Ganges
National mission of clean ganga Namami Gange project
morphogenesis.
Content 1.History & Significance- More Than a River. Physical Characteristics – Facts & Figures. Dependency. Biodiversity along the river. Mythological Importance- Literature, history Importance in Veda and Epics. Myth about Ganges Spiritual beliefs Culture around Ganges Lifeline of Millions
2.Issues
Pollution. Flood levels. Safety from river flow. Lack of Public spaces. Lack of Amenities & Infrastructure.
3.Scope and Goals
Our stretch Our Goals Our Strategies & Solutions
4.Design Strategies
How we are achieving Goals Creation of a timeless space
morphogenesis.
Ganges I Physical Characteristics A journey through diverse landforms
Originates from Himalaya
Devprayag (Confluence- Bhagirathi & Alakananda)
Allahabad-PrayagConfluence
Gangrotri glacier-Gaumukh-Bhagirathi
Tehri Dam- 10th Tallest Dam in World)
Varanasi
Rishikesh
Himalaya foothills
Haridwar
Gangtic plains
Kolkata
Sundarban
Ganges I Physical Characteristics River runs through 2,525 km, rises in the western Himalayas . 3rd largest river in the world by discharge. Avg. 38,129 m3/sec.
Yarlung zangbo
Ganges source 4,762 m
Bhramhputra
Ganges
Meghna Himalaya
Allahabad Himalayan foothills
Varanasi Ganges plain
Dhaka Kolkata
Ganges river Delta
Bay of Bengal
A Journey Of Ganges Through Densely Populated Cities
14 Million
2.9 Million
5.9 Million
3.67 Million
1.68 Million
Dhaka
6.9 Million
14 Million
Ganges River Basin China
26% of the India’s land mass Pakistan Nepal
Largest river basin in India
Bhutan
Bangladesh
~700 million ~ 10% of world population
Myanmar
India
Ganges Basin is one of the most populous regions on Earth
7.5 billion (2017)
325 million
United states of America
Area – 1.72 million Km²
Ganges I Delta Almost 85% of worlds jute cultivation is concentrated in ganges delta.
Kolkata
Dhaka
14 Million
6.9 Million
Ganges Delta
One of the Worlds most populated cities lies in Bengal Delta
59,000 km2 Dhaka Kolkata Kolkata
Flows through diverse landforms like Himalayas, Plains and forms Largest delta in the world.
10,000 Km2
Sundarbans – UNESCO World Heritage site largest contiguous mangrove forest in the world
Gaumukh & Gangotri (Mouth of Cow) -The source
Snout of the Gangotri Glacier
one of the largest in the Himalayas with an estimated volume of over 27 cubic kilometers
Gaumukh & Gangotri (Mouth of Cow) -The source
Snout of the Gaumukh Glacier
one of the largest in the Himalayas with an estimated volume of over 27 cubic kilometers
According to popular Hindu legend, it was here that Goddess Ganga descended when Lord Shiva released the mighty river from the locks of his hair. It is one of the four sites in the Chota Char Dham pilgrimage circuit.
Rishikesh - Pilgrimage Town
Gateway to the Garhwal Himalayas World Capital of The World
Rishikesh - Pilgrimage Town
Lakshman Jhula,Rishikesh
Gateway to the Garhwal Himalayas Yoga Capital of The World
Legends state that Lord Rama did penance here for killing Ravana & Lakshmana crossed the river Ganges using a jute rope bridge at a spot where 'Lakshman Jhula‘ stands today.
Popular for Adventure sports activities --Rafting, Bungee jumping , kayaking Ganga offers medium to rough rapids in white water rafting rated class 3 and class 4
133-year-old Kailash Ashram Brahmavidyapitham, -- an institution dedicated to preserve and promote traditional Vedantic studies
Yoga Capital of the World International Yoga Festival is organized every year
Haridwar-Ganges Entry to Plain Land
It is one of the holy places for Kumbh mela. Kumbh mela is the Largest gathering festival of the World.
Haridwar-Ganges Entry to Plain Land
It is one of the holy places for Kumbh mela. Kumbh mela is the Largest gathering festival of the World.
