TOEFL by Artemis Habibi Azad

iil t I

19s3-94

P refa.ce

Following the steps taken by Jahad Daneshgahi in heightening the English knowledge of the learners gaining

the

qualification

certificates

and helpittg at

them through Ievels

international

the

E,Tucational Center of Jahad Daneshgahi of Allameh Tabatabaee has managed to compile some booklets on the TOEFL based on the newest materials provided

for the TOEFL preparatiott.

The TOEFL is the most @mmon and well-known

test of Et'rglish

which consistsof three sectl'ons including

Listening @mprehension,

Structure

Vocabulary

and

Written

Expression, and

and

Reading

Comprehension. The seand

section of the TOEFL exeiln tests your

determining (nrrect

structure

skills

and written expression in English. To

do well on the section you must have a thorough

knowledge on

Ettglish grammar. 9{e hope this booklet which consists of three main parts accompanied with exercises will help you to improve the skills.

COT\I-T

E NTS

GRAMMAR REVIEW

a I. L.

Rules Method of Study Normal S e n t e n c e P a t t e r n i n E n g i i s h Subject

1 I I I I

Verb

Complement M o di f i e r The Noun ohrase Count and i.Jon-Countl.louns Manyr/Mttch, Few/Little, Fewer/Less, etc.

The

Other The Verb Phrase Tensesanc Aspects........C o m m o nI r r e g u l a r V e r b s i n E n g l i s h . . . . . . . . . Simple Present Tense Present Progressive (Continuous)

I\J

12 12 lt tr+ 'tA

Simple Past Tense

Past Progressive (Continuous) Present Perfect For/Since Y e t / AI r e a dy . . , . . .- . . . Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous)

16 <2 tt

10 10

Past Perfect A

Past Perfect Progressive (Coniinuous)

Subject-Verb

Agreement

Subject Separated from the Verb Word That Always Take Singuiar Verbs and pronouns ....... tlone/No Either/Neither Gerunds as Subjects Collective Nouns A Number Of,/The Number Of Nouns That Are Always Piural There Is/There Are ........ Pronouns Subject Pronouns C o m p l e m e nP t ronouns.....-.... P o s s e s s i v eA c i j e c t i v e s Possessive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Verbs as Complements V e r b s T h a t A r e A l w a y s F o l l o w e db y t h e I n f i n i t i v e V e r b s T h a t A r e A l w a y s F o l l o w e db y t h e G e r u n d V e r b s + P r e p o s i t i o n sF o l l o w e db y t h e G e r u n d Adjectives + Prepositions Followed by the Gerund Nouns + Prepositions Followed by the Gerund Adjectives Foilowed by the Infinitive Pronouns Before the Gerund or Infinitive The Verb Need In Need Of

22 z-.+

24 25 2R

26 27 41 LI

ca ?a

30 JL'

32 32 34 Jr+ AA J5

36 37 3B

| \J-

{I t{.

12, tJ.

| .+.

Questions Yes/No Questions Information Questions .......... E m b e d d e dQ u e s t i o n s Tag Questions Affi rmative Agreement (So/Tn)...........,.. N e g a t i v e A g r e e m e n t ( Ei t h e r / N e i t h e r ) Negation Some/Any Hardly, Barely, Rarely, Seldom, etc .......Comma.nds Negative Commands Indirect Commands

lq.

Negative Indirect Commands ModalAuxiliaries Negation of Modals Questions with Modals ..-........ M e a n i n g s o f t h e M o d a . l s. . . . . . . . . . .

w i u. . , . . . . .

19. 20.

?1.

40 .^+1 l 4J

44 46 46 46 A1 AA

47 47 49 49 49 49 Er\

Unreal Conditions As If/As Though Hope/Wish

Would Rather

Conditional Sentences Real Conditions

Woulc{ Like Could/May/Might Should

17.

Would Llsed To

16.

..lc)

E')

54 A,A

56 5B 60

Must Have To Modals+ Perfective Could/May/Might + Perfective Should + Perfective Must.+ Perfective ......... Adjectivesand Adverbs Adjectives........ Adverbs A d j e c t i v e s w i t h L i n k i n g ( C o p u l a t i v e )V e r b s Comparisons

60 61 62 62 62 62 63 64 64 65 65 67

Equal Comparisons

t.''

Unequal Comparisons Illogical Comparisons I r r e g u l a r C o m p a r a t i v e sa n d S u p e r l a t i v e s . . . . . . . . . . Multiple Number Comparatives Double Comparatives No Sooner

6B 7A 1< tl

72 1a 'f1

Positives, Comparatives, and Superlatives Nouns Functioning as Adjectives Enough with Acljectives, Adverbs, and Nouns

74 76

Cause Connectors Because/Because Of Purpose and Result (So That) Cause and Effect (So, Such) Passive Voice

'7 -f

79 C)IJ

Causative V e r b s Have/Get

23.

24.

Make Let Help --..... Relative Clauses

27. 28. 29.

a1 oa

T h e R e l a t i v ep r o n o u n . , . . . . . . . tlho/Whom Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Ciauses Whose Optional Reiative Clause Recjuction fhat-Other Uses Optional fv )r h- rlrivn( a r ( *v n r -',

25. 26.

NG CA

JU o1

That Clauses .... Subjunctive ......... Inclusives ......... Not Only ... But Also ....... A s W e l l/ s . . . . . . . . Both ... And .-... Know/Know How C l a u s e s c f C o n c e s s i o n. . . . . . . Despitefin Spite Of .......... P r o b l e mV e r b s Rlse ....... Raise Lie ....".--. Lay ........ sit .........

94 q6

99 ao I\JI tul t\Jl t\J! tVl ivL

â&#x201A;Źaf

Idiomaiic Expression-s with

tvL

Set, Lay, and Raise

STYLE IN I,{RITTEN ENGLISH

C o m m o nS t y l i s t i c p r o b l e m s T h a t A p p e a r i n G r a m m a r. . . . . . . . . . Questions S e q u e n c eo f T e n s e s Say/Tell A n t e c e d e n t so f p r o n o u n s . . . . . . . . . . The Pronouns One ana you ..-..... Illogical ParticipiatModifiers(Dangiing participies) P a r t i c i p l e s a s A d . . j e c t i v e.s. . . . . . . . . . . Redundancy..-...... ParallelStructure ........ Transformationof Direct and Indirect Objects A c i v e r b i a l sa t t h e B e g i n n i n g o f a S e n t e n c e. . . . . . . . . . - . E l i m i n a t i o n c f i n c o r r e c t A n - s w e r si n s t y r e e u e s t i o n s

105 lntr

''!ntr

107 110 tti

113 11tr

116 I

l(f

I L._

GRAMMAR REVIEW L Rules It is a for mulathat onc m akesto A r u l c i n g ra mma ri s a g cn cra lization. A rule is for how a givcngrammaticalconstructionusually behaves. Account nof ncccssarilytruc in cvery instancc. It is generally truc' Don't bc c o n c c r n cifd yo u se co r h ca r so mcthingthat docsnot coincidcwith a r ule in thisbook. I n t h i sg u i d c: ( ) indicatcoptionalusagcwhcn uscdin a rulc. Parcntlrcscs Braccs{ } incticatccithcr onc choiccor thc othcr'

[l,ar I {':"" I - cithcrhavcor has lt,ave) 2. Mcthod ol Study T h c b c st mcth o do f i mp ro vi n gyour .usc of EnglishSr am m arwith tltis Thcn do thc pr acticc g u i d ci s t o stu d y th c l o rmu l a sa nd samplcscntcnccs. cxcrciscat tltc cnd of cach scction.Aftcr caclt group of lcssons,thcrc is an l o i n tsfr om thc pr cccdingexplanations' c x c r c i su e si n gg ra mma ti ca p

J. NormalScntcnccI'attern in English subjact

verb

J o h na n d I Wc

atc studicd

contplentent

t pizza "prcscnt1rcrfcct"

ntodif er

last night last wcck

o Su b j e ct: T h c su b j ccti s th c a g cntof thc scntcnccin thc activcvoicc;it is t h c p c r s ono r th i n i th a t cl o csth c actionof thc scntcncc,and it nor m ally (ln pr..td., thcvcrb. Notu: Every sentencein English fttuslhave a subiect' bc a thc cascof commands,thc subjcct is undcrstood.)Thc subjcct may

noun. singlc Coffccis dclicious.

Mi l k containscalcium -

wordscnding Thc subjcctmay bc a nounphrasc.A nounphraseis a groupof w i t h a n o u n .(l t cn n N o r b cg i nw ith a pr cposition' ) That ncw, rcd car is John's. Thc bookis on thc tablc.

Examplcsof subjects: W e g i rl sa re n o t g o i n gto that m ovie. Ceorgclikcs boats.

-leltnlgsggc,and I wcntto a rcstaurantilast night. Y3S I neweatherwasverybadyesterday. Tl4t etnirltyprof.rro,cancelled classtoday. The bankctosCd-it twoo'clock. I n so mcscn tcn ccs th e rei s not a tr uc subject.Howcvcri/ , and r her ecan ofte n a c t a s p scu d o -su b j e cts a n d shouldbe considcr cd :r ssubjcctswhcn r ulcsca l l f o r mo vi n gth e su b j ccto f a sentcnce. It i s a n i ced a y to d a y. Th e rcw A sa fi re i n th a t buildinglastm onth. T# ; w e rema n ystu d cntsin the r oom. I t i s ra i n i n gri g h t n o rv. ' verb: Thc vcrb folrowsthc subjcct; gencraily it showsthe action of thc sentcnce. Note: Everysentence musr havea verb.Thc vcrb nray be a singlc : w o rd . Johndrivestoo fast. t n cy h a tesp i n a ch .

The vcrb may bc a vcrb phrase.A vcrb phrase consistsof onc or morc a u x i l i a ri csa n d o n c ma i n v cr b. Thc auxiliar ies alwayspr eccdethe main verb. J ol rni s g g i n gto Mi a n ritom or r or v. ( auxir iar y- ,r ; m ain vcr vgoing) J an ch a sb ccnre a d i n gth at book. ( auxiliar ics_las, been;m uinver b_ readi ng) Examplesof verbsanrJvcrb phrases: S h ew i l l g o to B o sto nn cxt week. J a n ei s ve ryta l t. Sh e n tu sth a veg o n eto th c bank.

.loet'ils;;ho;;

M ary i s w a tch i n gte l cvi sion. t t wa sra i n i n ga t si x o 'cl o cklastnight. t,

o complenrent:A complcmentcomplctes the veib. It is similar to the subjcct becauseit is usuallya noun or noun phrasc; howevcr,it generally follows the verb when thc sentenceis in the active voice. Note: Every senlencedoes not require a complemenr.The complcmentcANNor bcgin w i t h a p re p o si ti o nA. co mp l em cnt answcr sthc questilnwhat?or whom ?

of comPlcmcnts: Examplcs Johnboughta cakc YcstcrdaY. J i l l w a sd ri vi n ga n cw ca r. Ilc rvantsto drink somcwltcr. Shcsaw John at thc nrovics l a stn i g h t. T h c yca l l cdMtrY Y cstcrd a Y. I - l cw a ssn ro ki n ga ci S a rcttc.

( lVhat did JohnbuY?) ( lYhat wasJill dr iving?) (tlhat doeshc rvantto drink?) ( W hom did shcsccat thc m ovics?) ( llthom did theycall?) ( lYhanvasltc sr noking?)

Vcry o Modifcr..A nrodificrtclls thc titnc, pllcc, or nlanncro[ thc action' phr ascis a gr oupof wor ds o f t c ni t i s a p rcp o si ti o n aplh ra sc.A pr cpositional NOrr' A modi{icro[ that bcginswitft a prcpositionan<lcnclsrvith a noun' pr cscnt' t i r n cu su a l l yco n rcsl a sti f mo rc thanoltcnr odificris o f p rcp o si ti o n aplh rascs: E, x a mp l cs i n t h c m o r n i n ga, t t h c u n i v c r s i t yo,n t h c t a b l c ca n a tsob c a n a d vc r bor an advcr bialphr asc. A m o cl i l i cr l a s tni g h t,h u rri cd l y,n cxt yc ar ,outdoor s'ycstcr clay dOesnol reqrtire a moclifier.A modificr answcrsthc Norc,: Every setttetrce q u e s t i ow n h cn ?w h crc?o r h o w? Examplcsof modilicrs: (llthere<lidJohn buYa book?)

Johnbouglrta bookat thc bookstorc. nrcdificr of Placc

( l V h e r ew a sJ i l l s w i m m i n g ? ) ( 1 4 / h ewna sJ i l l s w i n r n r i n g ? )

Jill w:rsswirnnringin thc fnol ycstcrday' ntolificr of plocc

ntolilicr o/ litrtc

(llow washc driving?)

FIcwasdrivingvcry fast. modilicr of ntonncr

(Whcreis thc nrilk?)

Thc milk is in thc rcfriScrator' nrxlilicr

of Ploce

(llherc did shcdrivc?)

S h cd r o v ct h cc a r o n M a i n S t r c c t ' nnlifcr

ol Plocc

( W h e n d i dw c c a t d i n n c r ? )

We atc clinnerat sevcno'clock'

bur nor arwavs. Nore: rhe mod'::"::';:';;^lry rorowsrhe comprcmcnr,phrasc,usually prcpositional Flowcvcr,thc rnoclilier,cspcciallywhcn it is a i l r:l tcth c vcrb a n d thc com plcnr cnt' c a n n o scp t I n co rrcct: S h c drovcon thc street thc car ' contPlcmcnl

vcrb

Corrcct: Shc drovc t h s c a r o n thc str cct. vcrb

contplcnrcnt

Exercise I: Subject, Yerb, Complement,and Modifier Identify thc subject, vcrb, complement,ancl modifier in cach of thc followingscntences. Remembcrthat not everysentencp hasa complementor modifier.Examples: Jill / is buyingf a newhat/ in rhcstorc.

subjcct

vcrb phrasc

complcmcnt

modifcr of placc

Belty / is shopping/ downrown.

subjcct

vcrb phrasc

mdif cr of plocc

l . G e o rg ci s co o ki n gd i n n e rtonight. 2 . I { e n ry a n d Ma rci a h a vcvi sitedthe pr esident. 3 . W c ca n ca t l u n chi n th i s re sl.aur ant today. 4 . P a t sh o u l dl ra veb o u g h tg a soline yester day. 5. Treesgrow. 6 . I t w a sra i n i n ga t se vcno 'cl ockthis m or ning. : 7 . Sh eo p e n e da ch e cki n ga cc ountat the banklastwcck. 8 . I - l arryi s w a sh i n gd i sh e sri ght now. 9. Shc opencdher book. 1 0 . Pa ul ,w i l l i a m, a n d Ma ry wer er vatchingtclevision a few m inutcsago. 4.T'heNoun Phrase T h e n o u np h ra sci s a g ro u po f wor dsthat endswith a noun.It can contain d e t c r m i n e rs(th e , a , Ih i s,ctc.) , adjectivcs, advcr bs,and nouns.It cnNr uor b c g i nw i th a p rcp o si ti o nR. cmcnr berthat bothsubjects and conr ptcr nents ar e g c n c r a ll yn o u np h ra scs. t Count antl nort-couttlnourts.'A count nounis onc that canbccountc<J. book-oncbook,two books,thrcc books,... studenl-onestudcnt,two students,threestudents,. . . person-oneperson,two peoplc,thrcc people,. . . A non-countnoun is one LhaLcannol be counted. milk-you cannotsay:one milk, two milks,. . . It is pssible, however,to count somc non-countnounsif the substanccis p l a c e di n a co u n ta b l e co n ta i n e r. ; glassof milk-<nc glassof milk, two glasses of milk, ;.. . Some determinerscan be usedonly with count or non-countnouns,while otherscan be usedwith either.Memorizethe wordsin the followingchart.

W I T I I N O N - C O U N TN O U N S

WITIICOUNTNOUNS

a, thc,somc,any

thc,somc,anY

this,that, thcsc,those

this,that

nonc,onc,two, thrcc, nruch(usuallyin ncgativcsor questions) a lot of

many a lot of

-- [ftare"\]nunrbcr of l\srcat1l (a) fcw fewcr...than nrorc...than

a lar gcam ountof ( a) littlc less...than morc... than

studcntsoftcn non- count. I t i s v cry i mp o rta n tto kn o w i f a noun is countor that Youknow thc Plur als m a k cmi sta kcsw i th th c fo l l o wingnouns'Bc sur c somc ir r cgularcount o f i r r cg u l a rco u n t n o u n s.T h c followinglist contains n o u n sth a t Y o ush o u l dkn o w ' pcrson-pcoplc child-children mousc-micc foot-fcct

I {,'

tooth-tccth

tlr atyou shouldknow' T h c f ol l o w i n gl i st co n ta i n sso mcnon- countnouns inlormatioh food sand cconomics soaP ncws mcaslcs nlumPs PhYsics

mathclnatics m oncy air nr cat Politics advcrtising* homcwork

*Norr: Althouglradvertising is a non-countnoun' adverlisctnenlis a count you musIuscthis of onepar ticularadvcr tiscment, noun.If youwishto sPcak word. shows' dur ingtclcvision Thcrc arc too nlanYa d vcrtiscmcnts trloney,andsand,may bc uscdas Somcnon-countnounstsuchas/ood, tnehl, countnounsin ordcr to indicatcdiffercnttypcs' mc to cat' This is onc of thc loodsthal.my tloctorhasforbiddcn ^ poiti"-utortypc of food) (indicatc.s l l c stu d i e smca ts.

(for cxaffi[bccf, Pork,lamb,ctc')

T h c r vo rdl i n te ca n b c ci th cr countablcor non- countablc clcpcncling on thc c o n t e x t.w h e n i t mca n sa n occasion,i[ is countablc.whcn it r neans a n u n r b eo r f h o u rs,d a ys,ycA rs,c tc.,it is non- countablc. w c h a v cs p c n t o on r u c ht i m c o n t h i sr r o m c w o r k( n. o n - b o u . t ) Sh e h a sb ce nIa tc fo r cl a sssix tim csthis.scm esr .er . ( count) T o d c c i d ci f a n o u n ttra tyo u ar c not sur eof is countableor non- countable, dccidcif you can say:one --.-_or a --. For cxamplc,you c a ns a y" o n e b o o k"so i t i s a co untnoun.you cannotsay"one m oney"soit is n o t a c o u n tn o u n .A l s o ,o f c o u r s cb, y t l r c v c r yn a t u r co f n o n - c o u nnt o u n s , a n o n - c ou n tn o u n cA n n cvcr b e plur al. ltcm cnr bcrthat, r vhilcson' tcof the n o u n sin th c Ii sto f n o n -co u nnouns t appcarto bc plur atbccauscthcy cndin - s , t h c ya r c a c t u a l l yn o t p l u r a l . Exercise2: Count antl Non-Count Nouns I d e n ti fyth c l o l l o rvi n gn o u n sas countnounsor non- count nounsaccor ding t o t h c i r u su a lme a n i n g . tcl cvi si o n ca r

atmosphcrc food person tooth IICWS w a tcr C soap gcography i p cncil ll soup

cup money hydrogcn n i i n uL c

Excrci se 3: Dctcrnriners c l r o oscth c co rrcctd ctcrn ri ncrin s thc followingscntcnces. l . l - l cd o csn 'tl ra vc(ma n y/rn uch)moncy. 2 . I r vo u l dl i kc (a fo v/a l i ttl c) sr r ,lt on m y vcgctablcs. 3 . S h c b o u g h t( t h a t / t h o s cc) a r d sl a s tn i g h r . 4 ' T h erea rc (l css/fcw e r)stu dcntsin this r oonrthan in thc ncxt r oor n. 5 . T h e rc i s (to omu ch /to oma ny)bad n*vs on tetcvision tonight. 6 . I d o n o t rva n t(th e sc/th i s)war cr . 7 . T h i s i s (to oma n y/to omu ch)infor m ationto lcar n. 8 . A ( fe w /l i ttl c) p e o p l ete ftcar ly. 9 . W o ul d yo u l i ke (l e ss/fcrvercoffec ) r hanthis? 1 0 . T h i sj a cke tco sts(to o mu ch/toomany) . o A a n d a n :A o r a n ca n p rcce deonly singularcountnouns; they mcan one. T h e y c a n b c u se di n a g e n e rastatem l entor to intr oducea subjcctwhich has not becnpreviouslymentioncd (general-means alt basebails) 4, baseballis round. I sawI boy in the street. (We don't knowwhich b,ry.)

An is usedbeforewordsthat beginwith a vowcl,sound. ,4 is usedbefore

sound' rortlsthatbcginrvitha consonant an aPPlc a book thc spcltingdocsnot indicatcthc bccausc Somcwordscan bc confusing pronunciation. sound) (bcginsrvitlra con'sonant a housc rvitha vowclsound) (bcgins ,nnhour sound) with a consonant n univcrsity (bcgins rvitlra vowclsound) anurnbrclla (bcgins tIus ntust a/tvcy'rbc Thc follorvingwor<,lsbcgil rvitlr a consonlnt sound ald

bYc' prcccdcd h o u sc u n i fo n n

lr alf hcavY l to nr c u n ivcr sity univcr sll union

ntust a/x'n;''rbc Thc fotlowingwords bcgin rvith a vowcl sound and thus prcccdcdbY ctt.

u n cl c

u ntbr clla

hour

hcir

follor vsthc indcfinitcar ticlc T h c i n i ti a lso u n do I tl rc w o rd that inr nr cdiatcly w i l l d ctcrn ti n cw h cth cri t sl to uldbc c or att' a n u rrtb rclla a r vhitcur nbr clla a wholchour a n l to u r tltat wc alrcady know about or o Tlrc: TIrc is u.scclto indicatcSonrcl,hing somcthingthat is comn'lollknowlcdgc' Thc boy in thc corncris my frientl. (T[c spcakcrand thc listcncr know which boY.) (Thcrc is only onc carth') Thc earth is rouncl. tcr nls, W i t h no n -co u nnt o u n s,o n c u sesthc ar ticlethc if spcakingin spccific b u t u scsn o a rti cl ci f sp ca ki n gin gcncr al' (gcncral-allsugar) Sugaris swcct.

within a cer tain N o r m a l l y,p l u ra l co u n tn o u n s,r vhcnthcy mcancvcr ything class,arc not PreccdcdbY the. ( all or angcs) O r an g csa rc g rccnu n ti l th cy r ipcn. dict. ( all athlctes) At h l ctcssh o u l dfo l l o wu w cll- balanccd

N o r m a l l y ap r o p c rn o u ni s n o t p r c c c d c b d y a n a r t i c l cu n l c s st h c r ca r cs c v c r a l p c o p l co r t h i n g sw i t h t h c s a m cn a m ca n d r h c s p c a k c irs s p c c i f y i n o gn co f thcm. T h c r ca r c t h r c cs u s a nP a r k c r si n t h c t c l c p h o ndci r c c r o r - v . T h c S u s a nP a r k e rt h a t I k n o wl i v c so n F i r s tA v c n u c . Nornrallywordssuchas breakfast,lunch,dinner,school,church, honte,and c o l l e ged o n o t u sca n y a rti cl euntcssto r cstr ictthc nr caning. W e a tc b rca kfa .st a t ci g h Io ' clockthis mor ning. W c u ,cn tto sch o oycstcrd l ay. L i s ct h c [ o l l o w i n g c n c r a l i z a t i t lanssa g u i d cf o r r h c u s co f r h ca r r i c l cr l t e . UsETll E wtrt-t

D9N'TUsETH E u,rru

oceat$, rivers, seos,gulf,r, plural Iakcs t h c R c d S c a ,t h c A t l a n t i c O cca n ,th c P crsi a nGu l f, thc G r e a t L a kcs

singular Iakes Lakc Gcncva,Lakc Er ic

t t t o ut t l o i n s

tttounls M o u n tV c s u v i u sM, o u n t . M cKinlcy,

t h c R o c k yM o u n t a i n st ,h c Andcs earth, nroott t h c c:rrth ,th c n ro o n

p I anets, consI eI I aI i otts Vcnus,M ilr .s,Or ion

schooIs, coII cgcs, universi t ies whenthc phrase haginswitlt sc'ltool,etc. t l r c U n i vcrsi tyo f F l o ri d a ,thc C o l lcg co f A rts a n d S ci cn ccs

schools, colI eges,u rtit,ers i t i cs wlrcnthe phrasc hcgin.rwith o .ProP(r trcun Santa[:c Com m unityCollcgc, Coopcr'sArt School,Stctson Univcr sity'

ordinal nunrbcr.rbefore nouil.r tlrc lrirst World WAr, th6 thircl clraptcr

ctrdinal nuntbersaftcr nouns W or ld W lr r Onc,clr apt.cr Lhr cc

wor.s(cxcept world wars) t h c Cri mca nWa r, ttrc K o rcan War cottnlric.rx,ilh morc than one r$ord (cxc.cptGreat llritain) t h c U n i t c dS ( a t c st,h c C c n t r a l A f r i ca n R cp u b l i c

cctttnlricstvith onc b,orl C h i n a , V c n c z u c l a ,F n r n c c

conlinents Eur opc,Afr ica,SouthAmcr ica

DONT USETI]E WITII

usE,TI-lE wlrtl

stoles F l o r i d a ,O h i o , C a l i f o r n i a

hisloricaldocuments thc Magna theConstitution, Carta ethnic grottPs thc Indians, the Az'tccs

sporls bascball,baskctball abstract nolttts ,frccdotn,haPPincss gencral'areas ol subiect'mat t er mathcmatics'sociologY holidaYs Christnras,Thanksgiving

Exercisc4: Articles ar e ar ticlcs( r r ,an. or llr e) if tlr cy thc supply scn tcn ccs I n t h c fo l l o w i n g thc sprcc blank' It no aiticlc is ncccssary'lcavc ncccssary. for his bicyclc tlrat hc had wantcd him bought filtlrcr l. Jason's Franccto a gitt of lricndshipfrom was Libcrty of ,. Y"Jtaruc U n i tcdS ta tcs' m ath thisscnr cstcr . and3 . R i ta i s stu d yi n g-E ,n g l i sh truth. witncssto tell r,t 4. _judgc "Jt cuPof 5. Plcascgiu. -.

sugar. tablcarc for my historyclass' bookson6. -big 7 . N o o n ci n qucstion' Mrs.Pcrcz's wcll' ,,'l' fou' ycarsoldanclit stillruns 8. My bottlc of storc' plcascbuy -9. Whcn you go to ---

dozenoranges' chocolatcmilk and 1 0 . T h crc a rc o n l Y u n i vcrsi tY a I l . J oh n n d Ma rcY w cn t to librarYbcforcrcturninghomc' Lakc Eric is one of 12. A mcri ca .

m usicalat tlrcn studicd in in -

North

S p ain,r vccr osscd 1 3 . On o u r tri p to --_ - - - - AtlanticOccan. m a g n i f i c e nttr i b u t ct o M o u n t R u s h m o r ei s t h e s i t e o f 1 4 .fo u r g rca tA n l cri canPr csidcnts. b r c a k f a stth i sr n o r n i n g ? 1 5 . W h a t d i d y o uc a t f o r ) at i ' , i.,,Boys'Club baseball and.- b a sk ctball 1 6 . L o u i ep l a ycd t h i sy c a r . guitar. v i o l i na n d h c r s i s t c rp l a y l 17. Ritaplays ' . . E s k i m ov i l l a g c . Alaskaw , es a w 1 8 . W h i l c w c w e r ci n m ovicstonightbccauschc has to \vr itc:- 1 9 . P[i l c:tn 'tg o to c ssa y. 2 0 . D a vi da ttcn d e d L' S c h o o lo f M c d i c i n c a t 2 l . l - l a r r y t r a sb c c n a d m i t t c dt o . u n i vcrsi ty. r m i d rvcstcrn , hospital,so wp' wcntto visit hcr 2 2 . Mcl 's g ra n d rn o th ei rs i n 1. l a s tn i g h t . SovictUnion tr ip to p o l i ti ca sci l cn cccl assis taking 23. , in-spring. , \"t:;' t , t ; ,;:, Gr cat Br itain. monar cltof l l it 2 4 . .,,q ' Qu ce nE ,ti za b cth D c c t a r a t i oonf I n d c p c n d c n cwca sd r a w nY p i n 1 7 7 6 ' 25. , M ar s dur ing 2 6 . S ci cn ti stsh o p cto scn d l cxpcdition[o =- I 980s. ' b i r d s i n g i n go u t s i d cm y h o u s c ' 2 7 . L a s tn i g h tt h c r cw a s ' , c h a i r t h a t y o ua r c s i t t i n gi n i s b r o k c n . z g . ] 1i ' 1 , l86l and U n i t c dS t a t c sb e t r v c c n C i v i l W a r r v a sf o u g h ti n . 29. ::. I 865. ' F l o r i d aS t a t e U n i v c r s i t yi s s m a l t c rt h a n 30. - , F l o ri d a .

