Baku's House of Cards - July 1993 by Armenian International Magazine

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Marking the fifth anniversary of its founding, the Armenian National Movement treats itself to a public show of inrospection... Atan artexhibition in Yerevan, the young and the naughty pump some new blood into pop culture vocabulary... And Iran and Armenia kick off another round of good neighborly gestures. COVER STORY

BAKU'S HOUSE OF CARDS

Since the taking of Kelbajar by Mountainous Karabaktr forces, Azerbaijan has responded by turning against itself. Frontmen Aliev and Huseinov were quick to set the tone: democracy's out, ultra-nationalismis definitely in. From Yerevan to Washington, eyes are on Baku as the regional equation gets ajolt. PROFILE

GRACE UNDER

PRESSURE

AmbassadorRouben Shugarian, Armenia' s man in D.C., is a study in poise and sheer refinement. Despite the daunting challenges he faces, he may bring the republic much diplomatic currency. INSTITUTIONS

FRAGMENTS OF

A VALIANT

PAST

Ruth Thomasian's Project SAVE is reconstructing history through the analysis and preservation ofphotographs. From an attic collection in the70s, theprojecthas evolved into a massive tove of primary visual sources. SPECIAL REPORT

THE MOM.AND.POP SHOPS THAT COULD

Hollywood's Armenian food markets are nothing likethe comer groceries they once were. These mini-bazaars, some of which have pushed on to become major food distributors and wholesalers, offer a hodgepodge of staples from around the globe.

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PHOTOGRAPHY:

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WHAT FREE PRESS? The Turkish Time s recently printed a couple of snippets with the general theme of insulting public sensibilities. One dealt with a certain Hale Soysu, editor of the duly Aydinl,k, who was being prosecuted by Istanbul authorities for publishing parts of Salman Rushdie's Satanic Verses; the other concerned th e dal.ly Bugun, which was fined for allegedly insulting Turgut Ozal, the late Turkish president. Thoughthe worldwideArmenianpress, andthepublic it' s calledto serve, may take strong exception to such methods, things aren't any rosier in our

ownbackyard. Of the 50-odd Armenian newspapers, magazines and quarterlies thatAIM receives, one is hard-pressed to find some of the fundamental threads that constitute afree and viablepress. When one's done ploughingthroughthe party-line banalities that pass as editorials, the reprints and the usual array of verbatimpressreleases and small-townbriefs, there's leftprecious little that may make for meaningful reading or preserving for future reference. That any significant radition of intellectual freedom is flagrantly lacking in our communications media is nothing new. What is more baffling is the doleful pace of change. The political party-affiliated press, throughout Armenia and the Diaspora, still basks in the self-congratulatory comforts of exaggerated diatribe, while most handful of independents often fail to rise to the occasion or prefer the reassurances of tacit conformity. Still, censorship seems to be effectively done away withby Armenia's third republic, and the Diaspora may well follow suit-with the exception of afew unlucky editors who might getbeaten up now andthen for speaking

theunspeakable. But insulting the wrong emperor seems easy enough. The challenge facing the Armenian press today-whether espousing the status quo, striving to transform it in little steps or opposing it outright-is to achieve ffue responsibility in the traffic of words.

HA\TNI MEXICO RUSSIA

ITALY P'Club Med

FRANCE . .

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CARIBEAN & BAHAMAS AUSTRAnA/NM ZEATAND

PUBLIAHED BY

AIII, IIC.

EXECUTIVE EDITOB: Salpi Haroutinian Ghazarian

mAllAGll{G EDIIOR: lshkhan Jinbashian EDIIORIAL CONSULIANT: l\,linas Kojaian EDITOB Ef, EBITUS: Charles Nazarian EDITOB Ar LARGE: Tony Halpin DIRECIOB OF OPERATIOilS: Michael Nahabet GONI BIBUTING EDITORS: Vicken Babikian, Kevork lmirzian, Haig Keropian, Mark Malkasian, Taline Satamian, Aris Sevag, Ronald Grigor Suny, Jivan Tabibian, Taline Voskeritchian CO]{IRIBUTORS: Armen Aroyan, Artashes Emin, Yvette Harpootian,Ani Klchian, Lola Koundakjian, Gilda Kupelian, Michael Mastarciyan, Moorad Mooradian, Nancy Najarian,Ara Oshagan, Susan Pattie, Simon Payaslian, Ratfi Shoubookian ABf DInECfOR: Dicran Y. Kassouny GOBRESPOilDE]{TS: Amman: AraVoskian; AmsGrdam: Arsen Nazarian; Brussels: Kgvork Oskanian; Buenos Aires:

Sam Sarkissian; Chlcago: Sonia Derman Harlan;

London: Ani Manoukian: Montreal: Gulizar J.Mardirossian: Moscow: Gayane Hambartzumian; Parls: Khatchik Kechian; Sydney: Haig Lepedjian; Vienna: Sebouh Baghdoyan; Washington: Zanku Armenianl Yerevan: Papken Gadachik, Tigran Xmalian

PIIOTOGRAPHERS: Amman: Karekin Kefelian; Belrut: Arno Jihanian; Boaton: Lena Sanents, Ari Stamatiou; Los Angeles: Sossi Madzounian, Kevork Djansezian; New Jetsey: Ardem Aslanian; New York: Harry Koundakjian, Tony Savino: Paris: Armineh Johannes, Aline Manoukian; Providsnce: Berge AraZobian; San Francisco: Armen Petrossian: Yerevan: Mkhitar Khachatrian, Zaven Khachikian, Bouben Mangasarian

PHOTO ARCHIvIST: Varant Gourjian ASSISTAI{T TO ll{E PUBLISHERS: Dikran Djerrahian CIRCULAfaOil DIREGfOB: Thomas Yeterian

ADiIIilISTBATIVE DIRECTOR: Seta

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of the Mother Church, as well as the sanctity of unity, neitherChurch has sentofficial representation to unite what they once eagerly

instucted to divide. Since your publication suggested that the Niagara Falls Armenian community was "a perfectplace to start" consolidation, I wish to end the dispelling silence by asking AIM to endorse a 1994 unity conference at the

Niagara Falls International Convention Center. Envision the notion of an Armenian ChurchUnityroundtable, sponsoredbyAlM and the Churches, occurring while in eye's view from the challenge AIM cited as exfreme. On our churches' 40th anniversaries, look to the Niagara Falls Armenians in order to empower AIM, to inspire others, and to break the deafening silence.

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DonnaOtabachian Niagara Falls, New York

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Signs of bewilderment have been expressed in articles, appearing in recent fumenian publications, by writers who cannot understand why the US government has chastised Armenia for its recent gains in Fizuli. Did anyone expect the State Department to act differently? May I ask why anyone would think Turkey has been so successful at negating any attempt to have the Armenian Genocide officially recognized? Does anyone truly believe Turkish diplomats and lobbyists would stand achance if the State Department did not support and approve of their activities? Let's stop giving Turkey so much credit and focus on the real culprit for the past 75 years. Make no mistake: America has not lost influence in any corner of the world, and what is happening to Armenia is no accident.

Thevoiceof acommunity such

as ours

can

only be heard through long-term planning.

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Silence. Silence was the outcome of AIM's "So Near and Yet So Distant," an emotional adjunct to the article "Brave New World" (Cover Story, February, 1992). Describing a diasporan community in Niagara Falls, New York, the article ended with the statementpositing that Niagara Falls may be the place (situation) to begin a pragmatic mandate for church consolidation. AIM's analogy reads that if our community can choose to live in separation, then it can choose to reunite; diasporan Armenians have long since concluded that this was asking the im-

possible from the improbable. The underlying message, flagrantly left out of your article, is that the Armenian Churches caused this division ofcommunity, not the McCarthy era AIM's article solely

described. Although both ministries in NiagaraFalls haveacknowledgedtheholiness

Allow me to point out that the title of your cover story, "GotTanks, Will Travel" (AprilMay) was in poor taste and insensitive. In poortaste, because Karabakh is a momentous struggle for all Armenians, with profound historical significance and important geopolitical implications. Whetherit was

your intention or not, your title depiction

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cheapens the entire struggle by turning it into

television six-shooter serial. Insensitive, because there has been too much loss of life, both on the Armenian and Azeri sides, and too much suffering bomeby the innocents of this war, as in all wars. Your rite title of an otherwise serious cover story dishonors their collective memory. ArmenSahakian, Ph.D. London, England a

torc About

Dzot Dzor

After reading Aris Sevag's article "A

Passion for Building" (Institutions, ApriU May) felt the need to set some facts straight. As an active participant in the Armenian community in Iran and as the trea-

surer of the Inter-Diocesan committee, I am able to confirm that most of the support for the preservation of Armenian monuments in Iran has been in the form of funding from the Iranian Ministry for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, the

Armenian Prelacy and the Armenian community of lran. While LCO's financial support has been important, it represents only a portion of a very costly misslon. the dismantlement and reassembling of the Dzor Dzor chapel,

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LCO has never been involved either financially or in the chapel's physical reconstruction. The benefactor, Varoujan Arakelian, himself also the architect and planner, has been supervising the entire project. This project began in 1986 immediately following the initiation of a dam

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AIM, JULY

1993

in the area which would have encompassed the chapel. It was not for flooding reasons as stated in the article. It should be clear that such a serious architectural task cannot be accomplished

from a location as remote as France or Germany.

Onnik Harutunian Tehran, Iran

LCO representatives explain that alin the US and sent to lran for the specific purpose of though funds were raised

helping to save Dzor Dzor, the Prelacy of Tabriz allocated these funds to other

similar projects, and it has been Mr. Arakelian who has, in memory of his parents, spent unspecified amounts toward reconstruction.-Ed.

survival. Quoting Paul Valery, "wars are

Sincere thanks for your March editorial,

which showed a certain unnamed priest

professionals are around, selling their

nattering on about "woman's place" in the home while AIM's executive editor was working not three yards away. Although this incident was particularly absurd, such attitudes are, unfortunately, all too common

shameful merchandise.

amongus.

Although Russian Minister

Labor Gennady Melikyan may disagree with that priest about religious matters, they are clearly

Iltc

the very many who suffer and the very few who benefit. In the past eight decades, the so-called, neverproven "Genocideof 19I5"accusation has been sold by ruthless politicians to the Armenian Diaspora all over the world, deliberately turning it into a "national identity" issue, locking them into a never-ending, selfdestructive hate against their Azeri and Turkish brothers. The continuation of the actual suffering in Armenia is the only political asset these politicians can count on for theirprofessional foughtby peoplewho donotknow each other, pushed by people who know each other but do not fight." Sad to say, I see no end to the suffering in Armenia or in Azerbaijan, as long as these

Ghauvinists in Our ]tlidct

ARtlElilA,il IEtwtSl0il n()DUOt()ltS,

people affected by the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan can be classified in two distinct anddiamerically opposed categories:

IshakAlaton Istanbul, Turkey

How Are Wc Stacking Up? We'reproud to have a magazine like AIM.

You might want to consider dedicating

on the same side when women are concerned.

regularcolumn to the history of Armenia from the pre-Christian era to the present. Such a series might become an excellenteducational

"Why should we employ women when men

tool.

are unemployed?" he said in February, ac-

FridaHovsepian Montrose, Califontia

cording to a report in Ms. (May-June). The magazine also noted thatinRussia, T0percent

of the unemployed are women, and that women's property rights, as well as the right to choose abortion, are being threatened. I have read elsewhere that anti-communist backlash is also affecting women's rights in the other former Soviet republics and in Eastern Europe. What then of women's situation in Armenia? How has independence changed their social and political status? Women are con-

spicuously absent in the new govemment,

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although Sylva Kaputikian, forexample, was once prominent enough to negotiate directly with President Mikhail Gorbachev. Is family and employment law being revised in Armenia, and if so, what vision of

"woman's place" is being institutionalized there? How are Armenian women themselves responding, either as individuals or in organizations? AIM is already wellknown forits professional coverage of Armenian life, including issues which seem to be too controversial for other publications. I trust that a report on Armenia' s women-half the populationwould be of interest to your readers. LouAnn Matossisn Minneapolis, Minesota

Tu*ish Disinlormation lol As in all wars throughout history, the AIM, JULY

1993

ThepresentationofAlM isexcellent. Yet, another periodical specializing in the dissemination of news on Armenia and the Armenian Diaspora. Its pages are full about Armenians at work, Armenians in arts andbusiness, butitscoverage of our national issues and concerns is rather limited. Moreover, as far as I can see, AIM is avoiding to get seriously involved in controversial issues that abound in the Diaspora, such as theriftinournationalchurch. Itseems to me that you are sitting on the fence trying

AIM is essentially

to please everybody. Please cancel my subscription.

AntranigTatossian Mount Royal, Quebec, Canada

Letters to the editors should be brief and include verifiable name, signature, address and daytime phone number. Mail letters to

AIM P.O.Box l0064, Glcndalc, Gallfornla 9l 209.3064 or fax to

l8r81 546 2283. Letters may be edited andior condensed.