Ghat / Bank– An Urban feature that is the human connect with water; A designed human to river interface; A place for life
‘Har ki pauri ‘is the area where the festivities commence at the time of Kumbh Mela . Considered as the most sacred ghat of Haridwar
Kedarnath
Badrinath
Gangotri
The group of priests daily in the evening ,perform "Agni
Pooja" Ganga aarti
Yamunotri
Haridwar is the Starting point for the famous Chota Chaar Dham Yatra
2013 Flood in ganges caused sever damage cause of sudden cloudburst
Kanpur (Economic capital of Uttarpradesh)
Hub of leather industry in India
India’s largest centre of buffalo-based leather-kanpur Kanpur produce 8% of worlds leather supply.
Kanpur (Economic capital of Uttarpradesh)
Hub of leather industry in India
India’s largest centre of buffalo-based leather-kanpur Kanpur produce 8% of worlds leather supply.
Industrial effluents floating on Ganges.
Kanpur has around 400 tanneries which produce heady metal effluents.
According to Pollution index 2017 , Kanpur has been rated be
2nd most contaminated city of India and 11th of the
world.
Each day, the tanneries pump out about ~80 million gallons of polluted water into Ganges river.
Kanpur generates ~1500 tonnes of solid waste per day
Triveni sangam--Confluence of the Ganges, the Yamuna and the mythical Sarasvati rivers.
Allahabad- place of Prayag : Place of Kumbh
Mythical Saraswati
Ganges
Yamuna
Triveni sangam
"world's largest congregation of religious pilgrims“ An estimated 120 million people visited Maha Kumbh Mela in 2013 in Allahabad over a two-month period. -Estimated 30 million on a single day on the day of Mauni Amavasya. Saudi Arabia says Hajj 2016 receives 1.8 million pilgrims
Allahabad- place of Prayag : Place of Kumbh
Triveni sangam
"world's largest congregation of religious pilgrims“ An estimated 120 million people visited Maha Kumbh Mela in 2013 in Allahabad over a two-month period. -Estimated 30 million on a single day on the day of Mauni Amavasya. Saudi Arabia says Hajj 2016 receives 1.8 million pilgrims
Ganges Allahabad Mythical Saraswati Yamuna
Triveni sangam
Triveni sangam--Confluence of the Ganges, the Yamuna and the mythical Sarasvati rivers.
Ganges I Delta
An estimated 120 million people visited Maha Kumbh Mela in 2013 in Allahabad over a two-month period. -Estimated 30 million on a single day on the day of Mauni Amavasya.
Hajj 2016 receives 1.8 million pilgrims, Mecca
Varanasi - ‘City of Light’- Holiest City of Hinduism
Varanasi on the bank of Ganges is India’s oldest continuous inhabited city (2000 BC). Mark Twain, upon visiting in the 1890s, quipped that it’s “older than history, older than tradition, older even than
legend, and looks twice as old as all of them put together!”
Varanasi - ‘City of Light’- Holiest City of Hinduism
Varanasi on the bank of Ganges is India’s oldest continuous inhabited city (2000 BC). Mark Twain, upon visiting in the 1890s, quipped that it’s “older than history, older than tradition, older even than
legend, and looks twice as old as all of them put together!”
Varanasi is one of the holiest of Indian pilgrimage centre, (Kashi) city of light, where the devotees gather to perform last rights for their close one’s.
The city of Varanasi is known its cremation, believed to be Holy place for niravana. Folklore says cremation fire continues Dashashwamedh ghat – One of the oldest ghat and lot of devotees gather due to pooja ceramony at ganga ghat. since 3000 years and maintained as eternal flame.
Kolkata- Cultural capital of India
“ It has India's OLDEST operating port and its sole major riverine port". First established city in India by British
Kolkata- Cultural Capital of India
“ It has India's OLDEST operating port and its sole major riverine port". First established city in India by British
Ganga sagar mela is 2nd largest mela, turnout of 16 lakh people came for a holy dip in 2017 on the day of Makar Sakranti .
Howrah Bridge 6th largest cantilevered bridge in the world of its type, It carries a daily traffic of approximately 100,000 vehicles and possibly more than 150,000
pedestrians.
Durga pooja is the biggest cultural festival of the Kolkata.
Dependency I India More than 448 million people live along the Ganges River.
Agriculture
Approximately around 27% of Indian population is directly or indirectly depends on river for their livelihood.