U n i v c r s i t yo f

o Other:Thc usc of the worclother is oftcn a causd0f confusionfor forcign S tu d yth e fo l l o w i n gfor mulas. s t u d en ts. WIT}I COUNTNOUNS

WITII NON-COUNTNOUNS

a n * o th e r+ si n g u l a rn o u n( one morc) a n o tl tcrp e n ci l- o n emo rePencil^ t h e o th e i + si n g u l a rn o u n(lastof thcset) t h c o th crp cn ci l: th e l a stPcncil p r cscn t o t h e r+ p l u ra ln o u n(mo reof the set) other pcncils- solilemorePencils the othcr + plural noun ( t h c rcsto f th e se t) i h e o th crp cn ci l s: a l l rcmaining pcncils

xxxxx

orher+ non-countnouns(moreof the set) otherwater : Soffiemorc water the other + non-countnoun (all the rcst) the othcrwatcr : the r emaining water

is spccific'If thc NOre,Anotlrcr lnd other arc nonspccificwhilc the other thc dctcrmincrand subjectis undcrstood,onc can omit thc noun and kccp plural count nounthat is othersothat other functionsas a pronoun.If it is a NEvrn bc plural if it is omitted,otltcr bccomcsothcrs.ThcwortJother can lollowedbY a noun. I rlon'twant this book.Plcascgive mc anothcr' (onothcr: any othcr book-notspccific) I don't want this book.Plcascgivc mc thc other' ( th eo th e r: th c o th cr b ook- spccific) too. otlrers arc poisonous This chcmicalis poisonous. (others : othcr chcmicals-notspccilic) tlte otltcrs. " I don't want thcscbooks.Plcascgivc nrc (the others: thc othcr books-spcci{rc) is to uss olhcr - l' onc or N o r e : A n o th o r w a y o f su b s titutinglor thc,noun ones. Idon'twanttlrisbook.Plcascgivcnrcanotltcronc. Itlon'twantthisbook.Plcascgivcmct|rcothcronc. Thischcnlicalispoisonous.othcroncsarcpoisonoustoo. I don't want thcscbooks.Plcascgivc rttctltc otltcr oncs. Exercisc 5.'Othcr F i l l i n th c b l a n ksw i th th c appr opr iatclor m of other ' ' ( singular ) l . T h i s p cn i sn 'tw o rki n g .Plcascgivcm c pot o[ coffcc' 2 . If yo u 'rcsti l l th i rsty,I'l l makc givc r nc 3 . Th i s cl i cti o n a ryh l s a pagc nr issing.Plcasc

' ( thc

la sto n c) 4. I-lc docsnot nccd thoscbooks'I-lc nccds in g ) ^ cr.tca Am Latin fr onr ar c Tr vcnty *oT. thc in 5 . T h crc a rc.th i rty p co p l e ' 'i countrics' . a r ef r o m i ' i { , ' u, and ;l' { ' wlls meat' buying wcrc Two store' 6. Six pcoplcwerc in thc ' I : bar ' candy a ' cating was \, "' 1 lo o ki n ga t ma g a zi n e s.' lookingfor nlorefood.(not'iccthc vcrbs) wcrc walking-around r g l a s s o f m i l ki s s o u rt o o ' :, -',i' 7 . T h i s g l n s s o t m i l ki s s o u r . S.Tlrcarmywaspracticingitsclrills.onc,groupwasaoils.artillcry r :;" ' ' - ' I w a sa t a t t c n t i o na; n d ,-.-.,' was-marching p ' r a c t i c c:.. 1 ! :'' " w a s p r a c t i c i n g c o m b at a t c t-i'c1's ' ' ar c fr onl lr ^n' and si u d cntsfr om Japan. sg vcn 9' -. T- h crc a' ,rc ',$arclrom ,'i'., placcs. ivc,but wcrc far too cxpcnsl 10. wc lookcdat four cars toclay.Thc lirst I'wo '1i", 't,' oncswcrc rcasonablypriccd'

NorE: It is also ;rcssiblcto usc the demonstrativc articlesthis, that, theseandthoseaspronouns.It is correctto say thisone andthat one:howevcr,it is not corrcct to say theseonesor tho.seones.Simply usc llese or those as p r o n ou n rvi s th o uat d d i n go n e .r . T h i s el e va toirs b ro kcn T . h a t onc is alsobr oken.( that ofle: that elevator ) T h e s eg l a sseasre d i rty. T h o sear e dir ty also.( tlose - thoseglasses) 5. The Yerb Phrase A s m cn ti o n cdi n i te rn3 , th e vcr b phr aseconsists of thc mainvcr b and any auxiliarics. o Tensesand aspects: simptcprescnt-Hcwalksto schooleveryclay. simplcpast-FIe*o!!gg ,o schoolyesterday. p r e se npt ro g re ssi vc (co n ti nuous) - Hc is walkingto schoolnow. p a s t p ro g re ssi vc (co n ti n u ous) - Hewas,walkingto school,when he saw Janc. p r e se npt crfcct-H ch a sw a lkcdto schoolscver altimes. pastpcrfcct-l-lctraOturttca to schoolbcforche hurt his foot. C i v e n h crc i s a l i st o f so meof thc com m onir r cgularvcr bsin English.It is v c r y i m p o rta n th t a t yo u kn o wwhcthcra vcr bis r cgularor ir r cgular You r vill . n o t i c cth a I rcg u l a rve rb sa re thc samcin thc pasttcnseand pastpar ticiplc; horvcvcr,irrcgularvcrbsarc very oftcn diffcrentin thcseforms. SIMPLI] PRIISENT'I'ENSE

SIMPLE PNSTTI]NSE

PAST PARTICIPLE

bcr t bcgin bind bite blow b r ca k bring build buy c a tch choosc do drink d r i ve eaI fall

b ca t b cg a n bound

bcatcn begun bound bitten blorvn brokcn br ought built bought caught chosen done dr unk driven eaten fallen

bir b l cw b ro ke b ro u ght built b o u g ht ca u g ht chose did drank drove ate fell

PRESENT P NR T I C I P L E

bcir ting beginning binding biting blowing br caking bringing building buying catching choosing doing drinking dr iving eating falling

SIMPLE PRESENTTENSI:

fcel lind

flv forgct gct givc hcar hidc kecp know lcad lcavc losc make mect 'pay ridc run say scc scll scnd sing sink sit sfrcak spcnd ' siand s tca l s tri vc swtm takc tctclt t ca r t cl l t hi n k t hro w u n d crstl n d w ci tr

PAST PARTICIPLE,

SIMPLE PASTTENSE,

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

fccling fclt fclt finding found found flying flown flcw forgetting forgottcn forgot gctting gottcn got giving givcn gavc hcar ing hcard h ca rd hiding hiddcn hid kecping kcpt kcpt knowing known knew lcading led lcd lcaving lcft lcft losing lost lost making m adc ma d e mecting mct nre[ paying paid paid r iding riddcn rodc r unning r un ra n saying said sa i d sceing sccn sAw sclling sold sold scnding sent scnt singing sung sa n g sinking sunk sa n k sitting sat sa t spcaking spokcn spokc spcnding spcnt spcnt standing stood stood stealing stolcn stolc str iving strivcn strovc (strivcd) (strivcd) swim m ing swum swam taking takcn took teaching taught ta u ght tcar ing torn torc tclling told told thinking thought thought throwing tltrown thrcw undcr standing undcrstood undcrstood wcar ing wor n worc

Y o u .sh o u l da l so kn o w th at ther e is no changcin thc,foltowingvcr bsto i n d ica tcth ed i ffcrcn ttcn scs. SIMI)LE P R I I S E N T- r I ] N S I ]

SIMPLE PAST'TENSE

bet b id cost cut

bct bid cost cut fit hit put qu i t rcad s h ut sp rcad

tlr hit put quit read* s h ut s prca d

PAS'T P NR T I C I I ' L I :

bet bid cost cut llt lrit put qu i t rcad shut spr cad

PI{l:SENT PAII.TTCIPLE

bctting bidding costing c ut t i n g fitt ing hitting putting quitting rcading shutting spr eading

* Ilead i s p ro n o u n ce d d i ffcrcntlyin the past t c n s ca n d . , p a r t i c i p l c , but is s p c l l cdt h es a m c . t Simple prescnt tcnsc:Tlris tcnsc is usuailynof,uscd to indicatcpr csent timc. I-lowcvcr,il. i s u scdto i ndicate pr cscnttir nc ( nor v)r vith thc follor ving s t a t i vcvcrb s. kn o w un d crsta nd havc

b cti cvc lr car scc sr ncll r vish h atc lovc likc w:tnt ,sound nccd .appcar .sccnl t:r stc owtl

No'e: Thc verbsristcdabovearc armost neveruscdin ;*;;, progrcssivc (continuous), arthough it is possibrc in somccascs. Si m p t ep rcscn ir.s u scdto i n d i c atea J o h nw a l ksto sch o o cvcry l d ay.

r egur aror habituaracti,on.

Ex a m p l e o s f si n rp l ep re scn te t nsc: T h c y u n d crsta n th d e p ro b l e mnow.

.Y:"y@lyi'' w c w a n t to l ca vc

inth..;.ffi

now.

TheEiteerasres d"ii.iorr. MarkEEtrrv1|E toschoot. Y o u rc o u g hs o u n d sb a d .

( stativever b) ( h a b i t u aal c t i o n ) ( stativever b) (stativeverb) ( habitualacr ion) (stativeverb)

or pasl

to form thc o Present Progrcssivc (continuotrs/.'Usc thc following rulc prcscntProgrcssivc. latnl

s u b j c c+t l t t | + l v c r Ua ' i n g J ' ' ' larcl

is usctlto inclicatcprcscntt'inrc(now) with all but T[c prcscntprogrcssivc t h ss t a ti vcvcrb sl i stcdp rcvi o usly' J o h ni s c a t i n gd i n n c rn o w . I t i s a l sou scdto i n d i ca tcfu tu r c tir nc' W c arc l ca vi n gfo r th c th cl tcr itt scvcno' clock' Examplcso[ Prc.scnt Progressivc: a r c cxamlnlng T h c co mrn i ttccn l cttrb crs ( pr cscnttimc) t h c n r a t c r i anl o w . ' Gcorgcis lcavinglor lrrancclomorrorv' ( futur c tinr c) or r or v' ( f u t u r ct i m c ) l I - l cn ryi s w a l ki n gto sch o o ttlllr T h e p rcsi d cnits tryi n g ttl cotltltct ( pr cscnttinr c) his advisorstlorv. T l t c sccrcta ryi s typ i n gth c lcttcr now' - ( pr cscnttinr c) W c a rc fl yi n gto V cn .z.u cllncxt nt<lntlt' ( [utur c tir nc) Ii.tcrcisc6:Simplcl,rcsentundl,rcscntl,rogrcssive in tlr c follor ving c l r oo scci th cr th c si rtrp l cpr cscr ttor pr csctttpr ogr cssivc s c n t cn ccs. ( snr cll)vcr y good' l . S o rn cth i n -g 2..Wc_(cat)dinncratscvcn<l'c|ocktoniglrt. (p ra cti cc)thc pianocvcr yday' 3 . "l - l c (d ri vc )to schooltomor r ow' 4 . Th cy 5. l-(bclicvc)You' ( h a v c )a c o l d ' 6. Maria (sw i nr )r ight now' 7 . J o rg c (h a tc)smokc' 8 . Jo h n ( g c t )u P a t 6 : 0 0n ' u ' 9. Jill always 10 . J c r r y action that o Sirrrplcpasl tettse.'T[csimplc past is uscd for a conrpletcd wordsarc important lrappcncdzttoncspecifictintein thc past.Thc italicizcd as.pilst progrcssivcor bccauscthcy show tfiat sirnplcpast is not thc slmc prcscntPcrfcct.

J o h nw e n tt o S p a i nl a s ty c a r . Bo b b o u g h ta n cw b i cycl cy cster day. M a r i a d i d l r c rh o m o v o r kl u s tn i g h t . M a rk tu " sh cdth c d i sh cs^ft* di*.. W c d ro vcto th c g ro ccrystor cthis after noon. Gcorgccooteadinner lor his r@ o Pastprctgrcs.rive (conlittuous):Usc tlrc following rulc to fornr the past progrcssive. su b j cct* {'"n' } -t- [vcrb r- rrrg] lwere)

T h e p a stp ro g rcssi vc i s u se dto indicatc: ( l ) An a cti o n w h i ch w a s o ccur r ingin the past and r vas intcr r uptcdby a n o t h cra cti o n .In th i sca se ,the gcncr alr ule is: '*,hctt1-subjcct,+ simplepasttcnse+ subjcct,+ pastprogrcssivc ... OR

subjcct,+ pastprogrcssivc 4 when+ subjcct,+ simplepasttcnsc. . .

W h cn Ma rk ca n reh o me ,Mar tha waswatchingtclcvision. OR

M a rth a rva sw a tcl ri n gtcl cvisionr vhcnM ar k cam chom c. ( 2 ) T wo a cti o n so ccu rri n gat thc same timc in the past. In this casc,thc f o l l o w i n gru l e su su a l l ya p p l y. subject,+ pastprogressive + while + subjectr+ pastprogressivc... OR

... while * subjectl+ pastprogressive + subjectr+ pastprogresstve

whileJohnwasreadinga book. Marthawaswatchingtelcvision OR

While John was readinga book,Martha waswatchingtelevision. but it is not as commbnas Nore Thc followingconstructionis alsopossible, thc prccedingtwo.

+ subjcct,+ simplcpast' ' ' while + subjcct,+ pastprogrcssivc

W h i l c M a r t h a w a sw a t c h i n gtclevision,John reada book. past' ( 3 ) An a cti o nw h i ch w a so ccu rr ingat sonlcspecifictim c in thc M a r t fi a rva sw a tcfi i n gtcl cvi sionat scvcno' clocklast night' at onc o'clockthis aftcrnoon'l What *@qq'ng Examplcsof pastProgrcssivc:

pcn' hc lost^lris Johnwaswatkingto classIg r Yr as p c a k i r r g . * l l i l c t l r cp r o f c s s o T n cs f u his brothcrcallcd' Gcorgc*", *ThGFIi;iti"..:g I-lcnryffi;at*g fiack at nridnigh!lastnigl.rl' ,

lrusu.io whcnM,"yg,,r.honrc,.l,cr ++g!9,1]1T:: Miik-*", irffion

carbrokcdorvnMainStrcctwhcn'his

ExcrciscT:SimplePasrTenscandPustl,rogrcssivc in thc follor ving U s c ci th cr th c si rn p l cp a st tcnscor tltc past pr ogr c' ssivc a s i l P P ro p ri a tc. s c n t c nccs l. Gcnc 5usbirnd 2 . W h i i c M a r i a w l s c l c t n i n g t h c a p a r t n r c n th, r : r ( s lccp ). ( study) ' 3 . n t th rcco 'cl o cktl ri sn l o rning,[ilcanor ( havc)dinncr 'but tltcy 4 . W hcn Ma rk a rri vcd ,th c Johnsons s t o p p ctli n o rd cr to ta l k to hinr ' 5. John ( cntcr ) thc r oonr ' thc st' udcntswcr c 6 . W h cn th c tca ch cr talking. ?.WhilcJoanrvaswritingthcreport,I'Icnry i n fo rma ti o n . 8. Wc i"- ' ( own) this building' 9 . A t o n c ti mc, Mr. Il 'o b crts 10.Josc

(brcak). '

\'i

t'-

perfect:Usc th c [o ltowjngr ulc to for nt thc pr cscntpcr fcct' o Presen-l

subjcct+

[l,or I} - L

{

lhovc)

[verbin PastParticiPlc]

T h e prcscn tp crfccti s u se dto indicate: ( l ) A n a c L i o nt h a t l r a p p c n cadt a n i n d c f i n i t ct i m c i n t h e p a s t . J o l r nh n st r a v c l c da r o u n dt h c r v o r l d (. W c d o n ' tk n o r vw l r c n . ) ( 2 ) A n a cti o ntl ta t l ra p p cn emor d ethan or lccin thc past. C eo rg eh a sse e nth i s mo viethr cetimes. ( 3 ) An a cti o nth a t b cg a ni n thc pastand is still occuir ir igi n t h e p r c s e n t . J o h n h a sl i vcdi n th c sa mchouscfor tr vcntyycar s.( l- lcs t i l l l i v c st h c r c . )

Orr Jolrnhaslivcdin thcsanrchouscsinccl9(t2.(l{e still livcsthcrc.) I f i t i s n o r v1 9 8 2 :

for 20 years

s i n c e1 9 6 2

r9 8 2 ( norv)

c l;orfsince:Uscfor + duration of tinre:for five Itours,/or thirty S'ears, for tctt tttittulc,.r.Usc since + b e ginningtim c:since1972,sincef;veo' c' lock,sinct January.

. Yetfalready.'Thc advcrbs yet ^nd already arc uscd to indicatc that tim c in thc s o m cth i n gh a sh a p p cn cd(o r hasn' thappcncd)at :r n unspccificd pcr l- cct. p a s t .T h e sca d vcrb sa rc o fte nuscdr viththc pr cscnl. rmativc sentcnccs aIr cad y-'a.ffi and qucstions ye t-ncgativescntcnces N o t e: A l re a d y u su a l l ya p p ear sbetwecnthc auxiliar yand thc nr ain vcr b; h o w cve r,i t ca n a p p e a ra t th e beginningor cnd of thc scntencc.Xef appean a t t h c e n do f th e scn te n ce .

li::,1 lix,l

subjcct+

subject+

+ already+ [verbin pastparticiple]

+ not * lvcrbin pastParticiPle] 1- yet

of yet a,ndalreadY: Exnmplcs W c h a vca l rca d yrvri ttcno u r rcpor ts. W c h a vcn 'tw ri ttcn o u r rcp o rlsyct. thc cnllircbook' crb@ T h c p r csi d cnht a sn 'td cci d cdwhat to do yct' Sanrhasalrcadyrccordcdthc rcsultsof thc cxpcrirtrcnt.

yct. Mariahasn'tcallcdhcr parcnts In' thiscasc' N o r r : A n o th cro p ti o nw i th th c useof yel is som ctimcspossiblc. tltc t h c v c r b i s p o si ti vcl n cl th c a d v cr b/st.docs not appcarat thc cnd of scntcncc.

+ [l,nr I 4- yet + lnorrl

[vcr b in infinitivc]

J o h nh a s y c t t o l c a r n t h c m a t c r i a l .- , J o h n l t a s n ' tl c a r n c dt h c n l a t c r i a l

It. whatto do rviththc moncy': W c l t a v c n ' t d c c i d c d WE@ whatto do with thc moncYYct. \.{.

Iror catcgory(3) of thc prcscnt pcrfectprogressivc(continuou.r): t Presetil pcrfcctruicsonly, it is alsopossiblcto usc the prcscntpcrfcctprogrcssivc Usctlrclollowingrulcto forrnthisaspcct. (continuous). subjcct -t-

[lo' I

-rbecn*[vcrba

It,orrJ

ing]...

: livcd J o h nl ta .sb ccnl i vi n g i n th c salnchouscfor tr ventyycar s. Johnltas in tt c samt tto,tstfor twcnl'yycars. -of PrcscntO**t E,xamplcs ( indcfinitctimc) Jorgchasalrcadywalkcd to scltool. H c h a sb ccnto C a l i fo rn i ath rcc times. (rnorcthan oncc) J o h ntr *o rkcd i n Wa ttti n gtonfor thrcc Ycilrs. (not yct conrPlctcd) OR J o h nha sb ccnw o rki n gi n Washington for thrcc Ycars timc) (indcfinite Mary hassccnthis movicbcforc. (notyct complctcd) T h c y h a vcb e cna t h o mca l l daY. ' Wc havcn't (indcfinitc timc) Soncto the storcYct.

Exercise 8: PresentPerfect and Simple Past U s e ci th e r the present perfect or the simple past in ihe follorving sentences.

(write)hisreportlastnight. (pe) ttrismoviebeforc.

l. John 2. Bob

':t . t - ^ ^ r \ r L ^ a d)the newspaper 3 . J org e ;'\ | '' \'(-ir - l(re alr eady.

4. Mr. Johnson

(work)in thesameplacefor thirty-fiveyears,

a nd h e i s n o t p l a n n i n gto retir eyet. (begin;negative)to studyfor thc testyet. We (g o ) to the itor e at tcn o' clockthis mor ning. Gcorgc (tra vc l)ar oundthe wor ld. J oa n (w ri te) a letterlastnight. Be tty

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Guillcrmo t 0 . We -,

(call)hisemployer yesterday. (sce;negativc) thismovieyet.

-.rt''

o Pastperfect:Use the followingrulc to form the pastperfect. subjectt- had + [verb in pastparticiplc] The pastperfectis usedto indicate: ( l ) An a cti o nth a t h a p p e n e d befor eanotheractionin thc past;ther eusually a r e t wo a cti o n si n th c se n te n ce. J o hn h a d g o n cto th c sto rebcfor clr ewcnt home, |nd action

I st oction

J a c k to l d u s ycste rd a yth a t hc had visitedEnglandin 1970. 2nd oction

lst oction

pastpcrfect Ist action

s i m p l ep a s t 2nd action

The past perfectis usuallyusedwith the adverbsbefore. after, or x,hen. Studythefollowing formulas. subject+ pastperfect* be[ore+ subject+ simplepasttense

John had goneto thc storebeforehe went home.

subjcct+ sintplcpasttcnsc * ofter + subjcct {- pastJrcrfcct

J o h nrvcn th o mca ftcr h c h a d goncto tltc stor e. before+ subjcct -t-simplcpilst tensc+- subjcct.{- pastpcrfcct

Bc f orcJo h nw cn t l to n tc,h c had goncto thc stor c' after-t-subjcct .t. pirstpcrfcct -t-subjcct-t. sirnplcpasttcnsc

A f t cr Jo h nh a d g o n cto tl tc stor c,hc wcnt ltom c. NOrf: Thc lclvcrb wltcn cln bc uscclin placc of"before'or'aflerin any o[ W c still know r vhichaction t h c s cf o u r l o rn ru l a sw i th o u tchangcin"m caning. h a p p cn cdti rst b cca u sco f tl rc usco[ pastpcr fcct. l or a tim c in t[c past,but stoppcdbclor c nor v' ( 2 ) A sta tcrvIi cl r co n ti n u c<l T h i si s s i m i l n rt o r u l c n u n r b c (r 3 ) l ' o rp r c s c npt c r f c c t b, u t i n t h i sc n s et,h c r ci s rvi tl rtl tc p rcscnt. n o c o n n ccti o n A b du h a ctti vcdi n N cw Y o r k for tcn year sbclor chc movcdto Califor nr a.

rnovcd

tcn ycllrs

now

o Past pcrfccf progrcssive (contirtuous):For catcgory (2) of past pcrfcct thc ( continuous)Study ' o n l y , wc ca n a tso u sc th c p ast pcr fcct pr ogr cssivc f o l l o wi n gru l c.

movcd to A b du h a d b ccn l i vi n g i n Ncw York lor tcn Ycarsbcforc hc Calit'ornla.Examplcsof PastPcrfcct: Thc profcssorhad rcviewcdthc matcr ialbclor chc gavcthc quiz. Aftcr Hcnry had visitcdPucrtoRico,he wcnt to St. Thomas. gcforc Ali wcnt to slecP,hc had calledtril famity.

Gcorgchad rvorkcdat the universityfor forty-fivcycarsbeforehe rel.ired. OR

G c o rg ch a d b ccn rvo rki n gat thc univcr sityfor for ty- fivcycar sbclor c hc rcti rcd. thcy -A f t cr th c co mn ri tte cmcm bcr slr ad considcr cdthe conscqucnccs, I9I4 on the proposal. T h c d o cto rl ra d-cxa mi n cdthc patienttlr or oughlybcfor che pr cscr ibedthe mcdication. Exercisc 9: I'ost I'erfect and Simple Past sentcnccs. S u pp l yth c p a stp crfccto r s implcpastin the follor ving ( ar r cst) l . T h c p o l i ccma nrca d tl rcsuspccthis r ightsaftcr he

hinr. 2. Aftcr John-

(wash)hisclothcs, ltebcganto study.

