Climate Justice in the Arctic: A Critical and Interdisciplinary Climate Research Agenda - Sennan D. Mattar, Michael Mikulewicz & Darren McCauley

Arctic Yearbook 2020

Heininen, L., H. Exner-Pirot, & J. Barnes (eds.). (2020). Arctic Yearbook 2020. Akureyri, Iceland: Arctic Portal. Available from https://www.arcticyearbook.com

ISSN 2298–2418

This is an open access volume distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY NC-4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

Cover Image Credit

Robin Breeding

Editor

Lassi Heininen| lassi.heininen@ulapland.fi

Managing Editor

Heather Exner-Pirot | exnerpirot@gmail.com

Assistant Editor

Justin Barnes | jbarnes@balsillieschool.ca

Editorial Board

Chair

Dr. Lawson Brigham (Distinguished Professor of Geography & Arctic Policy, University of Alaska Fairbanks; Senior Fellow, Institute of the North, United States of America) Dr. Gail Fondahl (Professor of Geography, University of Northern British Columbia, Canada) Dr. Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (Former President of the Republic of Iceland, Chair of the Arctic Circle Assembly) Ambassador Hannu Halinen (former SAO, Finland; Special Advisor to the IIASA Director General and Chief Executive Officer Exploratory and Special Projects) Dr. Steven E. Miller (Director of the International Security Program; Editor-in-Chief of International Security, Harvard University, United States) Dr. Alexander Pelyasov (Russian Academy of Sciences; Director of the Center of Northern and Arctic Economics; Ministry of Economic Development & Trade, Russian Federation)

About Arctic Yearbook

The Arctic Yearbook is the outcome of the Northern Research Forum (NRF) and UArctic joint Thematic Network (TN) on Geopolitics and Security. The TN also organizes the annual Calotte Academy.

The Arctic Yearbook seeks to be the preeminent repository of critical analysis on the Arctic region, with a mandate to inform observers about the state of Arctic politics, governance and security. It is an international and interdisciplinary peer-reviewed publication, published online at [https://arcticyearbook.com] to ensure wide distribution and accessibility to a variety of stakeholders and observers.

Arctic Yearbook material is obtained through a combination of invited contributions and an open call for papers. For more information on contributing to the Arctic Yearbook, or participating in the TN on Geopolitics and Security, contact the Editor, Lassi Heininen.

Acknowledgments

The Arctic Yearbook would like to acknowledge the Arctic Portal [https://arcticportal.org] for their generous technical and design support; our colleagues who provided peer review for the scholarly articles in this volume; as well as the organizers of the Arctic Circle Assembly for hosting our launch.

Arctic Yearbook 2020 - Table of Contents

Introduction - Climate Change and the Arctic: Global Origins, Regional Responsibilities?.............7 Lassi Heininen, Heather Exner-Pirot, & Justin Barnes

Section I: Geopolitics and Economics in a Warming Arctic

The Elusive Norm of Climate Responsibility: The Belt and Road Initiative and COVID-19.......13 Sanna Kopra & Matti Nojonen

Effect of Corporate Sustainability Policies and Investment Risks for Future Arctic Oil and Gas Development in Alaska..............................................................................................................................26 Olivia Lee

Fish, Not Oil, at the Heart of (Future) Arctic Resource Conflicts......................................................43 Andreas Østhagen

Maritime Militarization in the Arctic: Identifying Civil-Military Dependencies................................60 Timothy Choi

Climate Resilience of Arctic Tourism: A Finnish Perspective on the Post-Paris Agreement Era.................................................................................................................................................................79

Juho Kähkönen

Climate Change, Security and the Role of Transnational Corporations.............................................95 Salla Kalliojärvi

Briefing Notes

Adaptation to Climate Change in Repressive Regimes: Authoritarian Environmentalism in Russia..........................................................................................................................................................112 Agne Cepinskyte

NATO and the Geopolitical Future of the Arctic...............................................................................115 Andrea Charron

