VAASILUVUN ARRON EL-AMMAR
M.I.T (Maafushi International Airport Terminal)
Redevelop & Reclaim
To implement a new passenger terminal it is essential to create and implement a strategy of island reclamation. By developing a series of new atolls that would create a boundary around existing atolls and lagoon the existing conditions, the new terminal will exist on the new atolls to help increase mass tourism.
Maafushi island, the lowest lying island in the Maldives. Makes it the idea spot for the new terminal development. Already home to many residents and tourist attractions, there already exists a sufficient infrastructure that would aid in the redevelopment and reclamation of the island and those around it.
The shift from climate threat to mass tourism as a strategy for the Maldives takes a new look on the country’s plan for redevelopment. With the integration of a new terminal, this will not only aid in the increase in mass tourism but will become the catalyst for climate change in the country.
Redeveloping the narrative “The new government plans to relocate residents to larger atolls – leaving small islands ripe for development.” (Vidal, 2017). The new passenger terminal will increase people flows and business to the country. As population and tourism booms, the scope to expand the terminal over time allows relatively easy expansion, with the option to build at the same time as the current terminal is in use. It is key to understand that the linear arrangement of the terminal allows clear passenger flows and clashes in the main civic space. The terminal brings a new building typology to the Maldives, one that will allow the culture, economy and heritage of the Maldives to survive much longer than previously predicted, whilst enhancing the country, environmentally and ecologically.
Runway
View 3 View 2
Biorock © Atoll
View 1
Pier • Designed to act as viewing platforms, viewing the Maldives from different heights. • Gives opportunity to integrate other activities such as fishing and diving.
Passenger Terminal Sea plane transfer
Market/ Culture
Civic
Processing
Gates
Passenger Terminal • Linear/ Clear movement through the terminal. • Clear passenger flows/ just in time calling (15 mins before departure).
Boat Transfer
Wind
Runway • Orientated to utilise the wind and planes fly into the wind to increase stability.
Preserving Eco Systems Solar
Turbines
Grey Water Recycling M.I.T
Food Waste
Food Source
Wave Energy
Site Protection
Anaerobic Digestion
Biorock Island
BioFuel
Coral Reef Regeneration
Fishing
Increased Fishing Exports
Increased Biodiversity
ÂŁ for the Maldives
The terminal is designed to be zero carbon or even carbon neutral at specific times of the year. The proposal utilises abundant resources in the Maldives, in both construction and in-use. All services are off the national grid, only over supply of energy will be fed back into the main grid. Increased biodiversity and agriculture will allow for bigger revenues and coral reef regeneration creating a self sufficient building to allow reduced dependency on the main grid.
Night
Preserve & Link Under-water grown cage unit
2018 Stage 1 Steel mesh cage linked to electrical current source. Wind turbines to be sustainable.
1 Environment
2 Steel Cage
3 Electrical Field
This entitles an ocean current and sun light. The faster the ocean current and the more direct sun light the better for the reef to grow.
A welded electrically conductive frame often structures have been made from rebar or wiremesh structure is submerged and anchored.
A low voltage electrical current is applied and would be powered by wind turbines situated on the western side of the island.
2050
Stage 2 Accretion growth of 1-2cm per year generates the structure. 20
Ca
CALCIUM
12
Mg
MAGNESIUM
Accretion process on a reinforced bar. Stage 3 Completed unit lifted from the sea floor and placed on site.
To adapt to the immediate threat of flooding that is impending due to sea level rise, the objective of this part of the proposal is to develop a sustainable urban strategy. Using the redevelopment of the coral reefs, the proposal is to produce specified construction materials and prefabricated frames for the foundation structures. As the process is cost effective and building materials would not have to be shipped to site. The process is carbon neutral if an electrical current if generated from renewable energy sources to grow the Biorock.
4 Reaction
5 Limestone
6 Marine Life
Mineral crystals naturally found in sea water, mainly calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide, to grow on the structure.