(rvait)for onc hour befor cthc buscanle. 3 . Ce o rg e (cn ter )thc univcr sityaftcr shehad gr aduatcdlr om 4. Maria t h c c o m m u n i t yc o l l c g c . ( r v a s h ) t l r c l l i p c t t c s l f t c r s h c l r l c l c o r n p l c t c dt h c

5. Jcancttc

6. 7. 8. 9.

I 0.

experimcnt. ( r cceivc)hcr J a n es c n ta l c t t c r t o h c r u n i v c r s i t va f t c r s h c s ch o l rrrsh ch i p cck. thcy had scr vcd lunch to thc passengcr s, A l tcr tl rc stcrva rd csscs ( s i t )d o u ' n . (f1 ip)tcn tinr csbcfor cit landcdon its r oof. Thc car ( t : r k c )t h c q u i z . W c c o r r c c t c do u r p : r p c r sl t f t c r w c ( l i v c )i n M i a m i f o r o n cy c l r w l t c nh i sp a r e n t sc a n l ct o John v r str.

6. Subjcct-l/crbAgrecnrcnt R c n rcn rb eth r a t th c su b j cctand vcr b in a scntcnccm ust agr cc in pcr son a n d n u n rb cr. T h c cl cva to rw o rksvcry rvcll. singular

Thc clcvator sr vor kver y r vcll. plural

singulur

plurul

c Subject separatadfront lhe varb: When taking thc TOIIFL, you nrust cs , a l w a ysch cckth c su b j cctl n d vcr b to bc sur cthcyagr ec.l- lor vcvcrsontctim i t i s d i fl j cu l tto d cci d ccxa ctl ywhat thc subjcctis if thc subjcctand vcr b ar c s c p ar atcd . T h c b o ysi n th c ro o n la rc studying. plural

plurol

V c r y o f t c n , i I t h c s u b j c c tr n d v c r b a r c s c p i r r : t t c ctll,t c y r v i l l b c . s c p l r l t c d b y : r

phraschasno cffccton thevcrb. phrasc.Thc prcpositional prcpositional subjcct -F Iprcpositionalphrasc] -F vcrb i s vcr y intcr csting. T h c stu d yo f l a n g u a g cs singulor verb

singular subjccl

Scvcralthcoricson this subjccthavcbccn proposeij. plural verb

plural subject

var icslr om tinlc to timc. T h c vi cw o f th cscd i sci p l i ncs sing,ularverh

singulorsubjcct

T h c d i rn B cro f l o rcstfi rcsi s not to bc takcnliglttly. singulor vcrb

singulursubject

T h c cffcctso f th a t cri n rcu r c likcly to bc dcvastating. plural verb

plurul suhju't

to flccthccitics. . Thc lcarof rapcandrobbcryhascauscdrnany,pcoplc, singulor verb

singulursuhjcct

T h c f ol l o w i n gcxp rcssi o nasl sohavcno cffccton thc vcr b. togcthcw r ith by a cco mpanicd 'fhc

alongr vith as wcll ils

a ctrcss, a l o n grvi thl rcr nr anagcrand sonr cfr icnds, i s g o i n g t o singulor verb

singular subjccl

a p a r t yt o n i g h t . M r . R o b b i n s,' l c c o m p a n i c db y h i sw i f c a n d c h i l d r c n i,s a r r i v i n gt o n i g h t . ;;wt";rrtfin .

;"c't"""h

, -.l \ ',,"

n on(l is irscdinstcadof onc of thcscphrascs,thc vcrb Nol: I f tftc conju'nctio w o u l dt h c n b c p l u r a l . T h c a ctrcssa n d h cr n ra n agcrar c goingto l par ty tonight' Plurol suhiect

Plural verb

Excrcisc I0: Subject-VerbAgrcement Choosc thc corrcct forrn of tftc vcrb in parcnthcscsin thc follorving sentcnccs. l . J o h n ,a l o n gw i t h t w c n t y[ r i e n d s(, i s / a { c )p l a n n i n ga p a r t y . 2 . Th c p i ctu rco f th c so l <l icr(sbr ing/br ings)backnr anyIncnlor ics' 3. Thc quality of thcscrccordings(is/a'ri:)not vcry good' 4 . I I tftc d u ti cs o f th cscg lficcr s( i.snlt/ar cn' t)r cduccd,tficr c will not bc c n o u g hti mc to fi n i shth c pr ojcct. ' fl rc cl l 'cctso f ci g l rcttc sr loking( havc/ha$)bccnpr ovcllto bc cxtr cpr c l y 5. I tarrn ful .

r apidlyin incr cascd 6 . T h e u sco f crcd i tca rd si n placcof cashQr avc/has) r e ccn tyca rs. tltr n o n tcl cvi sion( is/ar c) bccomingm or c conr pctitivc 7 . Ad vcrti scmcn ts cverbcfore. 8 . L i vi n ge xp cn sei sn th i sco untr y,as wcll as in manyother s,( is/ar c)at an a l l - t i m cl r i g h . by sever alr ncm bcr sof thc cotnnr ittcc,( havc/ 9 . M r. Jo n cs,A cco n tp A n i ed so mcch a n ges of the r ulcs. h as)p ro p o scd ( var y/var ies)fr onrsubjcctto subjcct. 1 0 . T h e l cvcl so [ i n to xi ca ti o n . l4orrls that always take.singular verbs and pronorrt.r.'.Somcrvordsarc o f t e n c o n fu se db y stu d e n tsa s being plur al.The followingr vor dsmust bc f o l l o wcdb y si n g u l a rvcrb sa n d pr onounsin for malr vr ittenEnglish: i l n y + s i n g u l a rn o u n anybody ilnyonc anything

s o m e+ s i n g u l anr o u n nobody somebody no onc sotnconc nothing somcthing

caclr cvcry cvcrybody c i t h c r r cveryonc n c it h c rr cvcrything

*eithcr tnd neitherarc singularif thcy are not uscdrvithr.rrtnd nor. a tickctshouldbc in thislinc. I l v e ryb o d yw h o h a sn o t p u rchascd So r n e th i nw g a su n d crth c h ouse. I f ci th e r o [ yo u ta kcsa va cationnow, wc r vill not bc ablc to finish thc rvork. A n yb o d y w h o h a s l o st h i s tickct should r epor t to the dcsk. ( notc thc s i n g u l a pr r o n o u n ) N o pro b l crni s l r:rrd crto so l vcthitntltisonc. N o bo d yrvo rksh a rd crth a nJohndocs. o N o ne fn oN : o n eca n ta kee i thera singularor plur alver b dcpcndingon thc n o u nw h i chfo l l o w si t. n o n e+ o f th e + non- countnoun + singularvcr b moneyhasbcenfound. None of the counterfieit none* of the + plural count noun * plural verb N o n eo f th estu d cn tsh a vcfinishedthc cxamyet. N o c a n ta ke ci th e ra si n g u l aror plur al ver b dcpendingon thc noun wlr ich followsit.

no -l

noun I singularvcr b fsingular + nounJ [non-count

No examplcis rclcvantto thiscasc. no * pluralnoun+ Pluralverb No cxamPlcsarc rclcvantto this casc' thc o Eitherfrrcirhcr:Whcn eifher and neitlrer ^rc followcd by or and nor follorvingor vorb may bc singularor plural dcpcndingon whcthcr the noun thc samc rule and noi is singular or ilural. Iflor or nor appcarsalonc, a p p l i c sStu . d y th c fo l l o w i n gfo rmulas.

-Fprurar verb noun * prurar noun . {]:1 l';;:i,:::l+ Ncithcr John nor his fricndsarc goingto thc bcachtoday. Plural vcrb

pluro! noun

or his fricndsarc goingto thc beachtoclay. Eithcr John--ll*tl "", ffi

noun + singurarvcrb singurar noun "l:i'l+ l:;X,'::l{Jolrnnor Ncitlrcr #+## noun

todav' to thcbcach vcrb

Eithcr John or Bill is goingto thc bcachtoday' singular singular vcrb suhicct

Examplcs: N c i th cr Jo h n

Janc is goingto classtodaY. singular tiagulor

Neithcr Maria nor hcr friendsarc goingto classtoday' plural

- car ' J o h no r Gco rg ci s b ri n g i n gthe ingulor

singular

Ncithcr Alccia nor carmcn hasscenthis movicbcfore. ingulor

singulor

yct' Ncithcr thc clircctornor thc sccrctaryga1]1 to lcavc singulor

singulor

o Gerundsas subjecls.'If a sentenccbeginswith [verb * rrg] (gcrund),thc v c r b m u s ta l s ob c s i n g u l a r . K n o w i n gh c r h a sm a d ch i m w h a t h e i s . D i cti n gi s vcry p o p u l a rto d ay. N o t s t u d y i n gh a sc a u s c dh i m m a n yp r o b l e m s . W a sh i n grvi tha sp e ci acrcam l is r ecomm cndcd for scalpinfections. Be in gco rd i a li s o n co f h i sg r catcstasscts. W r i t i n gm a n yl c t t e r sm a k e sh c r h a p p y . t ( . ' r t l l r c ' t i v (n o u t 7 . \ A i l s r . rm a n y , w o r d s i n d i c a t i n g a n u m b e r o f p e o p l e o r a r r i r n a l sa r c s i n g u l a r . ' l - h c[ o l l o w i n g n o u n s a r c u s u a l l y , s i n g u l a r .I n s o m e c a s c st h c y a r c p l u r a l i f t h e s c n t c n c ci n d i c a t c st h a t t h e i n d i v i d u a lm c n t b c r s a r c a c t i n gs c p a r a t c l y .

Congrcss [amily organization tca m Sovernmcnt j u r y

group army majority*

com nr ittqc club minority

cl:tss cr owd public

+M o i o r i t yc a nb c s i n g u l aor r p t u r a t . I f i t i s a l o n ci t i s u s u a l l ys i n g u l a ri;f i t i s l o l l o w c db y a p l u r a ln o u n ,i t i s u s u a l l yp l u r a l . T h c ma j o ri tyb cl i cvcsth a t wc ar c in no tlangcr . T h c n ra j o ri tyo f th c stu d cntsbclicvehinr to be innoccnt.

Examplcs of collcctivc nouns: If:gtlltttg

ltasmct,and it hasrcjcctc<J thc proposal.

I h e l h mi l y rva se l a tcdb y thc ncws. T h e cro w d----w a sw i l d w i th e x citem cnt. ;-----------; c o n g rcssh a si n i ti a te da n e w plan to conr batinflation. T t , t,,rg u n i r.u ti rnl rrrl u tt manymcmbcr sthisyear . !)t, tttn is y.rinf.to win thc game. T h e f oJl o w i n n g o u n sa re u se dto indicategr oupsof cer tainanim als.Ir is not n c c c ssa ry L ol ca rnth e n o u n s;howevcrthey , mcanthesamcasgr oupand thus a r e c o n si d crcd si n g u l a r. flockof birds,shecp h e rdo f ca ttle packof dogs

schoolof fish pr ideof lions

Thc flockof birds is circlingoverhcad. T h e l rcrdo f ca ttl ei s b re a ki ngaway. A schoolof fishis bcingattackedby sharks.

uscdas a r vltol c C o l l ccti vcn o u n si n d i ca ti n gtim c, moncy,and mcasur cn' tcnts a r es i n g u l a r . d o l l a rsi s to o m ucltto pay for thlt shir t. T r v cn ty-fi vc F i fty mi n u tcsi sn 'tcn o u g lttir ncto finishthis tcst. I ca n lffor d to pay for tlr at r ccor dcr . t "ntyd Jl ,*si s;l l T wo rn i l csi s to o In u chto run in oncday. o A ttrtntbcrof/thc numbcr of: o rtttrttbcrtd -t-pluralnoun -t- plural vcrb . . . r b' " Ih e n u n rb e ro f l- plur ll noun - f singullr vcr - Illlln- \' ) A n u mb e ro f stu d e n fsa re goingto thc classpicnic.( u nuntberoJ scvcn. ' lr avcatr cadybccn- intciviovc! rffiu. bcctrcfrstion.rdon tltis mattcr is quitc sn raIl . rtlrvltysconsidcrcd o Nounsllratare alwas'5plurul: Thc follorvirtgnouns:rrc t h c n r a s s i n g u l a r ,o n c p l u r a l .T h cy ca n n o tb c si n g ular 'In or der to spcr k of " m u s tsa Y :" a P a i ro f

scissors trouscrs

shorts glasscs

pil11ts

tor tgs

plicrs

T hc p a n tsa rc i n l h c d ra w cr . A pa i r o f p a n tsi s i n th e d rawcr .

arc dull. Thcscscissors i s d u l l. T hi s p a i r o [sci sso rs o Thcre isfthere arc.' Rcmcmbcr that with scntcnccsb c g i n n i n gw i t h t h c cxistentialthere,th c su b j cctis actuallYafter thc vcrb.

thcreis I tttcrc Yn' Deett) , I tltcre llas

--t-singularsubjcct tor non-count)

are lthere I w e rc Ith e re | Itherehavebeenl

+ plur alsubjcct

T h crc i s a sto rma p p ro a ching. tlrrtrh,

t-grt",

callstoday. T h cre h a vcb ccna n u n rb c rof telephonc plr^l

pt"r"t

T h e r ew a sa n a c c i d e nlta s tn i g h t . t-t1"lt,

tryrl*

T h c r c w c r c t o o n l a n y p c o p l ca t t h c p a r t y . P'tr-

Pt*-

T h crc h a sb ccna n i n crca scin the impor tationof for cigncar s. --.------:---.;--.---:---.,stnSular

slnSulaf

T h erew a s rva tcr o n th c fl oorwhcr chc fell. singulor

,ron-counl

Excrcise I I: Subject-YerbAgrcentent C h o o scth eco rrcctfo rm o f the vcr b in thc followingscntcnccs.. l . N c i t h c rB i l l n o r M a r y ( i s / a r c )g o i n gt o t h e p l a yt o n i g h t . 2 . A n yth i n g(i s/a rd )b cttcrthan goingto anothcrm ovictonight. 3 . Ska ti n g(i s/a rc) b cco mi ngnlor cpopularcver yday. (was/wcr e)at thc confcr cncc ycstcr day. 4 . A n u mb cro f rcJro rtcrs 5 . l ivcryb o d yw h o (h a s/h +vc)a fcvcrmustgo homcinr m cdiatcly. (rva +;/w cr e) 6 . Y o u r g l a sscs on thc bur caulastnight. ' fh crc (w a s/w cre ) 7. so mcpeoplcat thc m cetinglastnight. (h a 8 . T h e co mmi ttcc s/!a dc)llr cady r cachcda dccision. machincthis mor ning. 9 . A p a i r o f j ca n s(w a ,sl y.e6)in thc r vashing 1 0 . E a chstu d e n t(h a s/,ffi ) answcr cdthe fir stthr ecqucstions. I l . E i th crJo h no r h i s w i fc (makc/makcs)br eakfasteachm or ning. 1 2 . Aftcr sh e h a d p cru se dthe mater ial,thc sccr etar ydccidedthat cver yin ordcr. thing (rvas/v*c-rc) 1 3 . T h c c r o w da t t h c b a s k e t b a l l g a m( cw a s / r v c r cr)v i l dr v i t he x c i t c m c n t . 1 4 . A p a cko f w i l d d o g s(h a s /[afc) fr ightened all thc ducksaway. 1 5 . T h c j u ry (i s/rtc) tryi n g to r cacha dccision. 1 6 . T h c a r m y ( h a s / h 1 v dc) l i m i n a t c dt h i ss c c t i o no f t h c t r a i n i n gt c s t . 1 7 . T h c n u mb cro f stu d cn tsr vho havc withdr ar vnfr om classthis quar tcr ( is/ye ) a p p a l l i n g . in thisclass. 1 8 . T h e rc(h +s/h a vc)b e e ntoo m any intcr r uptions .( ha,slffic)to takethiscxamination. 1 9 . E vcrye l e mcn ta ry sch o otcachcr l sccnthis nr ovicbcfor c. 2 0 . N ci th crJi l l n o r h cr p a rcnts( Jr a3/havc)

7. PronounJ conrplcThcrc arc five fornrsof pronounsin E,nglish:subjcct pronouns' adjcctivcs' pronouns'posscssivc mcntpronouns(objcctpronouns),posscssivc andrcllcxivcpronouns. of a t Subjcctl)rotrcutts;Subjcct pronounsoccur in thc subjcct posit'ion o r l l tcr th c vcrb D c.S tur lytlr c followinglist of subjcctpr onouns' s c n t c n cc lwc you lrc sh c it

Nor n: Also uscthc subjcctPr onounaftcr thun,0s,andthat.

you th cY

a m g o i n gto l l rc sto rc.

I subjcct

Wc. havc livcd hcrc for trvcntyycilrs' subject

It wasshc wlto callcdyou-(aftcr thc vcrb lrc) Shc anIT ltavcsccnthis nrovicbcforc' subicct

Gcorgcand I would likc to lcavcnorv' subject

W c s tu d cn tsa rc g <l i n gto l ta vca par ty'

trbk"

clircctlyby a noun. In thc lbovc Norr: Wc, you, ancl us can bc fOltowccl s makcsit morc clearcxactlywho we rcfcrsto' scntcnccwe sluclett posioccuFin complcmcnt' nl prottoutts.'Complcmcnt'pronouns o Compleme a ncw clausc' s n l cssthc pr cposition' intr oduccs t i o n o r a ftcr p rcp o si ti o n u S t u d yth c fo l l o w i n gl i st.

us you

me you him hcr it

thcm

yrcsition.The Nore: you a,ndit are thc samc for subjcct or complcmcnt othcrsarc diffcrcnt. Thcy callcd us on thc tclcPhonc' contPlcmcnt

T h e te a ch e gr a vch i m a b a d gr ade. contplenrcnl

Johntold hcr a story. ,onii7,,rn,

T h c p o l i ccma nw a sl o o ki nglor hir n. after preposi t ion

T o u s,i t sce n rs l i kc a g o o dbar gain. oftil prcposit ion

M a r y i s g o i n gt o c l a s sw i t h .'..mc.

,,,"f,\ii,,,^ I - l o wcvcr,rcmcmb crth a t i f the pr cpositionintr oduccsil ncw cluusc,thc p r o n o u nrvi l l b c su b j cctfo rn rbccauseit is actuallyin thc subjcctpositionof t l r cs cco n dcl u u sc. W c w i l l l c a v ca f t c r h c c o r n c s . st't'tnul clouse

r Pos.tes.r ivt'adjective.r.'Posscssivc adjcctivcsl,rctK)!tlte santeas posse.rsive p r o n o u n s.T l rcsc si mp l y modify, nr thcr tlur n r cplucc,nouns;posscssiv e p r o n o u n srcp l a ccn o u r'rs. I)osscssivc f<r r nr sindic:r tcowncr ship.Study thc f o l l o w i n ga d j ccti vcs. my yo u r his hcr its

our yo u r

No'rlr:Posscssivc adjcctivcs:rrc parts u.scdto rcfcr to of u body.

thcir

J o h ni s c a t i n gh i sd i n n c r . T h is i s n o t my b o o k. T h c ca t h a si n j u rcdi ts fo o t. Thc boy brokefUjILr y*crday. S h c fo rg o th cr h o n rci vo rk this nr or ning. M y fo o di s co l d . N o r a : /l .r i s n o t th csa mca s/l s. /ti' r ncansi/ is. r Posscssive pronoans.'Thcscpronounscannot prcccdea noun. Thcy arc p r o n o u n sa n d th u s rcp l a cethe noun. Thc noun is undcr stoodfr om thc c o n t e xta n d i s n o t rcp ca tcdStudy . the followingpr onouns. Norn:

mine : my + noun;for cxample,nty book yours : your + noun;for cxample,your pen hcrs : hcr * noun;for cxample,her dress

minc yours his hcrs its

Nora: f/fs and irs arc thc samc whcthcrthcy Pr cccdca nounor not.

ours yours thcirs

oI posscssivc Examplcs Pronouns: This is rnybook. This is rninc. Your tcacltcris thcsamcas histcachcr. Yoursis thcs a m ca s h i s . t-tcr ,lti.ts is grccn and my dt".:l is rcd. I-lcrsis grccnand nr incil r cd. O u r b o o ksa rc h ca vy. Ou rs ar c hcavy. 'flr cir s ar c toosnr all' f t , "i t co a tsa rc to osrn a l l .

t forgotmy \q!rc\vgt.

I forgotminc.

b indicatc pr onounsusuallylollor v' thc' vcr and p ro tto tu t.r.'T h csc o R c fl cxi vc t [ a t t l rc su b j ccti s b o tl rg i vi n ganclr cccivingt[c action.Study tIc follor vilg list. N o ' r t : :l n t h c P l u r i t lt,h c . r c f changcsto sc/Yc.t'. o u rscl vcs myscl I yo u rscl vcs Nortr: Most forntsarc nrlrdcbY yo u rscl I addingthc suflixto tltc posscssivc hi nrsclf holcvcr, hintsclf,itself th cn rscl vc s acfjcctivc; h crscl f andthcnrrclvesarc tnadcbY aditsclf ding thc suflixto thc contplcr ltcnt [ornr.Thc fornrshisself ttnd theirsclvcsarc ALwnYSlNcottl(l:cr. Norr: John bouglrthirn a ncw car. (hint : anothcrpcr son) Jo h nb o u g h th i mscl fa ncw cAr '' ( himse[ John) of rcflcxivcPronouns: E,xamplcs I rvashcdrnYsclf. I - l cscn tttl c l cttcr to h i msclf. S h c scrvcdh crscl fi n th ecafcter ia' Wc hurt ouisclvcsplayingfootball' T h c y w crc ta l ki n ga mo n gthcm sclves' You can scc thc diffcrcnccfor yoursclvcs' This m c a n s t l t a t t h c Rcflcxivc pronounscan also bc uscd for cmphasis. the subjcct. s u b j c ctd i clth c a cti o na l o n c.In thiscasc,it nor r nallylollows I mysclfbclicvcthat thc proposalis good'

sctout to brcakthc longdistanccflyingrccord. t-ti l''irnsclf

f re p a rcdth e ninc- cour sc Sh c h e rscl p m cal. T h e stu d cn tsth cmscl vcs dccor atcdthe r oom. f r" sta o ttri shomcr vor k. Yo u yo u rscl n J o h nh i n r s c lbf o u g h t h c s cg i f t s . Norc: by l- rcllexivcpronouncan alsonreanulonc. d ed i sh csb v hir nsclf- Johnwaslr cdthc dishesolone. J o h nrva sh e th Excrcise I2: I'ronouns C i rcl c th c co rrcct fo rm of thc pr onounor posscssivc r djcctivc in tltc f o l l o w i n gscn tcn ccs. l . I g o to sch o orvi l th(h c/lr inr )cvcr yday. 2. I scc(p}'e/hcr/h9r-seff) at thc Union evcry Friday. , . 3 . Sh c i p ca ksto (rve /u s/our ;sclves) ever ymor ning. 4. Isn't (shc/,I*r)a nicc pcrson? 5. (l-lc/f..}ffi)is goingto Ncw York on vacation. 6 . (S h c/l [cr) a n d Jo h ng a vctlr c nr oncyto thc boy. 7. (lours/Your)_gccordis scratclrcdand (n;{/ninc) is too. 8. I lrurt (my/minc llJrtqrce. 9 . Jo h nb o u g h t(h i n rscl f/hcr scfl' /lr issbll) a ncwcoat. g i rl sa re g o i n ! car npingovcr thc wcckcnd. 1 0 . (We /-t-+s) I l . Mr. Jo n cscu t (h i sse ff/him scll) shaving. 1 2 . Wc l i kc (o u rfo u +s)n cw car vcr y much. 1 3 . Th c d o g b i t (sh e /h cr)o n thc lcg. l a . Jo h n ,@/h i n rscl Qw e n tto thc r ncct.ing. 1 5 . Yo u 'l l sti ck(yo ti/y" o {rl your sclf)with thc pinsif you ar e not car cful. I 6 . Ma ry a n d(I l 1 p â&#x201A;Ź )w o u l dqathcrgo to thc m ovics. 1 7 . Eve ryo n e h a sto d o (p e { r /his) or vnr escar ch. 1 8 . Ju stb e tw ccnyo u a n d (l 'f m c) ,I don' t likc this food. 1 9 . Mo n d a yi s a h o l i d a yfo r ( we/us)tcacher s.,

20. (Herlffiii; ."r doesnotgoasfastas(o,uflours). 8. Yerbsas Complements . Verbs that are alwaysfollowed by the infinitive: Some vcrbs can take a n o th e rve rb a s th e co mp lem entinsteadof a noun. Som etimesthe ver b f u n c ti o n i n ga s th e co mp l e m entmust be in the infinitive( to + ver b) and sometimesit must be in the gerund (verb + ing) form. The followingverbs a r e a l w a ysfo l l o w e db y th c i n{ initivcif the complement is a ver b.

aSrcc d csi rc i ntcn d prcp a rc tcnd

attcmpt fail lcarn p rctcn d try

claim [orgct need rcfusc want

dccidc hcsitatc offcr sccrn wish.

dcmand hopc plan str ivc

J o h nc x pcctsto b cg i nstu d yi n glaw ncxtscmcstcr . M a r y l ca rn cdto sw i m w h cnsh cwasvcr y young. T h c b u d g ctco n rmi ttccd cci d cdto postponc this m ceting. Thc prcsidcnt*ill attcri-ptl6TcfGGl'lilion in thc ncxt four ycars. T h c s o l d i crsl rc p rcp a ri n gto a ttackthc villagc. Cynthia tr"r .rgrcol ro .rct a*rllG-n bctwccnthc two countrics. . Vcrbsthat arc olwuysfollowcd by the gcrund: Othcr vcrbsmust alwaysbc f o l l o r v c db y th c g cru n d .T h cscvcrbsinclude: adrnit dclny nriss rcgrct ri.sk

ap p rcci atc dcny postponc rcport suggcst

avoid cnjoy pr acticc rcscnt

c a n ' th c l p finislr quit rcsist

considcr rnind r ccall r csum c

J o h na d r n i t t c ds t c a l i n gt h cj c w c l s . Wc cnj<lycxl .s""itg ttrcrnagainaftcr so nlany ycars. Y o u s h o u l d n 'rti s kc n t c r i n gt h a t b u i l d i n gi n i t s p r c s c nct o n d i t i o n . tvtictrrrct *rs corui,t"riqgfruyinga ncw car until thc priccswcnt up. ThcCo".anotlrcrs|ripintlrcI?|oridaStraits. W o u l d y o u n ri n dn o t sn ro ki n gi n thisoflicc? N o r r : T h cscscn tcn ccsa rc ma d c ncgativcby addingthc ncgativcpar ticlc r t o l b c f o r cth c i n fi n i ti vco r g cru n d . J o h nd c c i d cdn o t to b u y th c ca r. W c r c g r ctrcc@to tl rc p ar t.ylast night. T h c f o l l o w i n gvcrb sca n b c l o l l o wcdby cithcr thc infinitivcor thc gcr und w i t h n o c h a n g ci n m c a n i n g .

bcgin likc

c a n ' Is t a n d lovc

continuc prcfcr

dr ead star t

hatc

I - l cs t : r r t c dt o s t u d ya f t c r d i n n c r . o R I I c s t a r t-..1u.* c ds t u d y i n ga f t c rd i n n c r . JoarT-iiFs t., ti,l. lrcr bicyclc to schoot. ort tot"s ricling hcr bicyclcto school.