Transport Ganga basin 1.08 million km²
0.448 billion
Fishing
Population of India 1.252 billion
Daily usage
Biodiversity I Along the River Ganga is the home for 140 different species of fish and 90 different species of amphibians. Which makes it the richest freshwater fish fauna in India
Ganges River Dolphin
Lesser florican
Gharial
Elephants
There are also 35 reptile and 42 mammal species, including the world’s last population of the mangrove-inhabiting tigers, Panthera tigris.
Bengal tiger
Chousingha
Freshwater turtle
Life around Ganga I Life cycle of a Human being Teen age
Young adults
Adults
Infancy
Old age
New born
Beginnin g of Life
Mundan (Hair donation)
Janeev
Wedding ceremony
Beginning of new life
Old age Tirtha yaatra
Antim Sanskar (End of life)
As per Hindu tradition, People connect with Ganga at various stages of LifeCycle
Amrit (Auspicious) Ganga water – Inherent part of Panchamrit
Holy water (Holy beginning)
Holy bath (washed away one’s Sins)
Moksha Antim sanskar (Cremation-Last sacrifice)
Myhtological Importance I Literature, History Why Ganges is Holy and Pure-Mentioned in ancient scriptures as the River goddess Vedas (1500BC – 600BC)
Mahabharata (3901BC - 3101BC)
Vedas are primary (Holy) text of Hinduism There are four vedas out of which Rig veda is supposed to be oldest
Ancient Indian Agrarian society was dependent on the seasonal monsoons Perennial nature of the Ganga was a Godsend Vedas and Puran revere the Ganga. Epics poetically regard Ganga as a consort of Shiva. The Mahabharata gives a human form to Ganga. The mythological story of Ganga the self-cleaning river god—she lived in heaven but chose to live on earth to purify the sins of all those she came in contact with—fuels countless festivals and holidays in India. Tragically, though, it’s often respect for Ganga the god that leads to disrespect for Ganges the river.
Issues
Pollution Flood levels Lack of Amenities and Infrastructure Safety Lack of Public spaces Ritual & relative waste
Issues
Pollution- 5th most polluted river in world (2007)
Sewage - 1.3 billion litres per day Industry - 260 million litres per day farm pesticides - 9,000 tonnes Cremation waste - Bodies Ritual Waste - Visarjan
Pollution in Ganges is reason for killing 600,000 Indians per year due to waterborne diseases. Cost families around 400 crore per year Sanitation and water pollution issues cause 80% of the diseases that afflict rural Indians.
Cremation Waste I Dead Bodies
14 jan 2015 – India’s most polluted river
Unburnt body in Ganges at Varanasi
What is the reason for dumping unburnt bodies in Ganges?
Issues in Cremation I Affordability of Cremation Process
7000
Traditional way of cremation needs firewood
400 Kg Firewood for one cremation
7000/cremation
15% of Indians
Half burnt bodies Dump in to ganges
have an annual income less than 7000/-
That’s why people dump half burnt bodies in Ganges some people dump dead bodies without cremating them. Inference: To reduce cost of cremation process via alternative cremation method which doesn’t disturb the spiritual values attached to cremation.
Issues in Cremation I Increasing Need of Fire Wood
Fire wood for cremation
In Allahabad 45 bodies arrives for cremation in avg. per day
Rasulabad crematorium
Avg.18000 kg Firewood per day
Increasing need of fire wood means cutting of more forest
Inference: To meet increasing no of cremation per day, needs more fire wood, Its recommended to reduce the cremation time via alternative and more efficient way of cremation.
Need of Efficient Cremation System
CO2
400kg per cremation Need alternative source
4 – 6 hours per cremation Reduce cremation time
50 to 60 million trees annually Minimize fire wood usage
7000/- per cremation Reduce cost for cremation process
1500 – 2000 km2 annually Conserve forest
8 million tones annually Controlled carbon emission
Sewage treatment & Biodigester
Cremation waste
Convert into renewable source of energy
Reduce dumping cremation waste into river & its reuse
More efficient cremation process addressing all issues related to cremation • Improved wood based crematorium • CDC – Vasudha based crematorium • Electricity based crematorium • CNG based cremation
Introducing New Cremation Systems CDC-Vasudha (cow dung cake system) : • Normally 120 dry CDC each of weight 300gm • Fuel-efficient • User acceptable method • Renewable source • More environmental friendly
Improved wood bases system :
Limited oxygen supply
Ash collection tray Efficient burning More exposed surface to oxygen
• • • • • • • •
Efficient burning Need of fire wood 100 kg Cremation time 2 hours 3-5 cremations per day Carbon emission control Easy to collect ash and waste Fuel-efficient User acceptable method
Ritual Waste I Durga Idol Visarjan, Dussehra
Releases 16.8 tonnes of varnish oil ,32 tonnes of colours 15,000 Idols float in the holy water of Ganges every year at the time of Dussehra
Ritual Waste I Non Biodegradable Waste
In ancient time, offerings to her were biodegradable. All the containers were made of leaves, and the offerings were easily soluble, or were eaten by the fishes. Today, everyone perform the same rituals but using plastic and non degradable substances.