Within days, the structure takes on a Limestone coat which has a grey hue as it becomes encrusted with precipitated minerals adding rigidity and strength (Construction).
The shade offered by the structures in the water attract a variety of marine life. Fish, crabs, octopus, lobster and sea urchins often colonise in these spaces.
7 Apply Coral Parts Once the reef structure is in place and minerals begin to coat the surface, drivers transplant coral fragments, attaching them to the arks frame. These coral pieces begin to bound to the accredited mineral substrate.
2075
8 Growth Power can be turned off at any given time, this can cause the process to slow, but when the structure becomes sufficiently strong the power can be turned down to maintain levels of growth.
2100
Typological Development Processing
Expansion
Market/ Culture
Civic
Expansion
Gates
2050
2020 Connection to the main island (Maafushi)
2100 The terminal has become much more hybridised as a system, with the opportunities for expansion and cross programming where needed. The need for a terminal that could be expanded over time was an essential driver. All elements of the terminal are separated, with no fixed elements that can not be removed. The terminal also caters for redundancies, in the case the airport were to decrease in passengers, the elements could be moved/ re-used and the roof system could be utilised for another purpose.
Aerotropolis, imagined by John Kasarda in 2012, is an exaggerated example of the hybrid model in which the airport a strong feature in the urban physiology of a place, supporting business, tourism and culture.
Central point from the island. (Focal Point)
Connection to the existing infrastructure (Local Point)
Preserve & Link
Steel Frame Box x5 pcs
Container/ Prefabricated and shipped to site
Biorock© Grown Foundation x5 pcs
Site
Steel Frame Joint x3 pcs Mesh constructed on site
Internal Steel Fixing Columns x4 pcs
Dropped onto sea bed
Electrical current applied
Complete unit lifted into place Through years of growth, the Biorock © cages are ready to be lifted into place. The idea is that this will start the diversification and improvements to the coral reef and marine life around the island. As the cages are lifted into place, more of the cages are placed down to grow, this allows for continuous construction of each new terminal and new proposed atoll.
Biorock© Foundation Assembly
Continuous Anatomy
Level 2
Level 1
Level 0 By using a continuous style of development and construction, coupled with the linear routes through the terminal, it becomes an easily navigable space for passengers. The options to dwell, look through and explore the space, provides users with a unique experience, of light, colour and texture, through visual and feeling. The terminal space intends to provide big open spaces with lots of natural lighting. With no closed faรงade, the naturally ventilated terminal gives the authentic outside condition throughout the terminal space.
Continuous Anatomy The terminal is designed to be a smooth transition from one side to another, for either, departing or arriving passengers. The mixed use of programme allows the spaces to become much more than processing space, they hybrid programme is designed so people can dwell, sit and observe the workings of the airport terminal. It is a way for interactions and clashes of people to happen, mixing from space to space, both vertically and horizontally.
1:500 10m
0
10m
20m
30m
40m
50m
Culture and Dwell January
(Dry season)
February (Dry season)
March
(Dry season)
April
(Dry season)
May
(Change Over)
June
(Rain Season)
July
(Rain Season)
August
(Rain Season)
September (Rain Season)
October
(Rain Season)
November (Rain Season)
December (Change Over)
January
Daytime- Market Nigh-time- Market/ Concert Daytime- Market Nigh-time- Market/ Concert Daytime- Market Nigh-time- Market/ Concert Daytime- Market Nigh-time- Market/ Concert Daytime- Museum/ Research space Nigh-time- Market/ Concert
Maldives National Events
Daytime- Museum/ Research space Nigh-time- Market/ Concert Daytime- Museum/ Research space Nigh-time- Market/ Concert Daytime- Museum/ Research space Nigh-time- Market/ Concert Daytime- Museum/ Research space Nigh-time- Market/ Concert Daytime- Museum/ Research space Nigh-time- Market/ Concert Daytime- Museum/ Research space
Concerts/ Music Events
Nigh-time- Market/ Concert Daytime- Market Nigh-time- Market/ Concert
The 2 civic spaces at the front of the terminal have steamed from the vibrant and disorganised nature of the market culture in the Maldives. The recreational space can be used as events spaces and is proposed to mix passengers and culture in one space. Whether a passenger is arriving or departing it becomes an instant reflection of Maldivian life. The pale blue colour injects life into the building and is representative of security and safety in many cultures around the globe, the colour falling from blue to almost silver as a passenger would move from one end of the terminal to another, represents the change from sea to land.