. Verbs + prcpositiottsfollowcd by the gerund: If a vcrb + prcposition, a d j c c ti vc+ p rcp o si ti o nn,o u n + pr cposition, aloncis follor vcd or pr cposition d i r c ctl yb y a vcrb ,tl rcvcrbrv ill:r lwr ysbc in t.hcgcr undfonn. Thc follor ving l i s t c o n si sts o f vcrb s+ p rcp o.sitions. rp p ro vco f g i v cu p r c l yo n rvo rrya b o u t

b c b cttcroff i n s i s ot n su cc ccdin

d c p c n do n put off i h i n ko f

counl.on kccpon t l r i n kl b o u t

lo. Thc r vor dlo ir t tltcsc thc pr cposition T h c fo l l o rvi n gcxp rcssi o ncontain s c x p r cssi o nmu s st n o t b c co n fuscdr vith tlr c to in thc inlr nitivc.Thcscvcr b { p r c p osi ti ocxp n rcssi o nmu s stalsobc lollor vcdby thc gcr und. objcct to

look forrvrrd to

confcssto

of hisdoctor ' sldvicc. J o hng a vcu p sn ro ki n gb cc ausc d n t a k i n gt l r cb u si n s t c a do f t h c p l : t n c . Mary insistco F r cdco n fcsscd to stca l i n gtlr cjcwcls. Wc ,,rc r'r,rtlookingjot*.trd to goingback to sclroot. I - l c n r yi s t h i n k i n go f g o i n gt o [ : r a n c ci n A u g u s t . Yo u w o u l db c b cttcro l f l cavingnor vinstcldo[ tor nor r o\v. o /djcctiyc.r * prcpositictns followcd by the gerunrt:Thc follorvingrdjccL i v c s-l - p rcp o si ti o n:lsrca l sofollowcdby thc gcr und. accustorncd to i r r t c r rot n

l fraid of i n tcr cstcdin

c a p a b l co f ir t succcssful

fond of t i r c do f

M i tch i s a fra i do f g ctti n gm ar yiednow. W c a rc *..u .tto n .tl to sl ." pinglatc on r vcckcnds. t h cp r c d i c a n t c n t . J c a ni s Al va ro i s i n tcn to n l i n i sh i ngschoolncxtycar . Craig is forutof Aoncing. W c a rc i n tcrcstcdi n scci ngthis film. c Nouns 4- prepositionsfollowed by the gcrund: Thc following nouns lp r c p o si ti o nasrc a l sol o l l o w cdby thc gcr und. ch o i cco [ p o ssi b i l i ty of

i n t c n t i o no f reasonfor

cxcusclor

nrpthodfor ( mctlr odof )

Gcorgchasno cxcuscfiordroppingout o[ school. thispropcrtyat a goodpricc. of acquiring Thcrcis a pos.sibility for lcavingthiscarly. Thcrcis no rc:tson a n rcthodlor cvaluatingthis pr oblcm . C o n ni ch a sd cvcl o p cd i s fo l l o wcddir cctlyby a vcr b, thc vcr b will bc in thc An y t i n rca p rcp o si ti o n gcrundlornt. Af t c r l ca vi n gth c p a rty,A l i dr ovchom c. l u rvcsta ycdi n N cr v Yor k instcadof movingto Mainc. i - l cs l r o u l <l o Adjcctivesfollowcd by thc ir(irtitivc.'Tlrcfollorvingadjcctivcsarc alrvays f o l l o w c db y th c i n l i n i ti vcl 'o rn rof thc vcr b and ncvcrby thc gcr und. anxious caScr plcascd usual

b o ri ng casy prcpared conrmon

,dangcr ous good r cady difficult

har d sl.rangc ablcr

tAblc mcilns tlrc samc ts capablcin nrany instanccs,but thc granrmaris vcry cliffcrcnt.Whilc able is foltowcdby thc inlinitivc,copobleis followcdby o/ -r [vcrb + ingJ. T h c s cstu d cn tsn rc n o t yct a blc to handlcsuclrdiflicultpr oblcms. T h c s cstu d cn tsa rc n o t yct capablcof handlingsuchdiflicultpr oblenr s. Examplcsof adjcctivcsfollowcdby inlinitivcs: M o h a mma di s a n xi o u sto scchis fam ily. s ,tti u ci t tt,iswcatltcr . I t i s da n g cro u to W c a rc rca d yto l ca vcn o w . I t i s d i fl i cu l tto p a ssth i s tcst. to find suchgoodcropsin this scctionof thc country. It is uttcornnton a dm ittcclto thc collcgc. nits@ So m cv crb sca n b c fo tl o w cdb y cithcr thc inlinitivcor thc gcr und,but thc m c a n i n gcl ta n g cs.

stop

remcmbcr

forget

J o h nsto p p cdstu d yi n S . (John is not goingto study anymorc.) J o h nsto p p cdto stu d y (Johnstoppcddoingsonrcthingin order to study.)

Exercise I3: Yerbsas Complements Choosethe correct lorm of thc verb in parenthesqs in the fotlowing s c n tcn ccs. l . T h e te a ch edr cci d cd(a cccpting/to acccpt)the paper . 2 . T h e y a p p re ci a te (to h 'a vc/having) thisinfor m ar ion. 3. I-lisfathcrdocsn'tapprovcof his (going/to-gro) to Europc. 4. Wc foundit vcry diflicult (rcrefiiirg/toreach)a decision. 5 . D o n n ai s i n te rcste d i n (toopen/opening) a bar . 6. Georgehasno intentionof (to-lcave/leaving) thc city now. 7 . Wc a ree a g cr(to re tu rn/r e{ ur ning) to schoolin the Iall. 8 . Y o u w o u l db e b e tte ro ff ( to buy/buying)thiscar . 9. Shc refuscd(to acceptf acceptfng)the gift. 1 0 . Ma ry rcg re ts(to b 6 /b eing)the onc to haver o tell him. I l . Ge o rg ep rcte n d e d (to b e/bcing)sickyester day. 1 2 . Ca rl o sh o p cs(to fi n i sh /finishing) his tlr csisthisycar .' 1 3 . T h cy a g rccd(to l e a vc/lcaving) car ly. 1 4 . Fl cl e nw a sa n xi o u s(to tcll/tclling)her fam ilyabouthcr pr onr otion. 1 5 . W e a re n o t re a d y(to stop/sto"pping) thisr esear ch al this tim e. I 6 . I { e n r ys h o u l d n 'rti s k( t o d r i v e / d r i v i n gs)o f a s t . 1 7 . H e d c m a n d (st o k n o w / k n o w i n gw) h a ti s g o i n go n . 1 8 . S h ei s l o o ki n gfo rw a rdto ( r etur n/r ctur ning)to her countr y. 1 9 . T h crei s n o e xcu sefo r (to lcave/lcaving) the r oomin thiscondition. 2 0 . Ge ra l drctu rn e dto h i s hom eafter ( to lcavc/leaving) thc gam e. c Pronounsbeforethe gerund or infnitive: In cascswhcrc the infinitivc is u s c da s a co mp l cme n t, a n y nounor pr onoundir ectlypr cccdingit will be in thc complementform. Somc'common verbs which arc followcd by thc i n f i ni ti vca n d w h i cho ftcn rcquir can indir ectobjcctar c listcdhcr c. allorv i nvi te r e mi n d

ask order ur8c

bcg permit want

convincc persuadc

expect prepare

in s t r u c t promise

subjcct* verb * complcmentform fn'onounf + [to + ver b]

lnoun I

JocaskcdMary to callhim whenshewokcup. We ordered him to appearin court. I !Ig. youto rcconsidcr yourdecision. Tlt.y tr.* trt"g t" p*ruadehim to changchismind. Thc tcachcrpermittccfitrenr to turn tlrcirassignmcnts in latc. Youshouldpreparc yoursonto takethisexamination.

m ust appcar i n t h c I-lowcvcr,bc[orc thc gcrund, a noun or pr onoun pos.rc.s.rivc form.

fornr subjcct -l- vcrb + posscssivc

lnoun I -r [vcrb -F irrg] . lntonounJ

yo u r n o t b ci ngablc to stay longcr ' W c un d crsta n cl

fl" ffits

lcr lowing.

Wciiffir.ittg

l"or*irrdto thcir conringncxt ycilr'

W. ,ton't^pprou"TfFt,,tt triliillttit tl:ut."'. tlrc tcst sooncr. Wc ilr,t

th" t*rch"i's not irnnouncir*

w; Ii xe rci scl 4 :l 'ro n ounsntithVer bsasComplcments cach of thc follor ving c h o o sc tl rc co rrcct fo rtn of thc pr onoull in s c n t c n ccs. l . I l i ch a r<li s cxp ccti n g(u s/our )to go to classtonlor r ow' in t'c nrorning. 2 . y o u s l r o u l d n 'ric l y o n ( h i n r / ' i s ) c a l l i n gy o u 3 . 1 ' hcyd o n 't l tp p ro vco f (u s /our )lcavingcnr ly' 4 . G co rg ca skcd(rn c/rn y)to call him last night' rl i n r/h i s)havingto lcavccar ly' 5 . W c u n rl crsta n(h losingthc papcr ' 6 . J o h nrcscn tcd(C co rg c/Gcor gc' s) tlcfcnscattor ncy' s)callingtltc 7 . w c o b j cctto (th c d cfcn scattor ncy/thc c xtra rvi tn css. 8 . W c a rc cxp ccti n g(l -l cn ry/Hcnr yls)to call us' tlr cm ' 9 . T hcy a rc l o o ki n gfo rw a rdto( us/our ) visiting bcingin tr oublc' 1 0 . Su sl n rcg rcts(Jo l rn /Jo hn' s) \rl

9. The I/crDNced if a livingthing is thc Thc vcrb needis followcdby thc infinitivconly objcct)is thcsubjcctof thisvcrb'thcverbis If a thing(aninanimatc subjcct. followcduyog","un<lorthcvcrbbeplusthcpastparticiplc.

Johnandhisbrothernccdto paintthehousc' My fricndneeds!o lcarnSPanish' nc ,"itt n."a lo-dffi-nnc tonight'

[, -1- ingl l th i n ga ssu b j cct+- I v c r DI p a s tp a r t i c i p l c l Ito bc [ v e r bi n I

T h c g r a s sn c c d sc u t t i n g . o i { T h c g r a s sn c e d st o b c c u t . 'fhc t c l c v i s i o nn c c d st o b e r c p a i r c d . T h e t c l e v i s i o n c c d sr c p a i r i n g . o R T h c c o m p o s i t i o nn c c d s r c u ' r i t i n g . o R T h c c o m p o s i t i o n n c e d s t o b c r c r v r iLt c n .

o I n ne cdo f: l t i s e l sop o ssi blc int needo/in som ccascs to usctlr ecxpr cssior c c e di s n o t a v c r b i n t h i s c a s c ,i t i n s t e a do f u s i n gt t e c dt s r v e r b . B c c a u s n m u s t b e p rcccd cdb y tl rcvcrb Dc.S t u d i ,t h c f o l l o r v i nrgu l c . s u b j c c lt - b e l - i n n e e tol / + n o u n . . . J i l l i s i n n c e do f n r o n c y . ( J i l l ncctlsnr oncy.) T t ' " r o n fi s i n * c d o i r - c n , t i r .( Thc r oof nccdst o b c r c p a i r c d . ) nccds J f v o l u n t c c r s(.Thc or ganiz.:tlitttt T h c o rg u n D rtrtn L t i n rr cc< o volunt.ccrs.)

li-tcrcisc/5.'Necd S u p p l yt l r c c o r r c c tf o r n ro f t h c v c r b u f t c r n e e di n c a c ho f t h c f o l l o r v i n g scntcnccs. (cut). It's toohot and nrylrlir nccds (rvrrtcr). 2 . T h c f l o w c r sn c c d- t o b c !u' ( s c c ) a c l o c t o rs o o n . l . J a m c sn c c < J s ( r n a k c )a n c w d r c s sf o r t h c p a r t y . 4 . M a r y r v i l ln c c d . i 5 . l - l i sc r r rn c c d sL ' i , l ( r u n c ) . '' ( b c ) h c r c ^ a ct i g h t . 6 . Y o u r v i l ln c c d 1 T h c s q u c a k yd o o r n c c d st o b c { , } ' t ' l : t ' ( o i l ) . ' o ( g o ) s h o p p i n gt l r i sr l t c r n o o n . 6. I nccd I ' ( s t u d y )h a r d c r f o r t h a t t c s t . 9. Thcy nccd ( p e i n t )s o o n . 1 0 . T l i c h o u s cn c c d st o b c r I t.

1 0 .Qu e sti o n s oncm ustplacethe auxiliar l or th :rt.rrh cnto nlting a qur ' stion, R c l rc1 1 b .'r tfte vc.rb&cbc"forertw subjri-t.1f there is no auxiliary or be, one lrrust'ost the c o r re ctfo rmo f d o , d o e s,o r/i/. Aftcr do, docs,ordid, thc sinlplcfor m of thc l c r s o na r co n l ys h o w nb y t h i sa u x i l i a r l 'n, o l v c r bm u s tb c u s c dT. h c t c n s ca n c p b y t h c m a i nv e r b .

arc qucstionsfor which thc answcrls /cr or no' e Ycs/no quesliotts.'Thcsc [auxiliary

lb,

-l- vcrb . . . | + subjcct

lclo,doe.s,did I

IsiMary goingto schooltodaY? W a s M a rk si ckY cstcrd a Y ? t-tnu.you sccnthis movicbcforc? Will thc corilmittcctlccidcon thc proposaltoday'l iirc-l"Icpl'onc'l P9 you wltnt to usc l i kc D t r "t C co rg c P ca n u tb u ttcr ? Ug tou go to classYcstcrdaY'l arc qucstionsfor rvIicI thc ansr vcris nr or c o Irtfortrtrtti,rtque.rtio1.r.'Tlrcsc in thc :lnswcr .Thcr c ar c t h a n y c.ro r n 0 : th crc rn u stb c sonlcinfor r nati<ln t h r c cd i l fcrcn tru l c.si n Ih i s p a rt: i s o n c i n w h i c ht h c clucstion A ' subjcct ( l ) W l n o r *'h rt!i rt su b j cctcl ttcstions: subjecti.r unknown. [ru/,o ] -F vcrb -t- (conrplcnrcnt)-r (nrodificr)

I'u/rarJ

' opcncdthc door?) thc cloor. (.14/ho ' f Sonrconc f i t l i u g 9!.".,J . ( llthat happcncdlastnight' l) l ,,,p p " n .dl a stn i gtr t' door ? N o t c : l t i s N o T co l (R l :crto sily:' W ho did opcnthc IVh,tt< li.llt^ppcnlastnight?

is wltat in conrplctncntqucstions:A conrplcmcntqucstion (2) Wltgrtr trneJ onc in which Lltccomplcnteiltis unknotvtr'

Irul,r,,,,l I -r subjcct -l-vcrb -r (nrodilicr) ' [auxilirrry didJ dtte.r. lu,trrttI l,rr. wlnnt in tlr csc N o t n : A l th o u g hi n sp ccchn, tostpcoplcusc r v/tor atltcr tltitn usc whotr tto indicatcthat i n co rrcctw ri ttcn Ilnglish,you shoul<J q u c s t i o n s, position' t h cq u csti o nw o rd co n l csfro rtrtltc conr plcm cnt knorvfrom Ahmad knorvssomconcfrorn vcncz.ucla.whom docsAhrnad V cn czu cl a ? buy at thc stor c? C c org cb o u g h tso mcth i n ga t thc stor e.W lur t did Ccor gc

arttl gjft:51:-J1a1 no,(ptnoJ ilue,tr cq ajtqA\ AlorlI nO,{ Oq

q:an * trllqns * p.ro,nuorlsanb+ qre^ + lcafqns+ ,{.rurlrxnu ' u o r lsa n b r eqlouuu r pappaqrusr a uo rlsanb pr ppequaa q l J! sa r ld d ue 1 n :S u r ,r o lt oeJq l qp^

'l-rod.rrc 3uo:,trcql lB p?puul lselqnt

pnt

efi] c| er i l 7q^ 1n oe.r n8 gl ouuurscr lr r oqln cq u .L :u o r lse n pb cp p cq u r A cql lB puq cuuldaqr ['1pTq16 : u o r l s c n I iuodrB Suo.rnt trotqd qtta

' cculdcr tn l lll^{ l.tefqnr

pna fi

Fu'lcau cql prurulrersul.!lnu]1ri{ :uorlsanbprppcqul ":Il c> lr:St ur tcr urcr ll lll^\ cr cr t1 \ :u o r lsa n I Le cu ld ' u o r lsa n p b lp p cq u c u u u r 1 cc[ q n s ^ ctll prr r :pJo^ iu or l sa nbct ll ucJ^ilcq,( :r :r pxn u r : o q lo u tsn r ue r r q l : : t . L o N qr r ^ + lcc[qns+ pr o^\uor lscnb+ ( csu :q d )q la a * lca fq n s ' : r 1 n rS u r m o l l o cJ r l l , ( p n l S ' s u o r l s c n b l c a f q n sJ o Jl d c r x O s u o t l s a n b . l u r r d , ( 1 Jl uoq l t o u s t J r p r o p J o ^ \c r . l J ' u o r l s e n bJ t r l l o u c t o e c u ' c l u a s u ur prpnlf,ur sr rl)trl^\ cuo sr uorlscnbpJppequrcuV.'.n/o.rr.r.anb papp;tqwrI .

ior txcl{ o t > 1 o uoqA r :q tr c6111 1uma t 1 L 1 sutlcrcr.l/rA iauoS ,{tua1-1 1,{npotlootlrsol rrF urrul^lplp ^"H

oso,rr:ct aS.roca 1,,(1.rr.:c ffi ffi srel cj3l!4^ i,c^rl puLutunqol/\I ecllr ^uo s{ lEor l e ^o u ru r lo f p r p u cq M

.l{il

(:agr po ru)t. ( tuctucl dur oo) + qr e^ + lca fq n s* ,{ .r r :r lr xn u

' su o tlse n b sEcu r r : s lu cu a ld u o f, cql pcr .u roJ crB su or l sa nb as cql:suor lsanb tr y,xp u n ' zxo U' a r a r yil' u a r ! /(lA g)

eq os 'qln:l eql Jo ulupcc '(1c1c1dtuoc cql ,{JlJcAol uorlscnb3et u scsn aqs Jo 'uollstnb 3ul u'ul :suo!tsanb3oa o 'luctucluls B sclutg Jclucds cql lou sf lnq

=T l. tt:l

'01 ctll psul ssulteql scopSuol'noH 3o1e1ec ,(cs'1.uscop .fr-,..Tb {qr* '6 ^\ou{ l.uop I iasnotlA\cuD 3ur{nq '(cql c:u :.:-71 plp tJttliA '8 cru plol rlcSuv iuorlscu^rlaql pucds'(cqt .-.1-

uctli ,$oul no,(oC icculd e)iul l.uuxclxeu eql llt^\ r

l !

,t.

'9 scopllc'$ 'r\oFI c u r S E U tlls u c J n o ^ irultnS cql {uld cqs 's r ^rou{ no,(oo iut'lof st ll81^\ol{

''t'' i /r' 'v rcprnttl cql sE^\ ^ oFl rpbcp ol 3ur,(rtlllls cJu ectlodeql ipclltutuo3

't\oFI

qJnru eu plol Ituut{ceu eql i,JBf, ctll JlBdcJ ol lsoc l! II!^\ 'Z rT pere^o3slpl.uc^rtl ,(ctll cl! st Iooq esotliA 'l crns lou trl.l elucptscJdpcllclc cq ll!/'\ oq/t(\

'tUc/$eq rrsrl^\,trou{lioscttplpcJctlA[:clduBxg'cuotlrueeroJcque^lSsuollsenb eql clcldLuoJ 3ur,to11oj crll ruorJsuorlscnbirii"q"t" 3urluttt sef,uclues suortsanoPappaqtuT:9I as'rnxl ccllod ctl.1. lol crll ur pFuAE ruc csot{^tcuttllrcltp l.unr csotlAA ilol ctll ut F;)truA! rur tpf"q t.u* '{ct{I ecrnlctdluql lulsA tl!'\roq[ ecrnl3tdluql lurBdll!,$oq/Y\ 'l3erqns SutuotlrunJsl pJo^luotlslnbcql csnuJeq su ct{l ou sl ejtql :3ION suotlscnbuorlrsodlscfqns Jo JepJOctll ul cSuuqc 'Istp pclsn rctlsucl eql uo suar, sltl !ofr-@.sn 'lscq sclsul I'uucroccrJo pE:tlEii'rnno'( 11c1 11'1 eur 15 191ru llel no',(UBJ icsclloJ eql urorJsr runcsnu /$oul '(cqt oC il{3!u lE sunr snqcql @ 'a>lut eql 3uo1'not1ueplou c^utl I llt^r A\el^Jclut ' ssE I 3 uoouJcUuJcrIuIcqplno^\@^\ouIl.upIpJosscJoJdctlJ 'pupt tDq,A ,ua{o iloq 'nuol 6{oq ',vJnut/ytotl'/ftIotunrotl 'unou + asou^\ puv ,aw!t tDryi| .sasurqdJO spJo^\c13urscq uuo spJo^\uollscnb ::IION :cpnlf,ursescJrld

p r e v i o u ssta te me n t.S e n tcn ccsusing tag qucstionsshould lr avc the m ain c l a u s ese p a ra te d fro m th e ta g by a comm a.The sentence will alr vaysend w i t h a qu csti o nn ra rk.Ob scrvcthc follor ving r ulcs. l . U s et h c s a m ca u x i l i a r yv e r ba s i n t h e n r a i nc l a u s eI.f t h c r ci s n o a u x i l iary, uscdo, does.or did. 2 . I f th c ma i ncl a u sci s n e g ative, thc tag is aflir m ative; if tlr enr ain c l a u sci s a fl l rma ti vc,th c tag is ncgativc. 3 . D o n ' tc h a n g ct h c t c n s c . 4 . U s ct h c s r m cs u b j c c it n t h c m a i nc l a u s ca n dt h c t a g .T h c t a g n r u s ta l w aysco n ta i nth c su b j cctfor m of the pr onoun. 5 . N cg a ti vcfo rmsa rc u su a l lycontr actcd( n' t) . ( lf theyar c not,thcy foll o w th c o rd e ra u xi l i a ry+ subject1- not: I- lcsar vthisycstcr day, did h c n o t?) 6. There is,thereare, andit is formscontaina pseudo-subjcct so Ihe tag w i l l a l soco n ta i nth creo r i r as if it wer ea subjectpr onoun. 7 . T hc vcrbh a ve ma yb e u sedas a mainver b( l haveancw gar )or it m a y b c u scda sa n a u xi l i a r y( Johnhasgoneto classalr cady) W . hen it f u ncti o n sa sa ma i n ve rbi n Amer icanEnglish,the auxiliar ylor nr sdo, does,or did must bc uscdin the tag. T h e r ca reo n l y tw cn ty-ci g hdays t in Fcbr uar y,ar cll' tther e? I t ' s r a i n i n gn o w ,i s n ' ti t ? I t i s n ' tr a i n i n gn o w ,i s i t ?

Thc boysdon'thavcclassGffirow, do thcy? YouandI talkcdwith thcprofcssor ycsterday, didn'trvc? %u *ott't b" l"avingfor anotherhour,yltl_;ifavc bcento Mexico,haucn'tthcyI n@mc You tla""t*o children, don'tyou?ln Ilritish English,you would bc corrcct to say: Y o u h a vctw o ch i l d re n h, a ven' you, t , On TOEFL, which testsstanda,rd AmericanEnglislr,you must usea form of d o i f h avei s'th cma i nvcrb i n thc sentcncc. S h c h a sa n cxa mto mo rro wdocsn' t , shc? Exercise I7: Tag Questions F i n i shth cscscn tcn ccs b y a ddinga tag questionwith thc cor r ectfor nr of t h c v e r ba n d th c su b j e ctp ro n oun. "' l . Yo u 'reg o i n gto sch o o to l mor r ow,,' " ? ,r i ? 2 . C a ry si g n cdth c p cti ti o n , 3 . T h c r e ' sa n c x a mt o m o r r o w i, . ' ' l ; , ( ?

thc univcr sityin Scptcm bct' 't' 4 . Bcvcrl yw i l l b c a ttcn cl i ng ; for two ycars' 5. Shc'sbccnstudyingE'nglish '' ' ? 6 . I t s u r ci s s u n n Yt o d a Y ' ') ' ' "' ' ' 1' '' 7 . I -l csh o u l dsti l y i n b cd , ^ 1' 8 . Yo u ca n 't p l a y tcn n i sto day, "'' :i i ' 2 '' '{' : ? 9 . Th crc i l rcn 't:rn yp ca ch cslcft,' ' ' \ ? 1 0 . Wc'vcsccntl ta t n l o vi c,f f:

I I. AuirntutiveAgrccmcnt and thcn aclding W [cn i n d i ca ti n gtl u tt o n c pcr sonor thingclocssomcthing or too' To :rvoid nccdlcss tlrat lnotftcr docs thc santc, uss thc rvord .to and ' s m th c allir mativcstatcmcnt,usclhc conjunction r c p cti ti o no f rvo rcl fro Thc or dcr of this stltcm cn t f o i l o w cdb y a si n rp l csta tcmcntusingr o or loo. will clcpcndon rvhctltcrso or too is uscd' oI t' ltcsamcI' cnsc ( l ) Wl rcn :r l o rn ro f t[c vcrb bc is usedin thc nr ain:ctitusc' t h c vcrb ,c, i s u sccli n th c si mplcstiltcm cntthat lollor vs.

