v Bcw`w Ipdn-®Xv aT-tØ´v Ipcym-t°mkv A®s‚ Ime-Øm-bn-cp-∂p.1956 ˛¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb Cu tZhm-e-b-Øn-emWv 2008 hsc Bcm-[\ \S-Øn-t∏m-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. efn-X-Po-hnXw, a[pc-amb kw`m-jWw, hn\bw \nd™ s]cp-am‰w, ktlm- Z - c - ` m- t h\ a‰p- ≈ - h sc ImWp- h m- \ p≈ Dƒ°mgvN CsX√mw ssIap-X-em-bp≈ I¿Ω\n-c-X\mb _lp. A®≥ CS-hI hnImcn F∂ \ne-bn¬ \oen-aw-K-ew-]-≈n°v \¬In-b-Xv hne-s∏´ kw`m-h\-I-fm-Wv. ]≈n-bpsS \nXy sNehpIƒ°v ]Ww Is≠-Øm≥ _p≤n-ap-´n-bn-cp∂ B Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ]≈n hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n ]nSn--bcn, sI´v sXßv F∂n-h- \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw BbXv CSh-I-bpsS hf¿®bv°v aqe-Im-c-W-am-bn-Øo-cp-I-bpw sNbvXp. bphm-hm-bn-cp∂ A®≥ bph-P-\-ßsf kwL-Sn-∏n®v bph-P-\-kw-L-S-\bv°v cq]w \¬In. Bcm-[\ IqSp-X¬ BI¿j-I-am-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n bphm-°ƒ°v th≠ A`y-k\w \¬In IqSpX¬ t]sc ip{iq-j-I-cm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {ipXn a[p-c-ambn Km\-ßƒ Be-]n-°p-hm≥ Ign-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂ A®s‚ Cº-Ic- a- mb hn. Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏Ww CS-h-I-P-\-ßfpsS D≈n¬ `‡n-bpsS kv]penw-Kß - ƒ D±o-]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah¿ F√mw ad∂v Bcm-[-\-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. PmXnaX kap-Zmb t`Z-sat\y \qdp-I-W-°n\v Bfp-I-fpsS IpSpw_ kplr-Øm-bn-cp∂p A®≥. Ah-cpsS kpJØnepw Zp:JØnepw Bﬂm¿∞-ambn ]¶p-tN-cp-hm≥

Ah-kcw Is≠-Øn-bn-cp∂ A®s‚ {]m¿∞-\-Ifpw D]-tZ-i-ßfpw hne-s∏-´-Xmbn Ah¿ Icp-Xp-I-bpw BZ-c-thmsS A®s\ t\m°n-°m-Wp-Ibpw sNbvXncp-∂p. Xs∂ Gev]n-°p∂ Npa-X-e-Iƒ Du¿÷-kze-X-tbmSpw hniz-kvX-X-tbmSpw IqSn \n¿Δ-ln-®n-cp∂ A®≥ \mńse s]mXp-Im-cy-ß-fnepw kmwkvIm-cnI cwK-ß-fnepw Xs‚ km∂n≤yw Adn-bn-®n-cp-∂p. CS-h-I-bpsS \mb-I\pw am¿-§-Z¿inbpw Bbncp∂ B Zo]w 1955 HIvtSm-_¿ H∂mw XobXn s]men-™p.-A-t±-l-Øns‚ ùXnI icocw \oen-awKew sk‚ v tacokv ]≈n skan- t Ø- c n- b n¬ {]tXyIw Xøm-dm-°-s∏´ I√-d-bn¬ A¥y hn{iaw sIm≈p-∂p. AIm-e-Øn¬ ac-W-a-S™ A®s‚ kvacW \ne- \ n¿Øp- ∂ - X n- \ mbn At±- l - Ø ns‚ ]nXmhv NmØp-Ipfw Ih-e-bn¬ hnebv°v hmßn Zm\-ambn \¬Inb ÿeØv \oen-aw-Kew sk‚ v tacokv ]≈ntam¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv kl-Zm-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ Ipcnin≥ sXmń ]Wn-I-gn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. \oen-aw-Kew sk‚ v tacokv ]≈n F√m h¿jhpw HIvtSm-_¿ amkw H∂mw XobXn hn. aq∂n-t∑¬ Ip¿∫m\tbmSpIqSn _lp. A®s‚ Hm¿Ω BN-cn-®p-h-cp-∂p. bqØv Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ AwK-ßƒ tIm´bw `{Zm-k\ ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp ss__nƒ Iznkv t{]m{Kmw F√m h¿jhpw At±-lØns‚ Hm¿Ω-Zn-\-tØm-S-\p-_‘n®v \S-Øn-h-cp-∂p. km[p P\-kw-c-£-Wm¿∞w Hcp e£w cq]-bpsS Hcp F≥tUm-hvsa‚pw At±l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p IqSp-X¬ Imew Pohn®p F∂-Xn-e√ Ipd-™Imew sIm≠v a‰p-≈-h-cm¬ kvacn-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ X°hÆw k`bv°pw CS-h-I-bv°pw-th≠n Pohn®p F∂XmWv A®s‚ Pohn-X-hn-P-bw. Hcp sh≈n \£-{Xambn At±lw F°m-ehpw \ΩpsS lrZ-b-ß-fn¬ ambmsX ]cn-e-kn-°-s´.

203

204

hn. k`bpw k¨tU-kvIqƒ {]ÿm-\hpw

]n. sI. Ipcym-t°m-kv aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬

C∂v 600 k¨tU-kvIqfp-Ifpw 8000 A≤ym-]Icpw 60,000 Ip´n-If- p-ap≈ Cu {]ÿm\w ae-¶c bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS A`n-am-\a- mbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.

tbip-{InkvXp Acpfn sNbvXp ˛ ""inip-°sf Fs‚ ASp-°¬ hcp-hm≥ hnSp-hn≥. Ahsc XS-bc- p-Xv, kz¿§-cmPyw Cß-s\-bp≈hcp-tS-Xt√m (a¿. 10:14). Cu ssZh-Ie - v]\ ]men-®p-sIm≠v ]cn-ip-≤\ - mb ]utemkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv henb Xncp-ta\n 1920 [\p-amkw 12-˛mw XobXn ]ndhw skan-\m-cn-bn¬ hnfn®p Iqńb tbmK-Øn-emWv Fw.-Fk - v.F - k - v.F - . F∂ t]cn¬ ae-¶c- b - n¬ k¨tUkvIqƒ {]ÿm\w cq]w sIm≠Xv. AXn\v apºv Cu {]ÿm\w atXm-]-tZi ¢m p-Iƒ F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv. Bcw-`-Im-eØv 20 k¨tUkvIqfpIfpw 92 A≤ym-]I - cpw 1300 hnZym¿∞n-IfpamWp-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. F∂m¬ C∂v 600 k¨tU-kvIq-fp-Ifpw 8000 A≤ym-]-Icpw 60,000 Ipń-I-fp-ap≈ Cu {]ÿm\w ae-¶c bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS A`n-am-\a- mbn \ne-sIm≈p-∂p. ]cn-ip-≤\ - mb henb Xncp-ta\n Cu al-Ømb {]ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ ÿncm≤y-£-ÿm\w Gs‰-Sp-°p-I-bpw, Imew sNøp-∂Xp-hsc (1953 P\p. 25-˛mw Xob-Xn) kvXpXy¿l-amb coXn-bn¬ Cu {]ÿm-\sØ \bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ae-¶c bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-k`- sb kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw 2010 hfsc {]m[m\y-a¿ln-°p∂ h¿j-am-Wv. ]cn-ip≤ AØm-\m-tkymkv henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn ]cn-ip-≤k - ` hnhn[ ]cn-]m-Sn-It- fmsS BtLm-jn-®X - nt\m-sSm∏w ae-¶c bmt°m-_mb kndn-b≥ k¨tU-kvIqƒ At m-kn-tb-js‚ (Fw. sP. Fkv. Fkv. F) 90-˛mw hm¿jn-Ihpw BtLmjn°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. Bflob ssNX\yw Pohn-Xh - n-ip-≤n, hy‡n-{]-`mhw F∂nh ]cn-ip≤ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A\p{K-loX khn-ti-jX - I - f- m-bn-cp-∂p. kz¥w Pohn-XØ - n-eqsS {]m¿∞-\b - psS alXzw ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv Xs‚ Bflob a°ƒ°v ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. ""ssZh-Øns‚ hn. dqlm-bm¬ A`n-tjIw sNbvX Xncp-Ip-am-ct- \m-sSm∏w kvt\ln-°p-hm-\mbn \ap°v {]Zm\w sNbvXv \sΩ `c-ta-ev]n-®n-cn-°p∂ Hmtcm Ip™n-t\bpw hne-aXn-°m-\m-hmØ cXv\w t]mse Znhy-kvt\-lØ - m¬ {]Im-in-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-∏m\pw Fs‚ kz¥-amb Cu sNdn-bh - c- n¬ Hcp-Ø≥t]mepw hncp-≤s- ∏-Sm-Xn-cn-∏m\pw IcpXn-s°mƒhn≥'' F∂v A`n-hμy Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Iev]\ Cu {]ÿm-\t- ØmSp≈ At±-lØ - ns‚ kvt\lhpw Icp-Xepw shfn-hm-°p-∂p. ]cn-ip-≤- Xn-cp-ta\n sXfnbn® Zo]-{]-`b - mWv Ct∏mgpw Fw. sP. Fkv. Fkv. F.-bpsS hgn-Im-ń. ""_me≥ \S-t°-≠p∂ hgn-bn¬ Ahs\ A`y-kn-∏n-°pI; Ah≥ hr≤\m-bmepw AXv hn´p-amdp-Ib - n√'' (k-Zr. 22:6) F∂ hN\w A\p-kc- n®pw ""btlmhm `‡n- ⁄m-\Ø - ns‚ Bcw-à- m-Ip∂p'' (k-Zr. 1:7) F∂ a¿Ωw {Kln®pw ""aIt\

205

206

A∏s‚ {]t_m-[\w tIƒ°p-I, AΩ-bpsS D]tZiw Dt]-£n-°b - p-ac- pXv'' (k-Zr. 1:8) F∂n-ßs- \-bp≈ kZp]-tZ-iß - ƒ \¬Inbpw hf-cp∂ Xe-ap-dsb hoSn\pw ssZhØn\pw kaq-l-Øn\pw AXp-hgn tZi-Øn\pw sIm≈mhp∂hcm°nXo¿°p-hm≥ D]-Ic- n-°p∂ ]cn-ip-≤k - `- b - psS G‰hpw henb B≤ym-flnI {]ÿm-\a- mWv ae-¶c bmt°m_mb kndn-b≥ kt≠-kvIqƒ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥. hnip≤ thZ-]p-kvXI ]cn-⁄m-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw {]m¿∞-\-I-fn-eqsSbpw hnip≤ Ip¿∫m-\, Bcm-[\m kw_-‘Ø - n-eq-sSbpw \ΩpsS Ip™p-ßsf kXy-{In-kvXym-\n-I-fm°n hf¿Øns°m-≠p-hc- p-Is- b∂ al-Ømb e£y-amWv Cu {]ÿm-\Øn-eqsS \mw ssIh-cn-°p-∂X - v. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ F{X D∂X hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Ømepw F{X-b[ - nIw [\w kºmZn®p \¬In-bmepw a°ƒ kz`mh ip≤n-bn-√m-Øh - cpw ssZh`ban√m-Ø-h-cpambn hf¿∂m¬ t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp∂ `hnjyØv AXy¥w ZpxJ-Ic- a- m-bn-cn-°pw. ⁄m\hpw hnth-Ihp-ap≈ Ip™p-ßs- f-bmWv k`bv°pw kaq-lØ - n\pw C∂v Bh-iy-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv. bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ itemtam\v cm{Xn-bn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏´v ssZhw tNmZn-®p. Rm≥ \n\°v F¥v Xc-Ww, tNmZn®p sImƒI. itemtam≥ ]d™p, ""Cu P\-Øn\v \mb-I-\m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xn\v F\n°v ⁄m\hpw hnth-Ihpw Xc-Wta''. AXn\v ssZhw itemtam-t\mSv CXv \ns‚ Xmev]c- y-am-bn-cn-°b - mepw [\w, kºØv, am\w, i{Xp-\n-{Klw F∂n-htbm Zo¿Lm-bpt m tNmZn°msX ⁄m\-hpw, hnth-Ihpw tNmZn-®X - n\v AXv \n\°v \¬Ip∂p F∂p-]d- ™ - p. F∂m¬ AXp am{X-a√ - , ssZhw \¬In-b-Xv, a‰v cmPm-°-∑m-tc-°mƒ [\hpw kºØpw am\hpw Ah\v \¬In (2 Zn\. 1:7˛12). Cu item-tam-\m-Wv tem-I-Øn¬ Ct∂m-f-ap-≠m-b-Xn¬h®v G‰hpw henb ⁄m\n-bmb a\p-jy≥ F∂v Adn-bs- ∏-Sp-∂X - v. ITn-\m-≤zm\-Øn-eq-sSbpw \nc-¥c ]cn-{i-aØ - n-eq-sS-bp-amWv Ip™pßƒ bYm¿∞ ⁄m\w kºm-Zn-t°-≠-Xv. ^d-thms‚ sIm´m-c-Øn¬ hf¿∂ tami CuPn-]vXp-Im-cpsS F√m hn⁄m-\hpw t\Sn. AXn-\m¬ Ah≥ hm°nepw IcpØv t\Sn-sb∂v \mw hN-\Ø - n¬ hmbn-°p-∂p. (A-s∏m. {]. 7:22) ssZhnI ⁄m\hpw Adnhpw \ap°v Bh-iy-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Adnhv \∑-bn-te°v \bn-°p-∂X - m-bn-cn-°Ww. henb Hcp Iº-\n-bnse Hsc-©n-\o-bd- psS IY tIń´p-≠v. "tSmWn' F∂mWv At±-lØ - ns‚ t]cv. Iº\n hI sIń-Sß - ƒ Unssk≥ sNbvXv ]Wn-bn-®n-cp-∂Xv At±-lambn-cp-∂p. hniz-kvXX - t- bmsS tPmen \n¿Δ-ln-®n-cp∂ hy‡nbm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. Hcn-°¬ Iº-\n-bpsS Ub-dI - vS¿ At±lsØ hnfn®v ]pXn-sbmcp BUw-_c _w•mhv ]Wn-bm≥ Gev]n-®p. Iº-\n-bn¬\n∂v dn´-b¿ sNøm-\p≈ kabw ASpØn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ B sIńSw ]Wnbn¬\n∂v Ipd®v ]Ww

shń-°m≥ tSmWn Xocp-am-\n-®p. hne Ipd™ km[-\ß - ƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Dd-∏n-√mØ hoSmWv B {]mhiyw ]Wn-XX - v. \s√mcp XpI Abmƒ t]m°-‰n-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]Wn Xo¿∂ BgvNb - n-emWv tSmWn dn´-b¿ sNbvXX - v. Zo¿L-Imew Iº-\nsb tkhn® B F©n-\o-b¿°v Iº\n kΩm\w \¬In. Abmƒ Ah-km\w \n¿Ωn® hoSv Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p B kΩm-\w. hnebpw ta∑bpw Ipd™ hkvXp-°ƒ sIm≠v \n¿Ωn® B hoń¬ C\n Abmƒ Xs∂ Xma-kn-°Ww. X\n-°p-th≠nØ-s∂-bmWv Cu hoSv F∂-dn-™n-cps∂- ¶ n¬ F{X {i≤tbmsS Abmƒ AXn- \ p- t h- ≠ n A≤zm\n°pam-bn-cp-∂p. Chn-sS-bmWv Ihn hmIyw A\z¿∞-am-Ip-∂Xv ˛ ""\ap°p \mta ]WnhXp \mIw, \c-Ih - p-aX - p-t]mse'. {]nb Ipń-Isf, ]T-\I - m-eØv \ΩpsS PohnXw \mw Xs∂-bmWv ]Wn-bp-Is- b∂v Hm¿°-Ww. \∂mbn ]Tn-°p-∂X - v, A≤ym]-I-tcbpw amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfbpw A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xv, NoØ Iq´p-sI-´p-If- n¬\n∂v AI∂p \n¬°p-∂Xv \ap-°p-th-≠nØ-s∂-bm-Wv. Ct∏mƒ kabw X°-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ `mhn- b n¬ {]Xn- ^ ew e`n- ° pw. Ct∏mƒ {]m¿∞n®pw ss__nƒ hmbn®pw ssZh- t ØmSv tN¿∂v \n∂m¬ Ft∏mgpw ssZh-Øns‚ kwc-£-W-ap-≠m-Ipw. \nß-fpsS PohnXw \nß-fpsS Ic-ßf- n-em-Ib - m¬ F√m Imcy-ßƒ°pw apºv Hcp sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-ØW - w. AXv Ft∏mgpw \∑bv°p-≈X - m-bn-cn-°W - w. ""CXm, Rm≥ C∂v Poh\pw KpWhpw ac-Whpw tZmjhpw \ns‚ apºn¬ h®n-cn-°p-∂p.'' (Bh¿Ø. 30:15). \ΩpsS {]hr-Øn-bn¬ ssZh-Øn\v CjvSa- mIptam F∂v sNøp-∂X - n\v apºv ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. ssZthjvSw sXc-s™-SpØv anSp-°-cmbn hf-cp-I, tbip-{In-kvXp-hn\v \sΩ-°p-dn®v hf-sc-b-[nIw {]Xo-£-I-fp-≠v. C∂sØ {InkvXp-hn-izm-kn-I-fpsS apgp-h-t‚bpw apJ-ap-{Z-bm-tI≠ kZv^-e-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hnip-≤-th-Z-]p-kvXIw ]d-bp-∂p. ""Zo¿L£a, Zb, ]tcm-]-Im-cw, hniz-kvX-X, kuay-X, C{μn-bP - bw; Cu hIbv°p hntcm-[a- mbn Hcp \ymb-{]-amW-hp-an√'' (K-em. 5:22, 23). \ΩpsS k¨tU-kvIqƒ {]ÿm\w k¿Δ-i‡ - \ - mb ssZh-Øns‚ Ic-ß-fn¬ kpc-£n-X-am-bn-cn-°-s´-sb∂v \ap°v {]m¿∞n-°mw. Cu {]ÿm-\sØ C{X-tØmfw ssIØmßp \¬In hf¿Øn Db¿Ønb ]cn-ip≤ ]nXm°-∑msc \nXyhpw A\p-kvac- n-°mw. C∂v CXns\ \bn-®psIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂, CXns‚ {]kn-U‚ v ]Zw Ae-¶c- n-°p-∂\n.h.-Zn.-{io. Ipcym-t°mkv tam¿ ZobkvtImdkv sa{Xm-t∏meo-Ømbv°v ssZhw i‡nbpw klm-bhpw \¬I-s´-sb∂v \ap°v Bflm¿∞-ambn {]m¿∞n-°mw. ssZhw \sΩ A\p{K-ln-°-s´.

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I¿Ø≥ X≥ Bebw amXm-hn≥ k∂n-[n-bn¬ Rßƒ H∂mbn \nc∂p X¬ {]m¿∞-\bmse Rßƒ Pbw ]mSoSpw C{X-ta¬ kuμcyw Xpfpºpw Bebw I≠n-ń-t√-Xpta Rms\s‚ IÏ-fm¬ alXzw Z¿in®p Rms\∂pw kvXpXn°pw I¿Ø≥ X≥ Bebw hos≠-Sp-Ø-Xn-\m¬ (2) amXm-hn≥ k∂n-[n-bn¬ Rßƒ H∂mbn \nc∂p X¬ {]m¿∞-\bmse Rßƒ Pbw ]mSoSpw. Cu Bebw iq\y-am-bn-cnt° Ime-amtbm \nßƒ°v X≥ `h\w Xń´ `h\w AXn¬ ]m¿∏m≥ apgßo Rßƒ X≥ ImXp-Iƒ c≠nepw l§mbn X∂psS imk\m hm°p-Iƒ Acpfn btlmh sN∂mepw ae-ta¬ ]WnI Bebw acw sImt≠-Xpta (2) amXm-hn≥ k∂n-[n-bn¬ Rßƒ H∂mbn \nc∂p X¬ {]m¿∞-\bmse Rßƒ Pbw ]mSoSpw. Cu Bebw k¿Δ¿°p-sam-cm-{ibw Cu `qhn¬ Ahn-tSbv°p Xs∂ Rms\-Øp∂p F≥ c£-bv°mbn e`n°pw \n›bw tam£-a-sX\n°v

knPp Fw. t__n amt∏m-Sn-°¬ kmØm≥ X≥ i‡nsbm Xmf-Sn-bm-Ipsa {]m]n°pw Rms\∂pw amXm-hn∂¿∞-\bm¬ \qdp\qdm-bn-c-a-\p-{K-l-ß-fpw (2) amXm-hn≥ k∂n-[n-bn¬ Rßƒ H∂mbn \nc∂p X¬ {]m¿∞-\bmse Rßƒ Pbw ]mSoSpw. Hcp \hXn aptº Rßƒ X≥ ]nXm-a-l-∑m¿ IjvSX ]´nWn sIm≠n´pw X≥ a°ƒ°mbn Ah¿°mbn ssZhta \ns∂ kvXpXn-∏m-\mbn Hcp-°-s∏-t´mco ]≈n-∏pdw ]≈n sNm√s´ \nv›bw Im°pao Bebw i{X-°-fm-cpta sIm≠p-t]m-I-bn√ c‡-Øn≥ c‡amw tkmZ-c¿ Rßƒ X≥ kvt\-l-Øn¬ hmgpta Imew Ime-tatd (2) amXm-hn≥ k∂n-[n-bn¬........

A`n-hμy ]nXm-°∑ - m-cpsS t]cp-Ifpw A¿∞-ßfpw 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

]m{Xo-b¿°okv ImtXm-en° C·m-Øn-tbmkv _tk-en-tbmkv Xotam-Øn-tbmkv bqen-tbmkv Iqdn-temkv ]oen-Ivkn-t\mkv ¢oΩokv {KntKm-dn-tbmkv tkth-dn-tbmkv Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv HkvØm-Øn-tbmkv tXtbm-^n-temkv Cuhm-\n-tbmkv AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv _¿∂_mkv butk-_n-tbmkv

{][m\ ]nXmhv s]mXp-hmb ]nXmhv ssZh-hm-l-I≥ cmPmhv ssZhsØ al-Xz-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h≥ Npcp≠ tcma-ap-≈-h≥ I¿Ømhv Ir] sNbvXp ]c-tZ-in-Isf kvt\ln-°p-∂-h≥ ap¥ncn h≈n DW¿Δp-≈-h≥, Pm{K-X-bp-≈-h≥ IrXy-\n-jvT-bp-≈-h≥ kqcy≥ \√-\n-e-bp-≈-h≥ ssZhw kvt\ln-°p-∂-h≥ btlmh Icp-W-bp-≈-h≥ ac-W-an-√m-Ø-h≥ Bizm-k-]p-{X≥, {]t_m-[-\-]p-{X≥ ssZh-`-‡≥

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

F∏n-∏m-\n-tbmkv t]mfn-°m¿t∏mkv anen-Øn-tbmkv a°m-dn-tbmkv sFtd-\n-tbmkv At¥m-\n-tbmkv {Intkm-Ã-tamkv kn¬hm-t\mkv Znb-kvsIm-tdmkv XotØmkv tXthm-tZm-tkymkv

{]Imiw sNmcn-bp-∂-h≥ ê-]q¿Æ≥ t]mcmfn hmgvØ-s∏-´-h≥, `mKy-hm≥ kam-[m\w AXn-hn-injvSam-bXv kz¿Æ-\m-hp-Im-c≥ h\-Øn¬ \n∂p-≈-h≥ ssZh-Øns‚ BÏpń _lp-am-\y≥ ssZh-Zm\w

kºm-Z-I≥ :

]n.-sF. amWn ]gq¿ ]≈n-∏p-d-Øv.

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t^mt´m-WnIvkpw \mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-f-Pnbpw hnip-≤-{K-Ÿ-Im-gv®-∏m-Sn¬

tUm. ssetPm sI. tPmk^v If¿a-‰-Øn¬ eIvN-d¿, bp.-kn. tImfPv Beph

{]Im-iw D≠m-Is´ F∂v ssZhw ]d-™p. {]Imiw D≠mbn. {]Imiw \√Xv F∂v ssZhw I≠p. (1 Dev]. 1: 3,4) AXn-thKw hf¿® {]m]n-°p∂ c≠p imkv{X-ta-J-e-I-fmWv t^mt´mWnIvkpw \mt\m sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bpw. Ch c≠pw ]c-kv]cw Gsd _‘-s∏´pw Ccn-°p-∂p. kao-]-Im-esØ `uXnI imkv{X t\m_¬ kΩm-\-ßƒ {]Imi-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ßƒ°v Bbn-cp-∂p. sshZypX Im¥nI Xcw-K-ß-fn¬ (Electromagnetic waves) Zriy-amb {]Im-ihpw (400-700 nm) AXn-\-Sp-Øp≈ Aƒ{Sm-h-b-e‰v, C≥{^m-sdUv Xcw-K-ßfpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ imkv{X-im-J-bmWv Photonics tekdns‚bpw Optical fiber ({]-Im-i-\m-cp-Iƒ)s‚bpw I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-tØmsS optics F∂ imkv{X-imJ kmt¶-Xn-I-ambn hfsc sa®-s∏-´p. 20˛mw \q‰m≠v Electronics s‚ bpK-am-bn-cp-∂psh¶n¬ 21˛mw \q‰m≠v Photonics s‚ Imeam-sW∂v \nkw-ibw ]dbmw. Optics sebpw Electronics sebpw ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Photonics B[p-\nI hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab cwKØns‚ AXn-th-K-X-bn-ep≈ ]ptcm-K-Xnbv°v {][m\ Imc-W-am-Wv. Photonics t]mse Xs∂ AXn-thKw ]ptcm-K-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ imkv{X-ta-J-e-bmWv Nanotechnology bpw. G‰hpw {it≤-ba- mb Hcp Imcyw Fs¥-∂m¬ Photonics s‚ AXn-th-K-Øn-ep≈ hf¿®bv°p Imc-W-amb tek-dns‚ I≠p-]n-Sp-Øhpw Nanotechnology bpsS XpS-°hpw GXm≠v Htc Ime-b-f-hn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 1960˛ ¬ BWv BZysØ laser Xotbm-tUm¿ sabvam≥ I≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv. B Im-e-b-f-hn¬ Xs∂ Nanotechnology bpsS A\-¥ km[y-X-I-sf-°p-dn®v {]ikvX `uXn-I-im-kv{X-⁄\mb dn®m¿Uv ]n. s^bvam≥ Cßs\ ]d-™-p. ‘There is plenty of room at the bottom’ Hcpao‰-dns‚ \qdp tImSn-bn¬ Hcp `mKw (1 nm) am{Xw hen-∏-ap≈ ]Zm¿∞ßsf°pdn-®p≈ ]T-\-amWv ‘Nano science’ . CXp-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kmt¶XnI hnZy-bmWv Nanotechnology. `qan-tbbpw AXn-ep-ff Hcp aW¬Ø-cntbbpw As√-¶n¬ Hcp sNdnb sh≈mcw I√n-s\bpw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂Xn\p Xpey- a m- W nXv . s{]m^. t\mdntbm X\n- K p®n (1947) bmWv ‘Nanotechnology’ F∂ \maw BZy-ambn \n¿t±-in-®-Xv. ASn-ÿm\ imkv{X imJ-I-fnse hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn¬ ‘Nanotechnology’ °v {it≤-b-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øm≥ Ign-™n-´p-≠v. \mt\m ao‰¿ taJ-e-bn-ep-ff ]Zm¿∞ßƒ°v Ah-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ ]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS kzm`m-hn-I-amb KpW-ßfn¬ \n∂v hfsc hyXy-kvX-amb kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWp≈Xv. AXn\m¬ ‘Photonics’ se hnhn[ ]co-£W - ß - f- psS klm-bØ - m¬ Cu ]Zm¿∞ß-fpsS kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]Tn-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂p. {]Imi XcwK ssZ¿Lyhpw \mt\m-ao-‰¿ ]cn-[n-bn¬ BsW-∂p-≈-Xm-Wv G‰hpw {it≤b-amb Imcyw.