Museum/ Research
Constant Climate Condition Supporting band, fixed to the timber frame. Inverted pyramid glass fixing. Steel fixing, attached to the primary fixing.
Painted coconut palm timber batten.
Gutter/ rainwater collection.
The design of the façade stems from the analysis of the climate conditions. Comfort level is typically between 15°c and 25°c, in a climate where the external average air temperature of 24°c, there is no inherent need to have a sealed façade system. The undulating element is designed to become much more dense in areas of privacy throughout the building, such as security and immigration. Each element will be fixed to the timber gridshell roof system, and can be easily detached in the event that the terminal must be expanded in the future.
Secure & Depart
Security Checkpoint 17m x 6m
Security is dealt with in a way that is traditional in its approach. The standard procedure is familiar with all passengers. The difference here is that passengers have a space to dwell before their flight, preventing long ques. Passengers can move through here as soon as check in, or dwell in the market/ civic space before moving through to security. Dealing with security at this points means that passengers working their way through the departure lounges have been regarded safe to enter into the air side space.
SCAN ME
Light & Visibility
10th May 2017- 14:00:00
10th May 2017- 20:00:00
The split floor plates are designed to allow floods of natural light into the floors below. The aim of the design is to allow passengers to view down through the voids to witness the workings and anatomy of the terminal and also illuminate the space for navigation and provide light to perform tasks such as checking tickets and security. It is essential to provide such a compact terminal design with lots of natural daylight, making use of the unique amounts of clear daylight that floods the site.
SCAN ME
Above an illuminance survey was conducted to analyse light levels into the main space and test thermal comfort through the building. 10th May 2017- 22:00:00
Reinforced Structural Safety Glazing 1800 x 2800
Departing & Boarding
Glazing safety fixing, bolted to floor plate Coconut palm timber floor finish Container Concrete suspended floor
Strengthened Security- Focusing resources based on risk, increase unpredictability, make use of existing technologies, introduce new systems as they become available. Increased Operational Efficiency- Increase throughput, optimize asset utilization, reduce cost per passenger, and maximize space and staff resources. Improved Passenger Experience- Reduce queues and waiting times and use technology for less intrusive and time consuming security screening. The airport of the future requires many more advanced techniques, it was a priority to create a space that was flexible enough to adapt to the changes in technology into the future. The openness of the terminal allows ease of removal or adaptation. A priority in the design process.
Arriving & Collecting Disembark Aircraft 1: Enter baggage area and collect luggage
2. Enter immigration & Passport check
3. Pass through arrivals security & bag check
4. Merge into the main civic space
5. Dwell in the main terminal/ Exit the terminal.
6. Board a boat/ sea plane to destination/ walk to destination on island via island baggage handlers and guides The arrivals hall will be the first space a passenger sees, the transition in colour as they make their way out of the terminal is representative of the gradual change from sea to land. The exposed timber structure will act as a guide, pointing passengers through the space. The space is designed to get people through as quick as possible, baggage is unloaded and within minutes it is with the passengers due to the short distance from plane to baggage belts.