(Dc) * unttr srarc.rcnt alrirrnarivc {::t*::r l;:i f:iilJfl I a rn h a P P Ya, n d Y o ua rc too' I a rn h a P P Ya, n d so i l rc Y ou' cxamplc,will go' shoul d ( 2 ) Wl rcna co mp o u n dvcrb ( auxiliar y+ vcr b) ,lor occursin thc main clausc' tlo, ltastlotrc, ltavcwritteil, ntuslaxontine,etc., sintplcstatcnr cnt'and thc t h c a u xi l i a ry o [ th c n ^ra invcr b is uscclin tlr c subjcctand vcrb nrustltgrcc" too[ fsubjcct+ auxiliarYonlYr' -r-auxiliarYonlY+ subjcct J [so

a flirmativc statctncnt (conrpoundvcrb)

too. you 111_! T h cy w i l l w o rk i n th c l a b tomorrow,and you. so will Th cy rvi l l w o rk i n th c l a b tomorrow,and ( 3 ) W l r c n a n y v c r b c x c c p t l , c a p p c a r s w i t | r o u t a n y a u x i l i a r i c $ i n I l rTh crrrlin statcm cnt' c sir nplc thc in uscd is did ot does, d o , c l au sc,th c a u xi l ia ,ry m ustbc thc sam c' s u bj ccta n d vcrb mu sta g rccanclthc tcnsc lsubicct+ do, does'or ditl t' tool -l' und {irflirnrativcst:rtcmcnt l.to i. do, doas,or tlid -t-subjcct I ' t (singlcvcrbcxccPtDc) -

J a n eg o csto th a t sch o o la, n d r ny sistcrdoestoo. J a n cg o csto th a t sch o o la, n d so docsnr y sistcr . A d d i i i o n a el x a n r p l c s : J o h nrvcn tto th c mo u n tl i n son hisvllcation,and r vcdid too. J o h nw c n tt o t h c m o u n t a i nosn h i sv a c a t i o na, n ds od i d w c . I w i l l b e i n N e rvMcxi coi n A ugust,and theywill too. I r v i llb c i n N e w Mcxi coi n A ugust,and so r villthey. F I c h a sse cnh cr p l a ys,a n d the gir lshavetoo. I - l ch a sse cnh cr p l a ys,a n dso havethc gir ls. W c a rc g o i n gto th c mo vi cstonight,and Suz.yis too. W c a rc g o i n gto th e mo vi cstonight,and so is Suzy. Sh c wi l l w ca ra co stu mcto thc par ty,and r vcr vill too. S h c w i l l w c a ra c o s t u m ct o t h e p a r t y ,a n ds ow i l l w c . V c l d zq u cz. w a sa fa mo u sp a i ntcr ,and Rubensr vastoo. Vc l d zq u czw a sa fa mo u sp a i ntcr ,onalg *": Rub.nt Exercisc I8: Affrntative Agreement S u p p l yth c co rre ctfo rrno f the vcr b for thc sir nplcstatcmcntin eaclrof thc f o l l o w i n gscn tcn ccs. ', too. l . R o scl i kcsto fl y, a n d h cr b rother ' : ,' too. 2 . T h c y w i l l l c a v ca t n o o n a, n d I I. 3 . I l c h a sa n c a r l ya p p o i n t r n c nat n, ds e J . : \, , 4 . Sh c h a s a l rca d y w ri ttcn hcr composition,and so !\ //:' f r i cn d s. ''' nrinc. 5 . T h c i r p t a n ci s a r r i v i n ga t n i n c , o ' c t o cakn, ds o ' /' ; ' I 6 . I s h o u tdg o g ro ccrysh o p pingthis aftcr noon,lnd so n e ig h b o r. '' ' ,oo. 7 . W c l i k c t o s w i mi n t h c p o o l ,a n d t h e y ' i. r vc. 8 . O u r S p a n i shtca ch crl o vcsto tr avcl,and so â&#x201A;Ź i:"1ii too. 9 . l - l c h a sl i vcdi n Mcxi cofo r fivcycar s,and you ,oo. 1 0 . I m u s tr v r i t ct h c m a l e t t c r .a n ds h c i l ' t / - i '

hcr

s1y

12.NegutiveAgreement Ei t h era ,n dn e i th e rfu n cti o ni n simplestatcm cntsnr ucltlikc so:r nd loo in affirmativc scntenccs.l-lowevcr,either a,nd neither arc used to indicate do, does,or did ncgativcagrecmcnt.Thc samerules for auxiliaries,be 'a,nd apply. + n c g a t i v ae u x i l i a r yo r b e - r t i t h e r ncgative statcmcnt+ and[:il::: lnerlher + positivcauxiliaryor be + subjcct t

I d i d n ' t scc Ma ry th i s rn o rn i n g. Johndidn' t sccM ar y this m or ning. l . d i d n ' ts. c cM a r y t h i sn t o r n i n ga, n d J o l r nd i d n ' tc i t l t c r . I d i d n ' t scc Mu ry th i s n ro rn i n g,and tfi,itgl@@ won' t bc goingto Sh c w o n 't b c g o i n gL otl rc co n fcr cncc. I- lcrcollcagucs thc confcrcncc. won' tcithcr . and hcr collcagucs S l r cw o n 't b c g o i n gto th c co n fcr cncc, and ncitltcrr vill hcr collca8ucs. S h c w o n 't b c g o i n gto th c co n fcr cncc, J o h n h a sn 'tsccnth c n cw rn o vicyct. I ltavcn' tsccnthc ncw nr ovicyct. J o h nl t asn 'tsccnth c n e wmo vi cyct, and I havcn' tcithcr . J o h n h a s n ' t s c c n t l t c n c w t n o v i cy c t , a n d n c i t l r c r h a v c I .

Dxcrcisc I9: NcgativeAgrcenrcnt Fill irr tlrc blanksrvith thc corrcctfornrof eithcrot neithcr.

and t. Thc childrcnshouldn'ttakcthatrncdicinc, it' 2. W c d o n 't p l a nto a ttcn dth c conccr t,and "' "' :' {

shouldshc.

do they. i' ' ( i t' . 3 . I d o n 't l i kc tcn n i s,a n d l tc d o c sn' t i i i ' didTim. 4 . S h c d i d n ' ts c ca n y o n cs l t ck n c w ,a n d " : ,15'l-t:..'{ , 5 . T h c Y a n kccsco u l d n 'tp l a y duc to thc bad r vcatltcrand c o u l dth c A n g cl s. ( ' ' i I i' ( 6 . M a r y ci rn 'ttyp c rvcl l ,a n d h cr sistcrcan' t l i"r is she' 7 . I ' m no t i n tcrcstcdi n rca d i n gthat book,and "tt r''t "f i { 8. Thcy won't havcto work on wcckcnds,anclwc won't (:'" ' { 9 . I c a n ' ts t a n clli s t c n i n gt o t h a t n t u s i ca, n c sl l r cc a n ' t and his fam ilydocsn' tc il;;' :t 1 0 . M i c h a cld o csn 'tsp ca kE ,n g lish, Exercisc 20: NegativeAgreenrent supplythc corrcctforrnof thc missingvcrb. In thc followingscntcnccs, l . T h a t sci cn ti sti sn 't to o h a p pywith thc pr ojcct,and.ncithcr i&' ii' hcr supcrvisors. '"'"lcithcr' 2 . W c c a n ' ts t u d yi n t h c l i b r a r y ,a n d t h c y you. 3 . I h a vcn 'tw o rkcdth crc l o n g ,and ncithcr ' :l' ' : r r ' ' " citlr cr ' 4 . Y o u d i d n 't p a y th c rcn t,l n d shc f' ) ttt' 5 . T h c y d i d n 't w a n t a n ytfti n gto dr ink,and ncithe,- - - l i.C- j# you' 't n so fa st,a nd ncithcr ' " ; 6 . J o h nsh o u l cl n ru 7 . T h c stu d cn ts w o n 't a cccpt thc dcan' s dccision,and thc faculty , t ., , t ! cithcr. minc' 8 . Your ctasshasn'tbcgunyct, and ncithcr ilrr 4 ' ' ' ' t' { :' ' T cithcr ' 9 . S h c co u l d n 'ta ttcn dth c l cctur c,and hcr sistcr . &i ' 1" l' 1 0 . H c di d n 't kn o wth e a n sw cr,and ncithcr

1 3 .N e g a ti o n T o m a kc a scn tcn ccn cg a tivc,add the ncgativcpar ticlctr ot aftcr thc a u x i l i a r yo r v c r bb c . l f t h c r ei s n o a u x i l i a r yo r b e ,a , d dt h c a p p r o p r i a tfeo r m of do, does,or ditl and placcthc word rrol aftcr that. J o h ni s r i c h . Sa n d rai s g o i n gto F l a w a i i . M a r k h a ss c c nB i l l . M a r y ca n l ca vcn o w .

J o h ni s n o t r i c h . Sandr aF".l goingto l- lawaii. M a r k h a sn o ts e e nB i l l . M ar y .t" *t iE"i. notu'

T h c f o l lo w i n gcxa mp l csco n ta i lrno auxiliar y,and thususcdo, dr tes.or did. M a r v i nd o c sn o t l i k c s p i n a c h . M a r v i nl i k e ss p i n a c h . Isaacdid not go to class. I s a a cw cn t to cl a ss. Thcy want to leavcnow. They 1!g-!9Iy1!1 [o lcavcnotv. onc of a ncgttivcscntcncc, o So m efa n y:l fth crci s a n o u ni n thc cor nplcnr cnt r ulc applics [cL r . the noun.Nole, ttr c lollor ving s h o u t da d d th c p a rti ctca rr.y to thc uscof sqtn( andany. .r0 t,r c-'Jllirnrat ivc scn tcnccs a n y - n c 5 l t i v c s c n t c n c c sa n d q u c s t i o n s

J o h n h a sso n l cmo n cv.

Johndocsn' thavcany ntoncy.

I t i s a l s o p o s s i b l tco n r a k cs c n t c n c cssu c ha s t h i s n c g a t i v cb y a d d i n gt h c n c g l t i vc p l rrti cl crrr.rb cfo rc tttc noun. In this cllsc,thc vcr b CnNNOTbc n c g a t i vc. J o l u tl u rsn o r)l o n cy. o I'!ardly, barely, rarely, seldom, etc.: Rcmcnrbcr that in An lJnglish is callcda togcthcrThis . s e n t e ncc i t i s u su a l l yi n co rrcctto havctr voncgativcs d o u b l c n cg a ti vca n d i s n o t xcc cptablcin standar dlinglish.The following w o r d sh a vca n cg a ti vcn rca n i n gand,thus, nr ustbe usedwith u positivever b.

'l (hardty lbarety I

alnto.rlnothing lrarely l or mcan l seldom l n'rcan olmosl never alntostnot at all Ittardty rrrr) lscarcety) J o h n ra rctyco me sto cta sso n tim c. ( Johnusuallydoesnot con' lcto class on timc.) J e r r yh a r d l ys t u d i c dl a s tn i g h t . ( J c r r ys t u d i c dv c r y l i t t l el a s tn i g h t . ) th eaccident. ( Shcalm ostdocsn' rt cm cnr bcrtltc Sh es ca rce l yre me mb e rs a c ci d e n t.)

W c scl d o n scc r p h o to so f th cscanimals. ( W c almostncvcrscc photosof t h ctr .rn i na l s.) J a n cb a r c l ya r r i v c col n t i r n c . ( J a n ca l m o s td i d n ' ta r r i v co n t i n r c . ) I h a rcl l ycvcr g o to sl ccp bcfor c nr idniglr t.( l usuallydon' t go to slccp b cfo rcrn i d n i g h t.) 14.Commands A c omn ra n di s a n i n rp cra tivcstatcnr cnt. Onc pcr sonor dcr sanotltcrto do gt. plcasc.Thc undcr stood s o n r c tl ri n gIt. ca n b c p rcccd cr Jby subjcctis.y,p1,. t h c s i n rp l cfo rm o I th c vcrb . C l o s cth c d o o r. t ' t r t r. tu rn o fi 'th cl i g h t. Opcn tilEiinclorv.

Lcavcthc r oonr . Opr cnyour book. tlc quict.

t Ncgaliveconttttourls;A ncgativccornmandis formcd by adding Lhcrvord don't bcforctlrc vcrb. D o n 't cl o scth c d o o r. P l c n s ct l o n ' It u r n o l l ' t l r cl i g h t . l ) o r ,'to l r" 'ntl rc*i n tl o w . o Indircc! conuttotrrA.' Usually thc vcrbs orcter,ask, tell, or say arc uscd to i n d i c a tc a n i n d i rcct co mn r and.Thcy ar c followcd by thc infinitivc I t o t - vcrb l . J o h n to l tl Ml ry to cl o scth c door . J : r c k: r s k c dJ i l l t o t u r n o f f t h c l i g h t . l ' h c tci rcl rcrto l <.l to opcnthc windor v. C l rri .sto p hcr I ) l c i r.sc tcl l J:ri rn cto l cl rvcttr c r oor n. Jolrn orrilrcrJUill t,l .rf,.n his book. o rd crcdth e s uspcctto be quiet. T h c p<l l i ccn rrn t Ncgative irulircct contmands.' To nrakc an indircct command ncgativc, a d d t h c p a rti cl crro lb cfo rcth c infinitivc. subjcct-t-vcrb -r complcmcnt-t-not -r [vcrb in infinitivc] J o h n to l d Ma ry n o t to cl o scthc door . J a c k a skcdJi l l n o t to tu rn o ff thc light. T h c tca ch crto t,lC h ri sto p l tcrnot to opcnthc window. P l c asctcl l Ja i n rcn o t to l ca vcthc r oom.

Johrroilircd nill not to opcnhisbook.

I 5. lvtodaI A uxiI i ar i cs T h c n r o d a la u x i l i a r i c sh a v ea n u m b e ro f d i f f c r c n tm c a n i n g sT. l r c y a r e g c n e r a l l yu s c d t o i n d i c a t cs o r n c t h i n gr v h i c h i s p o t c n t i a lo r u n c e r t a i n . , n d t h u si s N e v U nu s c dr v i L hd o , R e m e n r b ctrh a t a m o d a l i s a n a u x i l i a r y a d o e s ,o r d i d . T h c mo d a l si n cl u d e: PRESENTTENSE

PASTTENSE

w o u l d ( u s c dt o ) could might s h o u l d ( o u g h tt o ) ( had to)

will ca n may s h al l mu st (h a veto )

( h a db c t t c r )

. e s eh a v c , s i m i l a r N o r e : W o r d si n p a r e n t h c s c( s ) i n d i c a t cs e m i - m o d a lTs h m c a n i n g tso t h c m o d a l sb, u t a r c n o t g r a m m a t i c a l ltyh c s a m e . ; Negotionof nrodals.'Tomakc a modalnegativc,add the particlcnot after thc modal. J o h nw o u l dl i k c t o l c a v e .

J o h nw o u l dn o tl i k c t o l c a v e .

o Questions>cithmodals:To makc a qucstion,one placcsthe modal at the bcginning o f t l r cs e n t c n c c . W o u l dJ o h nl i k c t o l c a v c ? N o r e : A mo cl a il s a l w a ysd i rcctlyfollor vcdby the sim plefor m ( vcr b r vor d) . T h i s i s t h c i n f i n i t i v cw i t h o u tt o . TNFINITIVE

S I M P L EF O R M

bc go havc

to bc to 8o to havc

b c : [ v c r b a ' i n g ) ,[ v c r b + J ] , T h i s m c a n st h : l ta f t c r a m o d a lt h c r cc a nN E v E R p a s tt c n seo, r i n l i n i ti ve . T h c r ca r c t r v ow a y st h a l a m o d a lc a no c c u r : ( l ) m o d a l+ s i m p l cf o r m o f t h c v c r b w o u l db c

c o u l dg o

r v i l lh a v c

( 2 ) r n o d a -l F h o v c + [ v c r bi n p a s tp a r t i c i p l c ] w o u l dl t:tvcb ccn couldhavcgonc r vill havchld N o r n : T hc w o rcJh a ve ,o f co u rsc,m ust alr vaysbe in thc sinr plcfor nr aftcr a m o d a l :i t ca n n cvcrb c l a s o r h a d. t I v { c a n i n gosf th e n to rl n l s:E a chof thc nr odalshasa diffcr cntnr eaning.It is of cach. n c c c s s a rtyo k n o r vt h c n r c a n i n g 49

. Wilt: \Yill indicatcsfuturc certainty. John will bcginthc job tontorrorv.

M a r i a w i l l l e : r v ci n J a n u a r Y . Tlrc modats rvi//, would, cart. :tnd coultl oftcn o Cottditigttal.rentettces: s .s u a l l yc o n d i t i o n nsle n t e n c ccso n t a i nt h e a p p e a ri n c o n d i t i o n asle n t c n c e U lhc r cal ( factualand habitual) w o r di f. T h crc a rc tw o L yp cso f conditionals: "futur c a n d t h c u n rca l (co n tra ryto lact or hypothctical) ."I' hcr gal, or An is uscdwhcn tlr e spcakerexpr csscs s p o s s i b l c"a s i t i s so n rcti mecltllcd, w h i c hu s u u l l yo c c u r so, r w i l l o c c u ri f t h c c i r c u n i s t a n c iens a c t i o no r s i t u a t i o n t h c m a i nc l a u s ca r c m c t . s il t u a t i < l nI f: I a m n o t p l a n n i n ga n y t h i n gf o r t h i s c v c n i n g ' I-lypothctica whcn someoncasksnte iI I rvantto 80 to thc movics,I vty: I f I h a v et h c t i m c ,I w i l l g o . XY ( l w i l l g o u n l c s sI d o n ' th a v ct i m e . ) ( l f X i s t r u c ,t h c nY i s t r u c ' ) s ,c c A np l a yt c n n i s ' l f m y h c a d a c hdei s a p p c a r w ( l r v i l lp t a yt c n n i su n t c s sI h a v ca h c a d a c h c . ) a situation( past,p r e s c n to,r f u t u r c ) th c u n rca lco n d i ti o ncxpr csscs I - l o r v evcr, t h a t w o u l d t a k c p l a c c o r r v o u t dh a v e t a k c n p l a c c i f thc cir cumst:tnccs w creo r l ra db ccnd i ffcr cntnowor in thc past' c x p r c sscd , ut I [ ' l y p o t h c t i c as li t u a t i o n I: f I d o n ' t l r a v ct i n r c t o g o t o t h c m o v i c s b a c t u a l l yw a n tt o g o , I s a Y : I f I h a dt h e t i m e ,I w o u l dg o . t f f .^o * I d o n 'th a vcti n rc,a nclthcr cfor e,I can' l'go to thc movics' ) I can/' ot go' T h i s scn tcn cci s co n tra ryto fact because l f t o d a yw crcS a tu rd a y,w e couldgo to thc bcach. ( T o d a yi s n o t S a tu rd a y,so wc ciln' t go to the bcach' ) T h c i f cta u scca n co mc fi rst or last in the scntcnccwith no changc in mcaning. I f w e d i d n 't h a veto stu d y,wc couldgo out tonight' OR

W c co u l dg o o u t to n i g h ti f we didn' t haveto.study' n tca n :tu " c an' tgOout tonightbccauscwc havcto study.) ( Bo thscn tcn ccs N o r a : T h c w o rdy'i s g cn cra tlynot followeddir cctlyby tlr c m odal;thcnr odal a p p c arsi n th c o th cr p a rt o f tl tc scntcnccunlcssthcr c ar s lwo modalsin onc s c n t cn ce .

y' +"subjcct -l-conjugatcdvcrb . . . 'l- nrodal. . . OR

subjcct-t modal :n,,r*. Nore: In thc unrcal condition,thc past tcnscfornr of Dc is alwayswerc in a scntcncc;it can NEvERbc ryasin corrcctIinglish. conclitionat Il I w crc . . . I f y o uw c r c . . . Ifhcwcrc... If sh cw crc . . . Ifitwcrc...

If r vcwcr c . I f y o uw c r c If thcy wcr c

l rc clitllcultfor for cignstudcntsto unclcr stand l tcn ccs U n r c a l c o n d i ti o n ascn b c c a u s ci t sccn rsth a t th c tru th va l ucof a scntcnccis tlr coppositcof thc r vay t I c s c n t c n cca p p ca rs.If a vcrb i n an unr calconditionalscntcnccis ncgativc, t h c m c a n i ngi s a ctu a l l yp o si ti vc;i f a vcr b is positivc,Iltc r ncaningis actullly ncgativc. wlot\" u l dt r a v c la r o u n dt h c w o r l d . I f I w c r cr i c l r ,I _ ,tr, S o i n gto tr avclar oundt[c wor ld' ) ( l a 1 1r r o rri ch .) I f l r c w c rcsi ck,l tc w o u l dsta yl tottlctoday. ( l - l c ' sr r n rsi ck.) (tt" l s ,o t S o i ngto stay homctoday.) BUT

spillcdthc m ilk. t I f I l r a d n 'tb ccni n a tru rry,I rvouldn' have

(t,raslnihurty.) (l spil/"ffi I f t h c f i r cmcnh a cl n 'ta rri vcclw hcn they did, thcy couldn' thavcsavedthc housc. (Tlrc fircn'rcnorrivcrlon timc.) (Thcy savcclthchousc') W c w o u l dh a vcl cft ycstcrd a yi f it hadn' tsnowcd. tt"re Wstcrday.) (lt inowed.) $;rli,ttit T h c f o l l o w i n g ru l cs w i l l g u i d c y ou in dcciding which tcnsc to usc in R cmcmb cr : c o n d i t i o n ascn l tcn ccs. pastpcrfcct - had {- [vcrb in pastparticiplc] modal -r.pcrfcct : modal 1- have * [vcrb in pastparticiplc] Rcrncrnbcrthat tlrc following rulcs can bc rcvcrscd.Thc if clauseciln 8o c i t f t c ra t t l rc b cg i n n i n go r i n tIc n r iddlcof thc scntcnce.

t Realconditions;(pssibly true) F U T U R ET I M E

tensc.. , + /+ subject+ simplcprcscnt

lv.l

+ [vcrbin simplcform]

If I havcthemoncy,I will buya ncwcar. W. yf.!llt"* ptcntyof tir* to tinishthc projcctbcforcdinncrif it is only tcno'clocknow. I.IABITUAL

y'+ su b j cct tcnse... tcnsc...+ simplcpr escnt + si mp l cpr cscnt paticntsin thc hospital visits,his I l ' t h c d o cto rh a smo rn i n gofficchour s,.hc in thc aftclnoon.(no modal) J o h nu su a l l yw a l ksto sch o olif hc hascnoughtimc. COMMAND

s u b j c c t+ s i m p l cp r c s e ntte n s c . . . + c o m m a n df o r m * . . .

r Rcmcmbcrthat thc comnrandform consistsof thc simplcfornr of tlrc vcrb. lj you qo to thc PostOfficc,plcascmail Pl."t. *ll rnc if you hear from Jani]

tlrislcttcr for nrc.

o Unrcalcondilions.'(nottruc) OR FUTUIIETI M I] PRESENT

y' r- subjcct-t sinrplcpasttcnsc

(woutdl + lcouldI + [vcrbin simplcfornr] lnisht)

I f I l ra dth c ti mc, I w o u l dgo to thc bcachwith you thisr vcckcnd. U Arn hove Ll'rctitruJ lT m not gttittgto thc bcachwith you.) I l c w o u l dtcl l yo u a b o u ti t if hc wcr c hcr c. (Hc wor|t tell youaboutit.) (l-le'snot here.) l]1n,. I f hc d i d n 'tsp ca ksoq u i ckly,you couldundcr stand Q1c spaakrviry quickly.) (You can't undcrstandhinr.)

PASTTIME

y ' - t -s u b j c c t{ - p a s tp c r f c c t . . . - t -

lnoutttl-t-

huve-t-[vcrbin pastparticiplc]

l:;;,J

I f w c h a d kn o w nt.h a tyo u w er cthcr c,wc wouldhavcwr ittcnyou a lcttcr . a letter.) N" rtirntt n.n that you rvcrcthcrc.) Wu S h c w o u l dh a vcso l dth c h o uscif shchad foundthe r ight buycr . lShc rtr'ln:rs"l/ ttrc nousc.) 6h" annf t f nntrc right buycr.) I f w c h a d n 'tl o sto u r w a y,w c wouldhavcar r ivcdsooncr . (Wc /o.rt<lurway.) (W c didn'l arrive carly.) conditionwithoutusingtltc N o r r : It i s a l sop o ssi b l cto i n dicatca past.;unr cal athcrthanaftcr , thc w o r d i f.l n th i .sca sc,th c a u xi l iar yhad is,placsd,bcforr c, s u b j c ct.T h i s cl a u scw i l l u su a llyconr cfir stin thc scntcnce. h a d -v su b j cct+ [vcr b in pastpar ticiplc] I - l a dw c kn o w ntl ra tyo uw cr c thcr c,wc wouldhavcwr ittcn you a lcttcr . I-ladshc found thc right buycr,shervouldhavcsold thc house. T h c a b o vc ru l cs i n d i ca tc th c most comm on m cthodsof using tcnsestn I-l o w cv crif, thc two actionsclcar lyhappcncdat quitc c o n d i ti o n ascn l tcn ccs. diffcrcnt tirncs,tlrc vcrbsshouldsltowthat diffcrcncc. L c ssco mn ro n : If sh c h a d sccnthc nr ovic,sltcwouldtcll you. lut urc

lrosl

M o r c c o m m o n : l f s h c l t a d s c c n thc nr ovic,shc wouldlr avctold you. post

Putt

o As if/as though: Thcsc conjunctionsindicatc sontcthing unrcal or c o n t r a ryto fa ct a n d th u s a rc vcr y similar ' infor m to conditionalsentcnccs . Thc vcrb which followsthcscconjunctionsnrustbc in thc past tcnseor past pcrfcct. Rcntcmbcrthat thc past tenscof bc in a contraryto fact statcmcnt must bc werc and NIIvER)vaJ.

subjcct-t-vcrb (prcsent)+

as,r as though

+ subjcct* vcr b( past)..

Thc old lady drcsscsa s i f i t wcr ewintcr cvcnin the sum m cr . (lt isnotwintcr.)