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hnip≤ {KŸ-Øns‚ XpS-°Ø - n¬ Xs∂ \ap°v Zriy-am-Ip-∂Xv ssZhw krjvSn-I¿Ωw \S-Øp-∂-Xn-s\°p- d n- ® m- W v . AXn¬ ssZhw BZy Znhkw Xs∂ {]Imiw krjvSn-®p.(-Dev]. 1) -ssZh km∂n≤yw {]I-Sam-Ip-∂Xv ]e-t∏mgpw {]Im-i-Øn-eqsSbmWv. C{km-tbey¿ acp-`q-{]-bm-W-Øn¬ Bbn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ ]I¬ taLkvXw-`-Ønepw, cm{Xn A·n kvXw`-Øn-ep-ambn ssZhw Ah¿°v hgn-Im-´n. taL-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ {]Im-iØ - ns‚ NnX-d¬ (scattering)AXns\ kphy-‡-am-°p-∂p. AXpt]mse A·nsb {]Im-ih - p-ambn t\cn´v _‘-s∏-Sp-Øm\m-hn√ F¶nepw `mc-Xob thZ-hn[n {]Imcw ]©-`q-Xß-fn¬ H∂mb A·n G‰hpw t{ijvT-am-Wv. _m°nbp≈ `qX-ßƒ aen-\-am-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ, aen-\-Xsb \o°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w kzbw aen-\-am-Im-Xn-cn-°p∂ GI `qXw A·n-bm-Wv. {]Im-i-Øns‚ Nne ASn-ÿm\ kz`m-h-ßfn¬s]´-XmWv t\¿tc-Jm-{]-bm-Whpw iq\y-X-bn-ep≈ GI-th-K-{]-bm-Whpw. ssZh-h-N\w {]Im-i-Xp-ey-am-Wv. AXv t\¿tc-J-bn¬ k©-cn®v lrZ-b-Øn-te°v FØptºmƒ, A·n aen-\X - sb ip≤-am-°p-∂X - p-t]mse ssZhh-N\w lrZ-b-ip≤n hcp-Øp-∂p. k¶o¿Ø-\-°m-c≥ ]mSp-∂p, “Xncp-hN - \w Fs‚ Imep-Iƒ°v Zo]hpw Fs‚ hgn-Iƒ°v {]Im-ihpw BIp-∂p”. (k¶o 118:105) . ssZhw {]Im-i-Øns‚ A[n-]\pw krjvSm-hp-amWv. {]m¿∞-\-I-fn¬ \mw ]d-bm-dp-≠v. “{]Im-i-Øns‚ krjvSm-hn\p kvXpXn”. (bmt°m 1:17) F∂pw ""I¿Ømhv Fs‚ {]Im-ihpw Fs‚ c£bpw BIp-∂p.'" (k¶o 27:1) F∂pw ""\oXn {]Imi kam-\hpw"" (lqim 6:5, k¶o 37:6) ""shfn®w at\m-l-chpw'' (k`m 11:7); ""ssZhw {]Imihpw hnf-°p-am-Ip-∂p.'' (2iap 22:29, tbml-∂m≥ FgpXnb teJ\w 1:5) F∂pw hnip≤ {KŸw km£y-s∏-SpØp-∂p. \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hmb tbip-aninl temI-tØmSp ]dbp-∂p. “Rm≥ temI-Øns‚ {]Im-i-am-Ip-∂p''. (tbml 8:12, 9;15, 12; 46) ""\nßƒ {]Im-i-Øn¬ hkn-∏n≥” (-tbml 12:35) ssPh {]Im-inI D]-I-c-W-amb IÆv ico-cØns‚ hnf-°m-Ip-∂p. ""Hcp-hs‚ IÆp sNmΔp-≈-sX¶n¬ Ahs‚ ico-cw apgp-h≥ {]Im-in-X-am-bn-cn-°pw.'' (aØm: 6:22, eq. 11:35) ""ssZh-{]-Imiw temI-Ønse Poh\p-≈h - s\ {]Im-in-∏n-°p∂ kXy-{]-Im-ia- m-Wv''(-tbml 1:9) alm-{]-fb tijw, `qansb Hcn-°epw {]f-bØm¬ \in-∏n-°n-s√∂v ssZhw km£y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv ag-hn-√m¬ Bbn-cp-∂p. {]Im-i-Øns‚ hnhn[ {]Xn-`mk-ß-fmb dispersion, total internal reflection (]q¿Æ B¥-cnI {]Xn-^-e-\w) scattering F∂n-h-bpsS BsIØp-I-bmWv ag-hn-√v. Nanotechnology- °v 50 hb- mbn F∂p {]N-cn°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ {i≤n-t°≠ Hcp hkvXpX Fs¥-

∂m¬ Cu kmt¶-XnI hnZy as‰m-cp-hn-[-Øn¬ hfsc apºp Xs∂ D]-tbm-Ks- ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. \q‰m≠p-Iƒ ]g-°-ap≈ Nne IØo-{U¬ P\¬®n√p ]mfnI-fnepw Nne •m p-I-fnepw sNa-∏p-\n-d-Øn\p ImcWw nano kz¿W-Øns‚ km∂n-[y-am-sW∂v Ct∏mƒ sXfnbn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. {]i-kvX-im-kv{X-PvR-\mb ssa°¬ ^mctU Cu {]Xn-`mkw AXn-kq£va kz¿W-Øns‚ km∂n-[yw-sIm-≠m-sW∂v t\csØ Xs∂ hy‡-am-°nbn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw ASpØ Ime-ØmWv CXp sXfn-bn°-s∏-´X - v. \mt\m kz¿W-Øn\p sshZy-im-kv{X-]c- a- mbn Nne KpW-ßƒ Ds≠∂v \ho\ ]T-\-ßƒ shfn-s∏-SpØp-∂p. tami-bmWv Nanotechnology bpsS bYm¿∞ Ah-Im-in-sb-∂mWv Nne¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. CXns\ km[qI-cn-°m-\mbn Ah¿ hy‡-am-°p∂ kw`hw ˛ “tami bn{km-tb¬ P\-X-bp-≠m-°nb kph¿W Imf-°p-ńsb Ac®p Ie°n s]mSn®v Pe-Øn¬ Nmen®p P\-Øn\p sImSp-Øp”. CXp Ah-cpsS Bflo-bh - p-am-bp≈ kuJyØn\p Imc-W-ambn. CuPn-]vXnepw sak-s∏m-t´-an-b-bnepw D≠m-bncp∂ sIm√-∑m¿ \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v apºp-Xs∂ nano kz¿W \n¿Ωn-X-amb Cub-c-lnX tkmƒU¿ (lead free solder) I≠p-]n-Sn-®n-cp-∂p. ]ucm-WnI ImeØp Xs∂ kz¿WsØ 100 \mt\m ao‰-dnepw Xmsg I\-Øn¬ ASn®p ]c-Øm≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂p. Nanotechnology bpw Photonics Dw D]-tbm-Ks∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ A\-h[n I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ßƒ Ct∏mƒ ]ptcm-K-an-°p-∂p. Cu c≠p imkv{X taJ-e-I-fp-sSbpw hnip-≤-{K-Ÿ-hp-am-bp≈ hnZq-c-_‘w GI-tZ-i-ambn shfn- s ∏- S p- Ø m≥ Cu teJ\w klm- b n®p F∂p IcpXns°m≠v D]-kw-l-cn-°-s´. shfn-®ta \bn-®mepw

A\p-_‘w: Photonics bpw Nanotechnology bpw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ Nne {][m\ ÿm]-\-ßƒ tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠v. 1. International School of Photonics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi www. photonics.cusat.edu. 2. CUSAT, Physics Department - ¬ Bcw-`n-®n-cn-°p∂ Center for Nanotechnology 3. NIT Kozhikode 4. Amrita institute, Kochi 5. Optoelectronics Department Kerala University B[nIm-cnI {KŸ-ßƒ/ teJ-\ß - ƒ 1. hnip≤ {KŸw. IWn-bm-º-d-ºn¬ Ipcy≥ tIm¿-F-∏nkvtIm∏ 2. The Alchemy of Nanotechnology -Ken Gilleo 3.M. Farady Philos. Trans R. Soc. London 147, 145 (1857) 213

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ae-¶c - b - nse a¨ ad™ kpdn-bm\n k`m ]nXm-°∑ - m¿ 1. tam¿ Al-Øp≈m _mhm 1599 ¬ IqSnb DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p tijw kpdn-bm\n k`sb tdmam-knw-lm-k-\-Øn≥ Iogn¬ ]q¿W-ambn sIm≠p hcm≥ sa\-kokv sa{Xm≥ ITn\ {]bXv\w \S-Øn. kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p tijw sa\kokv sa{Xm≥ ae-¶-c-bnse an°-]-≈n-Ifpw kμ¿in®v Xs‚ a\:i‡n-sIm≠pw [\-i‡n sIm≠pw kp∂-ltZmkv Xocp-am\ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°n. ]≈n-I-fn¬ \n∂v In´m-hp-∂n-S-tØmfw ssIsb-gpØp {KŸ-ßƒ kpdn-bm\n-bn-ep-≈Xpw A√m-Ø-Xp-ambh \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ At±lw _≤-{i-≤\ - m-bn-cp-∂p. ae-¶c- k - `- b - psS Bcw`w apX¬ a≤y-Im-e-L´w hsc-bp≈ Ncn-{X-tc-J-Iƒ Cu {]h¿Øn a-- qew C√m-sX-bm-bn. Chn-sS-bp≈ kpdn-bm\n-°m¿ ]q¿ΔnI hnizm-kØ - n-te°v XncnsI t]mIp-hm≥ Hcp sa{Xms\ e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n At¥ym-Jym-bnte°v At]-£-Iƒ Ab-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. CXns‚ ^eambn 1653 ¬ ]cn-ip≤ Al-Øp≈m _mhm t]m¿´o-kpImsc `b∂v thj-{]-—∂ - \ - mbn kqd-‰n¬ h∂n-dß - n. kqd‰n¬ sh®v t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ AdÃp sNbvXv ]. AlØp≈m _mhsb tKmh-bn-te-bv°-b-bv°p-hm-\mbn ssaem-∏q-cn¬ XS-hn¬ ]m¿∏n-®p. XS-hn¬ At±lw hfsc-b-[nIw XymK-ßfpw ]oU-Ifpw kln-®p. Ct±lw XS-hn¬ ssaem-∏q-cn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ hn. tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS I_-dnSw kμ¿in-°p-hm-\mbn c≠v siΩm-i≥am¿ ssaem-∏q-cn¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ bmZr-›nI-ambn _mhmsb ImWp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bmbn . kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb ÿnXn a\- n-em-°nb _mh k`-bpsS t\XrXzw hln-®n-cp∂ tXmam A¿°-Zn-bmt°m\v Hcp Iev]\ siΩm-i-∑m-cpsS ]°¬ sImSp-Øb-®p. ssaem-∏q-cn¬ \n∂v tKmh-bnse ZWvU-\-ÿ-etØbv°v sIm≠p-t]m-Ip∂ I∏¬ sIm®n-bn¬ FØnb-t∏mƒ siΩm-i-∑m-cn¬ \n∂pw t\csØ hnh-c-ßƒ

Adn-™n-cp∂ kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ Xß-fpsS ]nXm-hns\ c£-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn sIm®n tIm´-bn¬ FØn. CXn\p t\XrXzw sImSp-ØXv tXmam A¿°-Zn-bmt°m\pw B™n-en-aq-ń¬ Cń sXmΩ≥ IØ-\m-cp-ambn-cp-∂p. GI-tZiw 25000 tØmfw P\-ßƒ AhnsS XSn-®p-Iq-Sn. sIm®n-tIm-´b - nse A[n-]∑ - m¿ P\-°q-´sØ I≠v `b∂v tIm´-hm-Xn¬ AS-bv°p-Ibpw cl-ky-ambn tKmh-bn-te°v hnSp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ct±-lsØ IgpØn¬ I√p-sIń IS-en¬ XmgvØn sIm∂p-I-f™p F∂v hniz-kn°s∏Sp-∂p. tKmh-bn¬ sh®v _mhmsb A·n-bn¬ Zln-∏n-®X - mbn eØo≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c∑ - m¿ FgpXn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CX-dn™ kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ H∂n-®p-IqSn FSpØ {]Xn-⁄-bmWv Ncn{X {]kn-≤-amb Iq\≥ Ipcnip kXyw.

2. ]cn-ip≤ ]t{Xmkv XrXn-b≥ ]m{Xn-bm¿°o-kv_mhm ae-¶c- b - n¬ P\m-[n-]Xy `c-Wk - w-hn-[m-\ß - ƒ°v XpS°w Ipdn® apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-lt- Zmkv hnfn®p Iq´nbXv ]cn-ip≤ ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ _mhm--bm-Wv. \hoI-cW hnhm-ZØ - n¬ \n∂v ae-¶c- k - `- sb c£n-®Xpw Cu ]nXm-hm-bn-cp-∂p. 1872 anYp\w 04 \v Du¿t»-an¬ sh®v s]¥n-t°mkvXn s]cp-∂mƒ Znhkw ]m{Xn-bm¿°okmbn hmgn-°-s∏-´p. 1876 ¬ ae-¶-c-bn-seØn apf-¥pcpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv, hn. aqtdm≥ IqZmi, ae-¶-c-k-`bnse 7 `{Zm-k-\-ßƒ°v 6 ]pXnb sa{Xm-∑msc hmgn°¬, ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ P\m-[n-]Xy `c-W-{I-a-Øn\v cq]w \¬I¬ XpS-ßnb ]. _mhm ae-¶-c-bn¬ \S-Ønb {][m\ kw`-h-ßƒ Bbn-cp-∂p. 6 ]pXnb sa{Xm-∑mcn¬ ae-¶-c-bpsS alm-]-cn-ip-≤-\mb ]-cp-ae sIm®pXn-cp-ta-\nbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. 1894 I∂n 25 \v ].-_mhm Imew sNbvXv Ip¿°pa Zb-dm-bn¬ I_-d-S-ßn.

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3. ]cn-ip≤ Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm

5. ]cn-ip≤ bm°q_v XrXob≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm

Xp¿°n-bnse a¿±o≥ ]´-W-Øn¬ 1867 HIvtSm_¿ 30 \v Cu hnip-≤≥ `qPm-X-\mbn. 1887 ¬ siΩmi\mbpw 1889¬ dºm-\mbpw 1892 ¬ sshZn-I-\mbpw 1908 ¬ sa{Xm-t∏meo-Ømbmbpw Db¿Ø-s∏-´p. 1917 ¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kmbn hmgn-°-s∏-´p. ae-¶-c-bnse Ie-lßƒ Xo¿°p-hm-\mbn 1931 ¬ ae-¶-c-bn-se-Øn. _mhmbpsS Bep-hm-bnse Xma-k-Im-eØv apS-°-s∏´ h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n ]. ]nXm-hns‚ k∂n-[n-bn¬ FØn ]›mØm- ] n- ° p- I bpw ]nXmhv apS- ° p- X o¿Øv hm’- e ytØmsS kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F¶nepw ]n∂oSv _mhm-bp-ambn h´-t»cn Xncp-ta\n ]e Imcy-ß-fnepw hntbm-Pn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. k‘n Btem-N-\-Iƒ \n¿Ønsh-t°≠n h∂p. Ipdp-∏w-]Sn ]≈n-bn¬ sh®v ]≈n {]Xn-]p-cpj tbmKw \S-Øn. 1932 s^{_p-hc- n-bn¬ a™\n- ° - c - b n¬ FØn- t ®- c p- I bpw Ipd- ® p- Z n- h - k ßƒ°ptijw s^{_p-hcn 13 \v BI-kvan-Ia- mbn Imew sNbvXp. a™-\n-°c tam¿ kvtX^m-t\mkv ]≈n-bpsS kao]w 14 \v I_-d-S-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv AhnsS tam¿ CKv\m-Øn-tbm-kns‚ \ma-Øn¬ Hcp Zbdm ÿm]n-°s∏Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

1957 HIvtSm-_¿ 27 \v ]. ]nXmhv ]m{Xn-b¿-°okmbn hmgn-°-s∏-´p. 1958 ¬ k`m-k-am-[m-\-Øns‚ Iev]\ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. 1964 ¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ Fgp-s∂≈n _tk-entbmkv HutK≥ ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn-®p. ae¶-c-k-`-bn¬ 1970 \p tijw {]iv\-ßƒ D≠m-hp-Ibpw 1958 ¬ D≠m-°nb kam-[m\w XI¿∂-t∏mƒ1975 HmKÃn¬ Uam-kv-Ikn¬ BI-am\ kp∂-l-tZmkv IqSpIbpw thZ-hn-]-co-Xn-Isf k`bv°v ]pd-Øm-°m≥ Xocpam-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ae-¶-c-bn¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø∑m¿ C√m-™-t∏mƒ k`m-a-°sf kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ 1974 ¬ ]nXm-°-∑msc Ab-®p-X-∂-Xv ]. _mhmbmWv. t{ijvT ImtXm-en°m _tk-en-tbmkv ]utemkv c≠ma≥ _mhmsb hmgn-®-Xv ]cn-ip≤ ]nXm-hmWv. c≠v a{]nbm-\m-am-scbpw 13 sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-am-scbpw ]. ]nXmhns‚ ssII-fm¬ hmgn-®n-´p-≠v. kam-[m-\-{]nb\pw ]WvUn-X\pw t{ijvT\pw k`m-kvt\-ln-bp-am-bn-cp∂ ]. ]nXmhv 1980 Pq¨ 25˛mw XobXn Imew sNbvXp.

4. ]cn-ip≤ At{]w ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm 1887 anYp\w 15˛mw XobXn ]. _mhm Cdm-°nse aqk¬ \K-c-Øn¬ `qPm-X-\m-bn. 1933 aIcw 30˛mw XobXn Rmb-dmgvN ]m{Xn-bm¿°o-kmbn hmgn-°-s∏-´p. k`m Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw ]uc-kvXy-k-`-bpsS aWn Zo]-hpam-bn-cp∂ _mhm Xncp-ta\n 1927 ¬ P\o-h-bn¬ FØn eoKv Hm^v t\j-\n¬ kpdn-bm\n P\-Xb - psS {]iv\ß - ƒ kwkm-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. hn. ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ CS-s°´v (kp-t\m-tdm) tlmwknse hn. amXm-hns‚ ]≈nbn¬ \n∂v ]. _mh-bpsS Ime-ØmWv Is≠-Sp-Ø-Xv. k`m Ncn-{X-⁄m-\-Øn¬ {]tXy-In®v ]uckvXy k`m-N-cn{X-⁄m-\-Øn¬ ]. ]nXm-hn-t\mSv Xpey-\mbn Cu Xe-ap-d-bn¬ Bcpw Xs∂-bn-√. ]. ]nXm-hns‚ Ncn-{X-Kth-j-W-an-√m-bn-cp∂p-sh-¶n¬ kp{]-kn-≤-amb ]e kpdnbm-\n-°m-cp-sSbpw t]cp-I-sfbpw Ah-cpsS {KŸ-ßsfbpw Ipdn®v `mhn-Xe - a- pd Adn-bmsX t]mIp-ambn-cp∂p. 1957 Pq¨ 23˛mw XobXn ].-]n-Xmhv Imew sNbvXp. tlmwknse kpt\mtdm ]≈n-bn¬ ]nXm-hns‚ I_dnSw ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.

6. ]cn-ip≤ A_vZpƒ Peo¬ tam¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv _mhm At¥ym-Jym-bn¬ \n∂pw sa{Xm-∑msc Ab-®pX-c-W-sa∂v ImWn®v CS-X-S-hn-√msX ae-¶-c-bn¬ \n∂v I®- h - S - ° m¿ hgn IØp- I fpw \nth- Z - \ - ß fpw ]. At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhmbv°v Ab-®p-sIm≠n-cp-∂p. F.-Un. 1655 ¬ ]. knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ \n∂v tbcp-i-te-ans‚ ]m{Xn-bm¿°o-km-bn-cp∂ A_vZpƒ Peo¬ tam¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv _mhmsb ae-¶-c-bn-te°-b® - p. ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv hS-°≥ ]d-hq¿ bmt°m-_mb ]≈n-bn¬ 1681 taSw 14 \v I_-d-S-°-s∏-´p. H∂mw am¿tØm-am-bpsS A]q¿W-am-bn-cp∂ hmgn-°¬ am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv _mhm-bmWv ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv.-]. _mh Xs∂ c≠mw am¿tØm-Ωmsb hmgn-®p. _mhmsb ]. ]m{Xn-bm¿°okv _mhm 2000 ¬ ]cn-ip-≤-\mbn {]Jym-]n-®p. _mhm-bpsS Hm¿Ω taSw 14\v hS-°≥ ]dhq-cn¬ BtLm-j-]q¿Δw sIm≠m-Sn-h-cp-∂p.

7. ]cn-ip≤ b¬tZm tam¿ _tk-en-tbmkv a{^n-bm\ F.-Un. 1684 ¬ ae-¶c a°-fpsS Bh-iy-{]-Imcw Ing-°ns‚ a{^n-bm\ b¬tZm tam¿ _tk-en-tbmkv _mhmbpw kwLhpw ae-¶-c-bn-tebv°v bm{X ]pd-s∏-

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´p. tImX-aw-K-eØp h∂ _tk-en-tbmkv _mhm FØnt®¿∂-Xns‚ ]Xn-aq∂mw Znhkw 1685 I∂n-amkw 20 \v Cl- t em- I - h mkw shSn- b p- I bpw tImX- a w- K ew am¿tØmΩ≥ sNdn-b] - ≈ - n-bnse hn. aZv_l - m-bn¬ I_d-S-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1988 apX¬ ]. ]nXm-hns‚ \maw Ip¿∫m\ at≤y Xp_vtZ-\n¬ kvacn-°p-∂X - n\v ]. C·mØn-tbmkv kmJm-{]-Ya- ≥ ]m{Xn-bm¿°okv _mhm DØc-hm-bn. Cu hnip-≤s‚ Hm¿Ω HIvtSm-_¿ 03 \v henb s]cp-∂m-fmbn BtLm-jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

8. ]cn-ip≤ _tk-en-tbmkv i{I≈ _mhm ]cn-ip≤ i{I≈ a{^n-bm-\mbpw ]cn-hm-c-ßfpw 1751 ¬ sIm®n-bn¬ FØn-t®¿∂p. Cu hnip≤ ]nXmhv At\Iw sshZn- I ¿°pw Zb- d m- ° m¿°pw siΩm- i ∑m¿°pw ]´w sImSp-Øp. 13 h¿jsØ al-Ømb tkh\-Øn-\p-tijw 1764 HIvtSm-_¿ 22˛mw XobXn a´m-t©cn ]≈n-bn¬ Imew sNøp-Ibpw At±-l-Øns‚ `uXnI icocw I≠-\mSv ]≈n-bntebv°v sIm≠p-h-∂v, AhnsS kwkvI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 2008 HIvtSm-_-dn¬ ]. ]m{Xn-bm¿°okv _mhm Cu ]nXm-hns\ ]cn-ip-≤-\mbn {]Jym-]n-®p. Cu hnip-≤s‚ Hm¿Ω HIvtSm-_¿ 22 \v henb s]cp-∂m-fmbn BtLm-jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

9. ]cn-ip≤ bqbm°nw tam¿ Iqdn-temkv _mh 1847 ¬ At¥ymJym knwlm-k\ {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn Xncp-a\ - - p-sIm≠v ae-¶c- b - n¬ h∂p. apf-¥p-cp- Øn, Ipdp∏p-w]-Sn ]≈n F∂o ]≈n-I-fn¬ amdn-amdn Xma-kn®v ]cn-ip≤ k`-bv°p-th≠n {]h¿Øn®p t]m∂p. 1875 Nnßw 20\v Imew sNbvX tam¿ Iqdn-temkv sa{Xm-t∏meo-Ømsb apf-¥p-cpØn ]≈nbn¬ I_-d-S-°n. Ct±lw ]cn-ip-≤\pw [oc\pw Pohn-X-\n-jvT-bp-≈-h\pw KWn-Xim-kv{X-⁄\pw sshZy-im-kv{X\n›-bap-≈h - \pw kpdnbm\n ]WvUn-X\pw a¬∏m\pw Bbn-cp-∂p. 2008 HIvtSm_-dn¬ ]cn-ip≤ ]m{Xn-bm¿°okv _mhm Cu ]nXmhns\ ]cn-ip-≤-\mbn {]Jym-]n-®p. sk]v‰w-_¿ 2˛mw XobXn Cu ]nXm-hns‚ Hm¿Ω-Zn-\-ambn BN-cn-°p-∂p.

10.]cn-ip≤ ]cp-ae sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta\n ae-¶-c-bpsS ]cn-ip-≤-\mb ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n apf-¥pcØn ]≈-Øn´ NmØp-cpØn Xd-hm-´n¬ 1848 Pq¨ 15 \v `qPm-X-\mbn. 1857 ¬ tImdptbm ]´hpw 1885 ¬ sshZnI ]´hpw XpS¿∂v tIm¿ F∏n- k v t °m∏m

ÿm\hpw G‰p. 1872 ¬ dºm-\mbn hmgn-°s- ∏-´p. A°meØv ae-¶c- b - n¬ FØnb ]. ]t{Xmkv XrXob≥ ]m{Xnbm¿°okv _mhm-bpsS Zzn`m-jn-bmbpw sk{I-´-dn-bmbpw {]h¿Øn-®Xv dºm-®-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]. _mhm \S-Ønb apfp-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmk,v hn. aqtdm≥ IqZmi F∂nh-bpsS Npa-X-ebpw dºm-®-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ae-¶-c-k-`sb 7 `{Zm-k-\-ß-fmbn Xncn-®v ]pXnb sa{Xm-∑msc hmgn-®-hcn¬ Koh¿Kokv dºm-®-\p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tIhew 29˛mw hb- n¬ sa{Xm- \ mbn hmgn- ° - s ∏- ´ p. ]cp- a - e - b n¬ ]≈nbpw skan-\m-cnbpw ÿm]n-®p. Xncp-ta\n ta¬∏´w kzoI-cn-®-t∏mƒ Fgp-Xnka¿∏n® DS-ºSn {]kn-≤-am-Wv. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS At¥mJymknwlm-k\ `‡n AZzn-Xob-am-Wv. 1902 \hw-_¿ 2 \v Imew sNbvXv ]cp-a-e-bn¬ I_-d-S-ßn. 1987 ¬ ]cn-ip≤ kmJm-{]-Y-a≥ ]m{Xnb¿°okv _mhm Cu ]cn-ip-≤s‚ \maw kvacn-°-s∏tS-≠-Xn-\p-th≠n Xp_vtZ-\n¬ tN¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

11. ]cn-ip≤ ]utemkv tam¿ Iqdn-temkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ apf-¥p-cpØn sIm®p-]-d-ºn¬ IpSpw-_mw-K-amb am¿ Iqdn-temkv 1851 sabv 31 \v P\n-®p. Beph Xr°p∂Øp sk‚ v tacokv ]≈n-bn¬ ]. A_vZp≈ ]m{Xnb¿°okv _mhm-bpsS A≤y-£-X-bn¬ IqSnb ae-¶c bmt°m-_mb Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ ]utemkv am¿ Iqdntem-kns\ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bmbn sXc-s™-SpØp. Ct±-l-Øns‚ Ime-ØmWv h´n-∏-W-t°kv Bcw`n-®-Xv. alm-X-t]mhcy\m-bn-cp∂ ]utemkv am¿ Iqdntemkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ 1917 Unkw-_¿ 15˛mw XobXn Imew sNbvXv ]mW-ºSn ]≈n-bn¬ I_-dS- °s∏´p. 2008 HIvtSm-_-dn¬ Cu ]nXm-hns\ ]. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm ]cn-ip-≤-\mbn {]Jym-]n-®p.