ByTALINE SATAlllA}l

TAKING STOCK

IN LIMBO

The Armenian National Movement celebrated its fifth anniversary at the end of June with a three-day conference in Yerevan. ANM founders and activists, including President l-evon Ter Petrossian and President of Parliament, Babken Ararktsian, made long speeches highlighting the movement's contributions toward the establishment of an independent Armenian state, the introduction of free-market principles in the Armenian economy and advances made in the Karabakh conflict. Ter Petrossian responded to a dozen criticisms and rumors which, in the last two years, had been directed against his government and

The latest CSCE peace settlement for the Karabakh confl ict, which was signed by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Mountainous Karabakh, is in limbo. While it was being considered and was finally accepted on June 14 by theMountainous Karabakh authorities who hadrejected

the ANM. Among the mistakes and political blunders attributed to the president and his political colleagues were their change of policy toward

the liberation struggle in Karabakh, from a policy of reunifi cation with Armenia to a

policy of "abandonment."

The president agreed that there was a policy change which corresponded to Ter Petrosslan: Lonely at the top?

changes occurring in Moscow, YerevanandBaku. According to him, until the time when the Soviet Union collapsed at the end of 199 l, the Karabakt issue was a matter of internal border changes. With the independence of all the Soviet republics, the issue became an inter-stateconflict govemed by international laws which provided peoples with the right to self-determination.

Armenia's policy now is to support Karabakh Armenians' right to self-determination, Ter-Petrossian explained. The ANM is also blamed for causing the economic collapse of the country, which the president dismissed and blamed the former communist regime's economic policies, thedestructive effects ofthe 1988 earthquake, the refugeeproblem, the economic blockade and the war in Karabakh. The president had also recently comeunder fire for denying Diaspora Armenians the right to become Armenian citizens, which he dismissed and added that Diaspora Armenians have every right to Armenian citizenship provided that they fulfill their duties (paying taxes, military service, etc.) as citizens. Ararktsian focused his speech on the future, including the ratification of a national constitution, and the restructuring of the ANM to transform it from a fluid movement to a more structured organization capable of responding to today's problems.

AIM, JULY I993

two earlier versions, political stability in Azerbaijan began to crumble. Rebel commander Surat Husseinov, who had captured the city of Gandja earlier in the month and begun a military advance toward the capital Baku,

succeeded

in ousting popularly elected President

Abulfez Elchibey who was replaced by former communist Haidar Aliev. Aliev appointed Husseinov prime minister,

Armenian President Levon Ter Petrossian's sudden visit to Stepanakert on June 14, the capital of Mountainous Karabakh, to encourage the Karabakh authorities to sign the peace settlement may have been for naught if the peace process is aborted by events in Azerbaijan. In Stepanakert, developments inBaku andincreased Azeri military attacks on Karabakh had already prompted Karen Baburian, the new acting presidentof Mountainous Karabakh's parliament, to request a onemonth delay in carrying outtheprovisions of thepeace accord, which requires the withdrawal of Mountainous Karabakh forces from the captured Kelbajar district between Armenia and Karabakh before the resump-

tion of talks between the warring parties. Mario

Raffaelli, the chairman of CSCE's Minsk Group

the president. An editorial which appeared two days later did notrespondo thepresident's charges.A4g, the ADL

charged with finding a solution to the Karabakh problem, announced on June 22 that there would inde€d be an unspecified delay andcited theunstable situation

publication, ran an editorial criticizing thepresident for not calling a meeting with the opposition parties before the peace accord was signed, when theiropinions might actually have counted.

theregion. The opposition political parties in Armenia respondednegatively to thepeace accord, criticizing itfor not offering guarantees for the safety of the civilian population in Karabakh upon the withdrawal of local forces from Kelbajar. During public protests, marchers demanded that Kelbajarnotbe given up. Articles in the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARFI press accused Ter Petrossian of forcing the Mountainous Karabakh authorities to sign the document. In response, on June I 6, Ter Petrossian met publicly with the leaders of the ARF and Armenian Democratic

..I LIKE ARARAT TOO" For lack ofexhibition space for alternative art in Yerevan, Charlie Khachaturian, a New York-born

In I H ai

Liberal Organization, and chastised them for remaining neutral, at best, and, at worst, for erecting obstacles in the peace process and toward nation-building. Ter

Petrossian revealed that Georgi Petrossian who had been Mountainous Karabakh's acting parliamentary president until his resignation on June 14 had come under unspecified threats when he decided to sign the peace accord. According to the president, Petrossian was one of the most ardent campaigners for a positive response to the peace document. There was no immediate response from the ARF. "For technical reasons," their daily newspaper, Erkir, did not appear on the day following the meeting with

Openlng up: Sahak Pogosslan's

Soclallst Coniputer (130 x 75

37 cm,

llberglase) was among the works dlsplayed at Yerevan's alternatlve art exhlbltlon.

sculptornow living in the Armenian capital, rented the entrance hall of the American University of Armenia

to display Armenian indigenous pop art there. The crowd that showed up on opening day, June

Shelter routlne

2l,couldbetermedeclectic intherealrather thantheyuppiesenseoftheword-mothers with children, lots of teenagers, Diaspora

AIM,JIJLY 1993

BETWEEN NEIGHBORS As plans to build a land bridge to link Armenia and Iran and to lay a gas pipeline for the

import of Iranian fuel into Armenia are slowly progressing, an exhibition jointly organized

by the Armenian Ministry of Industry and by the Iranian Center for Export and Development opened in Yerevan on l. hanian-made products ranging from clothes to electronic equipment were on display. The fair was part of an effort to develop economic ties between the two neighboring June 2

countries. There is an agreement

to open a similar exhibition of

Armenian-made products in Tehran.

Other links are also developing between the two countries. Regular weekly flights between Yerevan and Tehran were inaugurated on July 4, and

Brldglng the gaps.

an Iranian bank Armenians and many from the foreign diplomatic corps in Yerevan. Most attendees, who bumped into an installation dangling from the ceiling, or ripped overcanvas overflowing from apainting, eventually found theirway to the most conffoversial piece, which almost caused the show's cancellation. Tucked away in an inconspicuous corner was Arax Nerkararian's painting of Ararat, superimposed with an image, probably picked up from a French adult cartoon magazine, of women masturbating with microphones snatched from tenified male TV commentators. Why? "I like Ararat too," Nerkararian answers.

Many visitors were confused. Was it possible to combinepure, saintly Ararat with such a blasphemous image? There were rumors that Nerkararian had meant to illustrate Armenian women who cross theborderinto Turkey to work as prostitutes there. The artist twitches when shehean such talk. . Nerkararian, who combines Westem and Armenian images and symbols, is among the I I exhibited artists on the road to self-discovery. "Self-discovery through Westem images is moretolerable and easierthan aheadon collision... a direct confrontation (ergo indigenous discovery)," AraMgrdichian's exhibition notesexplain. Khachaturian, the show's organizer, hopes that the exhibition is a fint step toward the establishment in Armenia of a permanent space and a following for alternative art.

AIM, JTJLY 1993

will

open a

branch in Yerevan to facilitate financial transactions between Armenian and Iranian companies.

A PASSFORT OFTHEIR OWN Thenew Armenian passports, which will beissued Law on Citizenship is accepted by Parliament, omit two pieces of information which were

as soon as the

included in the old Soviet passports. There is no mention of the holder's ethnicity, and a patronymic, in the Russian style, is no longer required. Omission of the patronymic has hardly bothered anyone. However, the decision not to mention the holder's ethnicity has prompted an outcry, mainly from theYezidi minorityconcentratedinArmenia's Armavir region. Yezidi leaders announced in June that communiry members would not give up theirold Soviet passports unless theirethnicity is cited in the new Armenian passports. The Yezidis have interpreted the omission as an attempt to assimilate them in Armenian society. [,etters ofprotest asked for an explanation from the

Armenian authorities. Officials responded with the clarifi cation that, upon request, any citizen of Armenia can have both ethnicity and paronymic included in the new passport. According to the spiritual leader ofthe Yezidi community, Hassan Hassanian, this policy has pacified his community's concerns. I

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ATIME

FORDREAM

Now Free of Artistic Restraints, Armenia,s Film lndustry ls Looking For a Few Good Outlets By ZAREH AREVSHATIAN n unusual sense of isolation surrounds Yerevan's Armenfilm

srudio today. Employees continue to come to work despite a number

ofobstacles, including frequent power outages. Sorne film projects that were started in 1991 are still lingering in various production stages due to the lack of funding. In 1993, only two productions from previous years have been completed so far. The decline is in large part a consequence of systemic changes. As the Soviet Union was crumbling in the late I 980s, most government

grants were either held back or depleted. In 1991, Armenia produced only two feature fi lms, down from five in 1989. During the latter part of 199 I , virtually nothingwasproduced.Today, movietheaters have become all but deserted. "The studio has its share of$50,000 in an account attheCentralBank of Moscow," says Gevorg Gevorgian, who heads Armenfilm. "Following the formation of the CIS, all contracts and agreements were reevaluated. But to date our account remains frozen and we

don't have enough money even to pay our stafL We can neither start a new project nor complete an old one." Gevorgian says Armenia's economic

woes are forcing filmmakers to seek opportunities in Europe and the US.

"The Armenian film industry is making its voice heard through international festivals," he says.

Until 1988, filmmaking in the Soviet Union was controlled by a Mos-

cow-based committee known as the Goskino, which exported movies through Sovexportfilm, a state-run subsidiary. SoClockwlse from above: The Armenfllm studlo; scenee from the maklng of "Kach Nazar" (1939) and "Nahapet" (1977).

viet republics submitted film projects to Goskino, which chose works forex-

entertainment audience. According to Armenfilm, the industry loses millionsofrubles

porting overseas. Ninety

each year in unpaid royalties.

percent of fi lms produced

in the smaller republics

New Resources

never saw the light ofday outside of their borders.

Armenia's filmmakers have also been hit hard by

thriving bootlegging net-

works in the Diaspora. Smuggled from Armenia and Russia, illegally duplicated copies of Arme-

nian-made movies are sold for little cash to vendors in

large Armenian communities like Los Angeles. The duplicates are then widely copied, and sold or rented to a growing home AIM, JULY I993

The National Cin6mathdque of Armenia, film preservation and resource center, may

inspire renewed confidence in the industry. "We are trying to reclaim our film heritage," says film critic and historian Garegin Zakoyan, who founded the Cindmathdque in 1991.

"In the old days, the whole process of production, distribution and exhibition was controlled by the center. Now we're trying to get our stuff basl(-ws'ys lssovered a small portion of the Annenian film collection from Moscow. But we don't have the appropriate space for these precious prints, and the government is in no shape to assist in such an important program."

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Zakoyan wants to build a comprehensive database of Armenian movies, filmmakers and other relevant information, while trying to enlarge his library oforiginal film prints. But like mostothercultural institutions in Armenia, the Cindmathdque is in bad financial shape. Numerous historical and archival manuscripts, ready forpublication, remain on hold indefinitely. Among these works is a three-volume, 2,500-pagehistorical overview of Armenian cinema. Written by Zakoyan, the

fully illustrated manuscripts are a monumental reference tool. Armenia's film industry, like most cultural enterprises of the Soviet era, began with a government decree. On April 16, 1923, Armenia's Council of People's Commissars, headedby Sarkis Lokashin, "socialized" private cinemas and established a State Film Commission. In his initial request for government funding, Daniel Dznuni, the

commission's fint director, asked for 3,000 rubles. But he received a mere 60-ruble allocation from the Education Commissariat's Askanaz Mravian, who held that the state should concern itself with refugees and orphans and not the cinema. On April 16, 1993, the Armenian fi lm industry observed its 70th anniversary in a somber mood. With most of its operations

virnrally shut down, Armenfilm did not seem to have much cause for celebration. But cit-

ing the examples of the

Cin6mathbque

Frangaise and England's National Film The-

atre, Zakoyan hopes the National Cin6mathdque of Armenia will become a magnet for filmmakers and buffs alike, and will help give Armenia's movie industry a new lease on life.

Zareh Arevshatlan ls celoundet and

presldent of the CalllornlaSased Amenlan Film Soclety.