SCAN ME
Day
Concept Sketches: Pier
Descend & Catch Maldives
M.I.T
Increased Tourism
Terminal
Increased Fishing Exports
Biorock
Regenerating Coral Reef
Indian Ocean
Increased Biodiversity
Fishing & Diving
(See Appendix 5) Food Source
Yellowfin Tuna
Frigate Tuna
Bigeye Scad
Wahoo
Increasing biodiversity on the site was a key driver to the design principles of the terminal. With tourist boom it was seen as an opportunity to integrate diving and fishing into the proposal. The use of BiorockŠ to regenerate the coral reefs is intended to create a spectacle to increase research and tourism, combined with the need to service the terminal with food, saw opportunities to increase the Maldives export of fresh tuna thus increasing revenue for the country to aid constant development into the future.
Kit of Parts Suspended Floor Slabs
Coconut Palm Timber Floor Covering
Container of parts loaded into cargo ships
Foundations grown from BiorockŠ using steel cages, carrying the load down into the sea bed, post-tension floor slab set in place.
Coral Stone Tile Floor Covering Timber Beam (Structural)
Gridshell primary roof structure formed on site and containers unpacked and lifted into place on the slab
Timber Strut Container Connection
Container Panel (Removed)
Steel Frame Connection
Steel Container (Painted on site)
Containers installed at the same time as the roof structure being constructed. Simultaneous construction of components.
PV and Glazing panels all installed into the roof. All components fixed underneath the main roof structure.
Continuous adaptation of the terminal over time.
Structural Steel Support The kit of parts system has been optimised to utilise the fewest parts for the construction of the terminal. The system makes use of every part inside the box and including the container. On site containers would be unloaded via crane and then lifted into place once emptied. Containers would be co-ordinated to come to site when needed. Once containers are in place they would be painted the specified colour and fitted out with the desired program for the user of the space.
Context Responsive Structure
PV Panels
Opaque glazed panels
Glulam beam primary structure
Developed via a force algorithm, the roof structure is independent of everything in the main terminal. The design is responsive of site conditions such as wind and solar gain to make the most from the available natural resources on site. The panels will be fixed to the timber gridshell, providing different spatial configurations using light and shadow in the spaces underneath. The roof structure is designed to stand alone sculpturally in the event that the airport were to close/ fail.
“Living Façade” The primary structural containers work by supporting the suspended floors above. Allowing relatively large spans across the space. Instead of keeping the containers empty or for storage space throughout, extra programme has been designed to essentially live in the structure. A key driver in the deciding of programme was the need and its support to the Maldives. The containers are staggered, giving opportunities to possibly create balcony areas along the space.
1
Having an inhabitable space that maximises use of the containers creates a system that creates resilience.
2
Internal shot looking out from one of the container pods into the space
3
4
Horizontal Stacking Methods
Option 1
Office & Work Spaces
Housing & Medical (Remote)
Retail, Food & Medical Services (Local).
Typical Container Plan
1. Bedroom/ Office/ Treatment room 2. W/C 3. Lobby 4. Kitchen Area
Option 4
Vertical Stacking Methods
Option 2
Option 5
Option 3
Option 6
SCAN ME
A. GA Drawings/ Planning Application B. Grasshopper Scripts C. Grasshopper morphological development D. Illuminance Surveys E. Environmental Section
APPENDIX
Appendix A- GA Drawings
A3 These plans have been prepared for the purposes of submission to the local authority as part of a planning application and are not used for any other purpose without the express content of the company.
Reg No.
Revision
Project.
Date
Vaasiluvun
Drawing Title.
Project No.
Site Plan Drawing No.
Scale. 1:1000 @ A3 Drawn By.
Date.
2017
Checked By. AE
Rev.
Client.
A3 These plans have been prepared for the purposes of submission to the local authority as part of a planning application and are not used for any other purpose without the express content of the company.
Reg No.
Revision
Project. 1:1000 20m
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Date
Vaasiluvun
Drawing Title.
GA Basement Plan
Project No.
Drawing No.
Scale. 1:1000 @ A3 Drawn By.
Date.
2017
Checked By. AE
Rev.
Client.
A3 These plans have been prepared for the purposes of submission to the local authority as part of a planning application and are not used for any other purpose without the express content of the company.
Reg No.