12.]cn-ip≤ …o_m tam¿ HkvXm-tØymkv _mhm ]. At¥ymJym knwlm-k\ {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn 1919 ¬ ae-¶c- b - n-se-Øn. k`m-ka- m-[m-\Ø - n\pw t{ib- n\pw th≠n Poh≥ _en-b¿∏n® Cu ]. ]nXmhv kln® IjvS-X-Iƒ A\-h-[n-bm-Wv. tcmKn-Iƒ°v Cu ]nXmhv Hcm-i-m-tI-{μ-am-bn-cp-∂p.-hmgvØn sImSp-°p∂ sh≈w IpSn®v At\-I¿ tcmK-hn-ap-‡c- m-bn-´p-≠v. 1930 am¿®v 20\v Imew sNbvX tam¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv _mhm Ip∂wIpfw B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-bn¬ I_-d-S-ßn. 2000 G{]nen¬ ]. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm Cu ]nXm-hns\ ]cn-ip-≤\mbn {]Jym-]n-®p. 219

]pd-tØ´v ]n.-]n. h¿Kokpw IpSpw-_hpw

220

13.]cn-ip≤ ]utemkv tam¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ (h-enb Xncp-ta\n)

kv t \lnbpw ssZh- ` - ‡ - \ p- a m- b n- c p- ∂ - Xn- c p- t a- \ n At¥ymJym ae-¶c _‘sØ Ac-°n-´p-d-∏n-®-h-cn¬ AZzn-Xo-b-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

1869 P\p-hcn 23˛mw XobXn {]kn-≤-amb ss]\mSØp IpSpw-_-Øn¬ P\n-®p. 1910 ¬ sa{Xm-s∏m-eo-Øbmbn hmgn-°-s∏-´p. ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-mbmbn Zo¿L-Imew k`sb \bn-®p. 1953 P\p-hcn 25\v Beph Xr°p-∂Øp skan-\m-cn-bn¬ sh®v Imew sNbvXv Xr°p∂Øv sk‚ v tacokv ]≈n-bn¬ I_-d-S-ßn. ""kXy-hnizmk kwc-£-I≥'' F∂ A]-c-\m-a-Øn¬ kpdn-bm\n k` F∂pw A`n-am-\-tØmsS kvacn-°p∂ Ct±lw k`bv°p-th≠n kln® XymK-ßƒ A\-h-[n-bm-Wv. 2004 HmK-Ãn¬ ]. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm Cu ]nXm-hns\ ]cn-ip-≤-\mbn {]Jym-]n-®p.

16.s]cp-º≈n Koh¿Kokv tam¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm

14.t{ijvT ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm ssZh-\n-tbm-K-Ømepw kzI¿Ω-Ømepw t{ijvTX-bn-te°v Db¿∂ AXpey B≤ym-ﬂnI tXP- m-bncp∂p t{ijvT ImtXm-en°m _tk-en-tbmkv ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm 1952 ¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bmbn hmgn°- s ∏- ´ p. 1975 sk]v ‰ w- _ ¿ 7 \v _tk- e n- t bmkv ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥ F∂ t]cn¬ t{ijvT ImtXm-en°-bmbn hmgn-®p. sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ Bb-Imew apX¬ t{ijv T _mhm ]cn- i p- ≤ - k - ` - b v ° p- t h- ≠ n- h - f sc XymK-ßƒ kln-®p. 1996 sk]v‰w-_¿ H-∂n\v Imew sNbvX t{ijvT _mhm ate-°p-cniv Zb-dm-bn¬ I_-dS°s∏-´p.

15. ]pent°m-ń¬ tPmk^v tam¿ Znh-∂ym-kn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ Ip∂w-Ip-fØv {]kn-≤-amb ]pen-t°m-ń¬ IpSpw_-Øn¬ 1833 \hw-_¿ 12 \v P\n-®p. 1865 ¬ sa{X-t∏meo-Ø-bmbn hmgn-°-s∏-´p. \ho-I-c-W-°m-cn¬ \n∂pw G‰hpw A[nIw ]oU-\-ßƒ kln-t°≠n h∂ ]nXmhmWv Ct±-lw. 44 h¿j-°mew sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bmbn k`sb {]Xn-k-‘n-L-´-ß-fn¬ IqSn \bn-®p. ]cp-ae skan-\mcn, shń-°¬ Zb-dm, tIm´bw Fw.Un skan\m-cn,-Xp-S-ßnb ÿm]-\-ßƒ Bcw-`n-®Xv Xncp-ta-\n-bmbn-cp-∂p. Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤-amb tdmb¬tIm¿´v hn[n D≠mbXpw Cu Ime-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. 1909 Pqsse 11\v Imew sNbvXv ]g-bs- k-an-\m-cnbn¬ I_-dS- ° - s- ∏-´p. ae-¶c- k - ` `cn- ® n- ´ p≈ sa{Xm- ∑ m- c n¬ XymK- k - º - ∂ - \ pw k`m

1974 apX¬ 1999 hsc-bp≈ 25 h¿jsØ k`mN-cn{Xw A`n-hμy s]cp-º≈n Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Poh-N-cn{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´p InS-°p-∂p. {]Xn-`m-[\ - \ - mb {]`mj-I≥, Ign-hp‰ kwLm-S-I≥ , `{Zm-k-\-Øn-s‚bpw k`bp-sSbpw hniz-kvX-\mb Imcy-hn-Nm-cI -- ≥, kq£va \nco£-I-\mb tae-t\z-j-I≥ , k¿tΔm-]cn kvt\l-\n-[nbmb Bﬂob ]nXmhv F∂n-ßs\ A`n-hμy Xncp-ta\n-bpsS {]Xn`m Inc-W-ßƒ At\-I-ß-fm-Wv. tIm´bw ]pXp-∏≈n ]d-∏≈n IpSpw-_Ø - n¬ 1934 HIvtSm-_¿ 24 \v P\n-®p. 1974 ¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bmbn hmgn-°s- ∏-´p. tIkp-Ifpw C≥Pw-Kvj\pw ImcWw ]≈nI-fpsS kao-]-ß-fn-embn sjÕp-Iƒ \n¿Ωn®v Xs‚ kz¿Ko-b-amb Bcm-[-\-I-f-mepw D÷ze {]`m-j-W-ßfmepw a\p- j y- l r- Z - b - ß sf Db¿Øn k`m- a - ° sf At±lw At¥ymJym knwlm-k-\-tØmSv tN¿Øp \n¿Øn. s]cp-º≈n knwlm-k\ ]≈n, tIm´bw sk‚ v tPmk^v IØo-{U¬ F∂nh ]WnXXv A`n-hμy ]nXmhns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-Wv. At¥ymJym ae-¶c _‘Øns‚ i‡-amb h‡mhpw kwc-£-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂p A`n-hμy ]nXm-hv 1999 s^{_p-hcn 22 \v Imew sNbvXv s]cpº≈n knwlm-k\ ]≈n-bn¬ I_-d-S-°-s∏-´p.

17. anJm-tb¬ tam¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ ]pcm-X-\-amb Imbw-Ipfw ImZoim ]≈n CS-hI-bn¬ Bepwaq´n¬ IpSpw-_Ø - n¬ 1879 CShw 15\v `qPmX-\mbn. 1926 ¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bmbn hmgn°-s∏-´p. thZ-hn-]-co-Xn-Iƒ ]. k`sb ]oUn-∏n-®n-cp∂ Zp¿LS L´-Øn¬ ae-¶c- b - nse kpdn-bm\n k`bv°v kp[o-camb t\XrXzw sImSpØv kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ \ne-\n¿ØnbXv anJm-tb¬ Xncp-ta\n Bbn-cp-∂p. "ae-¶-c-bpsS K¿÷n-°p∂ knwlw 'F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. kXy-hn-izmk kwc-£-W-Øn¬ hn´p-ho-gvN-bn-√mØ at\m-`m-h° - m-c\ - m-bn-cp∂p At±lw. kXy hnizm-kn-Isf Ie-h-d-bn-√msX kvt\ln® A`n-hμy ]nXmhv 1956 P\p-hcn 18\v Imew sNbvXv ]mW-ºSn ]≈n-bn¬ I_dS-°-s∏-´p.

221

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amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ Adn-bm≥ inip-{]m-bØ - n¬ Ipń-Iƒ amXm-]n-XmamXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ ]c-kv]c kvt\l-Ønepw °-fpsS kmao]yw Gsd sImXn-°p-Ibpw Ah_lp-am-\-Ønepw ssZh-hn-izm-k-Ønepw PohntcmSv F{Xam{Xw tN¿∂v \nev°p-hm≥ km[ns®-¶n¬ am{Xta Ipń-Isf imkn-°p-hm\pw °ptam A{Xbpw tN¿∂p \nev°p-Ibpw sNøpt\¿hgn D]-tZ-in-°p-hm\pw km[n-°q. kv{Xo, ∂p. kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Bcw-`-L-´hoń¬ DØ-a-`m-cy-bmbn h¿Øn-°-Ww. ⁄m\nØn¬ Ah¿ amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS ssI]n-Sn®v I-fn¬ ⁄m\n-bmb item-tam≥ ]d-™n-cnkvIqfn¬ t]mIm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂p. Xß-fpsS °p∂p ""kma¿∞y-ap≈ kv{Xo Ah-fpsS `¿Øm\ne- \ n- e v ] pw kpc- £ n- X - X zhpw Ah- c psS hn\v Hcp Inco-Sa- m-Ip∂p'' (kZriy : 12:4). ""_p≤nssII-fn-em-sW∂v Ah¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. {]mbw bp≈ `mcy ssZh-Øns‚ Zm\w; Ah-fpsS hne Gdpw-tXmdpw Xßƒ°v Xmßpw XWepw apØp-I-fnepw Gdpw, Ahƒ Bbp-jv°m-eBbn-cp∂ amXm-]n-Xm-°-fp-am-bn´p≈ ASp∏w sams° `¿Øm-hn\p Xn∑-b√ \∑ sNøpw'' Ipd™v Ipd™v hcp-Ibpw Iuam-c-{]m-b- kmeΩ amXyp (kZriy 31:10˛12). tamiw kv{Xosb-°p-dn®pw Øn¬ FØp-tºmƒ CXv IqSp-X¬ {]-I-S-amitem-tam≥ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂p ""iWvTbpw Zp:ioe]gq¿ ]pØ≥]pc hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. am‰-ßf- psS Ime-L´- a- mWv hp-ap≈ kv{XobpsS IqsS ]m¿°p-∂X - nepw t`Zw Ipń-I-fpsS Iuam-c-{]m-bw. imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpw s]cp- \n¿P-\-{]-tZ-iØv ]m¿°p-∂Xv \√-Xv''(kZriy. 21:9). kv{Xo am-‰-]-c-hp-amb hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ Cu ka-bØp {]I-S-am-Ip-∂p. F∂pw hoSn\v hnf-°m-bn-cn-°W - w. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ Ipń-Iƒ°v Cu {]mb- Ø n¬ F¥p sNøWw Ftßm- ´ p- t ]m- I Ww amXr-Ib - m-bn-cn-°W - w. Ah¿ ]c-kv]cw kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw IpńFs∂mcp \n›-bh - p-an-√msX, ]eXpw kz¥-am-°W - s- a∂pw ]e- Isf kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ Ipń-Iƒ Ahsc kvt\lntcbpw A\p-I-cn-°-W-sa∂pw tXm∂pI kzm`m-hn-Iw. NoØ- °p-Ibpw _lp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Cs√-¶n¬ Ipń-Iƒ Iq-´p-sI-ń-tebv°v t]mIp-hm-\p≈ km≤yX Cu {]mb-Øn¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°sf shdp-°p-Ibpw Ah-cn¬ \n∂v AI-ep-Ibpw hfsc IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-°pw. IqSp-X¬ kzmX{¥yw {]Xo-£n- sNøpw. °p∂ Ah¿ amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂pw AI-ep-Ibpw XßPohn-XsØ Ah-cpsS kz]v\-tem-I-am-°n-Øo¿°-WfpsS A`n-{]m-bß - fpw Btem-N\ - I - fpw ]¶p-sh-bv°p-hm≥ Iq´p- sa∂v B{K-ln-°p-∂-h-cmWv Ipń-Ifpw sNdp-∏-°m-cpw. sNdpImsc tXSp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Iq´p-Im¿ \√ D]-tZ-iß - ƒ \¬Ip- {]m-bØ - n¬ th≠ D]-tZ-iß - fpw \nb-{¥-Wß - fpw \¬ImsX, hm≥ sIev]p-≈h - ¿ As√-¶n¬ Ipń-Iƒ hgn-sX-‰n-t∏m-Ip-hm≥ hep-Xm-Ip-tºmƒ F√mw icn-bm-bn-s°m≈pw F∂p hnNm-cnCS-bm-Ip-∂p. At∏mƒ Ah-cpsS Ahÿ sNfn-°p-gn-bn¬ AI- ®m¬ ]‰n-√. Hcp sNSnsb sNdp-{]m-b-Øn¬ c≠p hnc-ep-Iƒ s∏´ ]∂n-bp-tSXp t]mse-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. Cu {]mb-Øn¬ sIm≠pt]mepw hf-bv°m≥ km[n-°pw. F∂m¬ AXv Hcp hoń¬ A[n-I-t\cw sNe-h-gn-°m≥ Ah¿- C-jvS-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. ac-ambn Ign-™m¬ AXns‚ KXnsb c≠p ssIIƒ sIm≠pD≈ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ amXm]nXm-°-fp-amtbm ktlm-Z- t]mepw \nb-{¥n-∏m≥ km≤y-a-√. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ a°-fpsS c-ß-fp-amtbm hnti-j-ßƒ ]¶p-sh-bv°p-hm≥ kabw Is≠- kz`m-h-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn\v Ah-cpsS sNdp∏w apXte ]q¿Æ-{iØmsX Iw]yq-´d- p-amtbm samss_¬t^m-Wp-amtbm Nßm-Ø- ≤ -sIm-Sp-°-Ww. Ønte¿s∏-Sp-∂p. C∂v temIw hf-sc-b-[nIw hnImkw {]m]n\∑-Xn-∑I - s- f°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hns‚ hr£-Øns‚ I\n ®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ipń-I-fpsS Adnhpw Nn¥bpw AXn-\-\p-k-cn-®v Xn∂-cp-sX∂v ssZhw BZm-an-t\mSv Iev]n®p F¶nepw BZmw h¿≤n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.-B-[p-\nI kmt¶-XnIhnZym D]-I- hne-°-s∏´ I\n `£n®v ]dp-Zok \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øn. I¿Ømc-W-ß-fmb Iºyq-´¿, samss_¬ t^m¨, sSen-hn-j≥ Ch hns‚ {Iqip-a-c-W-Øn-eqsS B ]dp-Zok a\p-jy¿°v ho≠pw Ipń-Iƒ°v Hcp-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Ah-bpsS Zpcp-]-tbmKw e`n-®p. F∂m¬ A∂v `£n-®-Xmb B "hnj-°\n' \sΩ Xß-fpsS Ipń-I-fpsS `mhn IpgntXm≠p-∂-Xm-sW-∂p≈ C∂pw th´-bm-Sp-∂p. Xn∑-bn-te°v t]mIp-hm≥ AXv C∂pw kXyw amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ a\- n-em-°nbncn°-Ww. Ftßm-´p-t]m- \sΩ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. CXn-s\√mw ]cn-lmcw IpSpw_ {]m¿∞IWw F¥p sNøWw F∂p \n›-ba- n-√mØ Cu {]mb-Øn¬ \-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw ]¶p-sh-bv°¬ IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ Ipń-Iƒ°v \nb-{¥-W-Øns‚ Hcp ISn-™m¨ Bh-iy-am-Wv. Bi-bh - n-\n-abw h¿≤n-∏n-°¬ F∂n-hb - m-Wv. buΔ\ ImeØv AXv amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS ssII-fn¬ Xs∂ Bbn-cn-°p-Ibpw Xs‚ krjvSm-hns\ Hm¿Øv ssZh-ln-X-{]-Imcw Pohn-°p-∂thWw. F√m-°m-cy-ß-fnepw hne°v G¿s∏-Sp-ØmsX \√ h≥ Xß-fpsS Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h\pw ssZhm-\p-{K-l-Øn¬ coXn-bn¬ Imcy-ßƒ sNøp-hm≥ Ahsc {]m]vX v- c- m-°Ww. Ipń- hkn°psa∂-Xn\p kwi-b-an-√. Iƒ°v Iq´p-Im-tcm-sS-∂-t]mse amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSv F¥pw ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ Cu ka¿∏-WXpd∂p ]d-bm-\p≈ kzmX-{¥yhpw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. Ah¿ th-f-bn¬ Be-b-Øn¬ Z¿in-°p∂ at\m-lm-cn-Xbpw ]cn-ip]d-bp-∂-sX¥pw tIƒ°p-Ibpw Ah¿s°m∏w sNe-h-gn-°m≥ ≤nbpw buΔ-\° - mcpsS Pohn-XØ - nepw {]tim-`n-°s´: AXn\p kabw Is≠Øn th≠ ]cn-em-f-\-Iƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw thWw. k¿Δ-i-‡≥ CS-bm-°s´ F∂p {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p.

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aZy-]m\w Hcp tZio-bh - n-]Øv Z-\Ø - n\pw hnX-cW - Ø - n\pw I¿i-\a- mb \nbD]- t `m- K - k w- k v I mcw Ac- ß p- X {¥-Wß - ƒ k¿°m¿ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-s≠I¿°p∂ Hcp Ime-L-´-Øneq-sS-bmWv ¶nepw AXv ]q¿Æ-amb aZy \nb-{¥-WØ - n\v \man∂v IS-∂p-s]m-bvs°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]cym-]vXa- √ - . \nb-aß - ƒ°v CXns\ \nb-{¥n"B[p-\nIX' C∂p ]e-hn[ sX‰p-I°p-∂X - n\v Nne ]cn-an-Xn-If- p-≠v. \Ωƒ Xs∂ fnte°pw \sΩ \bn- ® p- s Im- ≠ n- c n- ° pCXn-s\-Xnsc cwK-Øn-d-ßn-bmse Cu im]∂p.Pohn-X-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ k¶o¿Æ Øn¬ \n∂v c£-t\-Sm≥ Ign-bq. {]iv\-ßƒ°v tamN\w tXSn Nnecpw, aZy- \ n- t cm- [ - \ - Ø n\pw aZy- h ¿÷- \ PohnXw Bkz-Zn-°m≥ th≠n thsd-NnØn\pw th≠n \nc-¥cw {]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠necpw, shdpw IuXp-IØ - n-\p-th≠n a‰p-Nncn-°p∂ GXm\pw kwL-S\ - I - ƒ tIc-fØ - necpw, aZy-Øn-tebv°v As√-¶n¬ ab-°pep-≠v. b»-ic- o-c\ - mb Fw.-]n. a∑-Ys‚ t\Xra-cp-∂n-te°v Xncn-bp-∂p. elcn ]Zm¿∞Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ aZy-hn-cp≤ {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ ßƒ Hcn-°¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-I-gn-™m¬ FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. C∂pw AØcw ho≠pw D]-tbm-Kn-°W - s- a∂v tXm∂p-Ibpw IWn-bm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ {]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ ChnsS \S- ° p- ∂ p- ≠ v . Aßs\ AsXm-cp-Xcw am\-knI tcmKØn-te°v hy‡nsb \bn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. imco-cn-Ihpw am\- F¶nepw Imcy-amb am‰w Cu cwK-Øp-≠mbn F∂p ]d-bm-\m- n\p e`n-°p∂ \nIp-Xn-hc- pknIhpw [m¿Ωn-Ih - p-amb F√m-hn[ Du¿÷-tØbpw aZy-]m\w hn-√.-aZ- y-Øn¬ \n∂v kwÿm-\Ø - c- psS ]n≥Xp-Wbpw \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw a\p-jym-bp- ns\ Npcp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. am-\hpw aZy-]m-\sØ A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂h - D∂X ]Z-hn-bn¬ FØn-t®t-c≠ ]e-scbpw CXv hgn-sX-‰n®v {]Xo-£n-°p∂ cmjv{Sob I£n-Iƒ aZy-hn-cp-≤{- ]-h¿Ø-\ß fp-ambn kl-Ic- n-°p-hm≥ hnap-JX Im´p-∂p. ""F¥p kmº\mi-Øn-tebv°v \bn-°p-∂p.aZy-]m\w ^mj\pw am\y-Xb - p-ambn C∂v bph-Xe - a- pd ØnI \jvS-ap-≠m-bmepw aZyw \ntcm--[n-°pI Xs∂ thWw IW-°m-°p-∂p. CXv Ah-cpsS `mhn XI¿Øv At\Iw Xn∑- ''F∂p {]Jym-]n® ap≥ {][m-\a- {¥n Ph-l¿em¬ s\ldp-hnI-fn-te°v Ahsc sIms≠-Øn-°p-∂p. sIme-]m-XI - w, Bfl- s‚bpw ""aZyw hnj-amWv AXv D≠m-°-cpXv IpSn-°-cpXv lXy, tamj-Ww, ]nSn-®p-]-dn, ASn-]n-Sn, A{I-aw, kv{XoI-fp- sImSp°-cpXv'' F∂p ]d™ {io \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s‚bpw sSbpw Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw t\¿°p≈ ssItb-‰-ßƒ Ch- \mSm-Wn-Xv. aZy-]m\w F∂ sImSnb hn]-Øn-s\-Xnsc t]mcm-Sp-hm≥ bvs°√mw aZy-]m\w Imc-Wa- m-Ip-∂p.-Iq-SmsX AXv IpSpw-_- m-ZnXzw D≠v. 2010 sabv _-‘-ßƒ XI-cm-dn-em-°p-Ibpw hnhm-l-tam-N-\-Øntebv°v k`bv°pw AwK-ßƒ°pw DØ-ch `mcym-`¿Øm-°∑ - msc sIms≠-Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. \ntXy\ 19 \v IqSnb bmt°m-_mb kpdnbm\n k`-bpsS F∏n-kvt°mF{Xtbm tdmU-]-I-S-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-Ibpw Bfp-Iƒ acn-°p- ∏¬ kp∂-l-tZmkv aZy D]-tbmKw Kpcp-X-c-amb {]iv\-ambn - sf GtIm-]nIbpw sNøp-∂p. AXn¬ Gdn-b] - ¶pw aZy-]m\w sIm≠p-≠m- IW-°m-°p-Ibpw CXn-s\-Xn-cmb {]h¿Ø-\ß Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. sIm®p-Ip-ń-Isft∏mepw aZy-]m-\Øn-tebv°pw ∏n-°p-hm≥ A`n-hμy kJ-dn-bmkv tam¿ ]oen-Ivkn-t\mkv Xncpel-cn-]Z- m¿∞-ßf- psS D]-tbm-KØ - n-tebv°pw BI¿jn-°m- ta\n A≤y-£-\mb Hcp kanXnsb sXc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw \p≈ ]e-Xcw am¿§-ßƒ, kaq-lt- ØmSv bmsXm-cp-hn[ IS- sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. k`-bnse Htcm hy‡n°pw CXn-t\mSv kl- m-Wv. aZy-]m\w aqew \mSn\pw Xe∏mSpw C√mØ kmaq-ly-t{Zm-ln-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNbvXv \S- I-cn®p {]h¿Øn-°m-hp-∂X - sf∏‰n P\-ßsf t_m[-hm∏n-em-°p-∂p. el-cn-]-Zm¿∞-ßƒ tN¿Ø anTm-bn-Iƒ hsc ap-dbv°pw D≠m-Ip∂ A]-IS- ß C∂v hnZym-eb - ] - c- n-kc- Øv kpe-à- mbn e`n-°p-∂p. Cß-s\-t]m- ∑m-cm-°p-I, aZyw hnX-bv°p∂ Zpc-¥-ß-fpsS Ic-f-en-bn-∏nbm¬ \ΩpsS \mSns‚ KXn F¥m-bn-Øocpw . hfsc Kuc-h- °p∂ IY-Iƒ temI-Øn\p ap≥]n¬ Ah-Xc- n-∏n-°pI, icoambn Nn¥n-t°≠ hnj-b-am-Wn-Xv. CS-bv°n-Sbv°v \ΩpsS c-tØbpw a\- n-t\bpw Nn¥-Is- fbpw Im¿∂p-Xn∂p \in-∏n- ns\ Xncn-®d- n™v AI‰n \n¿Øm≥ \mń¬ hnj- a - Z y- Z p- c - ¥ - ß ƒ D≠m- Ip- ∂ p. Ah hcpØn °p∂ aZy-sa∂ alm-hn-]Ø - ß - t- fbpw hen-bh - t- cbpw t{]cn-∏n-°pI hbv°p∂ ac-Wß - fpw AwK-ssh-Ie - y-ßfpw F{X Gsd-bm- Ipń-It- fbpw bph-P\ Wv. kv{XoIfpw Ipń-Ifpw A\m-Y-cm-hp-Ibpw ]ń-Wn-bpsS Ch-bmWv k`m {]h¿Ø\ e£yw. hn. {KŸ-Øn¬ aZyw Ign®v aØp ]nSn®v Dd-ßp-∂h - ≥ ê-ambn sXcp-hn-tebv°v hen-s®-dn-bs- ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. temIm-tcm-Ky-kw-LS- \ - b - psS IW-°p-Iƒ {]Imcw F´p Iod-ØpWn [cn-°pw; aZyw ]mºn-s\bpw AW-en-sbbpw t]mse sk°≥Un¬ Hcmƒ hoXw elcn ]Zm¿∞-ßfpsS D]-tbmKw \ns∂ ISn°pw Fs∂-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Rm≥ Hcn-°epw aZy- w. t]mcm aqew temIØv acn-°p-∂p. a\p-jys\ C©n-©mbn sIm√p∂ ]n-°n-√ F∂p {]Xn⁄ sNøm≥ \ap°v Ign-bW Cu hnj-hk - vXp-hns\ \ntcm-[n-°pI Xs∂ thWw. \ΩpsS aZy-]n-°m≥ Bscbpw t{]cn-∏n-°p-Itbm AXn-\p≈ Ah-kcw cmjv{S-]n-Xm-hmb alm-flm-Km‘n Hcn-°¬ ]d-bp-I-bp-≠mbn D≠m-°ns°mSp-°p-Itbm AcpXv. aZy-hn-ap‡ \mtf-bv°mbn ""Rm≥ C≥-Uy-bpsS {][m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bm¬ BZyw sNøp-∂Xv \ap°v ImØn-cn-°mw. aZy-\n-tcm-[\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-Ib - m-bn-cn-°pw''. aZy-Øns‚ Dev]m-

alna kqk≥ h¿Ko-kv

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{]m¿∞\

B≥en A∂ Ipcy≥ If-Øp-]-Sn-°¬ AJne ae-¶c _me Item-Xvk-h-Øn¬ H∂mw ÿm\w ({]-kwKw˛k_v PqWn-b¿)

