LECTURES05/06
n
ort ati o
exh
ce
spa aut ho ri ion
sat
IOL E
CE
ENC
LEN
VIO
FV
OF
SO
ENT
MO M
CES
pac e
ls
ide nta
inc pac e
ls
na
uti o
br e of akdo ord wn er
ble
isi
inv
ins tit
SPA
direct order milgram
E
hofling
heroic helpers agency
L05-06 L07
violent outburst
ott ca om sean st s & ud arm y 1: eni an s
Y
NIT
DER
MO
ty
zimbardo
obe exp die eri nc me e nt s
catalyst
aut ENC hor i
LIC
L04 L08
perpetrators authoritarian personality bystanders
structure
2
n
ort ati o
exh
ce
spa aut ho ri ion
sat
IOL E
CE
ENC
LEN
VIO
FV
OF
SO
ENT
MO M
CES
pac e
ls
ide nta
inc pac e
ls
na
uti o
br e of akdo ord wn er
ble
isi
inv
ins tit
SPA
direct order milgram
E
hofling
heroic helpers agency
L05-06 L07
violent outburst
ott ca om sean st s & ud arm y 1: eni an s
Y
NIT
DER
MO
ty
zimbardo
obe exp die eri nc me e nt s
catalyst
aut ENC hor i
LIC
L04 L08
perpetrators authoritarian personality bystanders
structure
3
n
ort ati o
exh
ce
spa aut ho ri ion
sat
IOL E
CE
ENC
LEN
VIO
FV
OF
SO
ENT
MO M
CES
pac e
ls
ide nta
inc pac e
ls
na
uti o
br e of akdo ord wn er
ble
isi
inv
ins tit
SPA
direct order milgram
E
hofling
heroic helpers agency
L05-06 L07
violent outburst
ott ca om sean st s & ud arm y 1: eni an s
Y
NIT
DER
MO
ty
zimbardo
obe exp die eri nc me e nt s
catalyst
aut ENC hor i
LIC
L04 L08
perpetrators authoritarian personality bystanders
structure
4
/ L05
LICENCE 5
/ L05
LICENCE as CATALYST ES P Y AGGRAVATION
S
R E T
T O E
PR
EJU
DIC
ES
CATALYST
6
/ L05
LICENCE: agency v structure Types and functions: an overview AUTHORITY ORDER
EXHORTATION OPEN-ENDED v MANAGED INDIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE AGENCY
DELEGATION APPROPRIATION
7
ESCALATION hierarchical environment
non-hierarchical environment
/ L05
AUTHORITY
Who (and when) is an ‘authority figure’?
8
AGENCY & STRUCTURE
/ L05
AGENCY v STRUCTURE Agency: human capacity for independent reflection and action
Structure: the complex environment of values, relations, and practices in which we live
10
‘ordinary people’ or brutal perpetrators?
/ L05
‘authoritarian personalities’
Are there people more prone to the allure of authority than others?
12 Theodor Adorno, author of the book based on the F-scle study
/ L05
The ‘Goldhagen-Browning’ debate ‘Police battalions’ in the Nazioccupied areas: ‘ordinary’ or not?
13
/ L05
The auxiliary police in the Nazioccupied east Nazi recruitment from the local population in the Soviet Union (1941-43)
RECRUITMENT
PARTICIPATION IN ATROCITIES
BRUTALITY BEYOND DUTY
14
/ L05
BABI YAR, KIEV (1941) In September 1941, in the outskirts of Kiev, Ukraine, Nazis organised a ‘cleansing action’ against the city’s Jews. In the course of a few days, 33000 Jews were brutally murdered. Local paramilitary formations played a crucial role in the operation
15
/ L05
The attack on jews in ww2 romania
“...This is the hour when we are masters on our territory. Let it be used! I do not mind if history judges us barbarians. ... If need be, shoot with machine guns, and I say that there is no law. We shall make special laws but in no way desist in the face of legal dispositions which we could introduce today and be the first to violate tomorrow. Therefore, without any formalities, complete freedom! I take full legal responsibility and I tell you, there is no law...� ION ANTONESCU Dictator of Romania, 1941
16
/ L05
BERLIN WALL 1961-1989 Military guards carrying ‘orders’ - are they responsible for their victims?
17
/ L05
SABRA & SHATILA, beirut, lebanon
18
WALTZ WITH BASHIR
animated film chronicling the events of the massacre in the sabra & shatila refugee camps in beirut, 1982
Massaker
INTERVIEWS WITH THE MARONITE MILITIA THAT TOOK PART IN THE OPERATION IN SABRA & SHATILA, BEIRUT
THE ‘BANALITY OF EVIL’?
/ L05
ADOLF EICHMANN
Adolf Eichmann at his trial in Jerusalem in 1961. He was sentenced to death and executed in 1962.
/ L05
THE ‘PRISON EXPERIMENT’
Abu Ghraib prison made headlines in 2006, when a group of US soldiers was caught on video subjecting the Iraqi prisoners to dehumanising treatment and torture.
Philip Zimbardo, the man behind the Prison Experiment
The much-debated example of the Guantanamo Bay US camp is also extremely relevant in this discussion. Notice how Guantanamo is ‘exceptional’ both as a detention facility and as location (on the island of Cuba)
23
/ L05
THE PRISON
24
/ L05-06
SUMMARY Structure matters: long-term prejudices, emotions, cultural practices can make the difference
Violence erupts in the short term - there and then -, and the catalysts can be found in these precise spaces and moments ‘Ordinary people’ can become perpetrators (and they often do), depending on the circumstances. Very few are ‘born’ violent and brutal. The rest join in having negotiated a state of ‘cognitive dissonance’. In these circumstances, ‘licence’ is crucial.
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