Revision
Project. 1:1000 20m
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Date
Vaasiluvun
Drawing Title.
GA Ground Floor Plan
Project No.
Drawing No.
Scale. 1:1000 @ A3 Drawn By.
Date.
2017
Checked By. AE
Rev.
Client.
A3 These plans have been prepared for the purposes of submission to the local authority as part of a planning application and are not used for any other purpose without the express content of the company.
Reg No.
Revision
Project. 1:1000 20m
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Date
Vaasiluvun
Drawing Title.
GA First Floor Plan
Project No.
Drawing No.
Scale. 1:1000 @ A3 Drawn By.
Date.
2017
Checked By. AE
Rev.
Client. MSA
A3 These plans have been prepared for the purposes of submission to the local authority as part of a planning application and are not used for any other purpose without the express content of the company.
Reg No.
Revision
Project. 1:1000 20m
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Vaasiluvun
Drawing Title.
GA Second Floor Plan
Project No.
Drawing No.
Scale. 1:1000 @ A3 Drawn By.
Date.
2017
Checked By. AE
Rev.
Client.
A3 These plans have been prepared for the purposes of submission to the local authority as part of a planning application and are not used for any other purpose without the express content of the company.
Reg No.
Revision
Project. 1:1000 20m
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Vaasiluvun
Drawing Title.
GA Roof Plan
Project No.
Drawing No.
Scale. 1:1000 @ A3 Drawn By.
Date.
2017
Checked By. AE
Rev.
Client.
A3 These plans have been prepared for the purposes of submission to the local authority as part of a planning application and are not used for any other purpose without the express content of the company.
North Elevation
Reg No.
Revision
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Drawing Title.
Elevations 1 of 2
Project No.
Scale. 1:1000 @ A3
1:1000 20m
Drawing No.
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South Elevation
Drawn By.
Date.
2017
Checked By. AE
Rev.
Client.
A3 These plans have been prepared for the purposes of submission to the local authority as part of a planning application and are not used for any other purpose without the express content of the company.
West Elevation
Reg No.
Revision
Project.
Date
Vaasiluvun
Drawing Title.
Elevations 2 of 2
East Elevation
Drawing No.
Scale. 1:1000 @ A3
1:1000 20m
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60m
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100m
Drawn By.
Date.
2017
Checked By. AE
Rev.
Client.
A3 These plans have been prepared for the purposes of submission to the local authority as part of a planning application and are not used for any other purpose without the express content of the company.
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Section A-A
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Drawing Title.
GA Section
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Section B-B
Drawing No.
Scale. 1:1000 @ A3 Drawn By.
Date.
2017
Checked By. AE
Rev.
Client.
Appendix B- Grasshopper Scripts Form finding via grasshopper. By using ladybug and weaverbird, it was possible to input parameters that would allow the roof to take shape dependant on variables applied, such as wind speed, direction, solar gain, orientation etc. The roof had taken form from a series of inputs to do with the Maldives
Appendix C- Grasshopper Morphologial Development A series of models, all slightly different depending on the input that was applied to the algorithm.
Appendix D- Illuminance Surveys
A series of tested illuminance surveys that would help inform the design of the spaces, and allow me to see the amount of light coming into the spaces and improve.
Appendix E- Environmental Section
Natural cross ventilation provided by the unsealed faรงade.
Large atrium spaces to allow air to flow freely through spaces.
PV roof panels and natural light penetrate deep into the building due to big voids in the floor plates
Biorock foundations Ocean breeze harnessing cools the floorplate and adapting and is brought up biodiversity and site into the building ecology when terminal temperature rises.
Rainwater collection, sent down and used as grey water.
Water is filtered and heated for use through the terminal.
Grey water is processed and sent back into the terminal for re-use.
Anaerobic digestion to process waste and sent for biofuel or converted into power.
The use of renewables such as solar and wave energy, are the 2 main sources that are best utilised in the Maldives, reliance on solar because of the constant climate.