\mw \ap°v th≠n am{X-a√ {]m¿∞n-t° ≠ - X - v. \sΩ kvt\ln-°p∂-h¿°v th≠n-bpw, a‰p-≈h - ¿°p th≠nbpw \ΩpsS i{Xp-°ƒ°v th≠nbpw \mw {]m¿∞n°-Ww.

k¿Δ-i-‡-\mb ssZh-hp-am-bp≈ kwk¿§-amWv {]m¿∞-\. kz¿§-Ønse amem-J-am¿ CS-hn-SmsX ssZhsØ kvXpXn-°p-∂-Xpt]mse \mapw ssZhsØ kvXpXn-°-Ww. \ΩpsS Bﬂ-c-£bv°pw ico-c-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°pw Bh-iy-amb Imcy-ßƒ \mw ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂pw tNmZn®p hmß-Ww. IqSmsX ssZhw \ap°v \¬In-bn-´p≈ \≥a-Iƒ°v ssZh-Øn\v \μn-]q¿Δw kvtXm{Xw sNø-Ww. AXmbXv \ΩpsS {]m¿∞-\-bn¬ kvXpXn-∏v, bmN-\. kvtXm{Xw F∂o aq∂p Imcy-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. F∂m¬ ]e-t∏mgpw \ΩpsS {]m¿∞-\-bn¬ ]cn-`-h-ßfpw Bh-em-Xn-Ifpw am{Xta D≠m-Im-dp-≈q. ]co-£-bn¬ AI-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥ CS-hnSmsX{]m¿∞n-∏n≥ F∂v hn.a¿t°mkv 14:38 ¬ ]d-bp-∂p. hn. aØm-bn-bpsS kphn-tijw 6:6 ¬ ""\otbm {]m¿∞n-°p-tºmƒ Ad-bn¬ IS∂v hmXn¬ AS®v cl-kyØn-ep≈ \ns‚ ]nXm-hn-t\mSv {]m¿∞n-t°-Ww'' F∂v ]d-bp-∂p. ct≠m aqt∂m t]¿ Fs‚ \ma-Øn¬ IqSn hcp-t∂-S-sØm-s°bpw Rm≥ Ah-cpsS \Sp-hn¬ D≠v F∂ hN-\-Øn-eqsS {]m¿∞\ tIƒ°p∂ ssZhsØ \mw ImWp-∂p. \ΩpsS {]m¿∞\ Fß-s\bp-≈-XmWv ? kz¿§-tØ°v t\m°m≥ t]mepw Ign-bmsX ssZh-ta, ]m]n-bmb Ft∂mSv Icp-W-bp-≠m-tI-Wta F∂v amd-Ø-Sn®v \nehn-fn®v {]¿∞n® Np¶-°m-c-t‚Xv t]msetbm? AtXm [n°m-cn-bmb B ]co-i-t‚Xv t]msetbm? \ΩpsS {]m¿∞\ ssZh-Xn-cp-hn-jvSØn\v hn´p-sIm-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈hbm-bn-cn-t°-Ww. Henhv ae-bnse B {]m¿∞-\b - n¬ \ΩpsS I¿Ømhv {]m¿∞n®X,v ]nXm-sh \n\°v a\- p-s≠-¶n¬ Cu ]m\-]m{Xw F¶¬ \n∂v \ot°-Wta F¶nepw Fs‚ CjvSw A√ \ns‚ CjvSw Xs∂ BIs´ F∂m-Wv. \Ωn¬ F{X t]¿°v \sΩ t{Zmln-°p-∂-h¿°pth≠n {]m¿∞n-°p-hm≥ Ignbpw? hn. eqt°m-kns‚ kphn-tijw 23 s‚ 33 ¬ tKmKp¬Ym-bnse {Iqin¬ h®v ]nXmth Ch¿ sNøp∂Xv C∂Xv F∂v Adn-bmbvI sIm≠v Ch-tcmSv £an-t°-Wta F∂v {]m¿∞n-°p∂ tbip {InkvXp-hns\ BWv \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. \nßƒ hniz-kn-®p-sIm-≠v{]m¿∞-\-bn¬ F¥v bmNn-®mepw \nßƒ°v e`n°pw F∂v hn. aØm- b n- b psS kphn- t ijw 21˛s‚ 22˛¬ ]d-bp∂p. \mw \ap°v th≠n am{X-a√ {]m¿∞n-t°-≠-Xv. \sΩ kvt\ln-°p-∂-h¿°v th≠n-bpw, a‰p-≈-h¿°p th≠nbpw \ΩpsS i{Xp-°ƒ°v th≠nbpw \mw {]m¿∞n-°-Ww -A-Xn-\p≈ ssZhnI Ir]-°mbn {]m¿∞n-®p-sIm≠v \n¿Ø-s´. 227

]pØ≥]p-c-bn¬

228

Bﬂ-KXw

Rm≥ \nßsS hey-Ω®n

C.-Fw. t__n amt∏m-Sn-°¬

\nßsS hoSpw, ho´nse sIm®p-sIm-®p-Im-cyßfpw, \nßsS Imcyßfpw F√mw F\n-°d- nbmw. Hcp \qdp-\qdp IYIƒ F\n-°d- n-bmw.

Fs∂ \nßƒ Adn-bptam? Adn-bpw. \nßƒ am{X-a√ ˛ \nß-sS ]nXm°-∑m¿, amXm-°ƒ, ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ˛ Ah¿ am{X-tam˛ A√, aä-d-™p-t]mb \nß-sS ]q¿Δn-I¿, Ah¿s°√mw Fs∂ Adn-bmw. F\n°v Ahscbpw \√ Hm¿Ω-bm-Wv. Ct∏mƒ a\- n-emtbm, F√m-h¿°pw aptº Rm≥ D≠v F∂v. Rm≥ Bsc∂v a\- n-emtbm? Cs√-¶n¬ hgntb ]d™p Xcmw. Rm≥ \nß-sS ap‰Øv h∂-t∏mƒ Hcp sIm®p-Ip-ń-bm-bn-cp-∂p. \mWn®p Xe Ip\n-®p-\n∂ Hcp sIm®p-kp-μ-cn. \mW-sa-¥m-sW∂v F\n-°-dn-bn-√m-bn-cp∂p. F¶nepw Rm≥ \mWn-®mWv A∂v \n∂Xv. \nß-sS hey-∏-∑m¿- F-\ns°mcp ÿm\w X∂p. ]cn-ip≤ AΩsb _men-I-bm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ sbcp-itew tZhm-eb-Øn¬ hf¿Øm≥ sIm≠m-°n-bXv Rm\-t∏mƒ Hm¿Øp-t]m-bn. ]n∂oSv F\n°v a\- n-embn AΩ 12 hb- p-h-sc-bm-bn-cp∂p tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ hf¿∂-sX∂v. F\n°pw 12 hb- m-Ip-tºmƒ Fs∂bpw ]d™p hnSp-sa∂v Rm≥ Icp-Xn. ]t£, Hc-∏® - \ - pw, Hc-Ω® - nbpw Ft∂m-sSm∂pw ]cn-`h - n-®n-√. AXp-sIm≠v Rm≥ Ahn-sS-Øs∂ hf¿∂p h∂p. _meyw Ign-™p, Iuamcw Ign-™p-˛-Rms\mcp kpμ-cn-bm-sW∂v F√m A∏-®∑ - mcpw ]d-bp-∂Xp Rm≥ tI´p.-Fs‚ kuμcy-Øn¬ Akqb sIm≠n-´mtWm, Ft¥m Hcn-°¬ Fs‚ apJw hncq-]-am-°nbns√? AsX-t∏m-sg-∂t√? AXpw Rm≥ hgnsb ]d-bmw. F\n-°d- nbmw \nß-sSsb√mw hey-Ω®n lΔm-bm-sW-∂v, hey-∏® - ≥ BZmam-sW-∂pw. CsX√mw Rms\-ßs\ Adn™p F∂-s√. \nßƒ \nß-sS sIm®pa-°ƒ°v sNm√n-s°m-Sp-°p∂ ]m´-s√, AsX√mw Rm≥ tI´p ]Tn-®X - m-Wv. ]ns∂ \nß-fpsS hoSpw, hońse sIm®p-sIm-®p-Im-cy-ßfpw, \nß-fpsS Imcy-ßfpw F√mw F\n-°-dn-bmw. Hcp \qdp-\qdp IY-Iƒ F\n-°-dn-bmw. CsX√mw F\n-s°ßs\ a\- n-embn As√, Ct∏m-gsØ \nß-sfms° P\n-°p-∂-Xn\p ap≥t] Rm≥ Cu ]≈n-bn¬ FØn-b-Xm-Wv. F\n-°n-t∏mƒ hbkv 91 Dw Ign-™p. C{Xbpw Imew-sIm≠v Rms\-s¥√mw I≠p, tI´p, sIm≠p. F√m-hcpw Fs∂ apń-bp-cp-Ωn-bs√ \n∂-Xv. AsX-\n-s°-¥n-jvS-am-bn-cp-s∂t∂m? F∂pw Aßs\ \n¬°m≥ km[n-®n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ ˛ shdpsX Rm≥ Bin-®n´p Imcy-an-√s√m. Cu \mfn-emWv Fs‚ ImXp-Iƒ°n-º-a-√mØ hm¿Ø Rm≥ tI´-Xv. C{Xbpw {]mb-ambn-s√. Fs‚ kuμcyw Ipsd-sbms° sI´p-t]m-bn-s√. sXmensbms° Npfn-™n-s√. kmc-an-√. F√mcpw Cß-s\-sbm-s°-bm-Ip-at- √m. BZysØ \nß-fpsS ]≈n Hcp Ip™p-]-≈n-b-√m-bn-cp-t∂m. ]n∂o-S-s√, Ipd-®p-IqSn henb ]≈n ]Wn-X-Xv. As∂m∂pw Bcp-sas∂ Zqsc ]mbn-°m≥ a\kpsh®n-√. Ct∏mƒ \nßƒ henb Bebw ]Wn-Xns√. Be-bØ - ns‚ `wKn°v Rm\n-s∂mcp hne- ß p- X - S n- b m- s W∂v F\n°v t_m[y- a m- b n. Nne- s cms° Fs∂ Nmcn \n∂psIm≠v Fs∂ shń-ho-gvØ-W-sa∂v ]d-™-t∏mƒ Rms\m-∂-‘m-fn-®p.-apºm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Rm\Xp kΩ-Xn-°n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. \nßƒ Hm¿°p-∂p-t≠m,

229

230

Hcn-°¬ Hc-∏-®≥ Fs‚ kuμcyw sNdp-Xm-°m≥ {ian-®Xv. Cs√-¶n¬ Rmt\m¿°p-∂p≠v. Fs∂ Iptds» Acn-™cn™v Xmsg-bn-d-°n-b-t∏mƒ F\n-°Xp kln-®n-√.-Fs‚ lrZbw s\m¥-t∏mƒ Rms\mcp]mbw sNbvX-t√m. B A∏-®s\ Rms\m-∂p-e®p Xmsg-bn-´p. ]n∂o-SmWv Rm\dn-™Xv, A∏-®s‚ ssI c≠pw HSn-s™∂v. AX-dn-™t∏mƒ Rm≥ Ic™v Ic™v he-™p. Fs‚ a\ p hfsc thZ-\n-®p. Hc-cn-i-Øn\v Rm\-ßs\ sNbvX-Xm-Wv. ]n∂oSv Rmt\m¿Øp ""{]Xn-Im-cw F\n-°p-≈-X-√-t√m, ssZh-Øn\p-≈X - m-sW-∂v''. A√, \Ω-fmcm {]Xn-Im-cw-sN-øm≥. Fs‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ thZ\ sImSpØ Hcp kw`-h-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. F∂mepw Rms\s‚ AΩ-tbmSp {]m¿∞n-®p. AΩ B A∏-®s\ s]´-∂p-Xs∂ kpJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bt- √m. ]n∂oSv F{Xh´w B A∏-®≥ Fs‚ ASp-sØØn Ipiew ]d-™p. sIm®p-a-°ƒs°{X-sb{X IY-Iƒ ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-Øp. F√mw Rm\-dn-™p. Aßs\ Fs‚ hnjasa√mw amdn. Fs∂ thZ-\n-∏n® Hcp kw`hw IqSn ]d-sb-s´. \nß-fpsS Hc-®≥ Fs‚ Hcp hiw, AXpw he-Xp-hiw sNØn Fs∂ hncq-]n-bm-°n-bn-s√. F¥m-bn-cp∂p ImcWw? Iptd-t∏¿ Ft∂mSp apń-\n∂v Im‰p-sIm-≈p-∂p. AXpw Bcm-[-\m-k-a-bØv. F∂mepw Ah-scms° Ipcnip hc®v {]m¿∞n-®Xv Rm\pw I≠p. A®\pw I≠p. AXv A®≥ ]d-™n-s√, Fs‚ XWepw km¥z-\hpw Fs‚ a°ƒ°v In´msX h∂-t∏mƒ, Fs‚ a°sf Hm¿Øv Rms\{X IÆoscm-gp-°n. Fs‚ XW-en¬, Fs‚ \ng-en¬, Fs‚ Nphń¬ Fs{X-sb-{X-t∏¿ HØp-tN¿∂p F{X-sb{X Btem-N\-Iƒ \S-Øn. F√mw th≠n-bn-cp-t∂m, Ft¥m? F\n-°-dnbmw \nß-sf√mw At¥m-Jym-bpsS a°fm-sW-∂v. k`bv°v Xe-h-\t√ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv. c‡w No¥n-bmepw as‰mcp \maw \nßƒ°n-√-t√m. AXp-sIm-≠t√, Hcp-\mƒ, A√ Ipsd-\mƒ, B tZ-hm-e-b- hmXn¬ AS™p-In-S∂ - X - v. A∂v Ic-s™s‚ IÆo-cp-h‰- n. ]n∂oSv *t{K‰v am¿®v h∂-t∏m-gs√ B hmXn¬ Xms\ Xpd-∂-Xv. Fs‚ IÆo-cn\v ê-ap-s≠∂v a\- n-em-bn.-]n-∂oSv B hmXn¬ Xpd-∂s√ InS-∂-Xv. C\n-bp-aXv ASbv-°-cptX˛ Fs∂ Icbn-°-s√. Rm\n-hn-sS-Øs∂bp≠-t√m. F{X-sb{X Xo¿∞m-S-I-cmWv h¿jw tXmdpw 2˛mw amkw Chn-sS-sb-Øp-∂-Xv. Rm≥ a™-\n-°-c-_m-hm-bpsS kz¥-a-s√. Ah-sc√mw Fs∂ hew hbv°p-tºmƒ Rm≥ \n¿hrXn ]qIm-dp≠v. F¥m-sW-∂t√? Ah-cpsS a\ pw tZlhpw ip≤-as√? AsX-ßs\? Ahcv _mhm-bpsS kz¥w P\-a-s√. F{Xtbm h¿j-ßƒ Ah¿ Ft∂m-sSm∏-as√ B {im≤-Øn¬ ]¶p-sIm-≠X - v. Ct∏mƒ F\n-t°sd kt¥m-j-amWv Fs¥-∂s√? hb¿ \nd-®n-´t√ F√m-hcpw Fs‚bSp-sØ-Øp-∂-Xv. ]ns∂ Fs¥√mw Ipi-e-ßƒ ˛ At\z-j-W-ßƒ. Cßs\ Hmtcm-t∂m¿Øv Rms\m-Øncn ]dt™m? Rms\mcp hmbm- S n- b m- s W∂v tXm∂ntbm? C√t√m?

Ct∏mƒ F\n-°m-izmkw tXm∂p-∂p. Fs¥-∂-s√. F√mhcpw Fs‚ {]m¿∞\ tI´p. \nß-sS ]e A®-∑mcpw {]kwKn-®n-t√˛ ChnsS h∂-t∏m-fmWv Pohn-XØ - nse F√m Db¿®Ifpw Inń-b-sX-∂v, AXp-t]mse F\n°pw Inń-bt√m Db¿®, AsX-¥-∂s√? Xe-bn¬ sh®m¬ t]\-cn-°pw, Xmsg sh®m¬ Ddpº-cn°pw Aß-s\-bs- √, \nßƒ Fs∂ hf¿Øn-bX - v. AXpsIm-≠-s√˛ ssIØ-≠-bn¬ sh®v Fs∂ am‰n-b-Xv. Hcp Znhkw Fs∂ Btcm i‡-ambn CSn-®-Xp-t]mse tXm∂n. Rm≥ Dd-°-ap-W¿∂p t\m°n. At∏m-gs√ I≠-Xv, **\o≠ Hcp Ccp-ºpssI Fs‚ t\sc \o≠p hcp∂p. \nß-fn¬ Nne¿ B¿t∏m B¿t∏m F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xp Rm≥ tI´p. B ssI Fs∂ Xmßn-tIm-cn-sb-Sp-Øp. Rm\msI tImcnØ-cn-®p. \nan-jt- \cw sIm≠v Rms\mcp Pe-I\ - yI t]msebm-bn. DΩ-sh-®p-Ω-sh®v Fs∂ kz¬]w AIse am‰n-bnń-s√.-Nn-e-scms° Fs‚ ta¬ Ib-dn-bn-cp∂v £oWw t]m°n-bn-s√.-F-∂n´pw Fs∂ kt¥m-jn-∏n-®-sX-¥m-sWt∂m? Fs∂ Iodp-sa-∂mtcm ]d-™p. ]t£, Rm≥ s\mº-c-s∏ń-√. ]nS-™n-√. F¥m ImcWw? Fs∂ C\n B tZhm-eb-Øn-\p-≈n-em-°p-I-b-s√. shbnep sIm≈-≠, ag \\-b≠, CSn-tb¬°-≠, sIm≈n-bms\ `b-°-≠, C\nbpw Rm≥ D]-Imcw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw. Fs∂ F{X ]oUn∏n-®mepw Rm≥ D]-Imcw sNbvXp sIm≠n-cn-°pw. AsXß-s\? \nßƒ°n\n Fs∂ Nmcn Ccn-°m-a-t√m. ap´p-th-Z\-°m¿°v Fs∂ apń-bn-cn-°mw.-\-Sp-th-Z-\-°m¿°v Fs‚ \Sp-hn-en-cn-°mw.- £o-Wa- p≈ \nßƒ°v Fs‚ aSn-bn-en-cp∂v £oW-a-I-‰mw. AsX-ß-s\ ? Rm\n\n ]≈n-°p-≈n-es√ AI-Øp-\n∂v F\n°v \nß-fpsS A®-t\w, sa{Xm-®-t\w, ]ns∂ \nß-sf-sb-√mtcw ImWm-a-t√m. Fßs\sbt∂m? Fs‚ Ct∏m-g-sØ-cq]w amdpw ]pXnb krjv S n- b m- I pw. At∏mƒ \Ωƒ°v apJm-apJw ImWmw. an\p-an-\pØv kpμ-cnbmbn Rm≥ \nßƒ°mbn ImØn-cn-°mw. Rms\{X [\yhXn? Rms\{X `mKy-hXn? Fs‚ Bfl-kv]¿iw Rm\n-hnsS \n¿Øn-t°m-s´. Ct∏mƒ \nßƒs°s∂ a\- nemtbm? Ct√? Cs√- ¶ n¬ ]dbmw. Rm\s√ \nß- s S ]≈n- a p- ‰ sØ AΩ- ® n- π m- h v ˛ \nß-sSsb√mw hey-Ω-®n. Fs∂ Hcp- t \m°v ImWm≥, Adn-bm≥, Zm Rm≥ Chn-sS-bp-≠v.˛ www.stmaryschurchneelimangalam.com

* 1975 se At¥ymJym hnizmk kwc-£W am¿®v ** sP.-kn.-_n. b{¥w

231

am¿§-Z¿in-If - mb ]q¿Δ-]n-Xm-°∑ - msc \μn-tbmsS kvacn-®p-sIm≠v ....

t{XmtWm-kn¬ \nt£-]n-®n-cp∂ sh≈n-sN∏v (Ip-¥n-cn-°hpw kpK-‘{- Z-hyß-fpw AS-ßn-bXv)

232

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233

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tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw: hn`h kam-lc - W - hpw hn\n-tbm-Khpw

sI. sI. sF∏v Icn-∏m¬ ss^\m≥kv IΩ‰n I¨ho-\¿

tZhm-ebØnte°v \¬Ip∂ Hmtcm t\¿®bpw {]hrØn-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ \ΩpsS Bcm-[\ - b - m-Wv. AXp IqSm-sX-bp≈ Bcm-[\ - hy¿∞hpw ipjvI-hp-am-Wv.

tZhm-e-b-Øn\v \¬Ip∂ kvtXm{X-ImgvN, hy‡n-I-fpsS kºq¿Æ Bﬂ-k-a¿∏-WØns‚ kqN-\bpw- \sΩ ]q¿Æ-ambn ka¿∏n-°p-∂-XpamWv. tZhm-e-b- \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v kw`m-h\ \evIp-tºmƒ ssZh-Øn\v \mw t\cn´v ImgvN sImSp-°pI-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv tZhm-eb \n¿Ωm-WØ - n\v DZm-ca - mbn \mw kw`mh\ \evIp-∂-Xv. tZhm-ebØnte°v \¬Ip∂ Hmtcm t\¿®bpw {]hrØn-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ \ΩpsS Bcm-[-\-bm-Wv. AXp IqSm-sXbp≈ Bcm-[-\ hy¿∞hpw ipjvI-hp-am-Wv. ssZhn-I-amb Cu am\w a\- n- e m- ° p- ∂ Xp sIm≠mWv tZhm- e - b - Ø n- t e°v \mtahcpw t\¿®-Im-gvN-Iƒ ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xv.- A-Xp-hgn ssZhnI A\p-{K-l-ßƒ \ΩpsS ta¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw sNmcn-b-s∏-Spw. tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-WØ - ns‚ Bcw-`I - meamb 2006 P\phcn H∂p apX¬ 2010 \hw-º¿ 30 hsc-bp≈ hc-hp˛ sNehp IW-°p-I-fpsS kw{Klw CtXm-sSm∏w tN¿°p-∂p. 01. 01. 2006 apX¬ HmUn‰v sNbvX ss{Xamk IW-°p-Iƒ tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW IΩ-‰n-bp-sSbpw ]≈n amt\-PnwKv IΩ‰n-bp-sSbpw ip]m¿i-I-tfmsS Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ IqSnb ]≈n s]mXp-tbm-K-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. 2010 Unkw-_¿ 12˛mw XobXn Rmb-dmgvN IqSnb ]≈n s]mXp-tbmKw 01.01. 2006 apX¬ 30. 11. 2010 hsc 1,36,87,722/˛ cq]m hchpw 1,36,80,216/30 cq]m sNehpw 7505/70 cq]m \o°n _m°nbpw D≈ hc-hp˛ sNehp IW°v AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿am¿°pw ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw _n¬{]-Imcw _m°n \¬Ip-hm-\p≈ XpI-bmb 6,35,000 cq]m IqSn ]≈n-bpsS kmº-ØnI _m≤y-X-bmbn IW-°n-se-SpØv BsI \n¿ΩmW sNehp 1,42,00,000/˛ cq]-bm-Wv. ap≥ s]mXp-tbm-K-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn® FÃn-ta-‰n-t\-°mƒ A[n-I-cn® XpI-Iƒ°v 12˛12˛2010¬ IqSnb s]mXp-tbmKw AwKoImcw \evIp-I-bp-≠m-bn. \n¿ΩmW hkvXp-I-fpsS (kn-a‚ v, Iºn, aW¬, apX-em-bh - b - psS ) hne-h¿≤-\hv aqehpw KpW-ta∑ IqSnb kma-{Kn-Iƒ a‰p tPmen-Iƒ°v (C-eI - v{Sn-°¬, koenw-Kv, ^vtfmdnwKv apX-em-b-h-bv°v) D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xp-sIm≠pw apJm-c-Øns‚ πm\n¬ hcp-Ønb t`Z-KXn sIm≠pw BWv FÃn-ta‰v XpI- h¿≤n-°m≥ CS-bm-b-Xv. tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw A\p-Kr-lo-X-ambn ]q¿Øn-bm°n-b-t∏mƒ ]≈n-bpsS kmº-ØnI _m≤yX \mfn-Xp-hsc Xmsg hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ {]Im-c-am-Wv. 235

CS-h-I-bpsS am¿§-Z¿in

236

C\w

XpI ( )

{Kmss\‰v hne (_m-e≥kv sImSp-°m-\p-≈-Xv)

1,65,000

sÃbn≥Uv •m v h¿°v

4,70,000

hy‡n hmbv] (XncnsI sImSp-°p-hm-\p-≈Xv) (a) CS-hImwKßƒ°v

28,30,000

(b) CS-h-Imw-K-ß-√m-Ø-h¿°v

7,50,000

kz¿Æ-]-Wb hmbv] XncnsI

3,00,000

BsI

45,15,000

{]kvXpX kmº-ØnI _m≤yX ap≥K-W-\m-{I-a-Øn¬ 2013 am¿®v 31˛mw Xob-Xn°v ap≥]mbn sImSpØv Xo¿°p-∂-Xn\v Xmsg hnh-cn-°p∂ {]Imcw ^≠v kam-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v 12.12 2010 ¬IqSnb ]≈n s]mXp-tbmKw AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn.