AIM, JIJLY

1993

(331) 40 740859

THEMOSAIG AFFAIR

Jerusalem's Amenian Gommunity and the Antiquities Department Aren,t Talking

Again

By ARTHUR HAGOPIAil ne thousand and four hundred years ago, an obscure Armenian priest knelt by the entrance to his

cell, in the sprawling convent outside the walls of the Jerusalem, and composed a humble plea. The words he used were simple, butthere was nothing unpretentious in the medium he chose to convey his message: a magnificent floor mosaic of five variously colored concentric circles, measuring eight feetby I 0and studded with pert red petals. Within the protective embrace of the smallestcircle, he inscribed these memorable lines: "I, Yevsdat (Eustacius) the priest, laid down this mosaic. You who enter this room, remember me and my brother Ghugas (Lucas), unto Christ." Centuries passed, and Jerusalem fell under the sway of an assortment of

overlords who took a perverse delight in leveling thecity. In theprocess, Yevsdat's prayer collapsed under the rubble of what Israeli archaeologists concluded must have been the first Armenian monastery to be built in the

HolyLand. Had it not been for a fortuitous accident,

the site might have been consigned to oblivion, andtheArmeniannation lostoneof its most precious relics, of which there are known to be only six others in the world. In November 1991, laborers excavating for a new highway stumbled upon the "medallion," lying across the road from beautiful Armenian bird mosaic unearthed a century ago. But their picks and shovels stirred up not only the dust ofcenturies, but a the

hostofpassions among ArmeniansandJews. The dusthas yet to settle. Undernormal circumstances, the Department of Antiquities would have preserved the site, sprucing itupand laying itopenforvisitors. But in the present case this would have meant rerouting the highway, a step Town Hall judged impractical. Instead, it decreed thathistory wouldhave to make way for progress. The ruins of the monastery would be paved over. The mosaic wouldbesaved, therewas nodoubtaboutthat, but it would have to be moved to a new loca-

tion. The decision galvanized the Armenian community, which insisted on the mosaic's preservation "in situ," with PatriarchTorkom Manoogian arguing that relocation "will not do justice to the importance of the finds." The Armenians were particularly concerned about possible damage to the site by ultra-orthodox Jews who fear bones discovered in a nearby crypt and mysterious large pit may belong to ancient co-religionists.

A spokesman for Atra Kadisha, the self-appointed guardians of Jewish burial sites, de-

clared that "the dead

should be left asleep in peace," even

though the director

of the

Antiquities

Authority, Amir

Drori, and all Israeli archaeologists consulted agreed that the bones are associated with Christian sites.

Tosendtheirmessage

home, Jewish hotheads smeared paint on another, Greek mosaic found in the area, andbattle lines werepromptly drawn. During a lull in the confrontation, the Department of Antiquities announced an

abrupt halt to the excavations, citing "cirAIM, JULY I993

curxilances byond our control," and quietly removed the mosaic to the Rockefeller Muits protection," -"for applied a new in Drori's words. Specialists technique, perfected in Israel, which consisted of sandwiching the floor between two layen ofa special sticky material, and then winching the lot up. The two protective lay-

seum in East Jerusalem,

ers were then peeled away, revealing the mo-

saic in all its pristine grandeur. Leaders of the Armenian and otherChristian communities reacted by signing a strong

letter of protest to the department. They claimed that the Armenians were not consulted prior to the removal of the mosaic and voiced concern over Christian religious sites which were being "buried under new highways." The letter also threatened to seek international protection for these sites.

A fuming Teddy Kollek, the mayor of Jerusalem whoprides himself on his harmo-

nious relations with all "minorities" in Jerusalem, personally called on Patriarch Torkom Manoogian to express "surprise and disappointrnent." But whatcould easily have turned into an awkwardconfrontation was tactfully averted as the nvo charismatic leaders huddled in the Patriarch's office, surrounded by their aides and advisers, and hammered out a comPromise agrcement: the mosaic would be placed under the jurisdiction of the Armenian Patriarchate, which would decide upon its ultimate destiny. Two years later, the mosaic still lies in limbo, the haunting message of its author hidden from view behind a "protective" bar-

rier. Theinitial uncertainty about its exactdate lingers, but the lS-word appeal, written in classical Armenian and drafted in huge black letters, continues to inspire Armenians with its simple but evocative clarion call. Yevsdat Yeretz and his brother Ghugas could not have wished for a better fate.

Arthw Hagoplan ls a wlter and teecher llvlng lnJerusalem. AIM, JULY 1993

COVER STORY

HOUSE OFC By TOIIY HALPIN

wits inYerevan caught the moodbest. The story goes of ameeting in Republic Square addressed by perplexed former communist rulers. "Comrades," began ttre old leaders, "if you really didn't want gas and electicity, you only had to say s usual, the

so.t' The joke carries sardonic memories of the bitter winter which was supposed to makeArmeniabend theknee over IGrabakh. Instead, itisAzerbaijan, instigator of the economic blockade, which is at brcaking point as Armenian forces seal a summer of stiking military successes. But the story is also a reminder that, with ilrc return of the old fox, HaidarAliev, to Balar, Armenia is now virtually the lone former Soviet republic being led by a

PresidentAbulfezElcibey, broughttopowerwith 60 percent of the vote in an election he designed to

keep Aliev out, steadily lost in popularity in the face of military failure in

Karabakh and economic chaosinBaku.Though respected, he

non-communist. There are sfrong indications, too, thatMoscow had more than a passing interest in seeing its old Politburo friend back in ttre driving seat. Aliev, 70, played his winning hand with customary skill. He bidedhis time inNaktrichevan, gaining in statureby his governance of a region with an Azerbaijani population nostalgic for ttre ofder and relative security of the Breztrnevite past.

REGIONAL CONCERNS: The ttaker ale

hlgh lor,lrom

left,Turklrh

Prlma

lllnlrter

TamuClller, Armenlan

PtuldentLevon Ter Petroedan,

Georglan

P1ltldent Eduard

Shevardnada, lnnlan Proel. dentHmheml Rehenlenl.

0 AIM, JI.JLY 1993

ARDS l[#Hi,,,, lackedAliev's cunning in seeing off potential challengers to his auttrority. Moscow, irritated by Elcibey's strongly pro-Turkish orientation and his refu sal tojoin the Commonwealth of BAKU SHUFFLE: Abullez Elclbey,lar left, reemrto beout; Surat Huselnov and communlst old-tlmer HaldarAllevare ln.

Independent States, saw its chance as ttre situation deteriorated. Russian troops in Azerbaijan were pulled out atread of schedule in May, convenienfly teaving behind an anenal of weapons sufficient to equip 20,000 men. Instead of handing them over to ttre governmen! ttrey left ttre weapons wittr Colonel Strat Huseinov, himself dismissed by President Elcibey over defeats in Karabakh. Sure enough, on June 4 Huseinov began his insurrection, causing Elcibey to flee to Naktrichevan as ttre rebels ad-

vanced towards Baku. Aliev filled the power vacuurn, ttren stuck a deal with the victorious colonel, behind closed doors, giving himself the presidency and making Huseinov prime minister wittr control over defense, interior and national security minisries. Aliev, a former KGB colonel, lost no time in imposing an iron g.ip on the media and opposition protests, provoking warnings from the defeated Popular Front ttrat he was intent on establishing a police state. The authorities in Moscow had every reason to feel satisfied. The coup had installed people sympathetic to their views and was a serious setback to Turkish ambitions to become the dominantpowerin CenralAsia. Notlong after, the

}I J ?

g 7

BlG FISH LOOKING IN:

USPrcsldent Blll Cllnton, left, Rusrlan

PllrldcntBorlt

Yeltdn.

AIM,JI.JLY 1993

Snndoy Tbnes in [.ondon reported the exista new deparrnent in Russia's security minisry, the successor to the KGB, set up

nificant move by the new regime was the

ence of

suspension ofthe $9 billion investrnent deal to develop oil reserves in the Caspian Sea.

specially to promote Moscow's interesB in 'the near abroad"-spy-speak for the former Sovietrepublics.

Elcibey himself had been due to travel to l.ondon to sign the final contract on July 2. Instead, executives ofthejoint venturâ&#x201A;Ź partners, British Petroleum, Norway's Statoil, America's Amoco, Pennzoil, Unocal and

"It's not that we are planting presidents in all these republics," one offrcial told the paper. "But when an old friend from the communistdayscomes toMoscow asking forhelp heisnaurallygiven afriendlyreception." He added that'Aliev couldn'thavedoneitwithoutourhelp." Aliev, who ruleri Azerbaijan for the Kremlin for 13 years, is widely regarded as,

still, Moscow's man at heart. Huseinov, too, is seen as welldisposed towards the old centerJmrdly surprising if they gave him all his weapons. Turkey immediately felt the sea-

changeinAzerbaijanipolitical sympattries. At a news conference shortly afterthe seizure of power, Aliev singled out Moscow ratherthan Ankara when asked about his new foreign

policy.

"\ile would like

to have

goodrelations with

all the countries of the region and Russia should be one of them," he sai4 as if to underline that the country had leaned too farin Tukey's direction under Elcibey. The party was over in other ways too. Azerbaijan abruptly tightened visa regulations for Turks in June, sending back planeloads of visaless Turkish visitors as a rcsulr Growing Azeri resentrnentat get-richquickT[rkish businessmen arriving to make a fastbuck at theirexpense spilled over into violence in Nakhichevan, where a proHuseinov mob attacked a Turkish-Azerijoint venture bankprotesting alleged exploitation. Aliev quickly replaced Azerbaijan's ambassador !o Moscow, signalling again his intention of forging closer links with Russia. Question marks remain overhow long the Turkish l-atin script inuoduced by Elcibey in place of the modified Russian alphabet will remain. But by fu the biggest and most sig-

McDermot International corporations, and the Turkish PeEoleum Corporation were summoned to a meeting wittr the new government to be told the deal was under review. Sabit Bagirov, a founding member of the Popular Front who negotiated the original agrcement, resigned as head of Azerbaijan's stateoilcompanySOCAR Aliev insalledhis own prot6g6 Resul Guliyev as deputy prime minister in charge of oil. The fear among

Aze6aijan's Western partrrers was that the new regime wanted to bring in new partters tothelucrativecontract. ThethreeCaspianoil fields contain pmven reserves of 4.4 billion barrels of oil and six rillion cubic feet of natural gas. All together, the country has provenreserves totalling seven billion banels. As the third largest former Soviet oil pro, ducer, Azerbaijan is a prize worth sruggling for. It would have been unthinkable for Moscow simply o allow such an asset to pass beyond its influencc. Bagirov acknowledged 0ris shortly afterhis resignation, saying things had become "exremely complicated." 'No oneknowswhat's going tohappen. Ifthenew govemment does not have qualified people to run the oil industry, I fear they may be obliged to ask Russia for help," he said. "Our

dependence on Russia may grow." Whether Aliev, who has recast himself as apragmatic nationalist since the collapse of the Soviet Union, will prove so willing to cut the Russians in remains o be seen . But both he and Huseinov have made reversing the losses in Karabakfi the keystone oftheir ef-

forts to overcome the political crisis in Azerbaijan. They can not do this without Moscow'shelp.

Until now, Armenia has been Russia's chief ally in the Caucasus and, though the govemmentmay deny it, many foreigndip lomats supportthe Azeri view thatMoscow has been assisting the Karabakh Armenians in their stunning spnng offensive. But with Elcibey out of the way, the temptation for the Russians now will be obolsterthenewregime by helping o create some impressive military

gains for Azerbaijan. The implied threat of Eansferring its weight behind the other side again would actas apowerfrrlencouragement o Baku o keep Moscow happy.

liev and Huseinov have fallen quickly into a good co/bad cop routine, with the rebel commander rushing troops to reinforce threatenedcities while the new president

foraceasefire. "As afirst step we need to stop ttre fighting and prevent further confrontation, and

presses

tackle the problem gradually," hetold Russian television. "How can the Karabakh problem be resolved atpresent ifthere is noceasefire and the CSCE mission is not implemented as

first step?" Armenia has long argued the need for an unconditional ceasefire without response from an Azeri regime punuing a military so, a

lution. Now suddenly, at the moment of mittary advantagg it finds itself subjectto appeals for resraint. The tcnsions are already apparent. Rumors of Defense Minister Vazgen Manukian's dismissal flew rampant during his one-month absence "on vacation" in

the depth of the crisis in Georgia. Turkey will conclude, conectly, that iB economic sueng&

will still make it necessary forAzerbaijan to maintaincloserelationsin the longterm.This willbeparticulady tnre if Baku maintains its pledge to build an oil pipeline o Turkey and the West via Iran and Nakhichevan. But Ankarais unlikely ever again to feel comfortable

putting alt its eggs in the Azeri basket. honically, this may finally open the door to relations with Yerevan, which would help Armenia escape its economic plight as well as balance Russian dominance.

Turkish and Russian concerns about lranian influence may even converge sufficiently to press Azerbaijan into routing the oil pipeline through Armenia, despite culrent objections. Russia in particular will not be keeno givethefundamenalistsinTehranany hold over Azerbaijan, partly outof its own fear

of Islamic insurrection across its southern borders with the Cenral Asian republics. All of whichbrings us back nearly to where we started five long and bloody yean ago. If the region is not !o be sucked into avortex of destruction the Karabakh question must be resolved equitably. Just as under Gorbachev, Russia is in the strongest position to effect a solution that

mightstick. Willitchoosetopressurethetwo sides into a negotiated settlement, underthe auspices of the CSCE, or to tip the miliary balance decisively in favor of one of the warring sides? If the latter, then in rpturn for

France. His opposition to the statpd peaceplan for Karabakh as put forward by the Conference on Security and Coopration in Europe was no secret. Aliev said he had spoken with Yerevan !o ask for a ceasefire but had been told by President Levon Ter Pehossian that Armenia had no control over the Armenians in Karabakh.

what?