An g c li q u cw a l ksa s th o u g hshcstudicdm odcling. ( Sh cd i d n 'l stu d ymo d cl i n g .) I - l ca c tsa s tl to u g hh c w crc ri clt. ( l - l ci s n o t ri ch .)

l a si f + subjcct+ vcrb(PnstPcrfcct) subjcct+ vcrb(past)-r as rltouglr I t if shchad won thc grtnd prizc. Bc t t y ta l kcda b o u tth c co n tcs as (Sltcr/irlrr'twitttlrc grand prizc.) J c f f l o o kcda s i f h e h a dsccna ghost. (l-lc tlirhit t".=t ghotg l-lc tookcclas thoughhc had run tcn miles. (blc-tlirhit trlH t* *il.t) T[c two prcccdingrutcsappt] only,whsnos'if or'asllrcugh indicatcsa Ncl11;: c o n t r a ryto fi rct n rca n i n gA. t ti mcs,thcy do not havcthat nr caningand thcn would not bc follorvcdby thcsctcnscs. I-lclooksas if hc hasfinishcdthc tcst. ( Per ttop sFhas I' nit ltc[) I - l cl oo kcda s th o u g hh c w a sl caving. (l'crhapsltc witslcaving.) \

ar c not at t I I o p ef w rs/r;T h csc tw o vcrb s ,whilc thcy ar csir nilarin nr c:tnin8, T h c vcr b hopeis uscdto indicatcsomcthingthat a l l t h c s a meg r:rmma ti ca l l y. o r w i l l p o ssiblyhappcn.Thc vcr b wis/ris uscdto indicatc p o s s i b l yl ra p p cn cd s o m c t h i n grh a t d cfi n i tcl yrl i d n ot happcnor dctr nitclywill not happcn.Thc vcrbhopccan bc lollowcclby any tcnsc.Thc vcrb rvi.rltnrustNo'[ bc follorvcd by any present tcnseverb or pre.rent lenseauxiliary. Bc surc that you with rvis/randhope. thc dillcrcnccin thc followingsentenccs undcrst:rncl W c h o p cth a t th cy w i l l co mc. ( W c don' t kttowif thcy ar c com ing- ) W c wi shth a t th cy co tttaco nr c. ( Thcy ^r c ttotcom ing' ) W c l ro p cth a t th cy cr" * )',xttr day. ( W c don' t know if thcy camc.) W c w i shth rl . th cy h a dco mcyestcr day. ( Thcy didn' t com e' ) R c m c n tb cr th a t w i sh i s vcry sim ilar Lo a contr ar y to fact or unr eal c o n d i t io n . : I wcr er ic[, I wouldbc vcr y htppy. Pr c s cnut n rca lco n d i ti o nII P r c s cn w t i sh :I w i sh I w crc rich. Past unrcal conclitionlTf-youhad bccn hcrc last niglrt, wc would havc cnjoycdit. w i shth a t Y o uh a d b c c n l t c r c l a s t n i g h t . : P a s trvi sh Wc

N o r e : I n th c fo l l o w i n gru l cs,n o ticethat thc wor d that is optional. FUTUREWISI,I

lcoutrtI vcrb ) lwould+ vcr b I * [vcrb+ ingl) lwere

subjcctt + wish -t-(that) + subjcct-r-

iSubjcctscan bc thc sameor diffcrcnt. W" yrrr that you couldcomc to thc party tonight. (You can't come.) I wish that you rvouldst.opsayingthat. (You probably won't stop.) Sh c w i sh csL h a tsh cw crcco mingwith us. ( Slr cis r r otcor r r ir tg witlr us.) PRESENTWISI-I

subjcct-t-wis/r+ (that) -t-subjcct* simplcpasttcnsc. . . I -r cv ni sol rutlgra l r t I h a d cn o u g hti mc to linish,nr yhomcwor k. ( I don' t have ti mc) Wc wislr that you wcrc old cnoughto conrcwith us. (You are not old c n o u g h .) T h c y wi sh th a t th cy d i d n 't h a vcto go to classtoday. ( Thcy haveto go to

clasiJPASTWISI{

subjcct{- rvrslr+ (that) -t-subjcct+

pastpcrfcct I couldhave+ [vcrbin pastparticiplc] J

I w i . s hth a t I h a d w a sh cdthc clothcs,ycstcr day.( l didnlt r vaslrthc c l o t h cs.) Slrc wishcsthat shccould havcbccnthcrc. (Shc couldn'tbe thcrc.) Wc wisn tnat wc tr",t to,l rnor. ti.c last night. (We didntt have morc tirncJ Exercisc 2 I : CondiI ionsl Sentences Supply thc corrcct form of thc verb in parcnthcscslor cach of thc follorvingscntcnccs. Rcvicw thc formulasif you havctroublc. l. FIcnrytalksto his dog as if it rttt/'t'',i'''J (undcrstand)him. ' ( be;ncgative)so latc 2 . I f t h eyh a d l e ft th c h o u seca rlier ,they . g c t t i n gto th c a i rp o rtth a t thcy couldnot chcckthcir baggagc. ,r ( givc) it to my sistcr 3 . I f I f i n i shth c d rcssb cfo rcS atur day,I * ,' i for hcr birthday. \ f.r : \ ( tcll) you aboutit lastnight. 4 . I f I ha d sccnth c rn o vi c,I

SUBJECTAREA REVIEWS

5 . Ha d B o b n o t i n tcrfcr cd in his sister ' s m ar ital pr oblcm s, ther c (bc) pcaccbctwecnthcm. 6 . H c w o u l dg i vcyo u th c moncyif hc i,, ' ( havc)it. '"{ ','t (stop) making so nruch noiscso that I could 7. I wish lhey tl c on ccn tra tc. ( nccd)hclp. 8 . Sh c w o u l dca l l yo u i mmcdiatclyif she 9.Hadtheyarrivcdatthcsalecar|y,thcyL--.tnno)abcttcr s cl ccti o n . ( cnjoy)thc par ty lastnight. 1 0 . W c h o p cth a t yo u â&#x201A;Ź t:'o '"( ( p a i n t )t h c c h a i r b c l o r c I l . I f y o u h a v cc n o u g ht i m c , p l c a s c ' \ , o r n u ' you lcavc. ( bc) Satur day. 1 2 . Wc co u l dg o fo r a d ri vc i f today + i ' ; 1 3 .' I l"sh cw i n sth e p ri ze ,i t w ill bc becausc sheYl;in ( wr itc) ver yr vcll. ' t si { ( pcr mit)him .tocopysomcof 1 4 . M i kc w i sh cdth a t th c cd i tor s ( r t h ci r ma tcri a l . ';''rt'd ( s p c n c l ) . hvi a s c a t i o n , otnh c G u l f , C o a s t 1 5 . J o c lw i s h c st h a t h c ' * t t t l ncxt ycar. 1 6 . I wi i i ., ,r'f d (a cccp t)i f thcy invitcm c to thc par ty. u " J ( buy) that car for you,r villyou bc happy? l ' 1 . I f yo u r mo th cr 1 8 . l f l l sh n " i '4 e'.{" ' .{ (cl ccidc)car licr ,hc could havclcft on thc aftcr noon f l ig h t. ,l't .Jfi! q')'' rttt t'1J ( wr itc) you a lcttcr . 1 9 . I-lad rvc known your addrcsst wc 'iaa < (lcak) inside. 20. If thc roofcrdocsn'tcomcsoon,thc rarn 2 t . Bccausc ltosc did so poorly on thc c x a m , s h c w i s h c s t h a t . s h c I r,r ''t it(t'-{ (study) hardcr last night.

( hcar )str itngcnoiscs. 2 2 . My d o g a l w a ysw a kcsmc up i[t1s l' i- - ' , :. ttt 2 3 . I f yo u ,= (scc)Mar y today,plcascask hcr to ctll' r ttc. ( g c t ) t h c T a i s c ,i t w i l l b c b c c u u s cl r c d o c sl g o o dj o b . 24. lf lrc Lzv* ( t u r n )i t i n l a t c . 2 5 . T h c t c : r c h cw" ri l l n o l a c c c pot u r w o r ki f w c as thoughthcy 2 6 . M rs. Wo o d' rl w a ys ta l ks to hcr tcnth- gr adc.studcnt.s ( t ' { ,nl ( b c )a d u l t s . , ','," i , r i y ' c ' " { " r ( ( c a l l )u s , 2 7 . I f h c h a dl c f t a t r c a d yh, c t1' l r "' ' { ' i( tJii( l to lr ir n. " 28. I f tl rcyl ri rtlkn o w ntri rn ,thcy 29. I - l c w o u l <lu n d crsta n di t if you e l\li' tl' 1."' t ( cxplain)it to hir n r nor c s l o rvl y. (spcak)morc thc lrrcnchtcachcrif shc 5 ("ke 30. I coukl unclcrstand s l o w l y. . Would: Bcsidcsits usc in conditionalscntcnccs,would can also n'lcana p a s tt in rch a b i t. W h cn D a vi dw a syo u n g ,h c wouldswimoncca day.

o IJsedto: In this usagc,the cxprcssion usedto mcansthe samcas would.

Usedto is alwaysin this form; it can NEvERbe tr.refo. Also, thcre arc two grammarrulcs for used to. Noticc thc diffcrcnccin mcaningas rvcll as in S r a m r na r. subjcct* uscdro + [vcrb in sinrplcform] W h c n D a vi dw a syo u n g ,h c u s cdto sr vimoncca day. ( pasttinr chabit)

subjcct-t-

be gct

* used/o -t- [vcrb -l- ing) . . .

to sr vimm ing J o h n is u scdto sw i mn ri n gcvcr y day. ( l{ c is accustonled

cu.fr,fi-

J o h n .g o t. u scd to l w i l n mi n g cvcr y day. ( l' le bccamc accustom cdto s w i n rmi n gcvcryd ty.) NOfe: IJe uscd /o mcans to bc accuslomedto, and gct used to mcansto rl Io. becomeaccustonte T h c p ro g ra md i rccto ru scclto wr itc his own lcttcr s. ( pasttim c lr abit) (is accustorncdt'o) Gcorgcis uscd to gtltilftdd "rt{. Wc got uscclto cookingour own loodwhcn rvchad to livc alonc. (bccanrc to) accustonrcd Mary wasuscdto driving to school. (wasaccustomcdto) Thc govcrruncntuscclto rcstricttftcscpills. (pasttimc habit) Thc man is usc,l-lffi,aing t,is ncwspapcrin tltc ntorning. (is accustomcdto) Iixcrcise 22.'Uscd

'fo

S u p p l y th c si n rp l cfo rn r o r [vcr b a- ing) ' as' r cquir cdin thc following scntcnccs. I wasusc<lto (cat) dinncr at fivc o'clock. l'lc uscdto (swim) cvcryday' Whcn I wasyoung,I uscdto Hc uscdto (spcak) Don't worry. Somc day you will gct uscd to En gl i sh . (study). 6. Alvarocan't gct uscdto (dancc)cvcry night, but now hc studies' ?. l-lc uscdto (slccp)latc on wcckcnds' 8. Aclamis uscdto ',,,,, (cat) Amcrican food now' 9. Chickois uscdto , (eat) our food. 10.she finallygot uscdro -l. 2. 3. 4. 5.

. Would ralhcr: Would rother mcans thc samc as preler, cxccpt thaI thc grammar is diflcrcnL.ll/ould ruther must bc followcdby a vcrb, but prefer may or may not.bc lollowcdby a vcrb. J o h nw o u l dra th crd ri n k C o c a- Colathanor angcjuice. .lotrnfrrcfcnt,trir*ing Coca-Colato Jrinking orangcjuicc. OR

J o h np rcfcrsC o ca -C o l ato o rlngcjuicc. Norr: lVouldrather is follorvcdby than whcn t.rvothingsarc mcntioncd,but prcfcr i.sfollowcdby to. Tlrcrc rrrc diffcrcnt rulcs for woulrl rathcr dcpcndingoir thc nunrbcr o[ s u b j c c tsa n d th c mca n i n go f th c scntcncc. PR[SNNT

su b j cct-F w o u l dru ther - r [vcr bin sinr plcfor r n] Jim rvoulclrathcr go to classtomorrorvthan today. PAS'T

su b j cct-t w o u l drn th er - t-havc - f Ivcr bin pastpar ticiplc] J o h nw o u l dra th crh a vcg o n cto classycstcr dayth:r ntoday. I4toulrlrothcr that. whcn uscd rvitlr trvo subjcctsin thp prcscnt,can bc f<lllowcd b y ci th cr tl rc si n rp l cfor m of thc vcr b or thc past tcnsc.It will bc follorvcd b y tl rcsi n rp l cfo rrnrvh c nit hasa subjunctivc nr canir r (g:r scxpllincd i n G r a n rn ra irtcn r2 5 ).1 1w, i l l b c followcdby tlr cp:lsttcnscr vlr cnthc lnc;r ning o f t h c s c n t c n c ci s " c o n t r a r yt o h c t " j u s t a s t h a t r u l c a { f c c t sc o n d i t i o n l l s c n t c n ccs a n d th c vcrb rvl rl . PITLSENTSUI}JU NCTIV I]

s u b j cct,-t-w o u l dra th cr l hal * subjcct,- f .Ivcr bin sinr plcfor nr ] I r v o u l dra th crth a t yo u ca l l mc tom or r ow. W c t u o u l dr,,th crtl l a t h c-ta kcthis tr ain. NOO'A'

CONTI(ARY TO FACT

s u b j c ct,4 - w o u l dra l h cr l h o t.i - subjcct,- t- [vcr bin sim plepasttcnsc]. . . as I - l c n ryrvo u l dra th crth a t h i s gir lfr icndr vor kcdin thc sam cdcpar l.mcnt hc docs. (l-lisgirlfricnddoesrrol rvorkin thc samcdcpartrncnt.)

J a n cwo u l dra th crth a t i t -w crc wintcr now. ( l t is;t;i n t" T n o *.) T h c l o l lo w i n gru l c a p p l i csto w ctuldr alher whcn tltcr car c two subjcctsand t h c t i m c i s p a st.In th i s ca sc,th c m caningmustalwaysbc contr ar yto fact. PASTCONTRNRY TO FACT

su b j cct,-l -w ctu l dra th erthat 4- subjcct,- F pastpcr fcct... J i m w o u l dra th crth a t Ji l l h a d goncto classycstcr day. go t" cjott y"tGt.tuy.l (Jilklid "", bccomcsncgativc.W hcn thcr c is N o t i c c h o rvca cho f th c fo l l o w i ngscntcnccs simplyplaccr lol o n l y o n c su b j ccta n d w h cnyo u havca pr cscntsubjunctivc, b c f o r ct hc vcrb . J o h nr vo u l dra th crn o t g o to classtom or r or v. John tu*l,il,,tl't"t *t t*u" goncto classycsterday. .all m c tom or r ow. . l o h ni o u t,l o ttt.t tl *t yo " " "t I?ortlrc prcscntand past contr:lry to fact scntcnccs,uscdidn'f -t- [vcrb in s i n r p l cf o rml a n dh a tl n 'l -t- [vcr bin pastpar ticiplc]r cspcctivcly. t o r k i n t h c s a m cd c p a r t r n c n t I - l c n r yw o u l dr i r t h c rt h a t h i sg i r l f r i c n dc l i d n ' w as hc docs. (Shc r/oe.rwork in the samcdcpartmcnt.) J o h nwo u l dra th crth a t Ji l l h ad not goncto classycstcr day. (Jill ru"nl to clutil^lstcrct$of would rathcr: Ex:rn-rpfcs J o r g crvo u l dn ttl tcrsta y l to n tctonighl.. W c w o u l dr a t h c rt h a t y o uc a l l t o n i g h t .

vrny@iufr..

thanCokc.

R i c a rd ow o u l dra th cr n o t b c her c. R i t s uko*o ,,kt r,,tl t* tto t *" dicln' tlcavcnor v,but wc m ust8,oto r vor k. Robc.toioultfifthcrlltat *c t'tlt,lnt tcft ycstcrday.

Exercisc2J; WouldRatlrcr Irill in thc blankswith thc corrcctform of the vcrb in thc following scntcnccs. ( stay)homctonight. l . W c rvo u l dra th cr ( stay)homclastnight. 2 . M r . Jo n csw o u l dra th e r ( wor k) on Satur dayLhanon 3 . T h c p o l i ccma nw o u l d ra tl tcr

Sunday. " 4. Mariawouldrathcrthatwc i

(study)morcthanwc do.

5 . G c o rg cw o u l dra th cr i ncgativc)tonight. " ..( stucly; ' t' l V ( havc)mor elight. 6 . T h c p h o to g ra p h cr w o u l drathcr ( stand) closcr 7 . T h c p h o to g ra p h crrvo u l d r athcr thal. wc :;r ,i"' t o g cth crth a n w c a rc sta n ding. (cook; ncgativc) for thc cntirc 8 . C a rmcn w o u l d ra th cr l f a mi l y. ( ar r ivc;ncgativc)lastnight. 9 . Sh c w o u l dra th crth a t yo ur ..,t, 1 0 . J o lrnrvo u l dra tS cr It.,.,r ; i. ( slecp)than r vor kcdlastnight. . Would /ike.'Thiscxpressionis oftcn uscdin invitations;it can alsorncan w a n l .No rn : It i s r.ro rco r(R E cr to say:"Do you likc. . .?" to invitcsor ncbody t o d o s o mcth i n g .

subject+ wouldlike + lo -r vcrbl W o u l d yo u l i kc to d a n ccrvi thm c? I w o ul dl i kc to vi si tJa p a n . W c w o u l dl i kc to o rd crn o w plcasc. fnc pr,xidctt ffitd lit c to bc rc-clcctccl. T h c y w o u l dl i kc to stu d ya t tlr c univcr sity. W o u l d yo u l i kc to scca mo victonight? o Couldftnay/might'Although could is usedin conditionals,it can also bc uscdto mcan possibility.In this casc,cotrld,ntay,or night mean thc samc. T h c s p ca kcri s n o t su rco f tl tc statcm cntmadcwhcnusingthcscr nodals. I t m i g h t ra i n to n to rro w . I t n r nyn ti n to n to rro w . I t c o ul Ora i n to mo rro w .

It r villpo,r siblyr ain tonr or r ow. oR Iv{ ayltcit will r ain tomor r ow.

Norn: Maybe is a combinationof may and be, but it is onc word and is nol. a n a u x i l i a ry.It mca n sth c sa mcasper haps. E,xamplcsof could, fttay, and might: t i dth a t th crc might bc I str ikcncxt wcek. T h c prcsi d cnsa I d o n't kn o w w h a t I'm d o i n g tomor r ow.I may go to thc bcachor I m ay stay homc. I t r n ig h tb c w a rmcrto mo rrow. I m a y n o t b e a b l c to g o w i th you tonight. I d o n 't kn o ww h creJa i mci s. I- lccouldbe at hom e. c Should:This modalis uscdto indicatc: ( l ) A r cco mmcn d a ti o advicc, or obligation(scc rttuslfor [urthcr cxplanan, tion).

H c nry sh o u l dstu d yto n i g h t. O n c sh o u l dcxcrci scd a i l y. Maria strout.tgo on a clict.

You shouldscca doctoraboutthisproblcm. (2) Expcctation;uscd to indicatc somcthingthat thc spcakerexpcctsto h a p p cn . I t s h o u l dra i n to mo rro w . (l cxpcctit to r ain tomor r ow.) M y ch ccksh o u l da rri vcn cxt wcck. ( l cxpcctit to ar r ivenextwcck.) Norr: Tlrc cxprcssions had better,ought to, and be supposedto gencrally m c a nt l rcsa n rca ssh o u l di n ci thcrof thc two dcfinitions. ( h a d b e ttu

subjcct+

I shoutrt

I oughtto f supposcd rc) It,,

* [vcr b in sim plcfor m ] . . .

J o h nsh o u l dstu cl yto n i g h t. J o h nh : r db c t t c rs t u d yt o n i g h t . J o h no u g h tt o s t u d yt o n i g h t . J o h n i s su p p o scd to stu d ytonight. o M u st: T h i s n ro d a li s u scdto indicatc: ( l ) C o mp l ctco b l i g a ti o n ;th i s is sl.r ongcrthan s/r or lr /. W ith .r hould lhc p c r s o nh a sso mccl ro i cco n w l r cthcror not to act, but with m usl thc pcr son h a sn o ch o i cc. Onc nru.stcndorsca chcckbcforconc cashcsit. G "o r g . n 'ru st.,,1 th i s i n su rancc agcnttoday. that ar c fillcd. A p h a rma ci stn ru stkccpa recor dof thc pr cscr iptions An a u to mo b i l cmu st h a vcg asolincto r un. An a tto rn .y **! p l rsrr,ncx aminationbcfor cpr acticinglaw. n ru stb c kcp t a t - 20". T h i s frccz.cr (2) Logical conclusion;mu.rt is uscd to indicatc that thc spcakcrassumcs somcthingto bc truc from the facts that arc availablcbut is not.absolutcly c c r t a i no f th c tru th . J o h n 'sl i g h tsa re o u t. I-l cmustbc aslcep. ( Wc a ssu mcth a t Jo h n i s aslccpbccauscthc lightsar e out.) T h c gra ssi s w e t. It mu stb c r aining. (Wc assurnct.hatit is rainingbccauscthc grassis wct.)

o IIavc to.'This pscudo-modal mcansthc samcas nrusl (mcaningcompletc obligation). ( i c o rg ch a sto ca l l h i s i n su rancc agcnttoday. A pharnraci.st hasto kccpa rccordof thc prcscriptions that arc fillcd. For a pasttimc obligation,it is ncccssary to usehad to. Must cANNoTbc uscdto mcana pastobligation. Gcorgchad to call his insuranccagcntycstcrday. Mrs. Kinseyhad to passan cxaminationbcforcshccouldpracticclarv. o Modals 4- perfective.'You havc already sccn thcsc in thc scction on c o n d i t io n a l s; h o w cvcr,i t i s a l sopossiblc to uscothcr modalsin thisfor m .The -r modal pcrfcctivcisusually usedto indicatcpasttimc.

modal1- have+ [vcrbin'pastparticiplc] ... Norr: Rcnrcmbcrthat a rnodalis olwayslollowcdby thc simplcform of thc vcrb.Thus,havecanneverbc lcs or hacl. o Could/may/migli + pcrfective:Usc any of thcscmodals-F pcrfcctivcto i n d i c a tca p a stp o ssi b i l i ty. Itcrncnr bcrthat thcscm odalsalsonr canpossibili t y i n t h c p rcscn t. I t n r a yh a vcra i n ccll a stn i g h t,but I' m not sur c. T h s ca u sco [d ca th co u l dh a vcbccnbactcr ia. John might haucgorrcto tlrc n'ro'vics ycstcrday. o S h o u l d -t- p crfccti ve .'T h i sis tscd to indicatcan obligationthat was s u p p o scd to o ccu ri n th c p a st,but for som cr casonit did,notoccur . Johnshouldlravcgoncto thc postofficcthis,morning. (Vl" dirl ,ot go Lo Lfn Wst office.) M a r i a sh o u l d n 'th a vcca l l cdJohnlastnight.

(Shcr/iffi Thc pliccmanshouldhavcrnadca rcportaboutthc burglary. (Hedidnotm@ NorE: Thc cxprcssion wasfweresupposed /o + [vcrbin simplcfornr]means muchthc samcasshould+ perfcctive. Johnwassupposcd to go to thc postoflicethismorning. (lle didn't go.) Thc policcmanwassupposcdto makea rcportaboutthc burglary. (Yle didn't make lt rcport.)

r Must 4- perfectivc.'Thisis ruor usedto indicatea posl obligatiott. Rcnrcmbcr [o usc only had to, should * pcrfcctivc, or be suppo.scdto ro indicatc a past obligation.lvlust -t- pcrfcctivc cztnonly n.lcana logical c o n c l u s i on i n th c p a st. T h c g r a ssi s rvct. It mu st h a vcr aincdlastnight. (lt proboblyrainecllast night.) T o n y ' sl ig h tsa rc o u t. I-l cmu st haveSoncto slecp. (l-lc probably went to slccp.) J a n cd i d vcry rvcl lo n th c cxa n l . Shc nr ustlr avcstudicd. (Sh" prubnbIy t t r,,ti rd.) S a n d r afa i l cdth c tcst. S h c n rustnot havcstudicd. (Shcprol'ablydid not study.) Exercise 24: Must/Should -r Perfective. Clroosc bctwccn must -t- pcrfcctivc irnd should -F pcrfcctivc in thc ,.n followingscntcnccs. (_, ;.rii... ;i ;t., ' ' i ( havc) l . I - l c n r irva sd cp o rtcdfo r h a vi ngan cxpir cdvisa.l- lc4} ' \ h i s v i s arcn cw cd . i. :' " ' ( bc) 2 . J u l i c t tarva sa b scn tfo r th c fi r st timc ycstcr day.Shc l"

sick. J,,'(jh.j"g.) arc black.Thc X raysat thc airport*.,,., i.,.;r 3. Thc photos t tf l't 1 thcm. i t-'lt' ( par k; ncgativc) a 4 . I l l a n ca g o t a p a rki n g ti ckct. Slrc _in rcscrvcdspot,sincc.shchad no pcr mit. ( s t u d y v) c r y . [r ,",'' 5 . C n r r n cn ci t:rd i d vcrv w cl l o n t h c : c x a mS hard. ( study)har dcr . c; J c a n cttcd i d vcry b a d l yo n tl tc cxam .Slr c , 7 . G c r m a nca l l cdu s a sso o na s h is wifc.hadh c r b a b Y .1 1 s , 'r' i h "' r t r r $ ( b c ) vcry proud. 'r..:'ti1{ 't,^ag o.{t 8 . E v c l r a d to p a y $ 5 .0 0b cca u s cshc wr otc a bad chcck.Shc (dcposit)hcr rnoncybcforcsltc wrotc a chcck. : our mccting. 9 . J o h n i s n 't h crcyct. I-l c*,t't n,"N{ tf6iU' .t) .qqout y' . 1 0 . Al c x i s fa i l cclth ccxa m.l -l gv,r .rr .r Tr il,' dy;ncgativc)cnough. , l

Exercise 25: Modals l- Perfective Cfiooscthc corrcctanswcrin cachof thc followingscntcnccsaccordingto m e a n i n ga n d te n sc. I . I l ' I h ad a b i cycl c,(l w o u l d /I will) r idc it cvcr yday. 2. Gcorgc (would havcgonc/wouldgo) on a trip to Chicagoif hc had had tinrc.