C\w

XpI ( )

tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]tXyI amk-hcn

22,15,000

s_\n-^n‰v kvIow I

2,00,000

s_\n-^n‰v kvIow II

2,00,000

tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW hmKvZm\ hnlnXw

5,00,000

]≈n hcp-am\w 2010 ˛ 2011

300000

2011 ˛ 2012

500000

2012 ˛ 2013

600000

BsI

14,00,000 45,15,000

tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW ^≠v kam-l-c-W-Øn¬ Bﬂm¿∞-ambn kl-I-cn® amt\-PnwKv IΩ-‰n-bw-K-ßƒ°pw tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW IΩ-‰n-bw-K-ßƒ°pw hninjym ss^\m≥kv IΩ-‰nbw-K-ßƒ°pw \μn Adn-bn-°p-∂p. Aev]-amtbm A[n-I-amtbm kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In kl-I-cn® F√m-h¿°pw \μn {]Im-in-∏n°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Gh-scbpw k¿Δ-i-‡-\mb ssZhw kar-≤-ambn A\p-{K-ln-°s´ F∂v {]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW IΩ-‰n-°p-th≠n, sI. sI.-sF∏v Icn-∏m¬ ss^\m≥kv IΩ‰n I¨ho-\¿

237

]≈n ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS (01˛01˛ 2006 apX¬ \º¿

hchv

XpI

kw`m-h\ ˛ (C-S-h-Imw-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂v)

6037227.00

kw`m-h\ ˛ (C-S-h-Imw-K-ß-f-√m-Ø-h-cn¬ \n∂v)

2035596.00

]≈n-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hchv

hy‡n hmbv] (C-S-h-Imw-ß-fn¬ \n∂v)

hy‡n hmbv] (C-S-h-Imw-ß-f√m-Ø-h-cn¬ \n∂v)

760000.00

kz¿Æ ]Wb hmbv]

300000.00

kw`m-h-\ -Iq-∏¨hchv (a-™-\n-°c Xo¿∞m-S-I¿)

s_\n-^n‰v kvIoan¬ \n∂v hchv

200000.00

Zn\-∏{X kπn-sa‚ v C\-Øn¬ hchv (]-ckyw hgn)

179000.00

10.

tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]tXyI amk-hcn hchv

328900.00

11.

_m¶v ]eni hchv

58483.00

12.

]e-hI hchv

68216.00

12.12 2010 ¬ IqSnb ]≈n s]mXp-tbmKw AwKo-I-cn-®Xv 238

697000.00 2930000.00

93300.00

hchp ˛ sNehp IW-°ns‚ kw£n]vXw 30˛11˛ 2010 hsc) \º¿ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

sNehv

XpI

πm≥ & ssk‰v πm≥ inem-ÿm-]-\hpw A\p-_-‘-sN-e-hp-Ifpw Ão¬ kna‚ v am\p-^m-IvtN¿Uv km≥Uv (M - Sand ) B‰p-a-W¬ CjvSnI (Np-Sp-I-´) t_kvsa‚ v ^n√nw-Kn-\p≈ aÆv (temdn hmSI Dƒs∏-sS) Ão¬ ta¬°qc (Truss) dq^nwKv jo‰v (Km¬hm-\nbw jo‰v) XSn-hn-e-bpw ]Wn-°q-enbpw sa‰¬, tIm¨{Io‰v I´n-f, kna‚ v I´ apX-em-bh Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬kv sF‰wkv CSn-an-∂¬ c£m-Nm-eIw πw_nwKv & km\n-´dn sF‰wkv ]n. hn. kn. koenwKv ^vtfmdnwKv {Kmss\‰v (Polished) {Kmss\‰v tebnwKv Nm¿Pv Ão¬ sdbn-enwKvkv Aep-an-\nbw hn≥tUm s{^bnwkv ImÃv Ab¨ {Kn¬kv _mw•q¿ tÃm¨ ]Xn-∏n-°¬ hnebpw te_¿Nm¿Ppw I¬°p-cniv s]bn‚nwKv & ssh‰v hmjnwKv sÃbn≥Uv •m v h¿°vkv & t^mt´mkv

29344.00 33038.75 1236631.18 963748.00 443310.00 344700.00 340080.00 59450.00 503973.00 228443.00 1194001.00 628481.50 442241.78 94000.00 126805.00 364100.00 800000.00 372000.00 262850.00 75000.00 40877.00 30000.00 145750.00 407470.09 211000.00

(Contd.) 239

]≈n ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS (01˛01˛ 2006 apX¬ \º¿

hchv

BsI hchv

12.12 2010 ¬ IqSnb ]≈n s]mXp-tbmKw AwKo-I-cn-®Xv 240

XpI

13687722.00

hchp ˛ sNehp IW-°ns‚ kw£n]vXw 30˛11˛ 2010 hsc) \º¿

26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47.

sNehv

tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿ {io. F. B¬_¿´n\v sImSp-Ø-Xv (-te-_¿ Nm¿÷v Icm¿ {]Im-cw) Icm-dn-Xc te_¿Nm¿Pv tet_tdgvkv ho´phm-SI, Id‚ v Nm¿÷v aZv_-lm-bnse Ae-¶m-c-]-Wn-Iƒ F≥Pn-\n-b-dnwKv I¨k¬´≥kn Nm¿Pp-Iƒ 1. Iam≥≠¿ kt¥mjv tPm¨ B¿°n-sSIv‰v 2. {io. kp\n¬ sI. tPmkv, knhn¬ F≥Pn-\n-b¿ 3. s{]m^. ]n. hn. h¿°n Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬ F≥Pn-\n-b¿ HmUntbm knÃwkv t]mfn s{]m∏-sse≥ ^vtfm¿ Im¿∏‰v em≥Uv kvtI∏nw-Kv, InW¿ \ho-I-cWw apX-em-bh Bcm-[\m D]-I-c-W-ßƒ {]n‚nwKv tÃj-\dn bm{XmsNehv (B¿°n-sS-Iv‰v) bm{Xm-sN-ehv ]{X-k-πn-sa‚p-Iƒ tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW IqZmi ]_vfn-kn‰n sNe-hp-Iƒ emU¿ ]e-hI sNehv hy‡n hmbvN XncnsI (]-eni Dƒs∏-sS) _m¶v Nm¿÷v _m¶v _me≥kv ImØ-enIv kndn-b≥ _m¶v, Ipam-c-s\-√q¿ 1256.64 _m¶v _me≥kv Fkv. _n. ‰n. Ipam-c-s\-√q¿ 6245.52 Imjv _me≥kv 3.54 BsI sNehv

XpI

2151291.00 283590.50 57894.00 235500.00 50000.00 41000.00 12000.00 185000.00 131478.00 154961.00 168685.00 37659.50 3268.90 17900.00 24722.00 178680.00 73052.00 10000.00 365922.10 115531.00 4787.00

7505.70 13687722.00

241

tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°v kw`m-h\ \¬In-b-h-cpsS enÃv (30˛11˛2010 hsc)

CS-h-Imw-K-ßƒ (kvt]m¨k¿ sNbvX C\-ßf- psS XpI Dƒs∏-sS) IpSpw-_-\m-Ys‚/-\m-Y-bpsS t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw sI. Fw. Ipcy≥, Icn-∏m¬ ]n. Fw. amXyp ]gq¿ ]pØ≥]pc shcn. dh. Cu∏≥ tImsd-∏n-kvtIm-∏m, Cug-am-en-bn¬ ]n. Fw. h¿°n, ]gq¿ Ing-t°-Xn¬ cmP≥ kmw, ASp-ap-dn-bn¬ G{_lmw Nmt°m, cma-\m-´p-Xd- b - n¬ Cu∏≥ Nmt°m, Cug-am-en-bn¬ timimΩ h¿Ko-kv, πm]-dº - n¬ sI. sI. tPmk-^v, If¿a-‰Ø - n¬ sI. F. cmPp, sIm√≥In-gt- °-Xn¬ sI. kn. Nmt°m, I≠w-sI-´n-bX - n¬ A°mΩ t]mØ≥, aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ H. Fw. tPm¿Pv, Dutcmw-]d- º - n¬ sNdn-bm≥ Cu∏≥, Nnd-∏p-dØv Pn‰p G{_-lmw, ]gq¿ ]Xn-s\-´n¬ aØmbn hn. sI. hS-t°-]p-dt- Ø´v sI. Fw. Cu∏≥, Icn-∏m¬ cRvPnØv Ipcp-hn-f, If-Øp-∏S- n-°¬ amWn sNdn-bm≥, aÆq¿ kn. sI. amØ≥, sNdp-hn-ce - n¬, imtemw sI. C. Ipcym-t°m-kv, Icn-∏m¬ adn-bmΩ tImcp-f, aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ Fw. sI. t]mØ≥, ap´-Øn-Ød- b - n¬ sI. ]n. amWn, IWn-bm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ A∂Ω Ipcp-hn-f, If-Øp-]S- n-°¬ sI. sI. tXma-kv, If¿a-‰Ø - n¬ Ipcp-hnf amWn, ]\-t®-a‰w timimΩ sF∏v, I√m-Wn-bn¬ sI. sI. ]oen-t∏m-kv, Ipº-fØ - n¬ timimΩ sF∏v, ]gq¿ ]≈n∏pdØv tImc amØ≥, amt∏m-Sn-bv°¬ Fw. ]n. amXyp, aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ km_p Ipcy≥, aßm-´p-aTw sI. Fw. h¿Ko-kv, Xe-b\ - m-´p-aTw ]n.-Fw. jmPn ]\-t®-a‰w

\º¿ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

242

XpI

IpSpw-_-\m-Ys‚/-\m-Y-bpsS t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw kn. kn. tPm¨, sNdp-hn-ce - n¬ Zo\mΩ De-l∂ - m≥, ]pd-tØ´v hmg-°mem adn-b° - pń G{_-lmw, Ipº-fØ - n¬ sI. hn. t]mØ≥, ]pd-tØ-´v, F_n\nhmkv ]n. hn. amWn ]gq¿ hmg-°m-em-bn¬ C. bp. NpΩm¿, sNcn-hp-Im-em-bn¬, aÆq¿ ]n. hn. kvIdn-bm, ]Sn-™m-sd-πm-°n¬, ]pd-tØ´v sI. Fw. De-l∂ - m≥ Ipgn-bm-ºm´v C. Fw. t]mØ≥, Cug-am-en¬ kmdmΩ ^nen∏v, Ipº-fØ - n¬ tamfn h¿Kokv agp-ht- ©-cn¬ h¿Kokv Ah-ft- °m-ń¬ ]n. sF. amØ≥ ]gq¿]-≈n-∏p-dØv adn-bmΩ amWn ]gq¿ Ipgn-bm- ºm´v ]n. kn. Ipcp-hnf ]gq¿ IWn-bm-´p-Imem tam≥kn sI. amWn I≠w-sI-ń-bX - n¬ sI. hn. amØ≥ Ccp-´p-am-en¬ sI. sI. Ipcy≥, IÆ≥-sXm-ń-bn¬ ]n. hn. amXyp ]gq¿ hmg-°m-em-bn¬ ]n. sI. tPm¿Pv ]gq¿In-gt- °-Xn¬ ]n. hn. aØmbn ]Sn-™m-sd-πm-°n-bn¬, ]pd-tØ´v amXyp tXma-kv sRmßn-Wn-bn¬, AXn-cº - pg ]n. sI. amXyp ]gq¿ ]´m-Wn-°m-em-bn¬ tdmbn kmap-th¬ ASp-ap-dn-bn¬ adn-bmΩ tPmk^v CS-a\ - b - n¬ hn. sF. tImcp-f, cma-\m-´p-X-d-bn¬ sI. Fw. Ipcym-t°mkv, sIm®paßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ sI. hn. sF∏v Ipgn-bm-ºm´v cmPp F. tXma-kv, Aº-eØ - d F¬tZm sh≈-®m-en¬ Fw. kn. Ipcym-t°mkv, aÆq¿ ]pØ≥]pc A∂Ω kvIdn-b, ]≈n-∏pdw ]n. Fw. tXma-kv, ]qhw-\n¬°p-∂X - n¬

\º¿

2,16,500 36 2,07,750 37 38 2,00,001 39 1,80,000 40 1,66,000 41 1,39,750 42 1,31,000 1,26,000 43 1,21,665 44 1,10,011 45 1,10,000 46 1,05,000 47 1,03,000 48 1,00,500 49 1,00,001 50 1,00,000 51 1,00,000 52 1,00,000 53 85,000 54 80,001 55 80,000 56 75,001 75,001 57 74,000 58 66,001 59 61,000 60 60,500 61 60,000 62 55,000 55,000 63 53,000 64 50,000 65 50,000 66 50,000 67 50,000 68

XpI 50,000 47,000 45,000 45,000 44,000 42,101 41,500 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 37,001 36,100 36,000 35,700 35,501 35,500 35,500 35,000 35,000 35,000 34,500 30,500 30,000 27,000 26,701 26,500 25,001 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000

\º¿ 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112

IpSpw-_-\m-Ys‚/-\m-Y-bpsS t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

XpI

sI. C. sF∏v Icn-∏m¬ 25,000 sI. sI. amXyp, ]gq¿ IWn-bm-´p-Imem 25,000 X¶Ω tPm¿Pv ]pØ≥]p-cb - n¬ 23,000 sI. hn. h¿Ko-kv, sIm´p-∏≈n°tcm´v 21,500 sF∏v Ipcp-hn-f, ]gq¿ sXt°¬ 21,000 sI. Fw. amWn, Ipº-fØ - n¬ 20,500 sNdn-bm≥ amWn, ]≈n-∏pdw 20,250 jn_p-tam≥ Nmt°m, Cug-am-en¬ 20,000 ]n. Fw. Ipcym-t°m-kv, Icn-∏m¬ 20,000 Fw. sI. tPm¨, aT-tØ´v 20,000 sI. hn. Ipcy≥ If-Øq]-Sn-bv°¬ 20,000 ]n. sI. Nmt°m, aßm-´p-aT- Ø - n¬ 20,000 tdmbn amXyp, sIm´p∏≈n hS-t°-Xn¬ 20,000 Fw. sI. Nmt°m, Ipcp-∂n-\m-bn¬ 19,000 Fw. ‰n. h¿Ko-kv, Ad-bv°∏ - d- º - n¬ ]md-°mem 18,500 ]n. sI. G{_lmw ]gq¿ ]Xn-s\-ń¬ 17,502 ]n. hn. Ipcym-t°m-kv ]me-Øn-¶¬ - , Aa-eK - ncn 17,500 ]n. sI. G{_lmw cma-\m-´p-Xd- b - n¬ 16,500 ]n. sI. tXma-kv, ]gq¿ ]´m-Wn-°m-em-bn¬ 16,500 ]n. ]n. h¿Ko-kv, ]pd-tØ´v 16,500 kn. tImc, sNdp-hn-ce - n¬ 16,250 ]n. hn. h¿Ko-kv, ]gq¿ hm-g° - m-em-bn¬ 15,701 ‰n. Fw. De-l∂ - m≥, ]≈n-sX-t°-Xn¬ 15,635 Gen-bmΩ tImc, IÆ-≥sXm-ń-bn¬ 15,001 ]n. sI. G{_-lmw, ]md-bn¬, IpS-am-fq¿ 15,000 ]n. hn. amWn, ]gq¿ In-gt- °-Xn¬ 15,000 ]n. sF. Nmt°m, ]gq¿ ]-≈n-∏pdw 15,000 Gen-bmΩ Ipcp-hn-f, ]gq¿ ]-´m-Wn-°m-em-bn¬ 15,000 km_p Nmt°m, Cug-am-en-bn¬ 15,000 kt¥mjv Nmt°m, Cug-am-en-bn¬ 15,000 sI. Fw. tXma-kv, Xe-b\ - m-´p-aTw 15,000 sd\n amWn, Xmg-tØ-¬ 15,000 h¿°n Cń-bh - n-c, sIm´p-∏≈ - n-°t- cm´v 14,700 tam≥kn Ipcym-t°m-kv, aÆq¿ 14,500 timimΩ amØ≥, ]gq¿ 13,751 NpΩm¿ amWn, sIm®p-aß - m-´p-Im-em-bn¬ 13,500 hn. F. tImc, ]pd-tØ´v 13,260 ]n. Fw. h¿°n, ]gq¿ In-gt- °-Xn¬ 13,000 sF∏v G{_-lmw, aßm-´p-Imem 13,000 sI. Fw. tXmakv I≠w-sI-ń-bX - n¬ 12,500 sIm®p-tam≥ h¿Kokv ]pd-tØ´v 12,500 tPm¨ tPmk-^v, CS-a\ - b - n¬ 12,500 sI. bp. tPm¨, sIm®o∏-Sn-°¬ 12,000 kn. bp. sF∏v, ]me-\n-ev°pw-Imem 12,000

\º¿ 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156

XpI

IpSpw-_-\m-Ys‚/-\m-Y-bpsS t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

Gen-bmΩ amWn, Icn-∏m¬ 12,000 kv°dn-bm, sIm√≥In-gt- °-Xn¬ 12,000 tamń tP°-_v, aßm-´paTw 11,500 G{_lmw kmw, Ipº-fØ - n¬ 11,500 Pbvtam≥ sI. sI. sIm®p-]d- º - n¬ 11,000 Nmt°m De-l∂ - m≥, sNcn-hp-Im-em-bn¬, aÆq¿11,000 ]n. sI. sNdn-bm≥, ]gq¿ I-Wn-bm-´p-Imem 10,500 tXmakv tPmk-^v, CS-a\ 10,365 sI. bp. De-l∂ - m≥, sIm®o]-Sn-°¬ 10,250 _m_p tPmk-^v, hc-Ip-Im-em-bn¬ 10,250 tXmakv amWn, ]≈n-∏pdw 10,100 amWn Ipcp-hn-f, ]gq¿ ]´m-Wn-°m-em-bn¬ 10,001 sI. sI. ^nen-∏v, If¿a-‰Ø - n¬ 10,000 A∂Ω G{_lmw, sIm´p-∏≈ - n-°t- cm´v 10,000 kmP≥ sI. sF∏v, IWn-bm-´p-Imem 10,000 ]n. hn. amXyp, ]gq¿ In-gt- °-Xn¬ 10,000 10,000 ]n. F. h¿Ko-kv, ]pfn-aq-ń¬ sI. sF. h¿Ko-kv, IWn-bm-´p-Imem 10,000 Fw. sI. G{_-lmw, aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ 10,000 Cu∏≥ sF∏v, Cug-am-en-bn¬ 10,000 sI. sI. amWn, Ipº-fØ - n¬ 10,000 ]n. Fw. Ipcym-t°m-kv, ]\-t®-a‰w 10,000 amXyp (cm-Pp) ]gq¿ Ing-t°-Xn¬ 10,000 amXyp amWn, Xmg-tØ¬ 10,000 C. ]n. amWn, Cug-am-en¬ 10,000 kmdmΩ kv°dn-b, Icn-∏m¬ 10,000 ]n. sP. tXma-kv, Nqc-°m-ń¬, CS-Øn-\Iw 9,750 tP°_v amWn ]gq¿ IZ-fn-°mem 9,450 tXmakv ]n. G{_lmw ]pXp∏-dº - n¬ 8,650 tPm¿Pv ]n. amXyp, ]pØ≥]p-cb - n¬ 8,000 sI. bp. Nmt°m, sIm®o]-Sn-bv°¬ 8,000 G{_lmw sI. sF. Ccp-´p-am-en¬ 7,561 kv°dnb h¿Ko-kv, ]pfn-®a- m-°¬ 7,500 sI. hn. amWn, Ccp-´p-am-en-bn¬ 7,500 enkn amWn, Cug-am-en¬ 7,500 tPmWn h¿Ko-kv, hc-Ip-Im-em-bn¬ 7,500 tPmk^v, hc-Ip-Im-em-bn¬ CS-a\ 7,250 tPm¿Pv Ipcp-hn-f, ]pØ≥]p-cb - n¬ 7,000 Gen-bmΩ tXma-kv, hS-t°-°c 7,000 sI. kn. km_p, sNdp-hn-ce - n¬ 7,000 tPm¿÷v hn. F v., h´-bv°m-´p-Imem 6,502 kn. C. tPm¿Pv, Nnd-∏p-dØv 6,000 tImcpf G{_-lmw, aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ 6,000 tPm¿Pv G{_-lmw, sIm√-∏≈ - n¬ 6,000 Gen-bmΩ tPm¨, hS-t°-]p-dt- Ø´v 5,250

243

\º¿ 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201

IpSpw-_-\m-Ys‚/-\m-Y-bpsS t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

XpI

adn-bm-Ω, Nqc-°m-´n¬, CS-Øn-\Iw hn. Fkv. t]mØ≥, ]pd-tØ´v hn. Fw. amWn, h´-bv°m-´p-Imem sI. Fw. amWn, I≠w-sI-´n-bX - n¬ a\p kmw, ASp-ap-dn-bn¬ tPm¿Pv amWn, Nmem-Icn Ing-t°-∏d- ºv sI. ]n. Ipcy≥, Ipº-fØ - n¬ tPm¨ Ipcy≥, Ipº-fØ - n¬ Cu∏≥ ]p∂-t»-cn¬ h¿Ko-kv, Ccp-´p-am-en¬ πm∏-dº - n¬ Nmt°m Nmt°m, sIm´p-∏≈ - n¬ aØm-bn, hncp-X\ - m-Øv, Aa-eK - ncn X¶Ω Ipcym-t°m-kv, If¿a-‰Ø - n¬ s_∂n hn. tPm¿Pv, hen-b] - d- º - n¬ ]n. ]n. Ipcym-t°m-kv, ap´-Øn-Ød- b - n¬ sI. sI. …o_m If¿a-‰Ø - n¬ sI. hn. kv°dn-bm, Ccp-´p-am-en¬ sNdn-bm≥ kv°dn-bm, h´-bv°m-´p-Imem timimΩ Ipcy≥, sIm´p-∏≈ - n-°t- cm´v B¿. sI. h¿Ko-kv, cma-\m-´p-Xd- b - n¬ A∂Ω tUhn-Uv, ]pØ≥]p-cb - v°¬ ]n. sP. tPmk-^v, hS-°p-ap-It- f¬ Ipcy≥ Ipcy≥, sIm´p-∏≈ - n-°t- cm´v sI. sI. tXma-kv, Imcn-a‰w hn. Fw. h¿Ko-kv, h´-bv°m-´p-Imem h¿°n kv°dn-b, ]≈n-∏pdw A∂Ω tXma-kv, hS-t°-°c hn. kn. sNdn-bm≥, thew-]d- º - n¬ sI. Fw. tPmk-^v, IZ-fn-°mem C. Fw. cmPp, Ccp-Ih - e - b - n¬ kmdmΩ h¿Ko-kv, ]cp-Øn-°pgn hn. Fw. amXyp, h´-bv°m-´p-Imem amWn kv°dn-bm, ]≈n-∏pdw h¿Kokv sF∏v, Ccp-´p-am-en¬ sI. hn. Ipcy≥, Ipº-fØ - n-°mem ]n. kn. tPm¨, ]pØ≥]p-cb - n¬, hmI-Øm\w tPmk^v Ipcy≥, hvfmIØv sI. Fkv. amWn, ]≈n-∏pdw h¿Kokv Ipcy≥, πm°n-]d- º - n¬ amØ≥ Ccp-´p-am-en¬, πm]-dº - n¬ sI. hn. sF∏v, Ccp-´p-am-en¬ tXmakv, ssX∏-dº - n¬ De-l∂ - m≥ amØ≥, sNdp-hn-ce - n¬°-tcm´v ‰n. sF. G{_-lmw, tXm´p-¶¬sX-t°¬ km_p tXma-kv, hS-t°-°c

244

5,250 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 4,750 4,500 4,500 4,001 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 3,500 3,500 3,500 3,500 3,100 3,100 3,100 3,100 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 2,800 2,700

IpSpw-_-\m-Ys‚/-\m-Y-bpsS t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

XpI

Cu∏≥ G{_-lmw, sIm√-∏≈ - n¬ C´n-b-hn-c, Itcm-´p-Ip-gn-b-mºm´v F.-Un. tPm¿Pv, hen-b] - d- º - n¬ sI. hn. Ipcy≥, Ipgn-bm-ºm´v Cu∏≥ h¿Ko-kv, Cug-am-en-bn¬ h¿Kokv amXyp, ]m´p-Ip-t∂¬ tXmakv G{_-lmw, sIm´p-∏≈ - n-°t- cm´v A®mΩ kv°dn-b, h´-bv°m-´p-Imem tPm¨ amXyp, ]m´p-Ip-t∂¬ A∂Ω tXma-kv, ]\-bv°¬ A∂Ω Ipcp-hn-f, ]gp¿ Ing-t°-Xn¬ sI. hn. h¿Kokv, Ipº-fØ - n-°m-em-bn¬ ]utemkv CS-Øn-\Iw A∂Ω NpΩm¿, Ipgn-bm-ºm´v timimΩ kv°dn-b, Im™-∏≈ - n¬ Ipcy≥, cma-\m-´p-Xdbn¬ Fw. F. ^nen-t∏m-kv, aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ sF∏v kv°dn-b, ]≈n-∏pdw hn. Fkv. Nm≠n, ]≈n-∏pdw sI. Fw. amXyp, IZ-fn-°mem kp\p ^nen-∏v, Ipº-fØ - n¬ kPn h¿Ko-kv, h´-bv°m-´p-Imem adn-bmΩ Ipcp-hn-f, cma-\m-´p-Xdbn¬ _nt\mbn hn. tPm¿Pv hen-b] - d- º - n¬ Nn∂Ω NpΩm¿, cma-\m-´p-Xdbn¬ sadn≥ amXyp, h´-bv°¬ A∂Ω h¿°n, CS-Øn-\Iw ssa°nƒ ssX∏-dº - n¬ adn-bmΩ amWn, Ccp-Ih - e - b - n¬ A®mΩ cRvPn-Øv, aT-tØ-´v, hnP-b`- h - ≥ sPbnwkv amXyp, ]m´p-Ip-t∂¬ adn-bmΩ, Nn‰-\n-°m-em-bn¬ Ipcy≥ amXyp, ]m´p-Ip-t∂¬ s]ÆΩ h¿°n, h´-bv°¬ adn-bmΩ kv°dn-b, ]cp-Øn-°pgn Fw. Fw. aØm-bn, amº-db - n¬ amXyp sF∏v Ccp-´p-am-en¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ Ipº-fØ - n¬ sI.-Fw. tPm¨ Ipº-fØ - n¬ kmdmΩ ^nen-t∏mkv Ipº-fØ - n¬ Gen-bmΩ Ipcy≥ Ipº-fØ - n¬ GeΩ amXyp Ipº-fØ - n¬ tN®Ω F{_lmw tXm´p-¶¬ sXt°-Xn¬ ]o‰¿ ssX∏-dº - n¬

2,350 2,060 2,000 2,000 2,000 1,900 1,900 1,600 1,600 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,400 1,300 1,200 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 750 750 700 700 500 500 500 400 300 200 200 200 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

\º¿ 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245

BsI

60,37,227

II. tZhm-e-b-ßƒ, A`n-hμy sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø≥am¿,

_lp. sshZn-I¿, Bﬂo-b-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ \¬Inb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ XpI \º¿

XpI \º¿

t]cv

1 2

sk‚ v tacokv IØo-{U¬, aW¿ImSv sk‚ v tPm¿Pv kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv N¿®v, Bellhurst, Ave Oklan City, USA, C/o jn_p sNdn-bm≥ Nnd-∏p-dØv 3 am¿tØm-Ω≥ sNdn-b∏ - ≈ - n, tImX-aw-Kew 4 a¿Ø-adnbw h\n-Xm-ka- m-Pw, \oen-aw-Kew 5 a™-\n-°c Xo¿∞m-SI - ¿ 6 H. G. tXmakv tam¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm 7 sk‚ v tPm¿Pv bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm\n∏≈n, Icn-ßm-®n-d, sIm®n 8 shcn. dh. sI. Ipcym-t°mkv tImsd-∏n-kvtIm∏m Ing-t°-SØv 9 shcn. dh. Ipcym-t°mkv tImsd∏n-kvt°m∏m Idp-Ib - n¬ 10 dh. ^m. Koh¿Kokv N´-Øn¬ 11 dh. ^m. Koh¿Kokv, Icn-Øe - b - v°¬ bp.-Fk - v.F - .