There are two imponderables. First, if, even with Russian aid, Huseinov fails o dent ttrc achievements of the lGrabakh Armenians, will the fragile concensus in Azerbaijanhold? Failure would quickly tamish the new regime

andreopenthedivisionsinAzeri society. The has threatened so often in Azerbaijan since independence may then become fact leaving the fate of Karabakh to be decided solely by the gun. The highly organized Armenians would have little touble

A ceascfire may well be in Armenia's best

civil war which

interests now but thechances are that nobody can enforce one-which leaves both Armenia and Azerbaijan in the distinctly uncom-

of being beholden to Moscow's goodwill. If Russia decides to re-

fortable position

taking full advantage of the chaos. The secondunknownis Alievhimself. The consunmate politician, he has a proven nose for survival and the flexibility to produce diplomatic surprises. He and Ter PeEossian were able to reach agrâ&#x201A;Źements on reducing

dress thebalanceby squeezing Armenia, then

the recent successos of the Karabakh forces

could prove difEcult to hold. Azerbaijani enthusiasm for a halt to fte fighting is likely to wane as it presses for something with which to bargain. Unless Ter Peuossian and Aliev can overcome enrenched positions to reach a personal consensus for action, it looks like a rocky fall in the scramble for advantagebefore the onset of yet another terrible winter. It is obvious ttrat ttre Russian bear is actively reasserting its claims as powerbroker right across ttreCaucasus. Pressing hard fora settlement between Georgia and Abkhazia Russian Foreign Minister Andres Kozyev wamed that the "harshest" economic pressure would be applied to the side rejecting a Moscow-inspiredpeaceplan. Inthislight, ilishard to see how a settlement can be reached in Karabakh without the tacit approval of the

Iftemlin. The waningofTurkey's starin Baku is a particular setback for Ankara. Having

tensions along the Armenia-Nakhichevan border and may well be able to "think the unthinkable" overKarabakh. Oneideawhich may gain fresh currencey is the proposal to agree a linking of Armenia and Karabakh in return for access from Azerbaijan to Nakhichevan. The playing board changes, some of the players change, butthe clockcontinues to tick relentlessly. Azerbaijan thrpatens to implode, stubbornly resisted all Armenian offers of a working relationship, itnow finds itself outin the cold in the Caucasus, the gateway !o so many of its political and economic dreams. Even &luard Shevardnadze feltcompelled o cancel a planned visit this month because of

AIM, JI.]LY 1993

Georgiateeters on the edge of selfdcstruction, and Armenia faces the exhausting Fospect of anothercrippling winter. Theregion can not afford much more war-what started as a

high-stakes poker game could yet end in Russian Roulette.

AOUESTIONOF IDENTITY BySHIREEI{T. HUI|TER hepolitical crisis which had been brcwing in Azerbaijan sincelast winter finally culminated in the fall of the government of hesidentAbtrlfez Elcibey and the renrn of Haidar Aliev, the mostprominent figure of communist Azerbaijan and one-time member of the Politburo. The fall of the Elcibey govemment and the ascendancy of Aliev raises a number of questions about the causes of the recent

developments and ttre outlook for Azer-

baijan'sfunre. The reasons for the Azerbaijani

develop

lowing the recunent wave of Turkic migrations to the area beginning in the ninth century, culnually most of what is now the Republic of Azerbaijan remained part of the hanian world even after the Russian conquest of the region in 1828.

This historical baggage has given Aze6aijan a split vision, focusedbottr on Iran and Turkey, with the balance traditionally beingonthesideof han. Inaddition, thereare significant numbers of non-Turkic or linguistically Turkified peoples in Azerbaijan such as the Iranian-speaking Talysh, the Kurds, the lrzgis, as well as a number of smallerethnic groups. This particulumix ofculure.srequires that inordertokeepthecounEy's unity andcohe-

and penonal rivalries in effect crippled the Azerbaijani government, preventing it from acting decisively on the Karabakh issue, either by negotiation orby a more effective defensc. Theinepindein ttrehandlingof theeconomy andthe Ikrabakh issuein tumcostttreElcibey

government much of its popularity. Mounting Azeri casualties on the front were particularly daunting. The most damaging aspect of Elcibey's foreign policy was his excessive reliance on Tlrkey, his espousal of pan-Ti.rkistideas and his unnecessarily provocative attitude toward han, several times going so far as to call not

simply for the unification

of the two

Azerbaijans (Sovietandhanian), butalsofor the division oflran into five separate republics. Russia, plagued by problems wittr its own Turkic minorities, had cause to be especially concemedby Elcibey's excessive enthusiasm for pan-Tirkist ideas. As part of an overall strategy of rcasserting influence in its former empire, Russia had begun to systematically manipulate Aze6aijan's vulnerabilities, including the exploitation of its ethnic minorities, such as the

I*zgts.

Alttrough Aliev may be able to establish betterrapport with lran and Russia-the latterhas apparently already suspendedits sup

portof Lrzgi separatists-itis notvery likely that his new govemment will be able to cope with all these problems and perform better than Elcibey's.

However, Aliev will certainly face dif[rculties in reaching an understanding with Turkey and the Western countries which still

recognize Elcibey as the country's legal president.

Therearestill burcaucraticdivisionstobe overcome and power struggles to be won. Already, tensions have developed between

Aliev and EkhtibarMamedov of the National lndependence Party, who himself has presi-

lN ALLIANCE:

Hu.elnov lnd Allev ln Gyand-a, Hulelnov'r mlllirry hcadqurrterr.

ments can beeasily divided into twocategories: the inherently heterogeneous character

of the country---ethnically, linguistically, religiously and culturally-and the excessively ideological bent ofElcibey's government which

tied

to refashion the country ac-

cording to an idealized vision of what a Turkish sate should be; and the pursuance of a foreign policy which crcated deep anxieties among its neighbors, an4 most importantly, in Russia. Aze6aijan has a very long andcheckered hisory. In fact, hisorically, this region was

notknownbyitspresentname. Rather, itwas called Anan. The name Azerbaijan was affixed to it in 1918, when with ttre help of Ottoman Turkey, an independent Republic of Azerbaijan was established.

Although linguistically Turkified fol-

sion, each of the various dimensions of its culture be given an equal place. Yet the government of hesident Elcibey, with its panTurkist leanings, embarked on a systematic

T[rkcyization of Azerbaijan-ftrom language

opolitics. The decision to call the Azeri dialect

'Thrkish," for example, resulted in popular opposition and finally a compromise: the dialect was called "Azeri Turkish." This policy also led to the fragmentation of the country, as other ethnic groups, feeling threatened by excessive TurkocenEism, began to develop autonomist tendencies. So much so, that during recent upheavals, the military commander of the Talysh region declared an independent republic of TalyshMugan. During thelastyear, bureaucratic divisions

AIM, JI,]LY 1993

dential ambitions and would be more acceptable to Turkey and the West. It is also unclear whether Aliev will be able !o solve the Karabakh problem satisfactorily. If he does not manage to bring this conflict under control, his ability to tackle Azerbaijan's internal problems will be severely undermined. Without some improvement in the people's condition, in due course his credibility andpopularity will sufferand this may encourage his rivals to try to depose

him. Even with Aliev at the helm, Azerbaijan faces an uncertain future. The next three months will be crucial in determining whether Azerbaijan's leaders will be able to sabilize thecountry or whetherthe counry will plunge into a chronic state of instability, rhe full impact of which cannot yet be predicted.

Shlrecn

Huntu

lclamlc S?udlec Center

ol the lor Strategtc

Dltcctor

,nd tntemeilonat Studtes ln Washlngfion, D.C,

BT]SINTSSFORT]M On June 2, the Armenian Business Forum completed its third general as' sembly in Yerevan. Some 90 Diasporan and 100 Armenia businessmen and executives participated in the three'day confelence. Gagig Harutunian, Vice-Prcsident of the Republic of Annenia, welcomed the participants in his opning addras on May 29. Closing rcmarks $erc deliverrd by Prcsident Levon Ter Petrussian. Mr. Vahe Jazmadarian, president of the Armenian Business Forum, pru sented a yearly status report, while Mr. Souren M. SarLissien, Trcasurcr, gave a financial statement that spanned the history of the Forum. In response to the economic and political crises facing our young Repub lic and conseguently the urfavorable conditions that hhder the rr'ork of the Armenian Business Forum, participating nenbers prtsented a numberof suggestionsduring the secondday of the asembly. Membenalso exchanged opinions and criticized both the Fonrmand govcrnment, with a view to enhance the role of Armenian bwinessmen in the development and

3.The ExcutiveBoard haspmposed toacton behalf of the ArmenianGovernment in entering negotiations with major Eumpea.n or LS aircraft manufacturcrs to renovate the Annenian Airlines fleet in cooperation with the Republic's Gvil Aviation Authority and to rtstructurc the Airlines operatbu to meet Vestern industry standands

gno*thof theeonomy. Mr. Ashot Safarian, Minister of Agriculture, Mr. Annen Yeghiazarian' Minister of Economy, Mr. Ish[han Martirpsian, Deputy Minister of Agriculturr, and Mr. Annen Darbinian, Deputy Minister of Economy, pre sentod rcports on the state of the Armenian economy. A.fter a motion by the Executive Board of the Forum to rcview annual membership fees, members unanymously appmved the new fees as fol-

(d To help in the immediate creation of a govemment body to enforce strict internationd guality control standards on Armenian ex-

4. To modernize and restructure Armenia's customs services thmugh the

following

meariunes:

(a) To offer training in international customs practices, transportation and tourism to Armenian customs officials;

b) To accelerate construction of the Meghri bridge to tate trade ties w"ith lran;

facili'

portsi 5, To help improve Armenia's bnnking system, promote international trade and establish cconomic links between Annenia and the Diaspora by enouraging Vestern banks to establish branches in the Republic;

lows:

.$200

fon individual Diaspona businessmen o$ I ,000 for Diaspora companies

o$S0equivalent in rubles for businessmen in Armenia .$Ifi) equivalent in rubles for Arrnenia based ompanies The Executive Board passed the following rcsolutiorsduring itsconcluding

with the assistance of Armenian authorities, Diaspora entrcprcneurson the legal aspects of conducting business with the Republic 6. To educate,

with these projects, the Arme nian Business Forum may become the mo6t vital link between Diasporan and.Armenia businâ&#x201A;Źssmen and a foremost resourtc for their future suc' Based on its principles and in accondance

session:

l. To continue its work on a morv prufessional and solid footing; to voice oonoerns and propositions from members to Armenian authorities and help crcate favorable economic conditions;

Firmly committed to its vision of a gmwiry, prcspercus Armenian ooonomy, the Arrnenian Business Forum heleby appeals to all Diaspora businessmen to help it achieve its goal by investing experience, technical hoow-how and capital.

its efforts to rcnoyate the Yercvar airport and develop tourism (Ve are happy to announce thet aconding to the Ministry of Economy, enhancements will be completed by the relaa2. To assist the Armenian government

tion of the international airport to the Zvartnots airport oomplex);

Tte Executlve Board, Armeniin Buetre Forum June lO,

l00i

GMGEUND PRESSURE Rouben Shugarian Hones a Diplomatic Gourse

By TAL!ilE VOSKERITCI{IAN PHOTOS BY HARRY NALTCHAYAN

ouben Shugarian remembers February 20, I

988, vividly. It was the day he walked down

Irnin AvenueinYerevanandranintoa group of demonstrators. "Iwasreturning from my lecture at the Polytechnic Institute when I saw a large crowd gatheredin OperaSquare." he says. "I approached the 15 to 20 intellectuals that I knew and joined them." Almost exactly five years later, on February 12,1993, Shugarian was appointed ambassador to the US by Armenian President lrvon Ter Petrossian. On June I 1, he presented his diplomatic credentials to President Bill

Clinton. A soft-spoken man with an impressive command of English, Shugarian speaks wittr easeandopenness. At3Q he may beone ofthe youngest ambassadors in theWashington diplomatic corps, buthepoints outthat whatdistinguishes his generation of Armenians-public officials and citizens alike-is the ability to be "realistic without losing theromance." While he makes frequentreferences to the upheavals of the past five years and affirms the necessity of perseverance, diplomacy is another matter. "Spiritually, you can go up and down," he says, "but politically and diplomatically you must be stern, coherent and consistent. We always try to calculate our real possibilities, our capacities," he adds. "We always uy to do a littlebitmore than that." For Shugarian, such diplomatic coherence is critical in the present situation, when events in Armenia and Mountainous Karabakh are unfolding so rapidly. And while the ambassadoris in daily communication withTer Petrossian and the foreign ministry, keeping abreast of developments and interpreting them to the US administration can be a daunting task, especially when resources are limited. Reflecting on the events of the past few months-from Kelbajar to the current situation in Azerbaijan-Shugarian speaks calmly about the "rewards of consistency."

