Environmental sampling and monitoring Marek Ĺ Ăr 2018
University of Chemistry and Technology Prague
Department of Gaseous and Solid Fuels and Air Protection
Department of Water
Department of
Technology and
Petroleum Technology
Environmental Engineering
and Alternative Fuels
Faculty of Environmental Technology
Department of Environmental Chemistry
Department of Power Engineering
Environmental sampling Sampling of: •Sediments •Soils •Sand •Water •Biotic samples (fishes, moluscs, crabs, eggs) Focus on the following contaminants: •Heavy metals (As, Hg, Zn, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb) •Organic contaminants (PAHs, petroleum products, PCBs, BFRs, pesticides, dioxines)
Sampling plan •Mixed samples formed by several partial samples are taken in various places of the given locality •Sediments are taken by a core sampler into polyethylene containers (V = 500 ml) •Soils are taken by means of a shovel into into polyethylene bags. •Samples are stored in a cold and dark before analysis.
Sampling of playgrounds Exposure path = dermal contact, inhalation of dust, soil ingestion Based on exposition factor for children established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Analytical procedure Dry matter - gravimetric method Heavy metals - after mineralization procedure by atomic emission spectrometre 4200 MP AES (Agilent Technologies) Mercury - directly in solid samples by AMA254 analysator (Altec) Persistent organic pollutants – after extraction procedure by gas chromatograph Master GC DANI
Target heavy metals - toxicity Arsenic
Mercury
Cadmium
•Central nervous system •Skin •Hair
•Brain •Liver •Kidney •Immune system
•Kidneys •Liver •Testicles
Nickel
Chromium
Lead
•Lung •Heart •Immune system •Skin
•Lungs •Liver •Kidneys •Skin
•Long bones •Brain •Liver •Kidney •Placenta
Pollution assessment at the site Comparison with RSL (Regional Screening Levels) (mg/kg) - levels were derived using exposure parameters and factors representing the maximum justifiable chronic exposure based on direct contact with target compounds. Regional screening levels were derived by the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) Comparison with local limits and specific limits (Limits for sand on playgorunds) Comparison (average) contaminant concentration at the site and in background samples – both local and worldwide Comparison of upstream and downstream sediments Local hotspot detection - from a point sources of contamination
Health risk assesment Risk exposure to substances with non-carcinogenic effect – average received and absorbed dose with acceptable toxicological intake of the substance is compared. HQ (Hazard Quotient) - represents the risk level
HQ
E RfD
Risk exposure to substances with carcinogenic effect uses parameters - lifetime average daily dose and specific factor (slope factor) are multiplied ELCR (Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk) - indicator corresponding to the probability of developing cancer with lifetime exposure
ELCR LADD SF
Risk-Integrated Software for Cleanups (RISC) was used to assess human health risks in contaminated areas - it can integrate up to fourteen possible exposure pathways,
Health risk assesment
Example - Human health risks associated with pollutants (Loei) Contaminant / recipient
Sample
Concentrati on in soil (mg / kg)
Parameter
Exposition pathway
Ingestion of soil and dust
Dermal contact of soil and dust
Ingestion of crops -vegetable
Total
As / child
LOE 10
162.17
ELCR
4.4E-05
2.6E-06
8.3E-05
1.3E-04
As / adult
LOE 10
162.17
ELCR
1.9E-06
6.0E-07
5.5E-05
5.8E-05
As / child
LOE 10
162.17
HQ
1.2
6.8E-02
2.1
3.3
As / adult
LOE 10
162.17
HQ
3.4E-02
1.0E-02
9.6E-01
1.0
Cd / child
LOE 10
39.25
HQ
1.7E-01
2.5E-04
4.3
4.5
Cd / adult
LOE 10
39.25
HQ
5.1E-03
5.1E-05
1.8
1.8
ELCR >10E-0.4: the risk is unacceptable and serious measures must be immediately taken HQ >1:
potential adverse health effects exist. More research must be done in order to determine any toxic threats
Example – pollution of Balkhash city
Example - Map Ta Phut
Upstream sediments
Downstream sediments
As (4.15) Hg (0.01) Zn (5.77) Cd (0.965) Cu (1,44) Ni (0.1) Cr (1,96)
As (12.09) Hg (0.49) Zn (339.20) Cd (1.27) Cu (15.66) Ni (11.50 Cr (21,32)
Thanks for your attention