t]cv

1,00,000 12 sk‚ v tacokv bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm\n∏≈n, Imc-t°m-Ww, ]pXp-∏mSn 5,000 13 H. G. Koh¿Kokv tam¿ Zoh-∂ym-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm 4,000 54,068 - n¬ 1,500 25,000 14 dh. ^m. Ipcym-t°m-kv, πm]-dº 25,000 15 shcn. dh. F{_lmw tImsd-∏n-kvt°m-∏m, Icn-º\ - Ø - d- , aW¿ImSv 1,001 16,469 16 shcn. dh. ^oen-t∏m-kv tImsd-∏n-kvt°m-∏m, tIm´-∏p-dØv 1,001 10,000 17 shcn. dh. G{_lmw tImsd-∏n-kvt°m∏m 1,000 10,000 18 sk‚ v tPm¨kv {]m¿∞-\m-tbm-Kw, \oen-aw-Kew 1,000 19 sk‚ v tPm¿Pv {]m¿∞-\m-tbm-Kw, \oen-aw-Kew 1,000 10,000 20 am¿ Ipcym-t°mkv {]m¿∞-\m-tbm-Kw, \oen-aw-Kew 1,000 21 am¿ Iuam {]m¿∞-\m-tbm-Kw, \oen-aw-Kew 1,000 10,000 22 dh. ^m. amXyqkv hS-t°-SØ - v, aW¿ImSv 500 10,000 23 dh. ^m. kJ-dn-bm, ssae-∏≈ - n¬ 500 24. dh. ^m. Ipcym-t°m-kv, Imem-bn¬, aW¿ImSv 500 9,192 BsI 298731

III. {io. ]n. ]n. G{_lmw ap´-ØnØd aptJ\ A_p-Zm_n

sk‚ v Ão^≥kv bmt°m-_mb ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂v e`n-®Xv \º¿ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

t]cv kn. hn. tXmakv Ipcy≥ tP°_v ]n. sF. h¿Kokv tPm¿÷v tP°_v hn\p ]o‰¿ tP°_v tP°_v DXp∏v tkmP≥ _nPp C´n-aWn kmP≥ tImin F¬tZm sI. tP°_v s_∂n sI. ]utemkv sdPn amXyp ^m. F¬tZm I°mS≥ t_kn¬ h¿Kokv

XpI (Zp_mbv Zn¿lw) \º¿ 200 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

t]cv sskPn sI. ]n. kmw t]mØd at\mPv ‰n. h¿Kokv _nPn G{_lmw PnXn≥ tdmbn kPn tbml-∂m≥ Ubvtam≥ Ipcy≥ amXyp-°p´n doam kÆn Koh¿Kokv hn. sF. tPm¿÷v

XpI (Zp_mbv Zn¿lw) 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 2,100 Zn¿lw

sdPn-tam≥ h¿Kokv

BsI

5000 cq] 32,741

245

IV. \º¿ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

CS-h-ImwK-ß-f-√m-Ø-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\- enÃv t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

tXmakv, Ipcp-hnf Ing-°m-en-°¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv kt¥mjv Ipcy≥, hmg-°mem Icn-bn¬ ]n.-hn. tPm¿Pv, HX-fØ - pw-aq-´n¬, IpS-bw-]Sn A∂Ω kv°dn-b, Nq≠-aÆ - n¬, tXm´-bv°mSv Ão^≥ tXma-kv, aW-∏p-dØv Cu∏≥ amXyp, ]d-tßm´v ]n. ]n. sNdn-bm≥, ]pXp-∏d- º - n¬ kPn\n PntPm, Ie-∏d- º - n¬, a√-∏≈n sIm√≥In-g-t°-Xn¬ IpSpw-_-tbmKw sI. F. ]p∂q-kv, Idp-I∏ - S- n-bn¬, Abva\w timimΩ tPmk-^v, ]d-ºn¬, IpΩ\w PoPm ‰n. sNdn-bm≥ Cug-am-en-bn¬ aptJ\ e`n-®Xv Fw. h¿°n, Our Own High School, P.B. No. 3004, Dubai, UAE C/o sN√Ω amWn, aÆq¿

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

tP°_v cmPp, Nnd-bn¬ kqkΩ sF∏v, Cug-am-en¬, Ipcp-∂n-\m-°mem eo\m kqk≥, \yqX≥ skmssk-‰n, apwss_ _m∏pPn, sh≈m-∏≈n {_tZ-gvkv, t]cq¿ t{Kkn _m_p, amen-bn¬, ]≈n-∏pdw Ãm^v, C≥Uym hpUv, tIm´bw C/o tdmPn amWn Xmg-tØ¬ tPmbn tXma-kv, ]™n-°p-t∂¬, ]n.-sP. t{SUnwKv Iº-\n, ]mem KoXp enkv_m tP°-_v, CS-bI - Ø - q-´v, Ipam-c-s\-√q¿ ]n. Fw. h¿°n, Xm∂n-°m-´v, ]≈w tUm. F¬kΩ h¿Ko-kv, a\-bn-Sb - n¬ em¬ tP°-_v, HX-fØ - pw-aq-´n¬ an\n tXma-kv, CS-a\ - b - n¬ B\n kÆn tP°-_v, CS-a\ - b - n¬ im¥n kPn, sXt°-s\-Sp-º≈ - n¬ _m_p C√n-°¬, Icn-ßm-®nd

246

XpI

\º¿ 29

50,000 40,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 23,350 20,000 15,001 15,000 15,000 12,500 12,000 11,788 10,001 10,001 10,001 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

XpI

_m_p ^nen-∏v, Ipf-Øp-am-°¬, Im™n-c∏ - md, Ißg 10,000 30 F. ‰n. tP°-_v, Ab-em-‰p-t»-cn¬, _mw•q¿ 10,000 31 amWn, s\Sn-bI - m-em-bn¬ 10,000 32 ^nen-∏v, awK-eØ - v, aW¿ImSv 10,000 33 ]n. sF. Nmt°m, πm°n-bn¬, ]ndhw 10,000 34 ‰n. hn. tPm¨, tXm∏n¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 10,000 35 taml≥ eqt°m-kv, It√-∏≈ - n¬ 10,000 36 tkmWnbm hn. tP°-_v, D/o tPmWn-°p-ń, Fw.-Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv 10,000 37 kptcjv sF∏v, ]pI-Sn-bn¬, ]md-ºpg 10,000 38 t_m_≥ tXma-kv, hm°-t®-cn¬, A_p-Zm_n10,000 39 M/s aW¿ImSv dt∫-gvkv, aW¿ImSv 10,000 40 sFhn≥ tPmk-^v, S/okPnØv tPmk-^v, {_ntK-Uv sebv≥, Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - pcw 10,000 41 sjh. ]n. F. G{_-lmw, ]pfn-aq-ń¬ 10,000 42 amΩ≥ h¿Ko-kv, At©-cn¬ Km¿U≥kv, Km‘n-\-K¿ 10,000 43 s{]m^. C. Fw. tP°_v CS-bI - Ø - q-´v, tXm°p-]md 10,000 44 timimΩ Nmt°m, Nnd-bn¬, ]≈w 9,000 45 an\n t__n, ]pXp-ti-cn, ap°-\q¿, C/o C. Fw. tP°_v CS-bI - Ø - q´v, Ipam-cs- \-√q¿ 7,551 46 at\m-Pv, Zp_mbv 6,500 47 cRvPnØv ]p∂q-kv, s]cp-º≈ - n-∏d- º - n¬ 5,500 48 hn. hn. G{_-lmw, h©n-tØm-ń¬, ]m°n¬ 5,001 49 kptcjv & kpan, Pn±, kuZn-At- d_y 5,000 50 M/s.s]m°p-Sn-bn¬ GP≥kokv 5,000 51 khnXm h¿Kokv & tkmPp tPm¿Pv tXmakv, πm∏-d-ºn¬ 5,000 52 _nt\mbv Imhp-]d- º - n¬, aW¿ImSv 5,000 53 t_m_n Abva\wIpgn-bn¬, ]md-ºpg 5,000 54 sI. hn. h¿Ko-kv, hc-hp-Im-em-bn¬, Acq¿ 5,000 55 jnPn tPmk-^v, sIm®p-]p-cb - n¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 5,000 56 Ipcp-hnf amWn ]md-bn¬, aW¿ImSv 5,000 57 kt¥mjv sI. G{_-lmw, ImSw-Xp-cp-Øn¬, amßm\w 5,000

\º¿ 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

XpI

Gen-bmΩ dmt^¬, X´mw-]d-ºn¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 5,000 tPm¿Pv tPm¨, sIm®p-ho-ń¬, tXm´-bv°mSv 5,000 Fw. B¿. cmPp, IZ-fn-°m-em-bn¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 5,000 sI. kn. h¿Ko-kv, HX-fØ - pw-aq-ń¬ 5,000 cmP≥ tP°-_v, sk‚ v tXmakv ]m°nw-Kv, sNss∂ 5,000 _m_p Ipcy≥, tIme-Øp-]d- º - n¬, hS-hm-Xq¿ 5,000 tPmkv amd-ºn¬, ]≈n-∏p-dw, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 5,000 tXmakv ]q®w-Xm-en¬ 5,000 Nm¿fn tXmakv ]q®w-Xm-en¬ 5,000 tkmdm amXyp, tIm°vkvSu¨, _mw•q¿ 5,000 hn. kn. h¿°n, htSm¿, t]cq¿ 5,000 A\n _n\p A´m¿h-ben¬ 5,000 G{_lmw ]n. F. Im°-\m´v 5,000 ]n. kn. tPm¨, _n.-Fk - v.F - ≥.-F¬. tIm´bw 5,000 Pntbm tPm¨, tXm∏n¬ 5,000 Xºm≥ amXyp, ]d-tßm´v 5,000 cmP≥ kv°dnbm, Nnd-bn¬ ]oSn-Ib - n¬ 5,000 hn¬\ sadn≥ tPm¿Pv, h≈n-bm-d, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 5,000 Fw. hn. tPm¿Pv a‰-∏≈ - n¬, s]cph 5,000 ssjP≥ ]n. t]mƒ, ]md-bn¬, ta°mSv 5,000 tPm¿Pv tNco-∏d- º - n¬, sh≈q¿, ]mºmSn 5,000 Cń-°p™v ^nen-∏v, ]d-bI - p-fØ - v, Xrt°m-X-aw-Kew 5,000 arZpem amXyp, ]p\w-]p∂ 5,000 Beokv h¿Ko-kv, Beokv hn√, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 5,000 A\ojv sFk°v tP°-_v, πm°nbn¬, ]ndhw 5,000 lpssk≥ aßm-´p-°m-em-bn¬ 5,000 tXmakv amXyp, H‰-ssØ-øn¬, ]md-ºpg 5,000 sI. hn. tXma-kv, sIm√-s°m-ºn¬, hS-hm-Xq¿ 5,000 km_p tP°-_v, ]pI-Sn-bn¬, Km‘n-\K - ¿ 5,000 ]n. hn. sNdn-bm≥, HX-fØ - pw-aq-ń¬, sNßfw 5,000 Ip™p-tam≥, πm∏-dº - n¬, Fd-Wm-Ipfw 5,000 ]n.-F. tPmk-^v, ]md-bv°¬, sh≈q¿ 5,000 Nn∂Ω B‚-Wn, ]md-°¬, kw{Im¥n 5,000

\º¿ 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127

XpI

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

sI. F. s_∂n, Imhp-¶¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 5,000 ]n. sI. amXyp, ]oSn-tb-°¬, aW¿ImSv 5,000 Pn\p Ipcym-t°m-kv, sNßm-en-a‰- w 4,500 _o\m jmPn, Ip‰-\m¬, sXmΩ≥Ipgn 4,500 t{Kkn, ]gq¿ Ing-t°¬ 4,000 s_∂n & sIm®p-tam≥, HX-fØ - pw-aq-ń¬ 4,000 cmPp Be-∏m´v 3,500 ]p∂qkv amXyp, ]d-tßm-´v, sX≈Iw 3,500 sI. Fw. Ipcym-t°m-kv, ]Sn-™m-sd-Ip-gn-bm-ºm´v 3,001 A®mΩ Cń, h´p-If- Ø - n¬, aqe-h´w 3,001 tXmakv sNdn-bm≥, Ipgn-bm-™m¬ 3,000 timimΩ Ipcym-t°m-kv, ]md-bn¬, Aa-b∂ - q¿3,000 _nt\mbv ^nen-∏v, ]pØ≥]-dº - n¬, aW¿ImSv 3,000 Gen-bmΩ t]mØ≥, Cug-am-en¬ 3,000 _nμp C/o P.A. h¿Ko-kv, ]pfn-aq-ń¬ 3,000 tP°_v tPm¿Pv, Nnd-bn¬, ]≈w 3,000 ‰n.- Un. sPbnw-kv, tXm´p-¶¬, \´m-t»cn 3,000 ent‰m ssS‰-kv, en‰p-`h - ≥, B\-μ∏ - ≈n 3,000 km_p Ipcy≥, Imhp-¶¬, ]ßS 3,000 eoemΩ amXyp, Imhp-¶¬, ]ßS 3,000 sk©pdn ^yqh¬kv & Hmbn¬, Ipam-c\ - √ - q¿ 3,000 kPn F. Ipcp-hn-f, aW-Øe - , B¿∏q-°c 3,000 cmPp ssaem-°¬, I™n-°pgn 3,000 tPm¨k¨ Fw. tPm¿Pv, tamS-bn¬, a√-∏≈n 3,000 adn-bmΩ a¿t°mkv 3,000 Xºn hm°-t®-cn¬ 3,000 sk‚ v tacokv tI‰-dnwKv k¿Δokv ]≈n-∏pdw, \oen-aw-Kew 3,000 cRvPnØv ^nen-∏v, ]md-bn¬, Bdp-am-\q¿ 2,500 tPmk^v amXyp, amdm´v s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 2,500 entPm sI. amXyp, Imhp-¶¬, ]ßS 2,500 tPmkv InSm-cØ - n¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 2,500 hn. kn. G{_-lmw, hS-t»-cn¬, sNßfw kuØv 2,500 kptcjv t]mƒ Ae-Ivkv, _l-dn≥ 2,500 sj√n, B≠p-°m-em-bn¬ 2,500 Gen-bmΩ tPm¿Pv, Bepw-aq-ń¬, Nmaw-]X - m¬ 2,500 tPm_n ]ueqkv C/o s\_p tP°_v 2,325 _nt\mbv ]n. G{_lmw C/o s\_p tP°_v 2,263

247

\º¿

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

128 AJne tIcf hniz-I¿Ω alm-k`- , s]cp-ºm-bn-°m-Sv, {_m©v 53 129 _me≥, ARvP\ - , \´m-t»cn 130 Znhym cmPp, sIm®p-sXm-ń-bn¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 131 sI. kn. amXyp, Imhp-¶¬, ]ßS 132 tPmkv sI. sNdn-bm≥, Imhp-¶¬, ]ßS 133 sI. kn. G{_-lmw, Imhp-¶¬, ]ßS 134 A\q]v G{_-lmw, aW-∏p-dØv 135 ]n. hn. tPm¿Pv, IWn-bmw-]d- º - n¬, aW¿ImSv 136 kndn-bIv Im∏n¬, \´m-t»cn 137 hn. Fw. amXyp, XS-Øn¬, ]≈w 138 sdPn amfn-tb-°¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 139 sj√n sI. amXyp, ssIXIw 140 tdmbn Ipcym-t°m-kv, \oen-bm-\n-°¬, ]mem 141 ‰n. hn. Nmt°m, Xe-°pfw 142 ]n. kn. tPm¿Pv, ]d-ºp-Ic- , aW¿ImSv 143 AK-Ãn≥, ]\-bv°¬ 144 tim`\ km_p, s]mø-°c- , ]qh≥Xp-cpØv 145 B‚-∏≥, km‚ v a¿s®‚ v 146 X - ºn, ]pfn-°m-´p-aTw 147 s]ÆΩ kv°dn-bm, Nnd-bn¬]o-SnI 148 sadn≥ kmdm, ]md-bn¬ 149 skeIvSv Nm\¬, ]≈n-∏pdw 150 kmt_¿, ]md-bn¬ 151 A∂Ω kPn, Ipgn-bn¬, hmI-Øm\w 152 tPmjn h¿Ko-kv, Imhp-¶¬ 153 _m_p, apdn-bm-\n-°¬ 154 tPm¿Pp-Ip-ń, apdn-bm-\n-°¬ 155 tPm¨ Ipcy≥, tKmhm 156 sI. ‰n. tXma-kv, sIm√-∏≈ - n¬, \´m-t»cn 157 sI. sP. tPmk-^v, Ip∂-Øp-]d- º - n¬ 158 tPmPn amXyp, s]mSn-a‰- Ø - n¬, ASn-®nd 159 cmtPjv Nº-°pfw 160 tdm_n≥, Icn-ºn¬, ao\Sw 161 _nt\m-bn, sh´pIm-ń¬, Xncp-hm¿∏v 162 adn-bmΩ amXyp, ]mtd-°m-ń¬ 163 t_m_n G{_-lmw, ]Sn-™m-sd-∏d- º - n¬, Aa-b-∂q¿ 164 tXma-kp-Ipń G{_-lmw, ]Sn-™m-td-∏d- º - n¬, Aa-b-∂q¿

248

XpI

2,001 2,001 2,001 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000

\º¿ 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197

2,000

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

XpI

Xºn, hS-t°-∏ - d- º - n¬, Ipdn®n 2,000 {]n≥kv eqt°m-kv, H‰-ssØ-bn-¬, ]md-ºpg 2,000 Pbnw-kv, IÆw-sXm-ń-bn¬, ]md-ºpg 2,000 A\n¬ h¿Ko-kv, ªq slh≥, apwss_ 2,000 adn-bmΩ kÆn ^nen-∏v, F.-Pn.-Fw., _n.-Fk - v.F - ≥.-F¬. tIm´bw 2,000 ‰n. sI. Ipcy≥, hme-bn¬, kn¬h¿ A∏m¿´vsa‚ v, apwss_ 2,000 h¿°n h¿°n, tIm´bw 2,000 sdPn tXma-kv, lm∏n tlmw, amew 2,000 F. hn. adn-bm-Ω, F_n-\n-hm-kv, t]cq¿ 2,000 tPm¨ h¿Ko-kv, Ass∂-\n-eb - w, hmg-∏≈n 2,000 tam\mbn, tUmƒ^n≥ dt∫gvkv 2,000 Fw.-Fw. tPmk^v 2,000 A¿°m-Unbm tlm´¬, tIm´bw 2,000 _nt\mbn, sXt°¬ 1,900 ]gq¿ ^man-en, \oen-aw-Kew 1,550 PÃn≥ tP°-_v, hS-t°-Ab - va\ - w-Ip-gn, ]md-ºpg 1,500 _nPp, ]\-bv°¬ 1,500 adn-bmΩ hb-em‰v 1,500 sI. kn. tP°-_v, hm°p-]d- º - n¬, sIm√mSv 1,500 B‚-∏≥, amen-bn¬, I√d 1,500 F. hn. G{_-lmw, A´m¿h-be - n¬ 1,500 t]mØ≥ aØm-bn, ]pd-tØ-´v, adn-b∏ - ≈n 1,500 Fw. ‰n. tXma-kv, ]me-bv°mw-Xe - b - v°¬, t]-cq¿ 1,500 tdm_n≥ tXma-kv, Cf-bn-SØ - v, Fkv.F - ® - v. au≠v 1,500 kn. kn. amWn, Nm°m-t»-cn¬, t]cq¿ 1,500 \n¿Ωe ]p∂q-kv, ]pXp-ho-ń¬, ]≈w 1,500 kPn, Ip∂p-Im-em-bn¬, NmØp-Ipfw 1,500 Fw. F. jmPn aßm-´p-°m-em-bn¬ 1,500 jnPp C. h¿Kokv & jo\m tdm_n≥, ]p∂-t»cn 1,500 X¶Ω amWn, \´m-t»cn CS-Øn¬, thfq¿ 1,500 tXmakv Ipcy-≥ & dmWn tXmakv ]g-©n-da- q-eb - n¬, hmI-Øm\w 1,500 ]n. F. G{_-lmw, ]pXn-bh - o-ń¬]-dº - n¬ 1,500 M/s sP. sP. IΩyq-Wn-t°-j≥kv, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 1,500

\º¿

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

XpI

198 AUz. sU¬hn≥ tP°_v amXyq-kv, Nnd-bn¬ 1,500 199 sd\ojv amXyp, G{_-lmw, kp\n¬ A_p-Zm_n 1,300 200 amXyp ^nen∏v ]pØ≥]-dº - n¬, jm¿P 1,250 201 ‰n. sI. sNdn-bm≥, Xmg-tØ-SØ - v, aW¿ImSv 1,050 202 Ãm^v C¥y hpUv C/o _n\p-tam≥ h¿°n 1,070 203 amXyqkv tPmk-^v, sP. sP. IΩyq-Wn-t°-j≥kv 1,001 204 hn. kn. Ipcp-hn-f, htg-∏d- º - n¬, Ab¿°p∂w 1,001 205 sjh. DΩ-®≥, th¶-SØv 1,001 206 kn. Fw. kv°dn-bm, hmg-°m-em-Nn-db - n¬, hmgq¿ 1,001 207 sdPn. kn. G{_-lmw, Nnd-°p-gn-bn¬, amßm\w1,001 208 tPm¨ kn. ]o‰¿, s]cp-hØv Ing-t°-Xn¬, h≠n-s∏-cn-bm¿ 1,001 209 Ipcp-hnf Nmt°m, Ing-t°-®n-dØ - d- , \cn-bw-]md 1,001 210 A∂Ω amXyp, s\Spw-Xd- b - n¬, aW¿ImSv 1,001 211 _n\p hnt\m-Zv, tIm´-∏p-dØv I¨kv{S-£≥kv, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 1,001 212 t__n amXyp, t__nPn {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v, sX≈Iw 1,001 213 hn. kn. Cu∏≥, Nn‰-\n-°m-em-bn¬ 1,001 214 tKm]n]n≈, AtimI tlm´¬, kw{Im¥n 1,001 215 ]n. kn. De-l∂ - m≥, ]p-√Ø - n¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 1,001 216 kqk≥ Ipcp-hn-f, If-∏p-cb - v°¬ 1,001 217 G{_lmw h¿Kokv & ^man-en, ]Sn-™m-sd-°p‰v 1,001 218 hcp¨ Ipcp-hn-f, ]pØ≥]p-cb - n¬, kw{Im¥n 1,000 219 \n¿Ωe ]p∂qkv 1,000 220 arZpem amXyp 1,000 221 sdPn hen-b] - d- º - n¬ 1,000 222 hn. Fw. amXyp, XS-Øn¬, ]m°n¬ 1,000 223 ]n. Fw. amWn, {]m∏p-gb - n¬ 1,000 224 Gen-bmkv amdm-t®-cn¬ 1,000 225 kPo-hv, IÆm-ºS- Ø - n¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 1,000 226 Ão^≥, I√p-¶¬, tImX-aw-Kew 1,000 227 h¿°n tXma-kv, Ad-hp-am-°¬, hS-hm-Xq¿ 1,000 228 sI. kn. amXyp, I√p-¶{X 1,000 229 sdPn-tam≥, \mep-I≠ - Ø - n¬ 1,000 230 A∂ Ipcp-hn-f, If-c- n-°¬, ]mºmSn 1,000 231 A\n¬ sNdn-bm≥, ]pØ≥]-dº - n¬ 1,000 232 sI. C. G{_-lmw, _n.-Fk - v.F - ≥.-F¬. tIm´bw 1,000 233 b¬tZm, ]≠-πm-°¬, A¶-amen 1,000 234 sI. sI. sF∏v, sIm´p-∏-f-fn-°-tcm-´v, sNss∂ 1,000

\º¿ 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271

XpI

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

F≥. sI. ss\\m≥, \S-bn¬, amßm\w ]n. Fw. amWn, aT-Øn¬]d-ºn¬, thfq¿ _n\p Ae-Ivkv, ]oSn-Ib - n¬ h¿Kokv tPm¨, sIm√-°m-´p-]p-√m-Sn-bn¬, Cc-hn-t]-cq¿ _nt\m Cu∏≥, Nq≠-aÆ - n¬, ao\Sw ]n. sF. Ipcy≥, ]mtd-°p-fw, ]≈w Nmt°m Ipcym-t°m-kv, Be-°f- Ø - n¬ H. ‰n. Ipcy≥, H‰-πm-°¬ t{Kkn, ]gq¿ Ing-t°-Xn¬ F. hn. tXmakv km_p, Ip‰n-°¬, ]pØ-\ß - mSn G{_lmw amXyp, atcm-ń-∏d- º - n¬ tPmbn, hb-em-‰n¬, \mÍw F. F. amXyp, Ce-Øm-\Øv tPmfn tXmakv Ce-hp-IS- p-∏n¬ sI. kn. h¿Ko-kv, sIm®-°c- , Iqtcm-∏S amXyp Ipcp-hn-f, Cń-tb-SØ - v, sh≈q¿ kqk≥ tPm¨, C√n-∏d- º - n¬, tIm´bw A\o‰ A∂ Ão^≥, I√p-¶¬, tImX-aw-Kew sI. Fw. G{_-lmw, Xma-cs- h-≈n-°m-hn¬, s]cp-ºm-hq¿ ‰n. Fw. a¿t°m-kv, ap°m-en-Ød- , ]md-ºpg tagvkn tPm¿Pv, {kmI-Øv, ]mºmSn enk-Ω, h´-bv°m-´p-Imem Fw. kn. G{_-lmw, aW-Øm-‰n¬, Hf» ]n. Fw. DXp-∏v, ]pØ≥Nn-db - n¬, thfq¿ tXmakv & A\p ]pØ≥Nn-db - n¬, thfq¿ at\mPv amXyp, Bcym-S≥]m-°¬, sNßfw H. F≥. cmPp, ]Xn-s\-ń¬, ]pØ≥]-dºv kn. Fw. A∂-Ω, sXt°-®n-d, Xncp-hm¿∏v Gen-bmΩ tXma-kv, I´-∏p-dØ - v, apdn-°Sn kn. hn. tP°-_v, tN¿t°m-Wn¬, sh≈q¿ kn. sI. h¿Ko-kv, sNºn-Ød- , ]≈w Fw. amXyp, a©-bn¬, ]cn∏v kn. F. h¿Ko-kv, sNdp-Ic- b - n¬, ]pfn-°¬°-he tdmbn ]n. tXma-kv, ]pØ≥]-dº - n¬, Xncp-h√ ‰n. hn. ]ueq-kv, XS-Øn¬, ]pXr° Znhym amXyp, tImt®-cn¬, G‰p-am-\q¿