The factors which have contributed to the development of Shugarian' s diplomatic posture can be found in Armenia's long and complex process of creating postindependence political structures. From the beginning, Shugarian was actively involved in this process, first as press secretary of the Armenian National Movement, ttren as advisorto the Foreign Relations Committee of the Armenian Parliament" then as aide to the president on foreign affairs. Immediately prior to his ambassadorial appoinrnenthe was TerPetrossian' s press secretary. Shugarian has had a close political relationship with the president, for whom he expresses unabashed reverence. "PresidentTer Petrossian is realistic, but he never loses theromance; andhe neverallows us to loseit," he says. As he extols the president's "refusal to go to extemes," his "subtlety" and'tourage," it is tempting to interpret his accolades as expressions of unquestioning loyalty.

But in Shugarian's carefully crafted description of the president and his policies, Ter Petrossian appears more

mentorandintellectual guidethan an authority figif Shugarian inspires clarity, direction and flexibility, part of the explanation must surely rest in the relationship between the president and the ambassador. Recent developments in the Armenian Foreign Minisbry have also contributed to Shugarian's ambassadorial posture and style. Shugarian says that while the president has the ultimate responsibility for foreign policy, "in some areas of decision-making and implementation, things have evolved." In the beginning, he explains, when the mechanisms of foreign policy were being created, there was the need fora greatdeal ofshuttle diplomacy to establish Armenian representation in world capitals and international organizations. Now that the mechanism of foreign policy is in place, shuttle diplo. macy has taken aback seatto amore traditional, homebasedoperation. The emphasis has shifted to the day-today processes of policy making and execution. In ttris evolution, the recent appointments of Vahan Papazian as Foreign Minister and Gerard Libaridian and Arman as a

ure. And

AIM, JI.JLY 1993

Kirakosian as Deputy ForeignMinisters have resulted in a more collaborative mode of operation. Furthermore, individuals who were appointed, some time ago, to head departmenc in the ministry have acquired expertise and thus strengthened the ministry. "Our foreign minisury is startingtowork; itisreally ateam, and there is consistency in diplomacy and policy... Thereisnothingchaotic," Shugarian says. "Wedeal directlywithttreministry's US and Canada Department." Shugarian is also pleased wittr the smooth relationship theembassy enjoys with Armenia's UN Mission in

embassy in Washington is the site for devel-

oping multilateral relations with a host of countries where we cannot afford to have embassies."

In the area of multilateral

relations,

Shugarian has had meetings with theambassadors of Azerbaijan and China, among others. A meeting with the Turkish ambassador is being planned. There have been negotiations with theWorld Bank, speeches atpress clubs, academic conferences, research institutes and think tanks. Shugarian has hadextensivecontacts with individuals and organizations of the Armenian community in thecapial and on theWest

New York and Ambassador Alexander

Arzoumanian. The way in which Armenia has evolved politically-what the ambassador calls "our move from Opera Square to a post-independence routine"-has alsohad an impact on his diplomatic work. He believes that this evolutionhas shaped the way Armenia is generally

Coast. Heaffirmstheneed forbuilding steady bridges between Armenia and the Dlaspora and asserts that "the Diaspora needs a sfong Armenia no less than Armenianeeds ashong Diaspora." When speaking of homelandDiaspora relations, Shugarian's tone is inclusionary. Hequalifres his enthusiasm for

Yerevan State University. A man ofpoise and expressive economy, Shugarian believes that "a lot can be accomplished in the sphere of

culture, especially in bilateral relations." As Armenia becomes a more visible, active memberof the family of nations, the need for a body of diplomatic personnel to staff the embassies, missions and delegations becomes more urgent.

While Shugarian asserts that "we have a school of diplomacy in practical terms," he notes the necessity oftrained, qualified individuals to assumeavarietyofpossaroundthe

world. He takes issue witt those who reject entirely the Soviet school of diplomacy. While the majority of Soviet diplomats were ideological in their outlook and what they practiced was not diplomacy at all, he says, there were some "very skilled individuals" whose knowledge and expertise can be veryuseful. Furthermore, there is the tradition of the Russian diplomatic school which, according tothe ambassador, has always been very good. Presently, the embassy staff includes Kamig Nanagulian, a career diplomat and gradua6

of the Diplomatic Academy in Moscow, serving as Deputy Chief of Mission; and

DeputyChlel ol Mlsslon Nanagullan (left) conferrlng wlth the Ambassador. perceived by the US.

"Nobody here treats me like a CIS [Com-

monwealth of Independent Statesl ambassa-

dor, because Armenia is something else," says Shugarian. "We are a memberof the CIS, but

we neversuffered from the euphoria ofindependence which has afflicted the most conservative states where the communists were

inpower." The factthat in Armenia

non-communist government first took up the path of independence has been "very positive as far ai the integration of various political forces is concerned," he notes. Shugarian sees its benefits in a numberof arcas-particularly where US humanitarian aid and participation in the Karabakh peace negotiations is concerned. 'The US is very important for us not only because it influences every process in thL world," says Shugarian, "but also because our

the humanitarian, technical and intellectual role of the Diaspora with a cautionary note. "The Armenian Embassy in Washington is not another Diaspora organization," he says. "It is separate and represents the Armenian

govemment."

An Armenian diplomatic presence in Washington and elsewhere, though, is bound to have an impact on the Diaspora's perception of itself and of its relations with ttre homeland. More specifically, in cultural, educational and technical frelds, relations are

likelytobeless arbinary andmoresystâ&#x201A;Źmatic. Raised in a musical family and manied to concert pianist, Lilit Karapetian, Shugarian contemplated a career in music performance before deciding to enroll in the Institute of a

Foreign [,anguages, where he graduated with degrees in English andRussian Language and

Literature; he also studied philosophy at AIM, JULY

1993

Dikran Martirosian, an orientalist with some diplomatic training in Moscow and Vienna, as Second Secretary. Shugarian notes thathis present staff of six (which includes two Armenian-Americans) should eventually be expanded to at leasr l0 and include a first secretary, military, educational, and cultural attachâ&#x201A;Źs. He notes the financial constraints under which theembassy operates and says that visa fees have alleviated the financial burden by some 20 to 30 percent. He commends the work of the Friends of the Armenian Embassy-the Washingtonbased group has assumed financial support for the embassy's communication costs, which can be astronomical during times of crisis. Therc is also the problem of a permanent home for the embassy. It is presently housed in temporaryquarters. AbuildingonEmbassy Row is essential, says Shugarian. The ambassador speaks of his first few months in Washington with cautious optimism. "When I am asked questions about my age," says Shugarian, "t iite to begin witir 1988. I always answer that we all started in Februryy 1988 no matter how old we rcally were. So, we are all five years old, with each

yearcounting as five."

And while he admits that everybody started with some "pre-1988 luggage," he is acutely aware of the imperatives of the new

political situation. "While our experience before 1988 is very valuable," he says, "sometimes it does not prove adequate because you have to adjust to the new situation." Youthful as

may

appear,

Shugarian's diplomatic posture is sustained by flexibility, inclusion, and an alert openness

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OFAMLIANT Prciect SAVE Prcserues Histolyr One Picture at a Time

By KEVORK IHIRZIAN

his is the classic tale of an ordinary person who

went from period costumes to photographic riches. The story begrns nL975,in NewYork, ffid continues into present day Watertown, Massachusetts. At the heart of the story is Ruth Thomasian, the director Of a bUfgeOn- GsneralAndranlk

ing photo archive, whose

terest

in-

3"Jll?i":l*11fr, :il":""*T:,1X",i",

in cos- l,:?'il],:S#" to"

his- fr'dflf toric Armenia llffJlll",o launched the $ffiorarhn

tumes from

proj ect called "S alute Arme-

nians' Valiant Existencs"orProject SAVE, for short. Thomasian has made a valiant effort herself to collect and document photographs, RuthThomaslan some 13,000 of them to date, to preserve the fragmented heritage of adispersedpeopte. And, while saving thousands of these documents from possible oblivion, she has attempted nothing short of piecing togettrer ttre history of a nation--one picture at a time. Thomasian was perhaps destined to become involved in a project of this sort given her passion for history in which AIM, JI.]LY 1993

msT

AIM,JULY

1993

she holds a degree, and her keen interest

costume design, which she pursued after studying at New York's Fashion Institute. ThecatalystforThomasian's discovery of her future vocation turned out to be a l9th centuryplay stagedby achurch drama group. Thomasian, whowasbythenplyingherrade as costume designer in the city was asked to takechargeof tlrc costuming for 0replay. This is when, while studying old photographs to learn about the apparel of Armenians in turnof-the-century Tbilisi, she first realized the lackof anycollections dedicated to the preservation of these "treasures."

Plcturur ln thc Attlc Deciding to start a collection of her own, Thomasianbegan by sifting ttuough the old photographs in herparents' attic and, later, solicited members of her immediate family. 'I figured, if I couldn't do it with my own

familythenlcouldn'tdoitwithanyoneelse," says Thomasian, an affable woman with a quicksmile. The project got offto a slow start. It took her three years to collect about 100 photo. graphs. But, as her reputation took root in the community, more people began to loan or donate their old photographs to the hoject. Today, Thomasian anda group of volunteers process about 1,000 photographs a year. Copying and archiving photographs, ex-

plains Thomasian, can be both costly and time+onsuming. She says she makes a copy negative ofeach image and records any recollections or rclevant anecdotes offered to her by the donors to helpplaceeachphotograph in its propercontext. Coupled with thesenarratives, which she captures on cassette tape, each image then serves as a veritable fragment of Armenian

socialhistory. She also points out that no two images are alike even when they depict the same situation, say, as in a wedding portrait.

Besides serving as a repository of a nation's memory, the collection at Project SAVE has occasionally unearttred long-buried nuggets of family history. AtthePrroject's

first major exhibit in Boston in 1983, an old woman came in with her granddaughter and spotM a photograph of her son, the girl's father, which she had never seen before. Thomasian learned that the old woman had died nro weeks lateq but not before passing on to her granddaughter some valuable family lore evoked by the photograph. At an earlier exhibit in New York, one of the patrons was able to pick out her aunt and cousin in a pholo taken at a missionary school in Anatolia in 1896. She had known both her aunt and her cousin as middle-aged women in America but had seen no pictures of them as young girls.

ficading" Tcchnlqucr

addition

mounting exhibits,

Thomasian has conducted lectures in cities with large Armenian communities. The lectures

helptoillushatethetechniques sheuses

in "reading" a photograph, she says, as well as

encouragepeopletopreservetheserplics--

and their heritage. "People tend !o go away

[from lecnrres] wondering why they never thought of using photos that way before." Thomasian's awakening to her cultural heritagecame largelythroughherown initiative. Living in Belmont, Massachusetts, her father did not push "being Armenian" on any ofthe four children and was not openly enthusiastic about his daughter's newest endeavorwhen she announced herplans to start theProject.

"When we were growing up, our only connection to being Armenian was the food that my non-Armenian mother cooked on occasion," says Thomasian. "I guess my father finally realized on his sickbed, after the doctors hadpumpedhis heartbackto life, that I was doing something to save his heritage." Upon his death, her father, who had been an avid book collector, left his sizable library o

ProjectSAVE. Today those books line the walls of a library with high ceilings and elegant woodwork in a Victorian house tucked behind St. Stephen's Church in Watertown. The place has served as the headquarters of Project SAVE since 1985 but now appears to be on the vergeof bursting atthe seams. "Spaceis a serious issue," she remarks, gesturing at the

cluster of file cabinets taking up most of the

floor space. "Pretty soon we will be growing out of this place... if we haven't alrcady." The walls are adomed by blown up photographs that Thomasian has used in exhib-

dffi

its. Althoughmostoftheimagesrepresentthe

solelinktothepastforthosewholostrelatives during the 1915 Genocide of Armenians by

aaaaa

the Onoman Turkish govemment, ttre Prroject

does not exclusively focus on documenting

theGenocide. "My mission is to collect photographs whether they relate to the Genocide or not," explains Thomasian. "We'rejust as interested in the lifestyles of the generations that came after the Genocide as we are in the ones that

camebefore." Thomasian attributes the abundance of photographs from the pre-Genocide period to the fact that many of the photographers in the

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Ottoman Empire at the turn of the century were Armenians, since Muslims were not encouraged to take pictures. She says that most ofthe surviving photographs were sent to relatives in the US as mementos.

Thc lllgh Gort ol Pcrmlncncc Thomasian says sheis always lookingfor ways to ensure the survival of ttre Projecf "If money is not available to manage the archives, there would be no public access to them," sheexplains. "Ifpeoplecannot access

the photographs, then what's the point in

col-

lecting?" Thomasian and theProject's five-member board of directors plan soon to establish an endowment fund. "We need people who will sponsor small projects," she says, "and help in hiring much-needed staff." Thomasian also talks about herrole at the Project. "It's good for people to know that there's a human being connected to an organization. But I certainly want Project SAVE to survive beyond my lifetime," she says. "People often tell me it's too bad I didn't start25 years earlier, andl say it's agood thing I started when I did."