On the Implementation of the Russian National Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change in the Arctic...........................................................................................................................................................123 Dmitry Sergeev & Irina Chesnokova

Marginal Ice Zone: Profit vs. Protection...............................................................................................132 Ilker Basaran & Hayat Cemre Çakioglu

Section II: Indigenous, Northern and Gender Creativities and Perspectives

Understanding Climate Change from an Indigenous Paradigm: Identity, Spirituality and Hydrosocial Relations in the Arctic........................................................................................................138 Daria Burnasheva

Developing a Framework for the Analysis of Arctic Indigenous Institutions in a Rapidly Transforming Region................................................................................................................................155 Jacqueline Götze

Intersectional gender-responsibility in STEM: Co-creating sustainable Arctic knowledge production..................................................................................................................................................175 Mervi Heikkinen, Suvi Pihkala, Leena Pääsky & Sari Harmoinen

Gender and Climate Change Research: Moving Beyond Transformative Adaptation..................189 Pablo Romero-Nieva Santos, Nikolai Holm, Julia Olsen & Grete K. Hovelsrud

Enhancing Arctic Creative Business and Learning Through Cross-Border CollaborationDesigning the Creative Steps 2.0 Authentic Learning Environment................................................219 Anitra Arkko-Saukkonen, Anzelika Krastina & Satu Miettinen

Arctic Art and Material Culture: Northern Knowledge and Cultural Resilience in Northernmost Europe........................................................................................................................................................242 Maria Huhmarniemi & Timo Jokela Climate Justice in the Arctic: A Critical and Interdisciplinary Climate Research Agenda.............260 Sennan D. Mattar, Michael Mikulewicz & Darren McCauley

Section III: Arctic Climate Change, From Science to Policy

Climate Change Accountability, Including TCFD in the Nordic Arctic Countries.......................286 Alexandra Middleton

Fewer Treaties, More Soft Law: What Does it Mean for the Arctic and Climate Change?..........302 Hema Nadarajah

Climate Change and Norwegian Arctic Aquaculture: Perception, Relevance, and Adaptation...316 Håkan T. Sandersen, Julia Olsen, Grete K. Hovelsrud & Arild Gjertsen

Decadal Predictions to Climate Services: How Understanding Climate Change in the Arctic Can Support Climate Adaptation Decision-Making across the Northern Hemisphere........................328 Hannah Grist, Joan Ballester, M. Femke de Jong, Helene R. Langehaug, Steffen M. Olsen & Didier Swingedouw

On Thin Ice: Exploring Solutions for Climate-Induced Displacement in the Face of Disappearing Permafrost..................................................................................................................................................341 Mariel Kieval

Widening the Scope of Responses to Environmental Concerns in the High North: Arctic Countries’ Policies and the Role of China.............................................................................................357 Gao Tianming & Vasily Erokhin

Briefing Notes

Low-Carbon in the High North: Achieving Carbon Neutrality in the Nordic Arctic...................396 Nic Craig, Tone Bjørndal & Anna Lipsanen

An Arctic Boom of Policies & Strategies: 32 and Counting..............................................................407 Lassi Heininen

Section IV: The Arctic Council and Climate Change Mitigation – What Role?

The Arctic Council as a Success Case for Transnational Cooperation in Times of Rapid Global Changes?.....................................................................................................................................................425 Dorothea Wehrmann

Climate Change and Responsibility: Arctic States’ Cooperation through the Arctic Council in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Efforts............................................................................443 Volker Roeben & Smith I. Azubuike

The Amplification of Polar Diplomacy: A Textual Analysis of Arctic Council Declarations......464 Derek Moscato

Evolution of the Arctic Council Agenda: From Environmental Protection to the Effects of Climate Change..........................................................................................................................................478 Tuuli Kuusama

Briefing Notes

The Royal Circle: Swedish Monarchy and the Arctic..........................................................................495 Robert P. Wheelersburg

Calotte Academy 2019 Final Report - Future Arctic Societies: Scenarios, Innovations, Best Practices & Actors’...................................................................................................................................500 Gerald Zojer