1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

249

IpSpw-_-\m-Ys‚/-\m-Y-bpsS t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw kqkΩ hc-ºI - Ø - v, Nß-\m-t»cn amXyp kJdn-b, ]d-tßm-´v, sX≈Iw sI. kn. tP°-_v, I∂p-Ip-gn-bn¬, ]ßS eoem-aWn ]n. F≥. _n.-Fk - v.F - ≥.-F¬. tIm´bw Pn\p G{_-lmw, sNΩm-Øv, If-at- »cn hn. ]n. jmPn, CS-Øn-\Iw, \´m-t»cn tacn tPm¿Pv, a\-bn¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv tP°_v hb-em-´v, ]pØ≥]-dº - n¬, \mÍw kt¥mjv hn. sF∏v, ]md-∏p-dw, ]≈w ]n. sP. hn≥sk‚ v, s]m∂pw-]p-cb - v°¬, ap≠w-th-en, sIm®n timimΩ sNdn-bm≥, bp.-Fk - v.F - . {]n≥kv tXma-kv, ac-ßm-ń¬, hS-hm-Xq¿ tPmWn sP. ]Sn-™m-‰n¬ AeIvkv h¿Ko-kv, kuØv C≥Uy≥ thÃv t]∏¿, Fkv.F - ® - v. au≠v tdmbn, IWn-bmw-Ip-fw, Km‘n-\K - ¿ tPmkv ]qgn-°p-t∂¬ Ipcy≥ tPmkv, I√q-∏d- º - n¬, ]≈w tXmakv hmg-∏{- X, ]≈w Cń sNdn-bm≥, ]oSn-Ib - n¬, ]≈w tP°_v tXma-kv, IptΩ-en¬, ]≈w F. ‰n. ^nen-∏v, tPmkv hn√, ]md-ºpg APo-jvIp-am¿, G‰p-am-∂ - q¿ Xºn sI. h¿Ko-kv, Ip∂Øv, t]cq¿ kn. kn. h¿Ko-kv, Nm°m-t»-cn¬, t]cq¿ ]n. hn. tPm¿Pv, HX-fØ - pw-aq-ń¬ Cń Fw. tPm¨, atcm-ń-∏d- º - n¬, sNßfw A\n¬ ]n. Ipcp-hn-f, ]pfn-°∏ - d- º - n¬, sNßfw km_p Ipcy≥, I√-db - v°¬, sX≈Iw t_m_n amXyp, Imhp-¶¬, Aco-∏d- ºv kPn ‰n. amXyp, Xmg-tØ¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv hnP-b≥, IZ-fn-°m-em, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv Gen-bmΩ amWn, sImt√-en¬, Ipam-c\ - √ - q¿ kqkΩ t]mƒ, CS-Øn-\I - w, \´m-t»cn A\p sI. Gen-bm-kv, Im™n-c° - m-´v, amdmSn sdPn sska¨, amen-bn¬, ]pØ-\ß - mSn ]n. F. tP°-_v, ]\-bn-SØ - p-t»-cn¬, kuØv sNßfw s_∂n amXyq-kv, B\n tImt´-Pv, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv

\º¿ 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308

250

XpI 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344

1,000

XpI IpSpw-_-\m-Ys‚/-\m-Y-bpsS t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw Ãm≥en AeIvkv & s_≥kn, am¿ At{]w N¿®v, hS-hm-Xq¿ 1,000 tPm¨ ^nen-∏v, Abva\w 1,000 kmdmΩ tXma-kv, tXm∏n¬ 1,000 tacn tPmk-^v, apwss_ 1,000 t_m_≥ tPm¨, CS-bØ - d- , hS-hm-Xq¿ 1,000 amXyqkv Ipcy≥, tNco-Ød- , Hf» 1,000 km_p amXyp, ap°n-Sn-bn¬, ]md-ºpg 1,000 kmw amXyp, amΩq-ń¬ lukv, ]pXp-∏≈n 1,000 tagvkn km_p, sIm´p-∏≈ - n¬, thfq¿ 1,000 tUm. ]p∂qkv tXma-kv, ]pXp-ho-ń¬ 1,000 cmPp Fw. Ipcy≥, aßm-´v, D≈q¿, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 1,000 H. kn. amXyp, H‰-Øn¬, Xncp-hm¿∏v 1,000 \oXp tP°-_v, Ab-em-´p-t»-cn, _mw•q¿ 1,000 _m_p sNdn-bm≥, ssI∏-≈n¬, sNßfw kuØv 1,000 Xºn, ]qgn-°p-t∂¬ 1,000 sI. Fw. amWn, Iq´p-¶¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 1,000 sNdn-bm≥ amXyp, thß-SØ - p-Nn-d° - ¬, ao\Sw 1,000 sP n, CS-a\ - b - n¬, amS-°¬, aW¿ImSv 1,000 tXmakv tPmk-^v, ]pØ≥I-≠Ø - n¬ 1,000 X¶-®≥ amXyp, hoUntbm thƒUv, Km‘n-\-K¿ 1,000 cmPp kmap-th¬, Ntßm-Øp-hS- t- °-Xn¬, ap´w, ]¥fw 1,000 sPkn, apI-tf¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 1,000 amXyq-kv, ]n. sP. t{SUnwKv Iº\n, ]mem 1,000 h¿Kokv Ipcy≥, ]pØ≥]p-cb - n¬, tImØe 1,000 sI. kn. amXyp, IÆ-t®¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 1,000 B≥k≥ tPm¿Pv, Hmen-bn¬, Ipdn®n 1,000 tPmk^v tPm¿Pv, NmØp-Ipfw 1,000 kn. C. a¿t°m-kv, Nnc-hØ - d 1,000 ]n. hn. ]p∂q-kv, ]p∂q¿ lukv, aW¿ImSv 1,000 im¥Ω Nm≠n, Icn-bn¬, aW¿ImSv 1,000 Ão^≥ I√p-¶¬, tNemSv 1,000 kn. Ipam¿, ]pØ≥]-dº - n¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 1,000 kptam≥ amXyp, hS-t°-Ip-gn-°m-ń¬, Aa-b-∂q¿ 1,000 cmP≥ amXyp, s]cn-tbm¿a-‰w, Aco-∏d- ºv 1,000 Ipcy≥, F¬_m t{StU-gvkv, sX≈Iw 1,000 M/s K.P.L. Crane Service, aW¿ImSv 1,000

\º¿

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

XpI

\º¿

345 F. hn. a¿t°m-kv, Bcym´v lukv, Ipdn®n 346 sIm®p-tam≥ sI. F¬., F¬.-Fk - v. dt∫-gvkv, aW¿ImSv 347 Zneo]v amXyp k°-dn-bm, sh´p-Ip-t∂¬ 348 im¥Ω tXma-kv, XS-Øn¬, sIm®p-a‰- w, ]ø-∏mSn 349 tdmbn thf-a‰- w, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 350 dn\p tP°-_v, Ab-em-‰p-t»-cn¬, _mw•q¿ 351 tPm¿Pv tPmk-^v, a∂w-]≈ - n¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 352 ]n. ]n. Ipcy≥, ]pd-tØ-´v, t]cq¿ 353 tdmbn Ipcy≥, amcpXn ¢n\n-°v, If-Øn-∏Sn 354 adn-bmΩ Ipcy≥, hmbv]q-°c- , ]≈w 355 _n\p t]mƒ ]n. amWn, {]m∏p-g, Abva\w 356 ]n. ‰n. Ipcym-t°m-kv, ]md-bn¬ 357 _nPn {]n≥kv, B™n-en-tØm-∏n¬, Idp-I-®m¬ 358 sjh. hn. hn. amWn, hdp-ßW - m-bn¬, aW¿ImSv - n¬, Aa-b∂ - q¿ 359 sI. Fw. amWn, Imem-bn¬]-dº 360 jmPn ^nen-∏v, ]md-bv°¬ 361 I\-I-cmPv tXma-kv, s\_n≥hn-√, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 362 Fen-kt- _Øv A`n-em-jv, I≠≥]-dº - n¬, Ac-b≥Imhv 363 ]n. sP. tPmk-^v, ]mwπm-\n-bn¬, \´m-t»cn 364 ]n. Fkv. djo-Zv, entbm tImt´Pv 365 kmen G{_-lmw, h´-bv°m-´p-°mem 366 hn. sP. DΩ≥, hmWn-b∏ - p-cb - v°¬, Imk¿tKmUv 367 sI. kn. aØm-bn, sIm®p-Im-em-bn¬ a‰w 368 kp\n¬ tPm¿Pv, At©-cn¬, aW¿ImSv 369 ]n. hn. G{_-lmw, ]pd-tØ-´v, hS-hm-Xq¿ 370 kt¥mjv G{_-lmw, Icn-t®-cn¬, HmXd 371 sPbvtam≥ tPmk-^v, Bim-cn-∏d- º - n¬ 372 sI. sP. tPmk-^v, sIm®p-]d- º - n¬ 373 ]n. hn. amXyp, aW-epw-`m-K-Øv, a‰-Øn¬ 374 Nm≠n G{_-lmw, Ip∂p∏p-dØ - v, B\hn-emkw 375 Hcp hnizmkn (Rt.No. 597) 376 Pbvk¨ kmap-h¬ 377 sI. ‰n. tPm¨ Iq´p-¶¬, ]pXp-∏≈n 378 cmPp ]≈n-∏pdw 379 _m_p G{_-lmw, \μn-Ip-t∂¬

1,000

380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391

\º¿

1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 866 800 750

392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417

XpI

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

kPohv & tkmPn, IÆm-ºSw 750 F.-Fw. adn-bmΩ ta\mw-]≈ - n-bn¬, ]md-tØm-Sv 700 ]n. hn. kv°dn-b, ]d-∏≈ - n¬, sh≈q¿ 600 sI. FIvkv. B‚-Wn, Ipcn-in-¶¬, Ipam-c\ - √ - q¿ 600 Pbm ^nen-∏v, a\n-°t- e-´v, ssaemSn 550 kn. sI. a¿t°m-kv, hmg-°m-em-Nn-db - n¬, hmgq¿ 501 F. F. N{μ≥, H‰-πm-°n¬, ]md-ºpg 501 Ip™p-Ip-™v, s\Sp-ºd- º - n¬ 501 Zo]vXn tÃmgvkv, kw{Im¥n 501 sI. ]n. G{_-lmw, Idp-I∏ - S- n-bn¬, sNßfw 501 I\-IΩ jmPn, IpØp-I√ - p-¶¬ 501 tPmbn G{_-lmw, dm°p-gn ]pØ≥]p-cb - n¬, tIme-t©cn 501 F≥. sP. h¿Ko-kv, \m™n-eØ - v, Xncp-hm-¶pfw 501 an\n jäp-J≥, sXmń-°m-em-bn¬, kw{Im¥n 501 PnPn G{_-lmw, Ctº-en¬ 501 X¶Ω Cu∏≥ IWn-bmw-]d- º - n¬ 500 Xºm≥ tXma-kv, Nqc-°m-ń¬ 500 G{_lmw tIm´-bn¬ aW¿ImSv 500 tXmakv, ]pØ≥]p-c, tImcp-tØmSv 500 cmtP-{μ≥, Ipgn-bm-ºm´v 500 km_p kv°dn-b, Itcm-s´-ap-dn-bn¬, Fkv.-F≥.-]pcw 500 ]n. Un. amWn, Ip∂w-Iq-´v, sI.-F-kv.-C.-_n., ]mem 500 hn. Fw. G{_-lmw, hmX-√q¿, aW¿ImSv 500 G{_lmw Ipcym-t°m-kv, Be-°f- Ø - n¬ 500 ]p∂≥ Ipcy≥, I√p-¶{X 500 kqkΩ kv°dn-bm, Ip‰n-∏p-dØv 500 t‰man Noam-t®-cn¬ 500 cmPp 500 h¿Kokv _m_p, ]mWw-]d- º - n¬ 500 hmh-®≥, sXt°¬, sNdp-hm-≠q¿ 500 sI. hn. Ipcy≥, Ipgn-°m-em-bn¬, B¿∏q-°c 500 tamfn tXm´p-¶¬, ]m°n¬ 500 A®mΩ tXma-kv, ]Sn-™m-sd-ho-Sv, hmI-Øm\w 500 A\nXm kqk≥ tXma-kv, sImf-ºp-dØ - v, tImgn-t°mSv 500 B\n-bΩ, H‰-ssØ-øn¬ 500 s_‰n kqk≥ sF∏v, IWn-bm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ 500 APn, C/o ]n. Fkv. Ipcy≥, ]pfn-°m-´p-aTw 500 sF∏v h¿Ko-kv, sNºn-Ød- , ]≈w 500

251

\º¿ 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

sPkn t__n, ]pXp-®n-d, Ipa-cIw Ipcp-hnf sI. amWn, Icn-º∂ - q¿, aW¿ImSv ]n. sI. amXyp, ]b-º≈ - n, Ipdn®n kp\n¬ tZh-kym, s]m∂m-cØ - n¬ G{_-lmw, s]m°-Øv, hmbn-{], aqhm-‰p-]pg ]n. kn. De-l∂ - m≥, t]cq-am-en¬, t]cq¿ X¶-∏≥, Xn\-°p-gn, ]≈n-∏pdw h¿Kokv DXp-∏v, Be-bv°m-]d- º - n¬, Xncp-h© - q¿ kuaym tPm¨, apt´¬, thfq¿ hn. ]n. IrjvW≥Ip-´n, hmg-°mem jmPn kÆn, Ipdn-™n-°m-Sv, t]cq¿ sI. kn. P\o-e, sIm®p-]d- º - n¬ F≥. ]n. amXyp, s\Sp-¥d- b - n¬ £am-tamƒ, A_p-Zm_n C. Pn. tPm¨, FÆ-bv°¬, ]m°n¬ tagvkn cmPp, sIm´m-cØ - n¬, BZn-®s- \-√q¿, sIm√w ‰n. Fw. amXyp, XnSp-Xn-Sp-∏n¬, ]mºmSn {^m≥knkv F. Fkv., _n.-Fk - v.F - ≥.-F¬. tIm´bw tPmk-^v, Imcn-°m-Sw, ]m°n¬, ]≈w NpΩm¿ tXma-kv, ]qgn-°p-t∂¬ jmPn Ipcy≥, ]md-∏p-dØ - v, ]≈w cmtP-{μ≥, Ipgn-bm-ºm´v Fw. sP. C´n, aßm-´v, sNßfw tPmWn s]m°p-Sn-bn¬, t]cq¿ ^nen∏v s]m°p-Sn-bn¬, t]cq¿ sI. hn. G{_-lmw, Ip∂-Øv, t]cq¿ tPm¨k¨ h¿Ko-kv, ]p√m-´p-Nn-db - n¬, hmI-Øm\w sI. Fw. tPm¿Pv, I√p-]d- º - v, ]pXp-∏≈n tPmk^v Ipcy≥, aßm-´v, sNßfw cmPΩ tPm¨, ]pfn-°∏ - d- º - n¬, sNßfw ]n. kn. h¿Ko-kv, ]´-Øm-\Ø - v, sNßfw sI. kn. Nmt°m, a≈n-bn¬, ]pXp-∏≈n tXma-kv, B\p-th-en-Øe - b - v°¬, sX≈Iw sF∏v amXyp, Bcym-S≥]m-°¬, sNßfw F¬kn t_m_n, ]pØ≥Nn-db - n¬, thfq¿ kn. ]n. tXma-kv, hnØp-h´- n-bn¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv

252

XpI 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500

\º¿

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

454 eo\m tXmakv & B≥kn X¶-Ω, am¿ At{]w N¿®v, hS-hm-Xq¿ 455 A`n-emjv, IZ-fn-°mem 456 sdPn t]mØ≥, tat®-cn¬, aW¿ImSv 457 {io[-c≥, IpS-It- »-cn¬, \´m-t»cn 458 hn. F. tXma-kv, hmtg-∏d- º - n¬, sh≈q¿ 459 kv°dn-bm, agp-h≥tN-cn¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 460 amXyp, ]mWm-]d- º - n¬, Aco-∏d- ºv 461 PnΩn-®≥ sI. tPm¿Pv, sIm®p-]d- º - n¬, AXn-cº - pg 462 Fw. kn. tPmk-^v, aqe-bn¬, sNßfw kuØv 463 tP°_v I´-°p-gn, sNßfw 464 kÆn h¿Ko-kv, IÆm-ºSw 465 sI. hn. sk_m-Ãy≥, IÆm-ºSw 466 cmL-h≥]n-≈, ]pØ≥]-dº - n¬ 467 tkma≥]n-≈, kz]v\`- h - ≥ 468 Pn≥kn I≠w-sI-ń-bX - n¬ 469 kqkΩ I≠w-sI-ń-bX - n¬ 470 IrjvW∏ - ≥, sIm®p-sXm-ń-bn¬ 471 ‰n.-Fw. Nmt°m, ssXtN-cn¬, Xncp-hm¿∏v 472 M/s sFizcy tamt´-gvkv, Nhn-´p-hcn 473 _nt\mbv hS-t°-°c 474 adn-bm-Ω, hb-em-‰n¬, \mÍw 475 kpKp-W≥, Iq´p-¶¬, kw{Im¥n 476 ]n. Fw. adn-bm-Ω, tat\mw-]≈ - n¬ 477 im¥Ω tPm¨ 478 an\n tPm¨, hc-Ip-Im-em-bn¬ 479 tPm¨ kn. Ipcy≥, ]pXp-∏d- º - n¬, Ißg 480 cP\n & kPn hen-bh - o-ń¬ 481 jo_m tdm_n≥, amt¶m-ń¬, KpP-dmØv 482 tPmk^v tXmakv h-´® - n-d, ]pXp-∏d- º - n¬ 483 Hcp hnizmkn 484 sI. kzman 485 kptcjv 486 ^nen∏v 487 seb tacn a\p 488 ]n. ‰n. tXma-kv, ]pfn-°∏ - d- º - n¬, sNßfw 489 .sI. ‰n. sdPn-tam≥, Bbp¿thZ tlmkv]n-‰¬, tIm´bw 490 sI. F. tPm¿Pv, ]n. sP. t{SUnwKv Iº-\n, ]mem

XpI

500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 400 300 300

\º¿ 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

s{]m^. C. kn. cmPp, Ce-™n-°¬, sNßfw kn. Fw. km_p, Noam-t®-cn¬ ]n. ‰n. Ipcy≥, tIm´p-hn-cp-Øn¬, Aa-b∂ - q¿ adn-bmΩ sNdn-bm≥, I√q-∏d- º - n¬, ]≈w Pb≥, ]≈n-∏pdw kPntam≥ hn. ]n., \o≠q-t»-cn-bn¬ X¶-aW - n, sF°-c∏ - d- º - n¬ KoXp cmPv, aßm-´p-°mem kn‘p kXojv h¿Kokv tPm¨, C√n-®n-db - n¬ _nPp Gen-bm-kv, Ip∂pw-]p-dØ - v, hmc-s∏ń Nn∂Ω Nmt°m, ]\-bv°¬, ]pen-°p-ń-t»cn Ipcy≥ aqte-∏d- º - n¬, t]cq¿ cmPΩ \o≠q-t»-cn¬ Gen-bmkv Cutim, hnØp-h´- n-bn¬, Ipa-cIw Pbvk¨ h¿Ko-kv, ss\tØ-cn¬, ]≈w tamfn-°pń G{_-lmw, ]S-\n-eØ - v, ]md-ºpg ]n. kn. G{_-lmw, ]Sn-™m-sd-ap-dn, Ge-∏md ]n. kn. Nmt°m, ]Sn-™m-sd-ap-dn, Ge-∏md cLp-\m-Y≥, aW-te¬, \´m-ticn km_p sNdn-bm≥, ]p√-Øn¬ kPn & ken Ipgn-bn¬, hmI-Øm\w sI. Pn. taml-\≥, sIm®p-]d- º - n¬ tamfn tPmk^v hen-b] - d- º - n¬, Xncp-h© - q¿ kPn\n kPn, hen-b] - d- º - n¬, Xncp-h© - q¿ Ip™p-tam≥, IZ-fn-°m-em-bn¬ jo_m amXyp, If-Øn-∏Sn kv°dn-b, a©-bn¬, ]cn∏v ]n. Fkv. em¬_n, Bbp¿thZ tlmkv]n-‰¬ F_n sI. h¿Ko-kv, a‰-Øn¬, ]md-ºpg ]n. kn. sNdn-bm≥, ]Sn-™m-sd-ap-dn-bn¬, Ge-∏md ]n. kn. Ipcy≥, ]Sn-™m-sd-ap-dn-bn¬, Ge-∏md Gen-bmΩ amXyp, aW-Ød- , ]pXp-∏≈n ]n. hn. tPm¿Pv, Ipcp-hn-SØ - v, ]pØ≥]p-cb - n¬ sI. hn. Atim-I≥, Bbp¿tΔ-Z tlmkv]n-‰¬, tIm´bw \mY≥ _memPn X¶Ω tPm¨, sNdp-h≈ - mØv Ip™p-tamƒ km_p, amßm-∏≈ - n, Ipdn®n

XpI 300 300 300 300 251 251 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 201 200 200 200 200 150 150

\º¿ 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569

XpI

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

aØmbn, ]Sn-™m-sd-I√ - p-¶¬ jmPn I\-IΩ jmPn IpØp-I√ - p-¶¬ tkma≥, Ipf-Øn-¶¬ b¬tZm Gen-bmkv adn-bmΩ, ]S-°m-´v, \´m-t»cn sI. ‰n. tXma-kv, I°m-\n-bn¬ sI. sI. cmPp, Im\m-´p-Xp-≠Ø - n¬ tXmwk¨, ]qh-Øq¿ hn. Fkv. Ipcy≥, shfp-{], ]pXp-∏≈n KncnP A∂Ω, tIm´-∏p-dØ - v, hmI-Øm\w kn. sP. tPmk-^v, Ipº-fØ - n-°mem {ioIm-¥v, sNdp-hn-ce - n¬ tPm¿Pv tPm¨, It√m-en-°¬, IpØm-´p-Ipfw Iuam tlmw, Ipgn-°m-ń¬, apS-°pg tkmWn h¿Ko-kv, Bcym-S≥]m°¬ eqkn-bmΩ tPmkv, sI.-Fk - v.C - .-_n. ]mem cP\n cmPvtaml≥, sIm®p-sXm-ń-bn¬ A\n-b≥, ao\Sw tXmakv tPm¨, atcm-ń-∏d- º - n¬, sNßfw km_p tPm¨, _n.-Fk - v.F - ≥.-F¬., tIm´bw cmP≥, sNß-gt- »-cn-bn¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv tim`-\, ]pXp-∏d- º - n¬ adn-bmΩ, hmWn-b∏ - p-cb - v°¬, ap≠-°bw inh≥ sNt¶m-´b - n¬, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv Ipcp-hnf tPm¨, h´-th-en¬, hS-hm-Xq¿ ktcm-Pn-\n, sIm®p-sXm-ń-bn¬ X¶-Ω, sIm´p-∏≈ - n-°t- cm´v tP°_v AtPm tPm¨, s]cp-º\ - Øv hS-hm-Xq¿ PqUv s^¿Wm-≠kv APnXv {]Zo]v _memPn cmwZmkv knPp Un. kp\ojv India woods cmPp F. Fw. India woods sI. ddn. _m_p CS-∏≈ - n-°m-em-bn¬

BsI

105 101 101 101 101 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 50 50 50

14,35,860

253

V. tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW^≠n-te°v Zp_m-bn¬\n∂v

a¿t°mkv amXyp Ccp-´p-am-en¬ aptJ\ e`n®Xv kw`m-h\ \¬Inb hy‡n-I-fpsS t]cpw XpIbpw (Zp_mbv Zn¿lw) \º¿ 1. 2 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9, 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

XpI (Zp_mbv Zn¿lw)

A\ojv tPm¨, tIm´bw. (Zp_mbv) 100 Pnj sI. amWn, Ccp-´p-am-en¬. (Zp_mbv) 100 tP°_v Ipcy≥, Ccp-´p-am-en¬. (Zp_mbv) 100 tPmjn sFk-°v, tIm´bw. (Zp_mbv) 100 \mcm-bW - ≥, Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. (Zp_mbv) 50 aW-hm-f≥, Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. (Zp_mbv) 50 N{μ≥, Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. (Zp_mbv) 25 DÆn-°r-jvW≥, t_mIvkv 47447. (jm¿P) 50 APn-XvIp-am¿ Fw., Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. (Zp_mbv) 25 {]tamZv ]n., Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. (Zp_mbv) 60 KwK, ]me-°mSv. (Zp_mbv) 25 tdm_n≥ B≥{Uqkv, Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. (Zp_mbv) 50 Pem¬ ]Wn-°¿, Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. (Zp_mbv) 25 cmPp bp., Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. (Zp_mbv) 25 kn¬sh-kv{So, Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. (Zp_mbv) 25 sdPn Koh¿Kokv, Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. (Zp_mbv) 50 AtUm¨ + Ae≥, tIm´bw. (Zp_mbv) 100 tPmjntam≥ ]n. Fw., ]pfn-am≥Xp-≠Ø - n¬. (Zp_mbv) 50 _n\p kn. tImc, hmg-°m-em-Nn-db - n-¬. (Zp_mbv) 50 kp\n¬Ip-am¿, ae-∏pdw. (Zp_mbv) 50 jm\n¬, Xr»q¿. (Zp_mbv) 25 _§mKn ]-©m-_v, Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. (Zp_mbv) 50 sdPn-tam≥ tPm¿Pv, IÆq¿. (Zp_mbv) 50 hnt\m-Zv, a{Zmkv. (Zp_mbv) 50 adnbw Zo\m tP°-_v, tIm´bw. (Zp_mbv) 500 aZ≥em¬ t\-∏mƒ, Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. (Zp_mbv) 25 sF{]n≥, Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. (Zp_mbv) 25 B¿. Ipam-c≥ sN-ss∂, Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. (Zp_mbv) 50 kn. kn. tPm¨, sNdp-hn-ce - n¬. (jm¿P) 100 Ipcy≥, t]cq¿. (Zp_mbv) 100 Nmƒkv, Xncp-h© - q¿. (Zp_mbv) 100 amXyp, I´-∏\. (Zp_mbv) 200

254

\º¿ 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

amXyp ^nen-∏v, ]pØ≥]d-ºn¬, Hf». (Zp_mbv) _neohv kn tPmbn, ]ndhw. (Zp_mbv) C. kn. tXmakv, tIm´bw. (Zp_mbv) jmPn ]m∏≥, ASq¿. (Zp_mbv) sdPn, ASq¿. (Zp_mbv) kmPp, l-_o_v t_°-dn, aqhm-‰p-]pg.(Zp_mbv) tj°v kq¿, t_mw-s_, F.-B¿.-Pn. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) jmPp, Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. (Zp_mbv) kn≤m¿∞v, Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. (Zp_mbv) Pnkvtam≥ tPmk-^v, F.B¿.Pn F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) A\n¬, tkmfntIm. (jm¿P) sk_n≥ _m_p, H-‰] - m-ew, F.-B¿.-Pn. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) hnt\mZv, tIm-´b - w, (Zp_mbv) IZn¿, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) A\ojv (sN-ss∂), tlmdn-k¨ (U-Iv‰v) Zp_mbv bqk^v (sN-ss∂), tlmdn-k¨ (U-Iv‰v) Zp_mbv sk¥n¬ (sN-ss∂), Cutdmkv {Kq∏v Zp_mbv sk¬h≥ (sN-ss∂), F.-B¿.sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. Zp_mbv inh (sN-ss∂), F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. Zp_mbv efn-Xmkv (tIm-´b - w), F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. Zp_mbv Ipcym-t°mkv bp. Fw. dmt∂m, F.-B¿.-Pn. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. Zp_mbv C. ‰n. tXma-kv, tIm´bw. jm¿P hn. ]n. ^nen-∏v, t]m∏-≈n, tIm´bw. jm¿P