THE CHILDRBN STILLHAD THEIR DAILY BREAD... THANKS TO THE AMAA ORPHAN/CHILD CARE FUND

ATimc For Herocr In the quaint little world of photo archives, it is often the seemingly insignificant detail or the casual remark that leads the collector to some hidden treasure. Thomasian brings out the photograph of

General Andranik (Ozanian) taken with the memben ofthe Gorakian Family to illustrate the point. Having never before seen the general pictured in civilian clothes, Thomasian was intrigued by the photograph and decided

BREAI) 9 AI,.OF (DNIY FOOD RATION)

to checkfurther into its history.

The data sheet showed that the photograph, which was shared with Project SAVE by Grace Kalagian ofManchester, Connecticut, was passed on to her by the wife of her deceased uncle, Stepan Matigian of Albany, New York, who was related to the Gorakians.

While details of the life of national hero Andranik are relatively well documented, Thomasian had to establish the link between the general and the Gorakians. A bit ofhistorical research revealed that, after being forced to leave his country and settling in Fresno in 1922, General Andranik periodically visited the Armenian communities of the US and urged them to help the orphans and refugees left behind in Armenia. On these visits, the general would stay with friends, who would lavish upon him all the old-world hospitality they could muster. The information scribbled on the back of the photograph by Matigian led Thomasian to locate and interview Maritza Gorakian, the young girl standing next to her father (at the far right, page 27) and the only person in the 1924 photograph still living. Taken in front ofthe Gorakian residence in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Jirair (John) Gorakian (seated on the left), the patriarch of the family, came to the US from Arabkir in the late I Sfi)s and senled in the Boston area. With his son, Sarkis, he ran a successful business

Because of the earthquake and blockade, all of the schools and many hospitals in Armenia were closed last winter, due to the lack of heat, hot water and electricity. It takes two weeks' salary to pay for a gallon of gas. And food is so scarce it costs twice as much as it does in Moscow. If you're wondering what lies ahead, consider

this. According to UNICEF, 500,000 children under six are al serious risk of exposure, malnutrition and disease and it will get even worse next winter. Despite the blockade, lNVo of AMAA's goods have been delivered on UAF planes and have reached our needy children. Won't you help protect the future of Armenia? Armenian Missionary Association of America Orphan/Child Care Fund Yes, ,'r?il l'cl llke to ilo-""t"f support tuture generahons !- -"".-,

c"ft*; *"-'**,""

ot Arrnen I've enclosed a contribution of; (will support a child for a tullyear)

in hand-rolled cigarettes, oriental rugs and

Other -$100 -$240

antiques, and became a prominent merchant

in the city. The family's fortunes began to change following the successive deaths of Jirair and Sarkis.Maritza Gorakian Moore now lives in Arlington, Massachusetts, with her husband. A gas station occupies the site of the once-stately Gorakian mansion on Massachusetts

Avenue.

-$25

-$50

-Ciw/Srate/Zio Make tax deductible checks payable to AMAA Orphan Childcare I'und. 140 Foresr Avcnue, Puramus. N.J 07652.

L--i

AIM,JIJLY 1993

---J 29

A PURIST'S DELIGHT Solld Performances From Vosgerehian and Kuyumiian By ARA ARAKELIAil uise Vosgerchian, pianist and distinguished teacher at Harvard University for 32 years, has a new recording on Titanic Records. The compactdisc contains two of the most revered pieces in the classical music repertory for piano, Robert Schumann's Krers-

ish violinist Ulf Wallin and Armenian-Ausrian pianist Avo Kuyumjian. Born in Beirut, l,ebanon, Kuyumjian studied with Dieter

pianos and percussion was rated among the best by US record reviews. Cunently retired from Hanrard, Vosgerchian continues to lecture, perform and recordmusic, emphasizing

Weber at the Vienna Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts, andin l98l capturedthefust prize at the Sixth Intemational Beethoven Piano Competition in Vienna. He is the founder and music director of the Vienna Piano Quartet, and has performed in numerous countries and music festivals both as a soloist and with orchestras. Kuyumj ian' s upcoming engagements include the perfa,rmance of a Mozart concerto with the Lithuanian Chamber Orchesha in Germany and a recital at Suntory Hall in To-

the works of contemporary composers. Her nextrecording project, expected to bereleased in 194, is a CD devoted to the piano music of American composerKarel Husa.

kyo. Laterttris fall, Kuyumjian will appearin Boston's Jordan Hall with violinist Ani Kavafian and cellist Suren Bagratuni, in a tribute concert to honor composer Arno

For Schumann purists, there is another recording to be considered. Koctr/Schwann has just released an all-Schumann CD, featuring works for violin and piano with Swed-

Babajanian.

Award at Harvard University. Vosgerchian's previous recordings include l9thand20thcenturyworksbyBrahms, Schumann, Debussy, Ives and Bartok. Her earlier recording of the Bartok sonata for two

leriana and Franz Schubert's grand piano sonata in B-Flat, D. 960. Therecording, which also

includes thoughts and comparative analysis of the nro works and their composers by the pianist, has been hailed as lterrifi c" by Richard Dyer, chief '

music critic

The Boston

Globe. "lt is ptxe Schubert and pure Schumann..." Vosgerchian was the chair-

person of the Department of Music

Harvard University for

four years and has been the teacherof such rpnowned artists as

cellist Yo-Yo Ma and com-

poserJohn Adams. During her

tenure

at Harvard,

Leonard

Bernstein described her as the "spind'of the music departnent. A graduate of the New England Conservatory of Music and a sErdent of the legendary

Nadia Boulanger at the Conservatoire Nationale in Paris, Vosgerchian has received numerous awards for excellence in teaching.

1986, the Max Goldberg Foundation founded the Luise Vosgerchian Teaching

An Arakellan ls a wrlter on claeclcel muslc I n Wetettown, llasaach u setta.

VISITES GUIDEES EN ARMENIE ADDR ESS

VIA ARtlENl,A, ABOVIAN AIM, JULY 1993

I 4, HOTE L YE REVAN TEts

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The Ohanjanians also get some rigorous training from their father Edik, a veteran athlete who played with Iran's Tajj and fuarat Armenian Club teams in the 70s. The Ohanjanian brothers have not let athletic success get in the way ofeducation; they are both exemplary students at school. And they have been getting some valuable help from ttreir grandmother: she teaches them Armenian.

ANEWLEASEON LIFE ByJELLEVAARTJES Hayrabed Garibyan is a microsurgeon with a big reputation. His treatment of male infertility attheUniversityofAmsterdam's Medical Center(AMC) has madethehospital something ofa fountain ofyouth for thousands ofEuropeans. Alecturerattheuniversity'sUrologyDepartment,Garibyanpacks l5 yearsofresearchand experienceintohis reatment. He says thelackof spermatozoain men maybeduetohormonal causes or problems with the testis itself. With a third of all men, the cause is a blocked funicle, a nerve in the epididymis. In such cases, research has shown that sperm is produced but cannot exit because ofan

obstmction. Microsurgery is a

possibility only in such instances, and AMC is reportedly the only hospital in the

Netherlands offering the treatment. There can be several causes

blocked funicle. In most it is due to venereal diseases such as gonorrhea, tuberculosis, or simple infection of the epididymis. Garibyan says patients usually do not notice the infection at first. to

cases

"Disease germs enter the spermatic vessels via the ure-

MESENTS

Ihe Flst BFUnguol seoson of Armenlon Ploys

UNCTE BATIHAZAR (BAGHDASSARAGHPAR)

ByHogopBoronlon

ter," he explains. "There an infection may develop in several places in the epididymis and a blockage follows after sometime." Garibyan performs a kind of bypass operation in which he cuts the funicle behind the GOOD TIDINGS: To mlcrosurgeon Hayrabed Garlbyan, blockage but leaves the actual recelvlng blrth announcementslrom onca-lnfertlle men ls blockage, or the "sperm ca- the ultlmate return. nal," in place. Patients will resume producing spermatozoa in almost 80 percent of the cases. Thirty six percent of Garibyan's patients are able to impregnate after surgery. Patientsoften sendGaribyanbirthannouncementsafterasuccessfultreatmenqhesayssuch events help him grasp the significance of furtherresearch in microsurgery-he and other surgeons at AMC have pioneered new techniques that are published regularly in the Brirrslr

Joumal of Urology. Tronsloted by

PoulRopley

&AromozdSleponlon Runnlng ln July & September

Assbtonce Leogue Ployhouse 1368 N, St. Andrews Ploca Holb^,vood,CA For

lnfomoflon

& tlckets

But demand for the treatment is extremely high, and patients often live the ordeal of long waiting lists. Garibyan regrets the wait and says he has made several appeals to hospital administrators to help reverse the situation. Garibyan's nextchallengeis totreatsomeformsof impotencethroughmicrosurgery. "It's the wave of the future." he says. "Initially we thought that microsurgery could be developed only in l0 or 20 years, but progress has come much sooner. Just as well, because we want to go on healing these patients."

coll

-Translatd lrom

21319579618 34

AIM,JULY

1993

the Dutch by Adrlenne lancashlre

INDO-A EUR()PEAI\I srNCE

1966

HOWNOTTO SHARETHESPOILS

Domlnant Gultures and the Self-Determination Ghallenge PANDAEMONIUM : ETHNICITY IN

Daniel Patrick Moynihan's Pandaemonium: Ethnicity in Intemational Politics and

NTERNATI O NAL P O IJTI C S By Danie I P at ic k M oynihan Oxford Universiry Press, I 993, 22 I pp, I

Stephen Ryan's Ethnic Conflict in Intema-

tional Relations examine ethnic conflicts in

$t9.9s

the domestic and international realms in general, while Kumar Rupesinghe, Peter

ETHNIC CONFLICT IN INT ERNATI O NAL RE IAT I O N S BySteplwnRyan Dartmouth Publishing C ompany, I 990, 2Npp, $49.9s

King, and Olga Vorkunova's anthology entitld Ethnicity and Conflict in a Post-Communist World: The Soviet Union, Eastern Europe qnd China focuses on a sample of former Soviet republics, Eastern European countries andChina.

ilHNIC

TTY AND CON FLI CT IN APO ST-

Ofthethreeworls, Moynihan'sisthemost superficial. The title of the book, Pandaemonium, the capital of hell in Alexander Pope's Paradise lost,refTects his principal thesis that the quest for national self-determination is the primary source of the current turmoil, and we have Woodrow Wilson to thankforit, sinceitwasWilson who"tookus linto World War II in the name of self-deter-

COMMUNIST WORLD : THE SOVIET UNION, EASTERN EUROPEAND CHINA Kumar Rupesinghe, Peter King, and Olga Vorkunova, Editors St.

Martin's Press, 1992,276 pp, $69.95

ry3moN

PAYASLTAN

mination." What is patently missing in Moynihan's analysis is a serious, empirical

with the doctrine of selfdetermination is that it poses a serious threat to dominant nationalities who prefer to maintain the status quo. With the global rise of ethnohe main problem

discussion of historical, socio-economic, and

territorial factors. Ryan, whose work is the most comprehensive, reviews the various approaches to the ethnic question, ranging from the more accommodative pluralist models to variants of

nationalism, territorial consciousness andthe reawakening of deeply rooted cultural experiences, a government can no longer assume thatethnic groups within its jurisdiction will automatically accept its authority and the international system as the legitimateconstructs of collective aspirations.

aaatt i3rormrr

27S**.

LUBE & FILTER

I I

economic and physical security, they initially respond by refusing to recognize the presence of such minorities, then they attempt to as-

similate, contain, deport and ultimately eliminate them. Ryan refers to a statementby the Grand Vizier of Sultan Hamid, Kibrili

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intolerant, destructive options such as forced assimilation, forced expulsions, and finally genocide. Ryan correctly argues that the sources of ethnic conflicts include both domestic failures in governance as well as international constraints.

If elites of a given counnry perceive selfdetermination as a threat to their political,

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Kamil Pasha, who wrote in 1877, against the background of presumed Armenian support for a Russian invasion that "in Asia Minor... it is incumbent upon us as a state to wipe out any subjectrace which is suspect. Forourfuture security, we should exterminate therefore the Armenian nation so that no trace and memory is left of her."' "This," writes Ryan, "tumed out to be an honifi c prediction of whatthe attitudeof some

Soviet Union can predominantly be attributed to the

"crisis of nationality." The Soviet Union could no longer sustain the legitimacy of the Communist regime and had to grant self-determination to

the republics. Galina Soldatova contends that the crisis is also a "crisis of cred-

ibility," between the repubIics and the center. During the initial phases of the Karabakh war, Ryan notes, instead of dealing directly with the confl ict Moscow responded by simply accusingWestem radio stations of instigating civil war. Abdulaziz Kamilov, Ta-

lib Saidbaev and Tair F. Tairov complement Solda-

tova's thesis by focusing on the ethno-economic aspects

of the conflicts. Under the Moscow regime, they argue, economic development had been disproportional and resulted in massivepoverty in Central Asia. For example,

large sectors

of the

labor

force in cities were imported as technicians and were EYES ON THE PRIZE: Yerevaners demonstratlng

ror

granted certain privileges srsrrrve v''.v6wr

Llberatlon wisi'siinr.

rarauirrr inoepenoeirieln tsaa, left palestlne Orginiiitton ;iembe6;;rcrrini In ihe oicupba Turkish nationalists to theArmenians was to be in the Great

War."