Ritual Kund I For bathing and offering
Constructed ritual kund will provide devotees a place for their offering which is easy to maintain waste generated by ritual practice.
Floods I Cloudburst
Drenched out amenities on ghat
Silting on ghat edge
Scouring of ghat edges
After Floods Effects I Silting at River Edge Design the bathing platform in a way which reduce silting and keeps continuous flow of river
Normal Flood level
Low flood level Surface slope
Silting at ghat edge due to river flow – Oliyur ghat (Mirzapur)
Ghat fulled with silting after flood – Rasulabad ghat (Allahabad)
After Floods Effects I Scouring of River Edge Some of the part of ganges river is facing major issue for scouring of river edge which is one of the thread for people living close to ganges river bank.
Provision of Hume pipe
Retaining wall to protect soil from scouring
Hume pile: To reduce silting at river edge
Lack of Amenities
Open ended ghat edge with absence of safety measures – Hand chain, water level post etc.
Lack of public amenities like toilets
Inaccessibility to water transport
Lack of changing rooms
Design strategies I Amenities: Boat access, changing room/space, hand railing, Toilets Pooja Platform for daily rituals
Changing space for bathing
Amenities at design flood level Hand railing for safety purpose
Extended platform to access boat Facility
Need of platform to access boating facility at all possible levels
Lack of Public Spaces
Allahabad
Mirzapur
Most of the historic Towns & cities lack of public spaces inside City people have no other public space other than Riverside
Celebration at ganga ghat: From movie “MASAAN�
Varanasi
Design strategies I Key features
Design strategies I Key features Ghat platforms
Extended platforms at all levels to access boating
Colonnade for uninterrupted river flow
Small platforms for daily rituals
Need of the public space for social gathering
Performing space for event and other activity
Ritual pond to manage waste
Changing space below colonnade
Design strategies I Amenities
Design strategies I Amenities
Extended upper promenade for amenities and public facilities
Amenities above Design flood level
Placing amenities close to public gathering zones with easy access
Facilities like parking and spillover space at upper promenade
Green ground cover to reduce heat island effect
Plating trees above normal flood level for shading
Scope and Goals
Our stretch-Population, Load SAIL/GOALS Our Strategies & Solutions
Our design stretch I Allahabad to Varanasi
ALLAHABAD
TOTAL 210 K.M. VARANASI
MIRZAPUR ALLAHABAD TO MIRZAPUR WATER WAY DISTANCE 130
K.M.
MIRZAPUR TO VARANASI WATER WAY DISTANCE 80 K.M.