3. Marccla didn't comc to classycstcrday.Shc (witl lraVchad/may havc had) an accidcnt.. y y.John 4 . J o h n d i d n 't d o h i s h o mcwor k,so thc tcachcrbccame,' vcrangr (musthtvc donc/slrouldhavcdonc)his homcwork. 5. Sharonwassuplrcscdto bc hcrc at.ninc o'clock.Shc (must forgct/must havcforgottcn)aboutour mccting. 6. Whcrc do you think Juan is toclay?I havc no idca. I-lc (shotld havc - s l ep t/ma yh a vcsl cp t)l a tc. 7. Ccorgc misscdclass Loday.I-lc (might havc hady'might*rad had) an a c ci d cn t. 8. Robcrt arrivcd without his book. I-lc (could havc lost/*or.rldhave'lost) it. 9. Thomas rcccivcd a warning for spccding. I-lc (sfuruttrtravc driven/ s h ou l d n 'th a vcd ri vcn )so fast. 1 0 . I - l c n ry'sca rsto p p cdo n th c highway.It ( r nayr un/m i1yhavcr un) out of 8as. 16.Adjcctivesand Aclvcrbs o Adjcctivc.r.' Adjcctivcsl'all into two catcgorics:dcscriptivcand limiting. Dcscriptivcadjcctivcsarc thoscwhich dcscribcthc color,sizc,or qualityof a on . p c r s o no r th i n g (n o u no r p ro n oun) Lim iting adjcctivcsplaccr cstr ictions ctc.) . Nor r : Only t h c w o rd s th cy n ro d i fy (q u a ntity,distancc,poslcssion, t h c . r ean d th o sea rc p l u ra l fo rms.All othcr sr emainthc santcwhcthcrthc n o u ni s s i n g u l aor r p l u r a l . DIISCRIPTIVI:

b c au ti fu l largc rcd i n t crcsti n g i n r po rta n t c o l o rfu l

l-lMlTlNC

ca rd i n alnum bcr s o rd i n a lnumbcr s posscssivcs d cmo n s tr ativcs q u a n ti ty a rti cl cs

( onc,two) ( fir st,sccond) (my, your, his) ( this,that, thcse,thosc) ( [cw, m a' ny,m uch) ( a, an, thc)

W h c n de scri p ti vca d j ccti vcsmodify a singularcountablenoun, thcy ar c usuallyprcccdcdby a, an, or the. l prctty girl

story thc rcd drcss an intcrcsl.ing

Adjectivcsnormatlyprcccdcthc nounsthcy modify,or follow linking verbs. Adjcctivcsrnodifyonly nouns,pronouns,and linking vcrbs.(Sccncxt scction for an cxplanationof linking vcrbs.) Nore: An adjcctivc answcrsthc q u c s t i onWh : a t ki n d . . . ?

o Adverbs.'Adverbs modifyvcrbs(cxccptIinkingvcrbs),adjcctives, or othcr a d v e r b sM . a n y d cscri p ti vc a d j ccti v cs can bc changcdto adver bsby adding -ly to thc adjcctivebasc. ADJECTIVES

ADVERBS

bright carcful quiet

brightly carcfully quietly

NorE: Thc followingwordsarc alsoadverbs:so, very,alnrost,soon,oJten, fast, rather,well, there,too. An adverbanswersthc question:How . . . ? J o h ni s r c a d i n gca rcfu l l y. (H ow is Johnr cading?) M a r i a E l cn asp ca ksS p a n i sh (H ow docsshespcak?) fluently. Rita drank too muchcoffec? (fiow much coffcedid shedrink?) vcry w cl l . (H ow well do I play?) I d o n ' tp l ay te n n i .s H c w a sd ri vi n gfa st. (H ow washe dr iving?) Sh c r c v i ew cdh e r n o tcs (tl ow did shcr cvicwhcr notes?) carcfully. Exercise26:AdjectivesandAdverbs C i r c l et h c co rrcctfo rm i n p a rcn thcses. l . R i t a p l a y st h c v i o l i n( g o o d / w c l l ) . y)ovcl. 2 . T h a t i s a n (i n tcn sc/i n tcn scl n 3 . T h e s u ni s s h i n i n g( b r i g h t / b r i g h t l y ) . 4 . T h c g i r lssp ca k(fl u cn t/fl u cn tl y)Fr cnch. 5 . T h c b o y ssp ca kS p a n i sh(fl u cn t/fluently) . 6 . T h c t a b l ch a sa (smu l th /smo o thly) sur hcc. 7 . W c m u s tfi g u rco u r i n co meta xrr ctur ns ( aeeur atc/accur atcly) . 8 . W c d o n ' tl i k c t o d r i n k ( b i t t c r / b i t t e r l yt)e a . 9. Thc plancwill arrivc (soon/soonly). 1 0 . H c h a da n a cci d cn b t cca u sc h c wasdr ivingtoo( fast/fastly) . c Adjectives x'ith linking (copulative)verbs:A spccial catcgory of verbs c o n n c c t so r l i n ks th c su b j cct w i th thc subject complcment( pr edicatc a d j c c t i v c ) .Un l i kc mo st vcrb s,th cscdo not show action.Thcy m ust bc modifiedby adjcctivcs,nol advcrbs. bc bccome re ma i n sta y

appciir seetn sound

fecl look sm cll taste

SUDJECTAREA REVIEWS

Mary fcclsbad about hcr tcst gradc. C h i l d r cnb cco mcti rcd q u i tc casily. Lucy *ill !9g! t^gg! in hcr ncw tlrcss. Thcy wcrc sorry to sccus lcavc. Thc flowcrssrncllswcct. T h c s ou pta stcsg o o d . Ilc, becomc,and renruin can bc followcd by noun pltrascsas rvcll as adjcctivcs T h c y r cn ra i n cclsa d cvcntl roughI tr icd to cltccrtlr cnrup. uljectivc

ch a i rma no f thc boar ddcspitcthc opposition. D o u grcn ra i n e d noun phrose

C h i l d rcno ftcnb cco n rcb o rcdat mcctings. adiective

C t r r i s ti n cb cca mccl a ssp rcsi dcntaftcr a long,har d c:r m paign. rutun phrosc

S a l l y w i l l b c h a p p yrvh cnsl tcl tcar sthc goodncws. aljcctive

rcdwillE r,',r"ri;#rthisycar. Feel, look, snrcll, and tastc nray also bc transitivcvcrbs and takc a dircct o b j c c t .Wh cn th cy fu n cti o ni n ttr isway,thcy bccom eactivcand ar c nr odificd Tltoscwlr ichtakeobjccts b y a < . l v crbNs.o ti ccth c fo l l o w i n gpair so[ scntcnccs. a r c a c t i v c,i rn dtl to scrvh i chd o n ot ar c linking. T h c d o cto rfcl t tl rc l cg ca rcfu llyto scciI thcr cwcr cany alverb

obje<'t

brokcnbonc.s. M i k c fcl t e csta ti ca ftcr p a ssi nghi.slaw schoolcxanr . odjective

Pr o l c ssoIn r g cl l sl o o kcda t th c cxam shappily. udverb

obiett

Jocy docs not look lrappy todaY. odjcctive

T l r c l r dy i s smcl l i n gth c fl o w c r sgingcr ly.

. i

odvcrb

objccr

up for solong,thehouscsmcllsmusty' Aftcr bcingctoscd beforcnr.r..,lfr thc mcatcautiously Thc chcfta.stcd object

advcrb

t o t h c ki n g . ca kcta stcsd clicious. Y o u r ch o co l a tc ulicctive

Excrcisc 27: I.inking (Copulativc) Yerbs Circlc thc corrcctfornr in parcnthcscs.

l . Yo u r co l dso u n d s(tcrri b l c/tcr uibly) . 2 . T h c p i a n i stp l a ysvcry (g o o d/r vcll) . 3 . T l t c fo o di n th c rcsta u ra nalways t tastcs( good/r vcll) . 4 . T h c c:rmp crsrcma i n cd(c:rlm /calm ly)dcspitcthc thundcr stor nr . 5 . T h c y b cca n re(si ck/si ckl y)aftcr catingthc contam inatcd food. 6 . Pr o fcssoCr a l a n d ral o o kcd(quick/quickly)at thc studcnts' skctchcs. 7. I)acowa.sworking (tliligc*t/diligcntly)on thc projcct. 8 . I ) : r u lp ro tcstcd(vch crn cn t, vchcr ncntly) aboutthc ncw pr oposals. 9 . O u r n ci g l rb o rs a p p ca rcd(rclaxcd/r ' elaxcdly) aftcr thcir vacation. 1 0 . T h c mu si cso u n d cdto o (n o i sy/noisily) to bc classical. 17. Compurisons C o n r pa ri so nisn d i ca tcd cg rccsof diffcr cnccwith adjcctivcsand advcr bs, a n d m a y b c c q u a lo r u n c c l u a l . t liqual comparisorrs.' An cclualconrparisonindicatcsthat thc two cntitics a r c ( o r arc n o t i f n cg a ti vc)cxa ctlythc sanr c.Thc followingr ulc gcncr ally a p p l i c st o [h i s typ co f co n rp a ri son.

adjcctivc I lsubjcct -t vcrb {- ar -ladvcrb I

oJ {-

noun pronoun

Nolr: Somctirncsyou nr:lyscc.roinstcadof cs bcforcthc adjcctivcor advcrb i n n c g at i vc co mp :rri so n s. I - l ci s no t a s ta l l a s h i s fa th cr. OR

I - l ci s n o t so ta l l a s h i s fa th cr. N c l r u : Rcrn cn rb crtl ra t th c su b j cctfor nrof thc pr onounwill alwaysbc uscd a l t c r a . r ' i nco rrcctD n g l i sh . Pc t c ri s a .sta l l a s I.

Y o u ar c as old as shc.

E x a m p l c so f cq u a lco mp a ri so n s: M y b o o ki s a s i n tcrcsti n ga s your s. Fliscar runs rs fast as a racc car. J o h ns i n g r3 I *" !1 " t l ri ssi stcr . T h c i r ho u sci s a s b i g a s th a t o nc.

( adjcctivc) (advcrb) ( advcr b) ( adjcctivc)

I { i s j ob i s n o t a sd i ffi cu l ta s minc. oR H i s j ob i s n o t so d i l fi cu l ta s m inc. Thcy arc as lucky as wc.

(adjectivc) (adjectivc)

Thc samcidcacan alsobc convcycdin anothcrway.

subjcct+ vcrb * thesonter- (noun)-Fnr +

noun

]

I Pronoun 1

Nora: As high or mcansthc samcas the sanreheightas. M y h o u sci s a s h i g ha s h i s. M y h o u sci s th c sa mch ci g h tas his. and their ,cor r csponding Be s u r c th a t yo u kn o w th c following,adjcctivcs nouns. ADJECTIVES

NOUNS

h ca vy ,light w i d c,nar r ow d ccp ,shallor v l o n g ,s h o r t b i g ,srnall

wcight r vidth dcpth lcngth siz.c

Nort:: Rcrncmbcrthat thc opltosilcof thc somea.ris dillerenlfronr. NI:vEI( uscdi/ferent thon. M y na ti o n a l i tyi s d i ffcrcn tfronrhcr s. Our clinratcis dillbrcnt froil Canacla's. Examplcsof the samc a.rand dilfercntfront: T h e s ctrccsa rc th c sa mca s thosc. I - l cs p e a ks shc. @a s F I c rad d rcssi s th c sa mca s Itita' s. Thcir tcachcrir dill. r.nt from ours. My typcwritcrtypcstlrc.vrrncos yours. s s lr cr husband. S h c ta kcsth c sa mcco u rse a o (Jncquolcompori.rorrs.' This typc of comparativcimplicsthat thc cntitics a r c c o mp a ra b l ci n a g rca tcro r lcsscrdcgr cc.Thc followingr ulcsgcncr ally a p p l yt o th i s typ co f co mp n ra tivc.

l. n dd -er Lothc adjcctivcbascof mostonc-and two-syllablcadjcctivcs. (t h ick-t hi cker ; cold-colder;quict-qu i cter) adjcctivcs. 2. Usc thc form more f- adjectivelor most thrcc-syllable (more bcautiful,more irnportant,tnore bclicvablc) 3. Usc thc forrn nrore + adjcctivcfor adjcctivcscndingin thc following suffixcs:-cd, -ful,'ing,'ish, and -otls.(tnoreuscful,nrcre boring, m o r eca u ti o u s) whichcnd in a adjcctivcs of onc- syllablc 4 . D o u b l cth c fi n a lco n so n a nt singlcconsonant(cxccptle,r, and z) and arc prcccdcdby a singlc d er, hot-hotter) vowcl. ( big-bigger, r cd-r erJ t y , c h a n g ct h c y t o i a n d a d d 5 . W h c n a n a d j c c t i v e c n cilnsa , c o n s o n a n- F -er. ( lrappy -happi cr. rJry-dri er)

Norr: Thc -er sufiixmcanscxactlytfic samels nrcre;Tltcrcforc,tltcy can bc uscdtogcthcr.It is Nor coRREcrto saY: NEVER morcprctticr,morcfastcr,ffi9tcbcttcr

subjcct -l- vcrb , {

adjcctivc-F cr advcrb i- cr+ ntore -t- adjcctivc/adverb /c.r.r-t-adjcctivc/advcrb ] '

than 4-

noun pr onoun

*Onc can add 'er Loonly a fcw advcrbs:faslcr, quickcr,sooner, anrJlatcr. No'rn: Itcnrcmbcralwaysto usc thc subjcctforrnof thc pr onounaftcr than. I i x a m p lcs: (adjcctive) (adjcctive) Todayis hottcrthanYcstcrdaY. (adjcctivc) thanthc other. This chaiiis morccomlortablc (advcrb) I-lcspcakss@t. (adverb) FIevisitshisfamilylessfrcquentlythanshedocs' thanlastycar's' (adjcctivc) This ycar'scxhibiti-lgt-*p*Ig J o h n 'sg ra d csa rc h i g h crthanhissistcr's.

by addingmuch or far can bc further intcnsifrcd Uncqualcomparisons form. bcforcthc comParativc

subjcct -P vcrb {-

[tu, e + er+ + adjcctiv ntuch I

rlan + [

subjcctl- vcrb

. lnorn I 4' tltail-t n''no". * lt:i,,,\ inronounJ Iil":i"

t'hanmine' I-larry'srvatcltis far morc expcnsive thc onc on T h a t n to vi cw c sl t c l cvi si o n . A w a tcrmcl o ni s mu chsw cc tcrtltana lcm on' than hcr prcdcccssor. Shc danccsmuch-n'rorcTrtirtically hc doesSPanish' l - l cs pca ks l - l i sca r i s fa r b cttcrth a nY o ur s. Bc surc to usc thc dctcrnriltcrs Nouns can also bc uscclin cornparisons. ' ar c countablcor nonc o r r c ctl y cl cp cn d i n go n w [cthcr thc atljcctivcs c o u n t a b l c. ( nnny )

I muchI {- ngun + d.f tsubjcct + vcrb + rlr l-

\';:':'I

noun pr onoun

( ntorc )

subjcct-F vcrb {-

I p,r', I -f- noun -F lhutt [ /"."

-l'

noun pr onoun

)

morebooksthan shc. I havc---'--F c bru a ryl ta sfcw crd a ysthan Mar ch' H e ca rn sa s mu chmo n e ya s his br other ' Thcy haveas fcw classcsitswc. Thcir job aii6Fttrcnt lgssfrccdomtltan ours docs' Bcforcpayday,I havc$ [!9 moncyas my brother' An illogical comparisonis onc in which unlikc o Illogical contparisonr.' conlpar cdar c thc c n t i t icsh a vcb ccnco mp a rcd.Bc sur cthat thc itcm sbcing that of' posscssivcs' samc.Thcsc forms can bc dividcclinto thrcc catcgorics: and those of. arc as pcrfcctas his instructor. Incorrcct: l-lisclrawinSs c o r rcct:

(Tlrisscntcncecomparcsdratvittgswithinslruc|or.) s e as pcr fectas his instr uctor ' s. I-l i scl ra w i n gar (i trstruclor's- instructor'sdrawings)

is higherthana sccrctary' Incorrcct: Thc salaryo[a professor salarywith secreIary') compares (Thisscntcncc Thc salaryof a profcssoris highcr than t h a t o f a sccrctarY. (that of * LlrcsalarYof) Incorrect: Thc <luticsof a policcmanare morc dangcrousthan a teachcr. (This scntcnceconlParcsduties wiLhteacher.) than thosc Corrcct: Thc duticsof a policcnlanarc mor cdangcr ous o-f a tca ch cr. (thoscof - tl'rcduticsof)

C o r r c ct:

of logicalcomParisons: E,xanrplcs J o h n 'sca r ru n sb cttcrth a n Mar y' s' (Mary's - Mary's car)

Thc climatcin Floridais asrnildasthato[ california. ( t h a t o l * th c cl i ma tco Q a rc m o r c d i f i r c u l t t h a n t h o s ci n t h c c o l l c g c ' C h s s csi n th c u n i vcrsi tY ( t h o s ai a : t h c c l a s s cisn ) t h o s co f t h c h i g l t T h c ba skctb l l lg a mcsa t th c univcr sitYar c bcttcr tltan school. (rhoscof : tl'tcgamcsof) Y o u r i rcccn it s n o t i tsstro n gas my m othcr ' s' (nry mother's- nry mothcr'sacccnt) M y s c w i n gl n a c h i n ci s b c t t c rt h a nJ a n c ' s ' ( Ja n c's: Ji tn c'sscw i n gn r aclr inc) anelsupcrlulivcs: A fcw acljcctivcsand advcrbs o Irrcgular cottrparatives Study thcm ' and supcr lativc' f i a v ci r r cg u l l r fo rmsfo r th c co nr par utivc ADVERB ADJECTIVI]OR

far littlc

COMPARATIVE

I farthcr I furthcr lcss

SUPERLATIVE,

I farthcst] I furthcstJ lcast

Imuch I n'tuny I gooa

morc

most

bctter

best

I bad

worsc

worst

I rvell

Ibadly

I fccl much bcttertodaythan I did last weck. thcmall. thcu@Gan I-lchaslcsstinrc now than hc had beforc. Marjoric ltasmorc booksthan Suc.

ThismagazinfffiTliltt

thatone.

Hc actsworsenow than cvcr bcfore. Exerci se 28: Comparisons Let Supply thc corrcctlorrn of thc adjcctivesand advcrbsin parcnthcscs. a s a n d t h a n b cyo u r cl u cs.A d d a ny othcrwor dsthat m ay bc ncccssar y. /t\ (soon) as thc prqfcssorhad l. John and his fricnds lcft r:.t'" f i n i s h cdh i s l cctu rc. r . r /r (i,npotront)than his fricnd's. 2. l-lisjob is v,,err1'"r ^ '({' ' ( wcll) ' asAndr 6sScgovia.' 3 . F I cp la ysth c g u i ta r " " ,'i ---.'(cxpcnsivc)than an'oldcronc. 4. A ncw houscis much ":.rr' ( hot) as thiswcck. 5 . L a s tw cck w 1 sq ; tl -,f 6 . M a r t h l i 5 v x ' : flrz l ; ; r . .' ( t a l c n t c dt)h a nh c r c o u s i l t . i ( color ful)than his wifc' s. o n7s1 ssw ''tr 7 . Bi l l ' sd cscri'hpati['f ,'' f (h " p py) than Mar ia Elcna. 8 . N o b o cl yi s ^,":.t1..: (bad) than thc girls about losingthc ganrc. 9. Thc boysfclt ( fast)than a Chihuahua. 1 0 . A g r cyh o u n dl sn s-l ', .,!e r Iixerc i sc 29: ComPurisons scntcnccs' S u p p l yth a n , a s,o r fro n r i n ca c hof thc follor ving '} -itic { ' , t l r cS t a t u co f L i b c r t y . l i r l p i r c S t a t cB u i l d i n gi s t a l t c r ' ' ' t. "t Pcnnsylvnnia' 2 . C a l i fo rn i ai s fi rrtl rcrfro m N cw Yor k nr inc. 3 . I - l i sa ssi g n mcni st d i ffcrcn t ite"t L!' ' ni hissister s' 4 . L o u icrca d smo rcq u i ckl y 5 . N o a n i m a li s s o b i g , K i n gK o n g . t!r ,n t6c govcr nmcnt' s. 6 . T h a t rcp o rti s l cssi mp rcssi vc aB his tcam m atcs' 7 . Sa m w ca rsth c sa mc sh i rt his pr ofcssor . 8 . D a v cp a i n tsn ru chmo rcrca l istically '{ thcy 9 . T h c tw i n s l ta vcl cssmo n cyat thc cnd of thc month h a v ca t th c b cg i n n i n g . ,, { .{ o"t Nancy' s' i s d i ffcrcn t ca r 1 0 . I - l c rsp o rts Numbcr nrultiplcs can includc: /rnI o Mulriple rugrtbercoftrparatfves.' twice,three tintes,fourtime.s,ctc. Study thc followingrulc.

subjcctl- vcrb .1-numbcrmultiplc-Fdr +

{ or+ ;n"" n t"ounr ] [ l':,::l;)

Norn: ltis incorrectLosay:"twicc morc than," ctc. This cncyclopcdia coststwicc as nruchas thc othcr onc. At thc clanrbakcl"st *c"[', Frc.firclhrcc timcs as many oystcrsas B a r n cy. J c r o m ch a sl ra l Ia sma n y rccor dsnowas I had lastyear . o Doublecoftrparatives.'Thcse construcscntcnccsbcginwith a conrparativc t i o n ,a n d th u sth c scco n dcl a u scm ustalsobeginwith a com par ativc. thc l- comparativc t- subjcct 1- vcrb -t the {- conrparativc+ subjcct + vcrb

Thc hottcr it.is, thc nrorcmiscrablcI fccl.

TmtrEn*tucflffifctt. The biggcrthcyarc,thc hardcrthcyfall. thc betteryourvillfccl. Thc sooncryoutakcyournrcdicinc, 'fhc youlcavc,thccarlicryouwill arrivcat yourdcstination. sooncr the more + subjcct+ vcrb * lhe + comparativc-l- subjcct -l- vcrb T h c mo rc yo ustu d y,tl tc smar tcryou will bccomc. Thc nrorchc rowcd tltc b<lat,tlrc [arthcr away hc got. T h c mo rc h c sl cp t,tl rc mo rc i r r itablchc bccamc. o No sooner:If thc cxprcssionno sooner appcarsat thc beginningof a scntcncc,thc word rlranmust intrgduccthc sccondclausc.Note alsothat thc a u x i l i a r yp rcccd csth c su b j cct.

no sooncr+ auxiliary+ subjcct+ vcrb 4- than + subjcct+ vcrb N o s oo n crh a d w e sta rtcdo u t for Califor nia,than it star tcdto r ain. No.soon"w r i l l h c a rri vc,th a n hc will want to lcavch a d sh c cn tci l d -thc building,than shc fclt thc pr cscnccof -N o r * *r tor".b*ty clsc. NOrA: No longer mcans nol anymore. NEvERuse not longer in a sentcncc t h a t h a sth i s n rca n i n g . J o h n no l o n g crstu d i csa t th c univer sity. (Johndocstrol studyat tlrc univcrsityanynrore.) her car d hasexpir cd. C y n t h i an ra yn o l o n g cru scth c libr ar ybecause (Cynthia may no! uscthc library anymore.)

t Po.ritivc.t,cotnparativcs,and superlative.r:Most dcscriptivcadjcctivcs h a v ct l r rccl o rms:th c p o si ti vc( happy) ,Ilr c com par ativc( huppier ) ,and thc supcrlativc (happiest). POSI'TIVE

hot i ntcrcstin g sick co l o rfu l

C O M P NI T A ' T I V E

hottcr mo rcint.cr csting si ckcr mo rccolor ful

S U I ' E R L NT I V I :

hottcst mostinter c.sting sickcst m ostcolor ful

It dcscr ibcs only thc sir nplcclualityof a T h c p o .ri ti vesl ro w sn o co n rp a r ison. p c r s o nth , i n g ,o r g ro u p . T h c h o u sci s b i g .

T h c fl owcr sxr c fr agr ant.

dcgr cco[ a gr catcror ' lcsscr i n vo l vcstrvocntiticsand slr or vs T l t c c o rrtp a ro l i ve d i f f c r c n ccb ctw ccnth cn r. M y do g i s srn a rtcrtl ta nycl u rs. t l o b is n ro rca th l cti cth tn Il .i char d. than cnrrots. Spina.t'tit t***,p1'rc.,titrg I t i s a l s op o s s i b ltco c o t l l p a r tcw o c n t i t i c sw i t h o u tu s i n gI h u n . l n t l r i sc a s cI h c in thc scntcncc. c x p r c ssi oonf th e l rvorvi l lu su allyappcarsomcplacc - t-of tha two - l' ( noun) su b j cct-t-vcrb -t-l h c-f comp:Ir ativc OR

rf the two 4- (noun) 't- subjcct-l- vcrb 'l thc -F conlpilrativc I-larvcyi.sthc smartcrof thc two boys. O f t h c t w os h i r t s ,t h i so n ci s t h c p r c t t i c r . g i vdrn c th c sn ra l l cro [ tltc tr vopicccsof cakc. Pl C n sc tl ra t you havc shor vnnlc, this onc is tltc nr or c O [ t h c tw o l :rn d sca p cs prcturcsquc. O l ' t h c t r v ob o o k s ,t h i s o n c i s t h c n l o r c i n t c r c s t i n g .