Theauthors in theRupesinghe, King, and Vorkunova anthology agree that in general there were three types of nationality conflicts in the former Soviet Union: between the Center and the republics, between the republics, and wittrin individual countries. They

also agree that ethnic tensions derive

from I

to the natives. Misconceived and misman-

11lccessille

aged policies, mass unem-

ployment, lack of land and water resources,

suchsourcesascultureandthehistoryofre- landalackoftnrstinRussian/communistau-

lations among peoples. Although they do not discuss the historical dimensions in any great

I thorities, all contributed to hostilities toward I Moscow and their local cronies, to the revival detail, they, unlike Moynihan, exhibit a I oflslamicfundamentalism,andultimatelyto greaterappreciationforthebroaderhistorical, I tlreintensificationofsecessionistmovements.

political and socio-economic context. According to King, the collapse of the

I I

These issues were furthercomplicatedby

various territorial claims and counterclaimi

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r r

store

r r

throughout Central Asia.

Ustinova identifi

es threp

Obviously, then, the

1989, for ex-

ample, the Uzbek-Kirghiz clashes resulted in the Fergana Valley massacres of the Uzbeks by the Kirghiz.

factors--+qual ly

applicable to the other republics-which caused theLatvian demand forindependence:

demographic changes, industrialization and problems associated with such transformations, especially ecological degradation, and the rise of nationalist movements for the preservation of Latvian ethno-culture and historical identity. Soldatova's chapteron thepsychological components of inter-ethnic conflicts is a significant contribution to the literature, even though she does exaggerate their impact. "'National' meetings arecharacterizedby the mass psychology of crowds... Interaction between participants in mass actions is based on the mechanisms of emotional contamina-

tion, psychological suggestion and imitation-all of which determine the growth of inter-ethnic tensions," she writes. Yet, referring to the case of Armenia, shepoints out that "there were more than 60 meetings that sometimes gathered several hundred thousand participants; the situation was later exacerbated by the psychological consequences of the arrival of great numbers of unfortunate refugees from Azerbaijan and othen escaping the disastrous Armenian earthquake."

ofthe tensions were not simply psychological. Rather, governance was fraught with structural, bucauses

reaucratic-administrative deformities, and neither Moscow nor the local proMoscow communist leadership was adequately prepared to rectify them. The Rupesinghe, King and Vorkunova anthology includes a chapter on the

Azerbaij ani-Armenian conflict and a chapter on Karabakh. Viktor NadeinRaevski's chapter on Armenians in Azerbaijan

identifies three political forces operating in Azer-

TAKING ON THE STATUS OUO: (Clockwlse lrom top) A

South Alrlcan blacktownshlp resldent confronts a pollce, pact on Armenians in that man; Kurdlsh Workers Party guerrlllas durlng tralnlng at thelr base ln Lebanon's Bekaa Valley; a Bosnlan llghter country: 1) the far right retaklng tlme out ln Saralevo. groups like the Isligious is the largest political group. The official lamic Society,Toube, Vahdat, and Hezboliah; Azeri point of view, as embraced by these 2) the pro-Turkey group Dir Chalish, which groups as well as by Azeri scholars, is that advocated unifi cation with Turkey, the Gour Armenians are newcomers to the region, Tolush Society within the Musavat Party, while Azeris are the true natives. and the Independent Azerbaijan group, Nadein-Raevski states that "one of the which advocates unification with Iranian most important fields of historical research in Azerbaijan; and 3) the Popular Front, which Armenia is the absorption of Artsakh by Soviet Azerbaijan." Placing the culrent events in their proper historical perspective, he reminds the reader that prior to the October Revolution of 1917, Karabakt andZangeztt wereArmenian territories. Then, too, relations between Armenians and Azeris werestrained. During the early decades of this century, Azeris attacked civilian Armenians in Baku, killing 30,000 Armenians; in Shusha and elsewhere in the region they killed 32,000 Armenians. Also during thatperiod, the Azeri Musavat Party government, friendly to Ottoman Turkey, employed Turkish and British military baijan with devastating im-

KIE\/

forces to defeat "the national liberation

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movement of Karabakh Armenians." Events in the late 1980s, as in Sumgait, represented a continuation of Azeri policy toward Armenians in the region. In his chapteron Mountainous Karabakh,

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Uncommon Concern For The lndividual

AIM, JI.]LY 1993

former constantly refused to accommodate Armenians' demand for autonomy over Karabakh. Ryan maintains that what is required in conflict-ridden countries is an accommodative federal system "based on a recognition, not a rejection, of diversity... matched by changes in the political, territorial (where ap-

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of nationalist aspirations. To argue that Wilson and his concept should be held responsible for the sence

consequences is utter nonsense and as such it permits no workable reso-

lution.

Ifno one had everused the term

called it "independence." Regardless of the label, it is the same: the

quest for national freedom from foreign domination. Therein lies the most viable solution. Peter King and Anatoly Yamskov offer a more realistic and palat-

able solution. With a shade of Lockean-Jeffersonianism, they

provide the necessary institutional mechanisms. After all, both the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia were supposed to have been federal systems. Ryan also argues that the UN should have a greater role in peace-keeping and peacebuilding, including altemative dispute-resolution techniques and the creation of active international minority-protection regi mes. Moynihan's conclusion is that not much

position, however, is derived from an undue emphasis on Wilson and the can be done. His

f**_l l-** I

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"self-determination," other substitutes would have been found. The American revolutionaries called it "liberty;" Armenian revolutionaries

propriate), oreconomic andcultural spheres." Yet, it is clear that federal structures cannot

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concept of self-determination. That the concept enjoys massive appeal among nationalists around the world can hardly be denied. Nor can one deny the fact that it captures the es-

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conclude that when a govemment loses legitimacy it "should unambiguously concede a practical right to secession" and that we should recognize

"the right of every tenitorial population group... to self-government and self-deter-

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The solution, then, is notto blameWilson, butratherto understand apeople's culture and traditions, historical experiences, and the quest forterritorial and national fieedom and

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AIM,JULY

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THEMOM.AN TEXTAND PHOTOS

By ARA OSHAGAII ye Mart, Iocated on Hollywood Boulevard near Wilton, is not your typical market. It is elongated and narrow, like an alley, and littered with every food-related item you can from nearly every comer of the world: rice and imagine, coffee from India, teapots from Taiwan, garbanzo beans from lrbanon, fruit preserves from Armenia. And they are everywhere: on the walls, on the floors, on top of each other on the innumerable, overflowing shelves. Sweet and bitter scents of jams, spices and coffee dominate the air. Unshaven Armenian men, young and old, wander in to buy cigarettes; women with flowing house skirts and slippers, their restless children hanging on their arms, come to do their shopping; grannies walk slowly and examine every item. They all mingle and squeeze past each other in the narow aisles of the market. Even though you areintheheartofHollywood, you won't hear much English here. At the back, long, sinewy links of sausage, s uj uWt and basturma, hang above a glass counter containing a medley of cheeses and olives. A swarthy man gives and takes orders. At the front is the cash register and behind it is an older man with disheveled hair, announcing loudly the priceofeach itemherings u1F-'bne, two, 20cents... $6.25 total,varbed... This came yesterday, it's very good,75 cents, varbed."

Behind him, on the wall, hang worry beads, srings of tiny blue evil eyes, Middle Eastem coffee pots and backgammon boards. He is the owner of Hye Mart. A woman asks the price of a rug cleaning rod. "Six ninety-nine" is the answer. She is aghast. "Why so much? $6!" she retorts. With a flourish, he gives it to her for $6.50. He emigrated from Soviet Armenia in 1978 and, after two years of travel, opened Hye Mart. He is a man of pith and notinterested in talking abouthis business much: "We came from Armenia. We opened a store. We are working. That's it." Like most Armenian market owners, he has brought his experience and capital from elsewhere. 40

).POPSHOPS He ownedthree markets in Armenia. Hye Mart is one of the dozens of Armenian-owned Middle Eastern markets that dot the landscape of East

Hollywood, orwhatis knownlocally asLittleArmeniaa four-square-mile chunk of crowded, noisy Los Angeles, teeming withdrugs, prostitution, sex shops and gangs. Over the past 20 years or so, Armenians from all over the world, following their families and friends, have congregated to Little Armenia. They share it wittr an amorphous mix of ethnic groups: Hondurans, El Salvadorans, Nicaraguans, Guatemalans andMexicans fromthe south, and Koreans, Thais, Chinese and Filipino from the Far East.

A WAY OF LIFE: lnslde Hollywood's Armenlan lood Etores, the pleasurea ol unhurrled lamlllarlty are as lmportant as the grocery llst.

The first wave of Armenian immigrants came from war-torn Lebanon, Syria and Iraq in the 70s and early 8Os-most with barely a shirt on their backs, but some with substantial amounts ofcapital and business acumen. Then Armenians from Armenia settled in the areain two major waves of immigration: one in the late 70s to early 80s and the other starting in 1987 and ending sometime in 1991. They came as refugees from a crippled Soviet system with little besides a desire for a better life. It is estimated that somewhere betvreen 40 to 80,000 Armenians live in East Hollywood today. Most of the markets in East Hollywood are holes-inthe-wall with regular customers ; a few are large sprawling supermarkets carrying an almost infinite variety of foods-from American to Middle Eastern, Eastern European to Russian and Indian. They can be found along all maj or streets of East

and Santa

Hollywood-Sunset, Hollywood

Monica-as well as on many of the minor

ones.

Most of them were established in the 70s and 80s by Middle Eastern immigrants. They cateredto the unique tastes and fancies of the Armenians from I-ebanon, Syria and Iraq, as well as to Arabs and Iranians, providing numerous types of feta cheese, lebne,exotic spices and/avashbread,justto name a few. Withthe slow influx of Armenians from Armenia, the community grew not only in size but also in wealthiemand increased and the number of markets mushroomed. Foods, like cornelian cherries, eggplant "caviar," madnakash the early

(a bread unique to

Armenia) and

variety

ness out and established the

highly success-

Russian and Baltic delicacies, became

ful Indo-European food distributing com-

prevalent on market shelves. As the Lebanese- and Syrian-Armenians pulled themselves up the economic ladder, they slowly moved out of the area, heading to safer and more sanitized areas like Glendale, Pasadena and the San Femando Valley. East Hollywood slowly became the sole dominion

pany.

of Armenians from Armenia. Local businesses also changed hands.

Today, some of the larger markets that stock Armenian and Middle Eastern foods, like Ron's and Jon's, are owned by Armenians from Armenia and so are some of the smaller ones. These stores were either bought from Armenians leaving the area or are start-up businesses built with a lot of plain, hard work. If Armenians from l,ebanon and Syria made up 80 percent ofthe business owners in East Hollywood in the 80s, now that number has decreased to something closer to 40 percent. Sunset Grocery and Fresh Meats, for instance, is run by an Armenian from Armenia, Andy Alajajian, who bought the store in 199 I from a [.ebanese-Armenian. A block further down on Sunset is Zeytun Grocery and Deli, ownedby the Shishikyanbrothers, who emigrated from Armenia in 1989. After working odd jobs for two years, they pooled their resources and set up shop here a year and a half ago. Today, over 50 Armenian-owned markets operate in East Hollywood. But 20 years ago it was a different story. Established in 1966 and located near Vermont on SantaMonica Boulevard, Bezjian's

Grocery is the oldest Armenian market in Hollywood. It was started as a family business by Hagop and Alice Bezjian, who left Beirut that year, They brought with them many years

of experience in the Middle Eastern food business and enough capital to startover. The Bezjian Grocery store sold retail goods tothe public, wholesale to markes, had a bakery and

didvery well. In the early years the Bezjians had practically no competition and catered to a growing Armenian community. They did brisk business and, up to 1975, expanded the store several times. "Our only competitor was Arakelian, who has since gone out ofbusiness," says Jack Bezjian, now the owner of Bezjian's Grocery. A steady flow of loyal customers, from all over Los AngelesAmericans, Armenians, Arabs, Persians, Indians and anyone looking for Middle Eastern food-came to buy from Bezjian back then. "They still do," Bezjian is quick to add. "We were and still are the only complete

Middle Eastern food store; we carry a complete line-Armenian, Arabic. Indian and other types

offood."

n 1980, their parents retired and the Bezjian brothers split the business: Jack took over the grocery store and bakery while Albert moved the wholesale busi-

Beginning in the 80s, with the demographic changes of the East Hollywood Armenian community, the customer base changed, the number of markets multiplied and the noose of competition tightened on Bezjian's Grocery. Bezjian doesn't seem too concemed that his business has slowed considerably while two blocks down Armenian markets sell goods at rock-bottom prices and are always busy. He frowns at the depths other markets are willing to stoop to make a few pennies. Some markets will send people out to check on the prices of their competitors and then decrease their prices by a few cents. Their competitors, in turn, will do the same. The result is an ever-escalating spiral of pricecutting that forces many markets out of business. Andthereseemstobenorespitein sight. "It is very easy to sell cheaper," says Bezjian. "But that is no solution. You can neverbe thecheapest. Youdon't getanywhere

read newspapers, comment on national and

international issues and discuss the latest happenings on the block. They could answer questions about the store as well as Bedo

himself. TheTavlian story

thequintessential pull-

yourself-up-from-your-boot-straps

to open up the cunent store in 1977. At first, like Bezjian's, business boomed forTavlian. "We had many customers then-

Armenians, Arabs, Iranians from the West

that way."