Our design stretch I Allahabad to Varanasi
ALLAHABAD Ghats Crematoriums
TOTAL 210 K.M. VARANASI
MIRZAPUR Allahabad 10 ghats & 6 crematorium
Allahabad to Mirzapur 6 ghats & 8 crematorium
Mirzapur 11 ghats & 2 crematorium
Mirzapur to Varanasi 6 ghats & 4 crematorium
River Edge Condition I Allahabad to Varanasi Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
River Course Transformation I Since last decade
2007
2010
2008
JUNE 2016
2013
2012
2014
NOV 2016
River Course Transformation I Since last decade
Purposed ghat location for development
2007
2013
2008
2010
2012
2014
JUNE 2016
NOV 2016
River Course Transformation I Since last decade
Goals
1. PUBLIC
SPACE
RIVERFRONT Human Water Experience
Adequate Public Space
Via Cultural and recreational uses
For community and visitors
Exercise and Relaxation
2. POLLUTION CONTROL
Restrict Effluent Discharge Into the Ganges
Treatment Of Water At Source And Discharge
Renovation/Construction of new crematoriums
Prevent the disposal of unburnt/partially burnt bodies in Ganges
3. CLEANLINESS
Facilities, Guidance and Awareness To control litter
Secure Entries
Keep stray animals away
Goals
4. ESSENTIAL
AMENITIES Changing Rooms To optimize comfort
Toilets
Male, Female,handicapped
Boat Docks
To optimize utility
5. SAFETY
Flood Management Plans
Ghat/Crematorium Built Structures At appropriate levels
6. LOCAL AND REGIONAL
MATERIAL
Robust Materials
Construction Of Ghats and Crematoriums
Sourced from locally and regionally available material
Goals
7. ROBUST DESIGN
Design for flow, Crowd Management
Design for Capacity
For long term use with robust materials
For ease of maintenance with robust materials
8. EDUCATION AND DEMONSTRATION
Educate on Waterfront ecosystem and cleanliness
Migratory birds
Design to attract natural beings
Educate on Recycling organic waste Sustainable practices, clean solar energy
9. INVOLVE COMMUNITY
Community And Local Stakeholders
Operations and Maintenance
Goals
10. SIGNAGE CONTROL
Program and educational signage
Descriptive signage To reduce visual clutter
For ease of maintenance
11. REVENUE GENERATION
Controlled opportunities for revenue generation
Leasing space for Community use and Retail use Always in commerce in the background
12. SUSTAINABILITY
Design for low energy
Design for water resource consumption Design for a minimal/no reliance on city service
Design for zero energy consumption
Design Principles
Sustainability
Affordability
Imageability
Can proposal be built that consume 75% lesser energy than certified green development benchmarks?
Can we break barriers of established price benchmarks and reduce consumption of resources through design innovation?
Can architecture be rooted in the Global and the Local, celebrating Diversity over Homogeneity?
Livability Can Smart architecture build resilient communities by putting the user at the center of the design process?
Design Strategies
Features- addressing issues How we are achieving Goals Creation of a timeless space
Proposed Ghat Schematic Diagram
PARKING
PUBLIC AMENITIES
GATHERING SPACE
RITUALS AND DAILY ACTIVITY SPACE
BATHING
Human Interaction at All Flood Levels I Lower Flood Level
Human Interaction at All Flood Levels I Normal Flood Level
Human Interaction at All Flood Levels I Design Flood Level
Flexible congregation space I Use of Smart columns to create vibrant gathering spaces
Flexible congregation space I Cluster of sustainable smart columns
Flexible congregation space I Temporary shade to facilitate gathering
Flexible congregation space I Provision for backdrop screen for large performance
A Design Unit I Column for various usage
Solar Panel Wifi Hotspot Hook for Shading Led Light Mist Cooling
Shading smart units in various composition
Power Generated by Two square meter Solar PV Panel: Approx. 200 Watts (with an average efficiency of 30%) Drinking Water
Load requirement of pillar is 160 Watt for LED, WiFi & Mist Pump One Nozzle can cover 1-2 sqm of area (for outdoor application w/o fan), and can bring the temperature down by 8 to 15°c.
Shaded Gathering Space
Ritual Kund I Ritual Bathing & Pooja Offering
Amenities I Public Toilets
Killa Ghat I Arial View
Amenities & Toilets Complex
Solar Panel
Ritual pond for Bathing & Pooja offering
Locally available porous material
Chaupal
Biodigester & Sewage treatment plant Green cover to reduce heat island effect Gathering & Performance space Flexible pavilion Ritual platform Hume Pipe
Lower promenade
Design strategies I Key features
Ghat platforms at various levels
Amenities above high flood level for year round use
Ritual and gathering areas for congregational activities
Solar Panels and Strategies for a sustainable environment
Safety Railings for bathing and ease of accessibility
Natural Shade and Tree Sit-outs to reduce heat island effect
Killa Ghat I Proposed Schematic Diagram
Schematic layout of crematorium
Arrival of the body
1
Official formalities (Office)
TOILET
Washing of body, Rituals OUT
IN WAITING HALL
Washing platform, Ritual platform
2
OFFICE
1 PRE CREMATION RITUAL
Cremation, Mukhagni, Kapalkriya Pyre
2
CARE-TAKER’S ROOM
5
3
BODY WASH
platform with assembly area
3 PYRES
PRAYER HALL ASH STORAGE
WOOD STORAGE
Bathing of the family members
4
Bathing Ghat
4 Prayer
GANGA
5
Prayer Hall