XpI (Zp_mbv Zn¿lw)

200 200 100 100 50 200 25 20 50 50 50 50 100 25 50 25 25 100 25 25 25 100 100

\º¿

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

XpI (Zp_mbv Zn¿lw)

56. {]Imiv (]-¥f- w), F.B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. Zp_mbv 25 57. ap°nw (apw-ss_), F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv Zp_mbv 25 58. tam≥kn G{_-lmw, sh≈q¿, tIm´bw. Zp_mbv 150 59. Fw. Un. cmP≥, Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. Zp_mbv 50 60. jnPn tPmbn, A¬sj^m. (Zp_mbv) 50 61. kμo]v ]n. \mb¿, A¬sj^m. (Zp_mbv) 50 62. a\p h¿Ko-kv, A¬sj^m. (Zp_mbv) 50 63. A\p tKm]n-\m-Yv, A¬sj^m. (Zp_mbv) 25 64. F sh¬ hnj¿, A¬sj^m. (Zp_mbv) 10 65. B\μv ‰n. B¿., A¬sj^m. (Zp_mbv) 10 66. tUm. Xkv\ow CPm-kv, A¬sj^m. (Zp_mbv) 100 67. tUm. ]n. _n. _jo¿, A¬sj^m. (Zp_mbv) 100 68. ap\o¿, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 25 69. Dtajv tj¿fn, amw•q¿. (Zp_mbv) 51 70. cmtP-jv, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 50 71. h¿Kokv (B-e∏ - p-g), F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 50 72. kmP≥, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 50 73. sdbvk≥, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 50 74. k_o¿, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 25 75. kmPp-±o≥, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv)25 76. iymw, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 25 77. _nPp, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 20 78. tXma-kv, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 25 79. Pn. Fkv. {]kmZv, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 101 80. jn_p, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 25

VI. \º¿ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

\º¿

XpI (Zp_mbv Zn¿lw)

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

81. Ip™v, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 50 82. jm\n, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 50 83. a\p A\n-cp-≤≥, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 25 84. amXyp tXma-kv, Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. (Zp_mbv) 100 85. aWn-IW - vT≥, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 100 86. F. Pb-Ip-am¿, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 101 25 87. chn, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 88. jmP-lm≥, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 25 89. apØv, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 25 90. _nt\-jv, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 25 91. Xph-\m-kv, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 25 92. Iem-[c- ≥, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 25 93. kp\n¬, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 25 94. Ntμiz¿ {]km-Zv, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 25 95. Pb-cm-Pv, Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. (Zp_mbv) 50 96. {]Imiv amXyp, tIm´bw. (jm¿P) 250 97. Ia¬\m-Yv, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 101 98. s_∂n tPmkv, Cutdmkv {Kq∏v. (Zp_mbv) 25 99. ss^kp-≈, F.-B¿.-sP. F©n-\o-bd- nwKv. (Zp_mbv) 25 100. aeoi & eqbn-kv, Ccp-´p-am-en-bn¬, tIm´bw. (U¬ln). 101 6425- Dubai Dirham BsI ( 84,262)

{io. km_p tP°_v aßm-´p-aTw aptJ\ UAE bn¬ \n∂v e`n®Xv t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw kt¥mjv aØmbn Nn∂Ω tPm¨ kp\n¬ ]n. tPm¨ tdmbn sFk°v kpe tdmbn timimΩ sFk°v

XpI ( ) 1000 500 500 500 500 500

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

\º¿ 7. 8. 9. 10.

tPm¨ tImc tamfn tPm¨ Acp¨ tPm¨ A\n-b≥ tPm¨

BsI

XpI ( ) 500 500 500 500 5500

255

VII. {io. Pn‰p G{_lmw ]gq¿ ]Xn-s\-´n¬ aptJ\ bp.-sI.-bn¬\n∂v e`n®Xv \º¿ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

XpI (bp.-sI. GBP)

^nen∏v tXmakv & B\n ^nen∏v. bp.-sI. hn¬k¨ hn. tZhkn & dmWn hn¬k¨. bp.-sI. _nPp Cutim. bp.-sI. Pn≥kv tP°_v & B\n tP°_v. bp.-sI. kPn tPmk^v & im¥n kPn. bp.-sI. tXmakv tPm¿Pv & cmPn tXmakv. bp.-sI. sdPn ssa°nƒ & sP\nb sdPn. bp.-sI. _nt\mbn h¿Kokv & aRvPp _nt\mbn. bp.-sI. t]mƒ & kmdm kmep. bp.-sI. ‰ntPm Ptbjv tXmakv & ‰o\ ‰ntPm. bp.-sI. kn. sP. tPm¿Pp-Ip-´n. bp.-sI. ssa°nƒ Ipcy≥ & _nPp keo≥. bp.-sI. ‰nt‰m tXmakv & s_kn ‰nt‰m. bp.-sI. s_t_mbn h¿Kokv- & \njn s_t_mbn. bp.-sI. k]n≥kv ]p∂≥ & kp\n-tamƒ k]n≥kv. bp.-sI.

VIII. \º¿

50 20 10 20 15 30 20 25 20 15 15 5 20

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

XpI (bp.-sI. GBP)

16 ‰nkn¬ Nm≠n & jnPn ‰nkn¬. bp.-sI. 17 tPmPn sska¨ & kp[ tPmPn. bp.-sI. 18 k©p ‰n. h¿Kokv & _n≥kn k©p. bp.-sI. 19 t_kn¬ h¿Kokv & _nμp t_kn¬. bp.-sI. 20 F_n Ipcy≥ & ssj\n F_n. bp.-sI. 21 tj¿fn tP°_v & tP°_v ^nen∏v. bp.-sI. 22 _m_p tPm¨ & dPo\ _m_p. bp.-sI. 23 _n_n tXmakv & sFhn _n_n. bp.-sI. 24 tImin ‰n. kn. & jm‚n tImin. bp.-sI. 25 tPmPn ^nen∏v & tPmbnkv tPmPn. bp.-sI. 26 t__n Gbv©e - n¬ Pn‰p. bp.sI 27 h¿Kokv t]mƒ. bp.-sI. 28 ‰nkn¬ Nm≠n & jnPp ‰nkn¬. bp.sI

20 20

\º¿

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

10 5 20 20 15 5 10 20

( 36,500) 20

{io. sI. C. Ipcym-t°mkv Icn-∏m¬ aptJ\ e`n®Xv t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

Fw. kn. h¿Kokv aW-te¬, fm°m-´q¿ Fw. Fw. amXyp, Manja, Andheri, West Mumbai Nidesh Kumar Patna cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ amS-Øm-\n, Ip∂pw-]p-dw, hmg-∏≈n Donald Carvalho, Mumbai Spyrioon Nivag &family Greece Rafat Labbere, Jarjour, Jarmana, Demascus Captain RajeevKumar, Andheri East Mumbi Acp¨ _m_p, hcn-°-∏-d-ºn¬, CSp°n {]n≥kv amXyp, ]pØ≥]o-Sn-I-bn¬, aqea‰w Kennet D’ souza, Mumbai kpss_¿ apl-ΩZv, Idm®n PmshZv an¿k CIv_m¬ ]m°n-ÿm≥ DÆn-Ir-jvW≥ ssX∏-d-ºvaTw

256

10 10

£ 500

BsI 30

XpI

\º¿

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw

( ) 1. 2. 3. 4.

20000 18000 10500 10001 10000 10000 7000 5000 5000 5000 5000 4600 4600 4600

XpI

( ) 15 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

Vidate Joseph, Ahmed Nagar Fernandez Panjium Goa Cruz Panjium Goa Pn_n≥ tXmakv amfn-tb-°¬ thfq¿ P. I. Baig Pakistan M. P. Singh Mumbai tZhnI cmPv, ssh‰n-e, sIm®n H. Fw. h¿Ko-kv, Hmen-°¬, ]mºmSn Pb≥ tP°-_v, s\≥a-e, ]mºmSn cmPp tPmkv, tcmlnXv hn√, ASq¿ t{]w s_©-an≥, Sadi Vihar Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw hn. hn. cmP≥, hS-°≥, Xriq¿ tPmk^v t]mƒ, ap´p-Nn-d, tIm´bw BsI

4500 2500 2500 2500 2200 2000 1500 1001 1000 1000 1000 500 500 142002

]≈n- ]p-\¿\n¿ΩmW ^≠n-te°v hmbv] \¬In-bh - ¿

1. C-S-h-Imw-K-ßfn¬ \n∂pw \º¿

t]cpw ho-´p-t]cpw

1. 2. 3.

cmP≥ kmw ASp-ap-dn-bn¬ sI. sI. sF∏v Icn-∏m¬ ]n. ]n. G{_lmw ]pØ≥]p-c-bn¬ ap´-Øn-Ød 4. ]n. Fw. amXyp ]gq¿ ]pØ≥]pc 5. hn. ]n. F¬tZm sh≈-®m-en¬ 6. G{_lmw Nmt°m cma-\m-´p-X-d-bn¬ 7. tam´n tP°-_v aßm-´p-aTw 8. sI. sI. tPmk^v If¿a-‰-Øn¬ 9. cRvPnØv Ipcp-hnf If-Øp-]-Sn-°¬ 10. timimΩ h¿Kokv Ad-bv°-]-d-ºn¬ ]md-°m-em-bn¬

XpI ( ) 5,00,000 5,00,000 5,00,000 4,00,000 1,70,000 1,00,000 1,00,000 1,00,000 1,00,000

\º¿

t]cpw ho-´p-t]cpw

11. sI. Fw. Ipcym-t°m-kv sIm®p-a-ßm-´p-Ime 12. sI. F. cmPp sIm√≥In-g-t°-Xn¬ 13. F_n≥ cmPp sIm√≥In-g-t°-Xn¬ 14. C. Fw. t]mØ≥ Cug-am-en¬ 15 tPm¨ tP°_v aßm-´p-aTw 16. ]n. sF. amWn ]gq¿ ]≈n-∏pdw 17. ]n. hn. amXyp ]gq¿ hmg-°me 18. C. Fw. t__n amt∏m-Sn-bv°¬ 19. jnPp kn. kn. sNcn-hp-Im-em-bn¬ BsI

XpI ( ) 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 30,000 30,000 25,000 25,000 29,30,000

1,00,000

2. C-S-h-ImwK-ßƒ A√m-Ø-hcn¬ \n∂pw \º¿

t]cpw A{Ukpw

XpI ( )

\º¿

Ão^≥ tXmakv aW-∏p-dØv, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv 2,00,000

tPmkv sNdn-bm≥ Imhp-¶¬, ]ßS

2,00,000

dh. ^m. amXyqkv Imhp-¶¬, ]ßS

1,00,000

]n. Fw. h¿°n Xm∂n-°m´v, adn-b-∏≈n

1,00,000

6. 7. 8.

t]cpw A{Ukpw

shcn. dh. Ipcym-t°mkv tImsd-∏n-kvt°m-∏m In-g-t°-SØv, aW¿ImSv Fw. sI.-h¿Kokv a\-bn-S-bn¬, ........................ tamfn ^nen∏v awK-eØv, aW¿ImSv sI. ‰n. tPm¨ Iq´p-¶¬, .............................. BsI

XpI ( ) 50,000 50,000 50,000 10,000 7,60,000

3. tjm¿´v tSw tKmƒUv tem¨ t]cpw t]cpw ho-´p-t]cpw

XpI ( )

]n. Fw. amXyp ]gq¿ ]pØ≥]p-c-bn¬ ]n. sI. F{_lmw ]gq¿ ]Xn-s\-´n¬ sI. F. cmPp sIm√≥In-g-t°-Xn¬ sI. sF. tPm¿÷v sIm´p-∏-≈n-°-tcm´v sI. hn. h¿Kokv sIm´p-∏-≈n-°-tcm´v

50,000 50,000 25,000 25,000 25,000

\º¿ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

\º¿ 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

t]cpw t]cpw ho-´p-t]cpw

tPm¨ tP°_v aßm-´p-aTw C. Fw. t__n amt∏m-Sn-bv°¬ ]n. hn. amXyp ]gq¿ hmg-°me F{_lmw Nmt°m cma-\m-´p-X-d-bn¬ ]n Fw. tPmk^v ]gq¿ Ipgn-bm-ºm´v BsI

XpI ( ) 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 3,00,000

257

C. Zn\]{X

kπn-sa‚ n¬ ]c-ky-ßƒ \evIn-bh - ¿

\º¿ ]ckyw \evInb hy‡n-bpsS/ÿm]-\-Øns‚ t]cv 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

ioam´n tIm´bw t•m_¬ C‚¿s\‰v Is^, ]d-tßm´v _n¬UnwKv kw{Im¥n tPmkvtIm ^mj≥ Pqh-te-gvkv, tIm´bw ]pfn-aq-´n¬ kn¬°v tIm´bw Pwkv kn≥Un-t°‰v aW¿ImSv tIm´bw sk‚ v tXmakv ^¿Wn-®¿ am¿´v, kw{Im¥n F. B¬_¿´v ImcpWy I¨kv{S£≥kv, ]mºmSn tdmb¬ am¿_nƒkv & {Kmss\‰v ap´p-Nnd ]mw I¨k¬sS≥kv, KpP-dmØv amcpXn C≥Ukv{Sokv, aW¿ImSv sh≈m-a-‰-Øn¬ kna‚ vkv, G‰p-am-\q¿ amXm sa‰¬kv & Ão¬kv, sX≈-Iw, tIm´bw Aº-\m´v knhn¬ sSIv, 101 PwKv£≥, G‰p-am-\q¿ Nmgn-t»-cn¬ ^man-en, s]cp-ºm-bn-°mSv tdmkv H]v‰n-°¬kv, G‰p-am-\q¿ Im°-\m´v Kymkv GP≥kokv, sX≈-Iw, tIm´bw {]oan-b¿ {Kmss\-‰v, hbem sI. sI. sF∏v, ]\-t®-a‰w ^manen kmPvtIm C≥U-kv{So-kv, Ipdn-®n, tIm´bw A°mΩ t]mØ≥ aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ emw_vkv & sse‰vkv Nß-\m-t»cn ]b-\n-b¿ Aep-an-\nbw lukv, Nß-\m-t»cn kzkvXnIv Ão¬kv tIm´bw If-Øq∏-Sn-bv°¬ t{StU-gvkv, Fkv. F®v. au≠v, tIm´bw kpc£ an∂¬ c£m-Nm-e-Iw, ASn-®n-d, tIm´bw tlman-tbm-∏-XnIv kq∏¿kvs]-jym-en‰n tlmkv]n-‰¬ \mK-ºSw tIm´bw dmhqkv tlman-tbm-∏-XnIv kq∏¿kvs]-jym-en‰n ¢n\nIv & dntk¿®v sk‚¿ \mK-ºSw, tIm´bw kÆn tP°_v Pqh-te-gvkv, tIm´bw BsI

258

XpI ( ) 22,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 1,89,000

tZhme-bØ - n-te°v Bcm-[\m D]-Ic- W - ß - fpw a‰v kma-{Kn-Ifpw t\¿®-bmbn ka¿∏n-®h - c- psS enÃv I. tZhm-eb apJm-c-Øn¬ ÿm]n-®n-´p≈ sÃbn≥Uv If¿ •m v Nn{X-ßƒ. 1. hn. ssZh-am-Xmhv : _nPp tPm¿÷v Dutcmw-]-d-ºn¬ 2. hn. Koh¿Kokv klZm : ssjPn kn. amXyp. sNdp-hn-c-en¬, imtemw. 3. hn. bqlm-t∂m≥ amwtZm\m : sI. sI. Ipcy≥ IÆ≥sXm-´n-bn¬

II. tZhm-eb aZv_-lm-bpsS Ing-°p-h-iØv ÿm]n-®n-´p≈ samssk°v If¿ •m v Nn{X-ßƒ 1. hn. ssZh-am-Xmhv : APnØv Ipcp-hnf If-Øp-]-Sn-bv°¬ 2. hn. Koh¿Kokv klZm : ]n. sF. amWn ]gq¿ ]≈n∏pdØv 3. hn. bqlm-t∂m≥ amwtZm\m : sI. sI. ]oen-t∏mkv Ipº-f-Øn¬ 4. ]cn-ip≤ dqlmbpsS {]XoIw : jnPp kn. kn. sNcn-hp-Im-em-bn¬

III. ]≈n-b-I-Øp≈ sÃbn≥Uv •m v Nn{X-ßƒ 1. hn. ssZh-am-Xmhv : ]n. Fw. amXyp ]gq¿ ]pØ≥]p-c. 2. hn. Koh¿Kokv klZm : Xºm≥ ]n. h¿Kokv ]pd-tØ´v 3. hn. bqlm-t∂m≥ amwtZm\m : A°mΩ t]mØ≥ aßm-´p-Im-em-bn¬

IV. \mSIime-bnepw Ccp-h-i-ß-fnepw ÿm]n-®n-´p≈ t^mt´m-Iƒ (4 FÆw) hn. a¿Ø-a-dnbw h\nXm kam-Pw, sk‚ v tacokv N¿®v \oen-aw-Kew

V. I¬°p-cniv 1. sI. C. Ipcym-t°mkv Icn-∏m¬ 2. hn. sI. aØmbn hS-s°-]p-d-tØ´v

VI. ]≈n-bpS {][m\ hmXn¬ kmPp h¿Kokv πm∏-d-ºn¬

VII. P\-¬ (2 FÆw) ]n. sI. tPm¿÷v ]gq¿ Ing-t°-Xn¬

VIII. Xq°v hnf°v F{_lmw Nmt°m, cma-\m-´p-X-d-bn¬

IX. amtΩm-Zokm sXm´n sI. F. cmPp sIm√≥In-g-t°-Xn¬

259

X. \a-kvImc tai sI. sI. sF∏v Icn-∏m¬

XI. ¢Ã¿ emw_vkv (A-e-¶mc hnf-°p-Iƒ) 1. cmP≥ kmw ASp-ap-dn-bn¬ ˛ 2 FÆw(a-Zv_-lm, ssl°em) 2. Cu∏≥ Nmt°m Cug-am-en¬ (A-gn-°-Iw) 3. sI. ]n. amWn IWn-bm-´p-Im-em-bn¬ (ssl-°-em-) 4. sI. F. ]p∂qkv Idp-I-∏-Sn-bn¬ Abva\w (ssl-°-em-)

XII. {]kwK ]oTw Cu∏≥Nm-t°m, Cug-am-en-bn¬

XIII. _kv°p-Znim (`m-Kn-Iw) jn_p sNdn-bm≥, Nnd-∏p-dØv

XIV. Xnc-»oe ]n. Fw. sdPn ]\-t®-a‰w

XV. NntØm-e-°q´w t{Kkn amen-bn¬, ]≈n-∏pdw

XVI. Gh≥tK-en-tbm≥ tai Cu∏≥ Nmt°m, Cug-am-en-bn¬ ]n. hn. amXyp, ]gq¿ hmg-°me

XVII. aZv_-lm-bnse Im¿∏‰v Pn_p amWn, aÆq¿

XVIII. sagp-Ip-Xncn Imep-Iƒ, XIvkm Ãm‚p-Iƒ, Ipcn-iv, Imkm, ]nemkm apX-em-b-h. sI. kn. Nmt°m, I≠w-sI-´n-b-Xn¬

XIX. s]U-Ã¬ ^m≥ 1. APnØv Ipcp-hn-f, If-Øp-]-Sn-bv°¬ ˛ (2 FÆw) 2. tPm¨ tP°_v aßm-´p-aTw ˛ (2 FÆw)

XX. thmƒ ^m≥ 1. h¿Kokv Ah-f-t°m-´n¬ ˛ (2 FÆw) 2. tam≥kn sI. amWn I≠w-sI-´n-b-Xn¬ ˛ (2 FÆw)

XXI. koenwKv ^m≥ 1. dh. ^m. Ipcym-t°mkv πmº-d-ºn¬ 2. sF∏v Ipcp-hnf ]gq¿ sXt°¬ (2 FÆw) 3. sI. bp. s_∂n sIm®o]-Sn-bv°¬ (2 FÆw)

260

4. arZpem adnbw tP°_v ]pØ≥]p-c-bn¬ 5. hnt\mZv tPm¿÷v tP°-_v, ]pØ≥]p-c-bn¬ 6. hn. Fkv. t]mØ≥ (tPm-bn) ]pd-tØ´v 7. ]n. Fw. h¿°n ]gq¿ Ing-t°-Xn¬ 8. ]n. sI. tXmakv ]gq¿ ]´m-Wn-°membn¬ 9. sI.-Fw. tXma-kv I≠w-sI-´n-b-Xn¬ 10. sNdn-bm≥ amWn ]≈n-∏p-dØv 11. hn. sF. tImcpf cma-\m-´p-X-d-bn¬ 12.]n. hn. h¿Kokv ]gq¿ hmg-°me 13. sI. Fw. Ipcym-t°m-kv, sIm®p-a-ßm-´p-Ime 14. sI. Fw. tXmakv Ipgn-bm-ºm´v 15. ]n. sI. G{_lmw cma-\m-´p-X-d-bn¬ 16. sk‚ v tacokv tI‰-dnwKv & k¿Δokv, ]≈n-∏pdw 17. sI. hn. amØ≥ Ccp-´p-am-en-bn¬ 18. F_n≥ cmPp sIm√≥In-g-t°-Xn¬ (2 FÆw) 19. kmw ]n. amXyp ]gq¿ ]≈n-∏p-dØv 20. AeIvkv πm]-d-ºn¬ (4 FÆw) 21. tImc amØ≥ amt∏m-Sn-bv°¬ (2 FÆw) 22. sI. kn. km_p sNdp-hn-c-en¬ 23. kn. tImc sNdp-hn-c-en¬ (3 FÆw) 24. ]n. sI. amXyp ]gq¿ ]´m-Wn-°m-em-bn¬ (2 FÆw) 25. kn. F. Ipcym-t°m-kv, sNßm-en-a‰w 26. sPÃn≥ kn. tPmkv. sNcn-hp-Im-em-bn¬ 27. hnPp kn. kn. sNcn-hp-Im-em-bn¬ 28. A\q]v G{_-lmw, aW-∏p-dØv 29. ]n. sI. G{_lmw ]gq¿ ]Xn-s\-´n¬ 30. X¶Ω amWn \´m-t»-cn-bn-SØv 31. dmWn tXmakv ]g-©n-d-aq-e-bn¬, hmI-Øm\w 32. Xºn hm°t®-cn¬˛ (2 FÆw) 33. ]p∂qkv amXyp, ]d-tßm-´v, sX≈Iw

XXII. ‰yq_v sk‰p-Iƒ 1. De-l-∂m≥ hmg-°mem, ]pd-tØ´v (20 FÆw) 2. sI. bp. tPm¨, sIm®o]-Sn-bv°¬, (2 FÆw) 3. sPkn apI-tf¬ s]cp-ºm-bn-°m-Sv, (2 FÆw) 4. Pn≥kn I≠w-sI-´n-b-Xn¬ 5. kqkΩ I≠w-sI-´n-b-Xn¬ 6. A\q]v G{_lmw aW-∏p-dØv 7. tPm¿÷v sIm´p-∏-≈n-°-tcm´v 8. sadn≥ tacn amXyp ]gq¿ ]pØ≥]pc

XXIII. hn. Ip¿∫m\{Iaw 1. G{_lmw kmw Ipº-f-Øn¬ (100 FÆw)

261

\μn \oen-aw-Kew sk‚v tacokv bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-∏-≈n-bpsS ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø\-ß-fn-epw, aqtdm\-`n-tjI IqZmibnepw ]¶m-fn-Ifm-Ip-hm≥ e`n® A\p-{K-lsØ Hm¿Øv \ap°v ssZhsØ kvXpXn-°mw. tZhm-eb IqZm-i-bpsS `mK-ambn Cu CS-h-I-bpsS Ncn{Xw, ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW dnt∏m¿´v, hchv ˛ sNehv IW°v XpS-ßnbh Dƒs∏-SpØn ""tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW kvac-WnI 2010'' {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-hm≥ CS-hI Xocp-am-\n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw G¬∏n® A∂p apX¬ Cu CS-h-I-bpsS b»-kn\v tbmPn-°pw-hn[w Hcp kvac-Wn-I ˛ AXmbn-cp∂p Rß-fpsS Ffnb {i-aw. Cu ZuXyw G‰hpw `wKn-bm-°nØo¿°p-hm≥ klm-bn-®-h¿°pw kl-I-cn-®-h¿°pw \μn Adn-bn-°p-hm≥ Cu Ah-kcw hn\ntbm-Kn-°p-∂p. ]pXp-°n-∏-WnX tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ t{XmtWm-kn¬ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ine Bio¿h-Zn®v A\p-{K-ln® BI-am\ kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS ]c-am-≤y-£-\mb tamdm≥ tam¿ CKv\m-Øn-tbmkv kmJm {]Y-am≥ _mhm-tbm-Sp≈ `‡n _lp-am-\m-Z-c-hp-Iƒ IrX-⁄-Xm]q¿Δw Xr∏m-Z-ß-fn¬ ka¿∏-n°p-∂p. Cu kvac-Wn-I-bn-te°v A\p-{K-l-I-ev]\ X∂ t{ijvT ImtXm-en°m B_q≥ tam¿ _tk-en-tbmkv tXmakv {]Y-a≥ _mhm-bv°pw, A`n-hμy tXmakv am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n°pw {]tXyI \μn Xr∏m-Z-ß-fn¬ ka¿∏n-°p-∂p. Biw-km-ktμ-i-ßƒ Ab-®p-X∂ _lp. apJy-a-{¥n, {]Xn-]£ t\Xm-hv, hcpw Xe-ap-d-bpsSBﬂob hf¿®bv°v DX-Ip∂ teJ-\-ßƒ Ab-®p-X∂ A`n. Xncp-ta-\n-am¿°pw, hμy sshZnI t{ijvT¿°pw, a‰v IrXn-Iƒ \¬In-b-h¿°pw tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-epw, tZhm-eb aqtdm-\-`n-tjI IqZm-i-bn-epw, s]cp-\m-fm-tLm-j-ß-fnepw BZy¥w kl-I-cn® F√m alXvhy‡n-Iƒ°pw \μn Adn-bn-°p-∂p. Cu kvac-Wn-I-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ klm-bn® hnIm-cn, kl-hn-Im-cn, tZhm-eb ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW Ãnb-dnwKv IΩ-‰n-bw-K-ßƒ, ]≈n amt\-PnwKv IΩ-‰nbwK-ßƒ, CS-h-I-P-\-ßƒ, ]ckyw X∂v kl-I-cn-®-h¿, kvac-WnI Unssk≥ sNbvXv {]n‚v sNbvXv \¬Inb aW¿ImSv Pntbm {]nt‚-gvkv XpS-ßn-b-h¿°pw Cu kph-\o¿ {]kn-≤oI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v kl-I-cn® as‰-√m-h¿°pw \μn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kvt\lm-Z-c-ß-tfm-sS, FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ t_m¿Uw-K-ßƒ

262