Ifit wasn't for "Jack's" breads, Bezjian's Grocery would probably not have the notoriety it has today. "For 25 years, I have been working on producing sourdough bread," Bezjian says. "Finally, I am succeeding." He points to a recent article in the Automobile Association of America newsletter about his bakery. He has also been featured on Channel l 3's "Bestof LA" and in numerous newspaper and magazine articles. "I think I am on the right track," Bezjian says. Bezjian offers chunks of his sourdough, olive and fig breads to customers, most of whom he knows by name. He avidly reads magazines and books about bread-making and talks about breaking into the American bread market. Meanwhile, his store, which has a relatively small but loyal customer base, is still open-worlds away, it seems-from the hustle and bustle of the Middle Eastern gro-

cery business.

The story is not too different down the street at Tavlian's grocery, also one of the older ones in the area. "In the 70s there were only four or five Armenian markets in the area," says Boghos "Bedo" Tavlian. "Now there are over 50 and the competition is fierce." But you would be hard-pressed to fi nd any bitterness in his voice. He treats all his customers to his smiles and endearing hospitality. He has also learned to speak some Spanish for the sake ofhis Chicano regulars. A semi-drunk man will stagger in and Bedo will know exactly what to give him: a pack of cigarettes. He will give a young Armenian girl an extra stick of liquorice on the house. He once had two employees, but they have been replaced by friends-they spend more

time in his store than an employee would anyhow. They sit or stand around the counter,

AIM. JULY

tale.

Bedo's father, theownerofthe store, hadbeen in the grocery business for over 40 years in Bourj Hammoud, the predominantly Armenianquarterin Beirut. In I 97 l, they emigrated to Los Angeles, but were unable to bring their capital with them. For six years, Bedo's father worked as a McDonald's maintenance man andBedo himself worked ataRalph's supermarket, until they were able to save enough

THE RESILIENCE OF ICONS: The Mlddle Eastern marketplace ls generouely repllcated ln Tlnseltown. For many, vlsltlng these stores ls a trlp

down memory lan*replete wlth splces and drgll6s, broomstlcks and backgammon boards.

side--coming from all overto buy from us," saysBedo, In 198 l, they toredown awall and expanded into the store next door. Beginning in the early 80s, competition increased and business slowed. But a respite camewhen, in 1986, Bedo eamed a liquor licence after a two-year court battle. "lt was

expensive," he explains, "but worth it." His is the only market on Santa Monica with a liquorlicense, and that is essentially what keeps him one step ahead of the competition. "In the past, people just came in and bought their groceries," says Bedo. "Now they say, 'why are you selling this for 25 cents

when next door they're selling it for 23?"' Like Jack Bezjian, he doesn' t see the point in cut-throat competition and unending pricecutting. "They make five percent profit on their goods," says Bedo. "I don't know how they keep in business."

The fortunes of the Middle Eastem markets have been kinder to Gabriel Taslakian, the owner of Taslakian Pastry and Grocery. Not far from Bezjian and Tavlian, Gabriel Taslakian set up shop in 1977 with one employee. He had emigrated from Beirut in I 976, armed with many years' experience in the pastry business. His store on Santa Monica only sold pastries at first, then in 198 1, catching the wave of the great Middle Eastem food boom, it expanded to become a full grocery store.

During the 80s, Taslakian had anywhere from five to seven employees, and business, as with nearly all other markets, was brisk.

wholesale prices and kept pace. Now, Taslakian's market is more crowded than ever and his employee base has risen to l8 people. "Kozanian created competition," Taslakian says, "and it improvedourbusiness. I am proud to say this." But competing with Kozanian means driving prices way downso far down that the profit from each sale amounts to a few pennies. It is called "penny business." "We offer the best prices," says Taslakian. "We are doing penny business, we are satis-

fied." But Taslakian concedes that it is nearly impossible to survive on penny business. From the sale of his famous cakes and past-

When, two doors down, the Kozanian market opened in 1988 with rock-bottom wholesale

ries he keeps the rest of his business running.

prices, competition suddenly tumed fierce, but Taslakian was ready for the challenge. Starting in 1991, he also offered goods at

In the past five years, the harbingers of good and bad news on Santa Monica Boulevard have been the Kozanian brothers.

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Claiming to have coined the wordbahest (warehouse)tomeanrock-bottomwholesale prices, the Kozanian brothers burst on the East

Hollywoodscenein March 1988. Nothinghas been the same since.

The Kozanian marketbuzzes with people nearly every day of the week and at all times of the day. Inside, bottled water, canned goods, large canisters ofoils and an assortment of goods are stocked high-in warehouse fashion-most with Armenian labels on roughly cut pieces ofcardboard. Labels written in English are invariably misspelled. The place is a cross between a market and a warehouse. Almost all thecustomers here are Armenian, and people leave with large jugs of olive oil or boxes of goods. "We don' t have that much variety, reatly," says Ando Kozanian. "No meat, no beer, no wine. We sell the basic needs of the Armenian family." And he sells them extremely cheap, just a few cents above wholesale prices. He has single-handedly undercut much of the business ofthe other markets in the area. Kozanian buys goods in large quantities, from all over the world-rice from India, jam

from Lebanon, water form Germany, just to name a few-and sells them fast. "A regular market's turn-overrate is about two months," Kozanian explains. "Ours is about one week." Even though he makes only a few cents on every item, he has large enough quantities to make a sizeable profit. "A fast nickel is better than a slow dime," he says. To accusations thathe is aprice-cutterand

is charging full-steam up a dead-end alley, Kozanian will give you a gentle smile. "What better way to help your community than to make life more affordable forthem, especially in these hard times?" he muses. "If your average family can save 10-20 percent a week on food, what more can a market owner do?" The Kozanian brothers also own a food distributing company, Kozy Foods, which has allowed them to eliminate the middle man and bringgoods straight from the manufacturerto the

public. The Kozanians' rise to success has been

meteoric. Two years after opening the

Holly-

wood market, they opened another one in Glendale in 1990. A year later, they opened a market/warehouse in North Hollywood. It is now the center of the nearly 40 employeestrong Kozanian retail and wholesale operation.

market in 1988 for their father. "But it went so well that my brother and I decided to get into it," Ando Kozanian remembers. They wentwholesale ayearlater. Now, amerefive years later, Kozanian is a household word in the Armenian community. "We are always thinking of the Armenian family," Kozanian says, showing the emblem

of Hiyenk,

humanitarian organization he

founded this year. Hiyenk asks manufacturers and distributors to donate one cent ofeveryitemtheyselltoafundthatwill helpneedy Armenian families and eventually establish a free Armenian school in the Los Angeles area. Ifsellers agree, a Hiyenk stickeris placed on their product. "I am happy to say that the manufacturers we have approached so far have all agreed," Kozanian says. He shows the sticker on a packet of lavashbread he sells and ajar of grape leaves from Fresno.

In June, Hiyenk distributed free food to 100 needy Armenian families in North Hollywood. Kozanian plans to do the same for

Hollywood-area families this month. Kozanian says he will eventually sign on all Armenian manufacturers and distributors.

He also wants to send food to Armenia through Hiyenk. The old methods of raising money by asking for large donations is outmoded, he says.

'Thenewapproachistoraisemoneythrough every day business." Hiyenk is still a fledglingorganization and not many in the Middle Eastern food business community know about

It is all run out of offices above the towering boxes ofcanned foods, bottled water, tubs ofGreekolives and huge bagsoflndian ricewhere the sound of forklifts and trucks rarely ceases. From here, the Hollywood and Glendale markets are kept in good supply. In Armenia, Ando Kozanian was a young man who did metal craftwork. In 1980, the family left Armenia for a small cramped apartment in East Hollywood. Ando worked for an insurance agency. Hi s brother Ara went to school. They initially started the retail Kozanian

AIM, JULY I993

it. But Kozanian believes that if

enough

manufacturers sign on, itmayprovide

steady

and substantial source of funds for needy families. Recently, Kozanian was in Armenia "to encourage food production there." He sees a

lot of potential in goods manufactured in Armenia and wants to establish ties that will allow him and others to bring products out to the international market. Even in Armenia's present disastrous economic situation, Kozanian will tell you "there are ways to get goods produced and shipped out," He hopes

Indo-European

massive warehouse, taking up a good section ofa street block in Glendale.

Underneath very high ceilings, huge crates of

foods are stacked and stored in wide cavernous aisles. Forklifts and crate-

moving dollies work nonstop. People work inside

huge refrigerators with gloved hands and overcoats. Indo-European is the closest an ArmenianAmerican has come to

BIG BUSINESS: For those markets that can satlsty an lncreaslngly sophlstlcated speclalty food consumer and survlve "penny buslness" being a mega-distributor. competltlon, the rewards are conslderable. Some dlstrlbulors have gone Bezjian sold and dison to earn contracts wllh major local supermarkets. tributed foods to small

to have some foods from Armenia-rose

year--different types of jams and other

mughamarat jams and spices----on his shelves within twomonths. "Themineral wateris not good because they can't cap it very well yet," he says. "Give it time." Heplans on traveling to Armenia again to oversee his operation. "Armenia has very high quality foods," he says. "You just need someone to bring it out." Albert Bezjian, owner of Indo-European Foods, may be that someone. He has been

products. "Some people we knew suggested we take a look at some of the foods that were manufactured in Armenia," says Bezjian. "We discovered that the quality is good, so we started doing business." Food imported into the US must meet a high standard ofcleanliness and quality and its labels must also meet certain strict re-

quirements. For the foods from Armenia, Bezjian must print the labels here and send

importing foods from Armenia for over

them out.

AIM, JULY I993

Middle Eastern markets through Bezjian's Grocery until he split to open Indo-European Foods in I 980. He setup shop on Westem Avenue in Hollywood. For

years, he tried to sell his foods to large American markets.

"At first, it was not easy," he says. Then, in 1988, hegothis break: he struckadealwith a major Arnerican supermarket. Now he iras contracts with a number of major supermarket chains: Ralph's, Von's, Lucky, Hughes, Smith and Albertson's. By 1 989, Indo-European Foods had grown

so much that Bezjian moved to a larger place and a few years later

fuabs or Greeks, you will find

our products," says

tothe present massive warehouse. He started out with six employees; now he has 27. It is difficult to find a Middle Eastem market or a major American supermarket in Los Angeles that does not carry the Indo-Eu-

Raffi

Kradjian. "But we need to develop our presence in other markets."

ropean label. Armenian markets make up about 40 percent of his

Therecession has somewhat hurt Kradjian' s business, but, he says, ''new growth, in Califomia andother states, has coveredit." "The immigration of Armenians from Lebanon, Armenia

business. To keep ahead of thecompetition, Bezjian does the marketing

and Iran has decreased," he adds, "and so the growth ofour business will suffer. Sooner or later

for Indo-European himself-he travels widely and visits trade

our markets will be saturated, and we will be forced to go to

shows. He also has six salesmen

working out

of his office

in SIDEWALK CHICI Armenlan markets have become more and more cosmopolltan.

Glendale---constantly tuming

over stones in search ofnew business.

Not far from the Indo-European warehouseis the Kradjian Importing Company, the other Armenian mega-distributor. For 45 years, Raffr Kradjian's father. Baruir, hasbeen

in the food business-at first in Beirut, as a grocery store owner, then as a distributor hauling goods in his trucks in and out oftheir Bourj Hammoud office and warehouse to all parts ofLebanon. In 1978, Raffi Kradjian, now vice-presi-

dent of Kradjian Importing and his brother, Viken, left Beirut. Theirfatherfollowed soon,

having liquidated most of the family assets. Two years later, they establishedthe Kradjian Importing Company, dealing only with goods from Lebanon. Later they "developed" their markets to Greece, Cyprus, Spain and elsewhere and increased their variety. From the small garage-size warehouse of 1980, they moved in 1983 to a larger place and in 1986 they moved again to a huge warehouse in Glendale. They started out with two employees. They now have 25, "Wherever there are Armenians. Iranians.

other outlets-American, Ital-

ian-to survive." Armenian market owners

and distributors would undoubtedly be wise to heed Kradjian's words. Armenian immigration to Los Angeles has slowed considerably in the last couple of years and is not likely to pick up any time soon. This might put a cap on the growth ofthe Middle Eastem

food industry.

Those outfits that can diversify-into breads or pastries or expand into new markets-willcontinueto grow andprosper. The rest will either cater to a small but loyal customer base or get ovemrn by larger and better stocked operations,

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