R c n r c nrb cr:

2 cntitics-comparativc 3 or nrorc-supcrlativc

ar c compur cd,oncof r vltich I n t l r cs u p crl o ti vcd cg rcc,th rccor m or ccntitic.s i s s u p c ri o ro r i n fcri o rto th c o tl tcr s.Thc followingr ule applics.

subjcct -F vcrb -t-Ihc

-t'.. est. fadjcctivc I

[t, -r-sin*ul:rrcounrnounl .li:' pi';;i ;o'n'noun l lij::lJ:J f f;#

J o h n i s th c ta l l cstb o y i n th c [a m ily. D c a n ai t tt *tn " ttcst o f th c th r ccsistcr s. Thcsctlto.tJt" tl',. l"ast cxpcnsivcof all. . of thc thrcc sltitffirctticst bc sur cthat tltc nounr s N o r c : A f tcr th c cxp rcssi oonl c o f the * supcr lativc, p l u r a l: r n dth c vcrb i s si n g u l a r. O n c o f th c g rca tcsttcn n i sp l a ycr sin thc ' wor ldis Bjor n Bor g. K u w : r iti s o n eo f th c b i g g csto i l pr oduccr sin thc wor ld. A d v c r b susu l l l y a rc n o t fo l l o w cdby - er or - est.lnstcad,thcy ar c conlpar cd lor thc comparativcdcgrcc,and by adding nlosl or by adcfing ntorc or /c,.s.r I c a s tt o f orn t th c su p crl a ti vc. POSIl'IVI:

carcful l y cautiously

C O M P NR A T I V I ]

mo rccar cfully l csscar cfully rn o rccautiously l csscautiously

y a n llob. S a l d r ovcmo rcc:ru l .i o u slth Joc clancct@f 1lg his partncr. of all. tl rc n to stcar clcssly T h a t c ni l d U cl u ru cs l r c n c p l a ystt',"mo r@

SUPERLATIVE

nlostcar c[ullY lcastcar cfully nr ostcautiouslY l c a s tc a u t i o u s l y ( colttpar ativc) (cornparativc) ( supcr lativc) ( supcr lativc)

Excrcise 30: ComParisons in thc follorvingscntcnccs' Sclccttltc corrcctform in parcnthcscs I likc thc rcd onc (be$cr/bcst)' l . Ot thc lour clrcsscs, 2. Phil is thc (happicr/happicst)personthat wc know' tltan Dan's. 3 . Pat'scar is (fastcr/fast-cst) icc crcam I havchad in a long timc' 4 . This is thc (erearnicr/crcanricst) 5 . This postcris (colorfulcr/morccolorful)than thc onc in thc hall' 6 . Docs lrrcd fccl (welter/bcttcr)todaythan he did ycstcrday? 7 . This vcgctablcsouptastcsvcry (good/well). 8 . W h i lc i ryi n g to b a l a n ccthc baskctson hcr hcad, the woman walkcd (aw*rrtrder/morc awkwardly)tlran hcr daughtcr' tth l ctic of all thc wom cn. 9 . J a n ci s th c (l e .ss/l ca st) 1 0 . My cat is thc (prctticr/prctticst)o[ thc trvo.

I l . T hi s su rn ma ryi s (th c b cttcr /tlr cbest)o[ the pair . 1 2 . Y o u r h cri ta g ci s d i ffcrcn t(fr or n/th**) minc. 1 3 . T h i s p a i n t i n gi s ( l c s si r n p r c s s i v c / l c al sr nt p r c s s i v ct h) a n t h c o n c i n t h c o t h c rg a l l c r y . 14. Thc coldcrIhc rvcathcrgcts,(*ieken/thcsickcr) I fccl. 1 5 . N o .so o n cr h a d h c rccci vcdthc lcttcr ( whcn/than)hc callcdM ar ia. 1 6 . A nri n kco a tco sts(tw i e cnr or ethan/twiccas nr uchas) a sablccoat. 1 7 . J i rn h :rsa s(l i ttl c/fcw ) o p por tunitics to play tcnnisas I. 1 8 . T h a t rcci p cca l l sfo r (+n tny/nr uch)m or csugarthan nr incdocs. 1 9 . T h c r n u s c u ni ls t h c ( f a r t h c r / f a r t h e sat )w a yo f t h c t l t r c cb u i l d i n g s . c ous)thanJohnJay. 2 0 . G co rg cWa sh i n g to ni s (fa mouscr /r norfanr 18.NounsFunctioningnsAdjcctives I n En g l i sh !ma n y n o u n scan [unction' ,asadjcctivcs,r vltcnthcy appcar histor y' tcachcrThc ) . fir st b c f o r co th cr n o u n s(a rvo o lco at,a gold,watch,,a tltc sccondonc, n o u no f th c co mb i n tti o nfu n ctionsasan adjcctivc,dcscr ibing w h i c h fu n cti o n sa s a n o u n . Thc nounsr vhich functionas adjcctivcsar c a l w a y s i n th c si n g u l a r cvcn though thcy nr ay nr odify a plur al noun. N u m b cr-n o u nco mb i n a ti o naslwaysappcarhyphcnatcd. W c to o ka to u r th a t l a stcdfivcwccks. (Wccksfunctions no*r=illiif scntcncc.) "t " Wc tooka livc-wccktour. udjcctivc

noun

is for two ycar s. I - l i ssu b scri p ti oto n th a t n ra gaz.inc ( Yca rsfu n cti o n sa s a n o unin thisscntcncc.) to that magazinc. I - l ch a sa tw o -yca rsu b scri ption udjcctivc

notln

T h a t stu d cn tw ro tca rcp o rtthat wastcn pa8cslong. (Pagesfunctionsas a noun in this scntencc.) T h at stu d cn tw ro tca tcn -p agcr cpor t. "llrrrl",

,"t

Thcscshocscosttwcntydollars. (Dollars functionsas a nounin this scntcncc.) r ocs. T h csca rc tw cn ty-d o l l ash -tjrrtlr,

,rt*t

Exercise3l: NounsFunctioning asAdjectivcs In cachof thc followingscts,chooscthc appropriatcform for thc blank in thc sccondscntcncc. Examplc:

I-lcrcall to Californialastcdtcn nrinutcs. S h c ma d ca tcn- m inutccall to Califor nia.

l. Sam'snewapartmcnt is in a buildingwhichhastwclvcstorics. S a m ' sn c wa p a r t m c ni st i n a , ' i - ' i ' , ' b u i l d i n g . 2. Wc tcachlanguagcs. W C a f C 1 ' : : r i t : :{

tCaChCfS.

3 . M y pa rcn tssa wa p l a y i n th rccactslastnight. My parcntssaw a t'tr'rr-,.tt play last night. 'fhc 4. managcrsaid that thc salcwould last for two days. T h c ma n a g crsa i tlth a t i t w o uldbc a 1.,. - - /' l' sale. 5 . H a l b o u g h ta to o lsct co n ta i ningTgpicccs. F I a lb o u g h t a - l , : ' r t o o ls e t . 6. Margic ha.sa bookcascwith fivc shclvcs. M a r g i c h a s a ' i ' t ( * ' , ' t ; n -b o o k c a s c . 7 . I n c cdtw o ca n so f to ma to csthat wcigh I6 ounccscach. I n c cdtw o 1 6 r 'r i f ca n sof tom atocs. 8. I'nt lookingfor a prcssurccookcrthatrholdssix quarts. I'm lookingfor a /;it- ,i'tarl prcssurccookcr. 9 . I - l ci s a sp cci a l i st a t b u i l d i n ghouscsm adcof br icks. F I c i s a sp cci a l i st a t b u i l d i n g ;, i.k houscs. 1 0 . M r s . Ja n scnj u st b o u g h th cr daughtcra bicyclcwith tcn spccds. M r s . Ja n scnj u st b o u g h th cr daughlsl' 4 ' .â&#x201A;Ź' ' ;leeadbicyclc. /9. Iinoughwith Adjectivcs,Adverbs,and Nouns Enoughchangcspositionsdcpcndingon whcthcrit is modifyinga noun,an a d j c c t i v c,o r a n a d vcrb .Wh e n n rodifyingan adjcctivcor an advcr b,enouglt follows.

adjcctii'cI -tenough advcrb J Arc thoscfrcnchfrics crisp cnoughfor you? adjrtivc

S h c s p ca ksS p a n i shrvcl lcn o u ghto bc an intcr pr ctcr . odvcrb

I t i s n o t co l d cn o u g l rto w ca r a hcavyjackct. "rlkrtiw

Wlrcn modifyinga noun,cnoughprcccdcsthc noun. utough -F noun Do you havccnoughsugarfor thc cakc?

J a k cb o u g h tcn o u g hrcd p a i ntto finishthc bar n. nounphrose

I-lcdocsnot havccnoughnroncyto attcnd thc conccrt. "rrr^

Norr: Thc nounthat is nrodilicdby cnoughmaysomctimes bc dclctcdwith nochangcin rncaning. I forgotmy moncy.Do you havccnough? ( W c un d crsta n d l h a I th c sp cakcrr ncans" cnoughr tr oney.")

Iixcrcisc J2..Ilnough ' I n t h c l o l l o w i n g.scn tcn ccs, cl tooscLhccor r cctfor nr r inr par cnthcscs. l . T l r crcrvcrcn o t (cn o u g hp coplc/pcoplc cnough) ,to havcthc nr ccting. 2 . Al l cn h a s l ca rn e d(e n o u g lrl;r cnch/Fr cnchcnough)to study in Ir r ancc ncxl.ycar. 3 . D o y o u h a v c( c n o u g ht i m c / t i n r cc n o u g h t) o t a l k n o w ? 4 . Sh c d ro vc(cn o u g hfa st/fa stcnough)to win thc r acc. 5 . M i k c w i l l g ra d u a tcfro n rl aw school( cnouglrsoon/soon cnouglr )to join h i s fa th cr'sl rrn r. 6 . W c a rri vcd (cn o u g hca rl y/car ly cnouglr )to havc so{ nccollcc bclor c c l a s sb cg a n . 7 . I t ha sra i n cd(cn o u g hh a rd/lr ar dcnough)to floodthe lor v- lying ar cas. 8. You shouldtypc (cnoughslorviy/slorvly cnough)that you rvill not nrakc iln crror. 9 . I - l ch a sj u .st(cn o u g hl l o u r/flourcnough)to bakcthat loafof br cad. 'fhcrc 10. arc (cnoughbooks/books cnough)for cachstudcntto havconc. 20. CauscConncctors This scctiondcmonstratcs thc usagcof scvcralgranrmaticaldcviceswhich shorvcausc. o Rccause/bccausc of: Ilecau.remust always bc follorvcd'by a cornplctc scntcncc.(Thcrc must bc a vcrb.) IJecause o/is followedonly by a nounor nounphrasc.(Thcrc must NoT bc a conjugatedvcrb.) . . . because-t subjcct * vcrb . . . becauseof l- noun (phrasc) Norn lJccausco/is often intcrchangcablc duc to. with thc exprcssion

Janwasworricdbccauscit lradstartcdto rain. subjccl

J a nw asw o rri cdb cca u sco f tl r c r ain. noun phrusc

Thc studcntsarrivcd latc bccauscthcrc was a traflicjam. subject

vtrlt

thc tr aflicjar n. T h c s t u d cn tsa rri vctll a tc b ccauscof *-ttrt"^,

W c h a vcto cu l .d o w no n o u r d rivingbccauscthcr c is an oil shor tlgc. subject

vcrb

of thc oil shor tagc. W c h a vcto cu t d o rvno n o u r d r ivingbccr tu.sc ,*", I',t"*

NOrr: It is alsopossiblclor tlrc ciluscclauscto bcgin tltc scntcncc. ; Bc c a usc o f th c ra i n , w c h a vccanccllcdthc par ty. Of Exerci sc JJ.'Becausc/Bccausc or bccauseof trsappropriatc. Supplycithcr bccau.re tlr c scndcrhad wr ittcn l t d cl i vcrth c lcttcr # l . I t w as<Ji fl i cu to thc rvrongaddrcsson thc cnvcl<rpc. f. thcpar ty wasbor ing. W c d cci d cdto l ca vcca rl y the bad wcathcr . 3 . R e scu ca ttcn rp tsw crc tcmp or ar ilyhalted f: " ' ' they cnjoycdthcir com pa4 . T h c y vi si tcdth ci r fri cn d so ftcn i ,,

ny. 5. Paulcannolgo to thc footballgamc I' t' 6. Marccllawa.sawardcdil scholarship ticability. 7 . N o bo cl yvcn tu rcdo u td o o rs , I

hisgradcs. scholashcr supcrior tlr c hur r iclnc r var nings.

thc irir is 8 . W c p l a n t o s p c n do u r v a c i t t i o ni n t l r c , n t o u n t a i n s r purcrthcrc. ' thc bridgewasdcstroycd 9. Wc havcto drivcaroundthc bay in thcstorm. t h e i n t e n s eh e a t .

1 0 .T h c c h i c k c n sh a v cd i c d

c Purpo.reand rcsult (so that): Clauscsshowingpurposcarc followcdby thc c o n j u n cti oso n th a t. A ftcr so th at is a r csultclausewith botha subjcctand a v c r b .T h c ti n tc o f th c rcsu l tcl a uscmust bc futur e in r clationto thc tinr cof thc purposcclausc. subjcct+ verb * so thal t- subjcct+ vcrb Noru: It is Nor corrcct in formal writtcn E , n g l i s ht o c l i m i n a t c t h a t i n t l t c s c althoughit is possiblcin spokcnE n g l i s h . scntcnccs,

Hc studiedvcry hard so that he could passthe test. thc packagcearly so that it will arrivc in time for her Shr@ing s i stcr'sb i rth d a y. Damicn is practicingtftc guitar so that hc can play for thc dancc. I a m l ca rn i n g i crma n so that I will bc ablc to spcakit whcn I go to Au stri an cxtsu mmcr. Susandrovcto Miami instcadof flyingso that shccouldsavemoncy. Will you lct mc know aboutthc party so that I can n'rakeplansto attcnd? t Cause and efect (.so,such): Thc following constructionsarc uscd to indicatca causcand cffcct (rcsult)rclationship.

(l)

adjcctivc * t h a t - f s u b j c c t+ v c r b subjcct+ vcrb -Fro -ladvcrb

Nora: Do Nor usca nounaftcr so. Scc rulc (3). Thc sopranosangso wcll that shc rcccivcda standipgovation. Tcrry ran so fast th:rt hc brokc thc prcviousspccdrccord. Judy workcclso diligcntlythat shc rcccivedan incrcascin salary. The souptastcsso goodthat evcryoncwill ask for more. Thc little boy looksso unhappythat wc all fccl sorry for him. from thc class. Thc studcnthad bcnavcdso bacllythat hc wasdismissed Thc rulcsfor clauscsincludilg tftc intcnsivcrnodificrsars:

( 2 ) subjccr + vcrb-f .ro.r.

l'j#',f

-l- vcrb noun-r-rha(-rsubjcct n nrur"rcounr

The Smithrhad so manychildr cnthat thcy for mcd thcir own baseball lcam. I had so few job offcrs t[:rt it wasn't difficult to sclcct onc.

much noun+ that + subjcct+ vcrb + non-count subjcct t- vcrb -F ro -F Iitt le

I-lc has invcstcdso much moncy in thc projcct that hc cannotabandonit now. Thc grassrcccivcdso littlc watcr that it turncd brown in thc hcat'

(3)

s u b j c c t+ v c r b * s u c h+ a + a d j c c t i v c+ s i n g u l a r c o u n t n o u+n t h o t , . . OR

s u b j c c t+ v c r b 4 . r o { - a d j c c t i v ct - o + s i n g u l a r c o u n t n o u+n t h a t . . .

Norr: Such + a 1- adjcctivcis thc morc commonof thc two. It rvassucha lrot day that wc dccidcdto sl.ayindoors. ot{ I t r va sso l to t a d a y th a t w c dccidcdto stayindoor s. t ut it down. I t w a ss u c l rl n i n t c r c s t i n bg o o kt h a t r h cc o u l d n ' p OR

t utit down. I t w a ss o i n t c r c s t i nag b o o kt h a t h c c o u l d n ' p

s u b j c c r - r - v c r -b1 - . r r r c t r - r -. a d j c c r,i v{ct i y : t ^ : . " ^ : i : . : : " } 1 - t t t o t- r ' s u b j c c t ' t - v c r b tnon-countnoult )

Sh c h a ssu chcxccp ti o n aal biliticsthat cvcr yoncisjcalousof hcr . plural counl

T h cy a rc su chb ca u ti l u lp i ctur csthat cvcr ybodyr villwant onc. plurolrcouut

P c r r y h a s l r a ds u c h b a d

l u c k t l r a t h c ' sd c c i d c dn o t t o g a n l b l c .

^'i'::r'

d i fl i cu l t,h o rncworthat k I will ncvcrfinishit. T h i s i .s.su ch ,r::::rt

Notr: It is nro'rpossiblcto uscso in thc abovcrulc. Mcanings: I t h a sb ccnsu cha l o n g ti mc sinccI' vc sccnhim that I' nl not sur c if I will

r.nr.*b.l[ifr.it hasbccna long tirnc.) (l'nr not surc if I will rcmcmbcrhim becau.re C a u sc:It h a sb ccna l o n gtime. E,ffcct:I'm nol.surc if I will rcmcmbcrhim. I-lehasso hcavya work load that it is difficultfor him to travcl. (ttisffiiiivc|becausehchasahcavyworkload.) Causc:I-lchasa vcry hcavywork load. Effcct: It is diflicult for him to travcl.

SUBJECTAI(EN REVII]WS

Pctcrhassuchtq!g-&g.ttL!t^i hc shouldplay thc piano' ecouse6c 5asvcry long fingcrs.) (pctcr r@ Cause:Pcl.crhasvcry long lingcrs. [,ffcct: I-lcslrouldplay t]rc piano. prolcssorSanclsgivcssuclrintcrcstinglccturcstltat ltis classcsare tlcvcr boring. (ProfcssorSands's classcsltrc ncvcr boring bccousclrc givcs vcry i n t crcsti n gl cctu rcs.) lcctur cs' C a u s c:P ro l cssoSr :rn d sg i vcsv cr y ilttur csting E,ffcct:I-liscllsscsilrc ncvcrboring. T h i s i s su chtu styi cc crca mthat I' ll lr avcanotltcrhclping. cr car nbccauscit is vcr y tasty' ) ( l ' l l mc C a u s c:T h c i cc crca mi s vcrYtastY' E , l l c c t:l 'l l l ta vca n o th crh cl p i ng. Ii.rcrciseJdr So/Such lts I r o l l o w i n gth c fo rn tu l a s,u sc cittr cr so or .r ttr ' /tin tltcsc scntcncc' s ap p r o p r itac . b r i g h t l yt h l t M a r i a h a d t o p u t o n h c r l. Thc sun shonc +'' . s un g l a sscs .\,. " ' ' . C 7 ' a p o w c r l u ls w i l t r m c rt l r a t h c a l w a y sr v o nt l t c Z. Dcan*., rilccs.

' f h crc

w crc c nn ccl l cd .

:)-"

.{s'

fov studcntsr cgistcr cdthat tltc classwas

-':'.t)ci 4. Wc lrad

of thatplaccthatrvcdccidcd rncnrorics wonclcrful

, t. $:il;"---t-6. Tlrc bcncfitwils-

gooda tinrcat tlrcpartythat wc hatcclto lcavc' dccidcd that thc pronlotcrs grcata succcss

to rencatt.

't. I t w a s

to go to the bcach' a n i ccc laythat wc clecidcd si ck tlr at tltc nur sctolclhcr to go homc' 8 . J a ncl o o kcd i (). Thosc wcre - ':i'r-" that wc spcnt I'worvccks <lifllcultassignmcnts l i n ish i n gth cn r. j. \' an car ly hourtftat wc wcr cn' tawakcyct' r0.R a y ca l l ccla t tl intcr cstingthat hc dccidcdto r cadit' I l. T h c b o o kl o o kcd o ' car clully that it took hir n a long tinr c to t2. l - l c w o rkcd c o m P l ctcth c P ro j cct. ' "r I" ' a long tir nc thlt wc bccamc fo r 1 3 . W c sta ycdi n th c su n s u n b u r n c d . -:" 4 ' l ' h crc tnitny pcoplcor t tltc bus that wc dccidcdto w crc 14. walk. --',C) c n t c r t a i n i n gt h a t n o b o d yw a r t t c dt o r n i s s 1 5 . T l r c p ro g ,ri l nwl a s it.

2 1 . Po s si t'cV o i cc A s c n t c n c cc a n b c c i t h c r i n t l r c a c t i v c o r p a s s i v cv o i c c .l n a n " i l c t i v c " s c n t c n c c ,t h c s u b j c c t p c r f o r m s t h c a c t i o n . I n a " p l l s s i v c "s e n t c n c c t, l r c s u b j c c t r c c c i v c st h c a c t i o n . T o n r a k c a n a c t i v c s e n t c n c ci n t o a p a s s i v c s c n t c n c cf,o l l o r vt h c s cs t c p s . ( l ) P l a c ct h c c o n r p l c n r c notf t h c a c t i v cs c n t c n c ac t t h c b c g i n n i n go f t h c p a s s i v sc c n t c n c e . ( 2 ) I f t h c r ca r c a n y a u x i l i a r i c si n I h c a c t i v cs c n t c n c c , ; p l a tchcc n ri r n n r c - . d i l t c l y a f t c r t h c n c r vs u b j c c t ; r g r c c i ni g n n u r n b c r v i t ht h c s u b j c c t . ( l ) I n s c r tt h c v c r b b e i t l t c rt h c a u x i l i a r yo r a u x i l i a r i c si n t h c s a n ' r cf o r r n u s t h c n r : r i nv c r b i r t t h c l c t i v c s c n l c n c c . ( 4 ) P l a c ct h c m a i n v c r b f r o n rt h c a c t i v cs c n l . c n crcf t c r t h c a u x i l i a r i c s a n d b r i n t h c p a s tp a r t i c i p l c . ( 5 ) P l a c ct h c s u b j c c to f t h c a c t i v cs c n t c n c ca f t c r t h c v c r b i n t h c p a s s i v c n y . ( T h i sc a n b c c l i r n i n a t c d s c n t c n c cp r c c c d c db y t h c p r c p o s i t i o 6 c o m p l c t c l yi f i t i s n o t i r n p o r t a nol .r i s u n d c r s t o o d . ) S t u d y t h c fo l l o rvi n gp o ssi b l crvor dor der sfor passivcvotcc. O R S I M P L EP A S T S I M P L EP R E S E N T

attl

is ore

- t - [ v c r b i n p a s tp a r t i c i p l c ]

lvrrJ were

Active:

I - l u r r i c a n cdsc s t r o ya g r c a td c l l o I p r o p c r t yc a c hy c a r . suhicct

c<tntPlcntcnl

Prttcnt

P a . s . s i v c :A g r c : r td c a lo f p r o p c r t yi s d c s t r o y c db y h u r r i c l n c s .tingulortubjcct

c a c hy c a r .

Jlotl port iciplc

A c t i v c:

T l rc to rn a d od cstr oycdthir ty houses. subject

Pi t s s i vc:

'l 'h i rty

cotnplenrcnl

las!

w crc dcstr oycdby thc tor nldo. l ro u scs

plurol subjcct

lrust purtitiple

I'lt l:S liN'l' PIiOG l( ESS I V C OR l'AS'f PROC R ESS I V Il

onI

i.r 4 - b e i n gr - [vcr b in pastpar ticiplc]

QTC

tvcr.r rvcrc

Activc: ry

*,'.u"'nlj,l#,*llno'",'. progressivc

Pa s si vc: S cvcra ln cw p ro p osalsar c ' bcing,considcr cd pturot ,i::j- bc suhju, ,,li,i!r," b y tl rcco mn ri ttcc.

Activc:I!THSt# wcrc bcingconsidercdby thc I)assivc: Scvcralncw proposals bc 'i;:l; subjcct Pturut ,,!iii!r,, co mmi tte c. P R E S E N TP E R F I ] C T O R P A S T P E R F E C T

lhas )

I ttor,I +

been+ [vcrbin pastparticiple]

ln"d ) Activc:

Thc companyhasordcrcdsomcncw cquipmcnt. comPlcntcnt

trt Jra _*

Passivc: Somc ncw cquipmcnt has bccnordcrcdby thc company. sinsutarsubicct

Activc:

"i::;-

bc o"!i,i,,ot,

had ordcrcdsomcncw cquipmcntbcforc The company-pasi t"bi*

pcr[cct

contPlcmcnl

th c stri kcb cg a n . Passivc: Somc ncw cquipmcnthad bccnordercd9y thc company ';::f bc uhjctt ,"!filo,, bcforcthc strikc bcgan.

MODALS

modaf-r be + [vcrbin pastparticiplcJ A c t i v c : T h c ma n a g crslr ouldsignt h c s cc o n t r a c l , st o d a y . subjccl

nrclol + verb

conrplcncnl

P a ssi vc: T h cscco n tra ctsshouldbc signcdby thc m anagcrtoday. subjc<'t

nodal

pott porticiplc

MODALS.r.PURFITCT

fn o d i rl-F h u ve -F,becn 4- [vcr bin pastpar ticiplc] A cti vc:

S o mcb o d ysl rouldhavccallc<tJh c p r c s i c l c nt ht i sm o r n i n g . subject

nnlal

yt pcrfcct

<.ontplenrenl

P a .ssi vc: T h c p rcsi d cn.should t havcbcencallcclthi.snr or ning. suhjcct

nuxlul

huvc

l,il.rl partiriplc

Excrcisc 35:IrassiveYoice c h a ng c th c fo l l o w i n gscn tcnccs fr om activcto passivc voicc. l . S o n rcb o dcl y l l s th c p rc.si dcnt cvcr ydr y. ,' ' .i .;t{i: - ' 2 . . f o h ni .sca l l i n gth c o th cr n rcnr bcr s.t, r :. ;: i 3 . M a r t h ar v a sd c l i v c r i n gt h c d o c u m c n ttso t h c c r c p a r t r n c n t .. l 4 . T l r c o tl rcrmctn b crsh a vcrcpculcdthc am cndmcnr .lr _ ; !| r| ' 5 . T l r c d cl cg a tcs h a d rccci vcdthc infor mationbcfor cthc r cccss.! 6 . T h c t c a c l r csr h o u l db u y t h c . s u p p l i cf os r t l r i sc l a s s . 7 . S o r n cb e drvi y l lc:rl lMr. Watsontoniglr t. 8 . T h c fi rc h a .sca u scdco n si dcr ablc danr agc 9 . T h c co mp :l n yrva .sd cvcl opinga ncw pr occdur cbcfor c thc bankr uptcy h c a ri n g sb cg a n . 1 0 . J o h nrvi l l h a vcrccci vcdtl rcpapcr sby,tomor r ow. 22. CausativeYerbs T l t c ca u s:tl .i vc vcrb sa rc u scdto indicatcthat onc pcr sonciluscs:rsccond pcrsonto do .somcthing for thc first pcrson.Onc can causcsomcbodyto do s o m c t h i n gfo r l ri n r o r h cr b y paying,asking,or for cing thc pcr son.Thc causativcvcrbsare;ltave,get, make. c IIavcfBcl."I'hcclauscfollowinghaveor gcl may be activcor passivc. Stucly t h c f o l l o w i n gru l c.s.

't) 1 .

i" r ' )/\

WCrr'br,r,

,. /lt'-r. . I ,t,

(r)AcTrvE subjcct-t- have -F cornplcmcnt -f [vcrb in simplc formJ . . . (ony kwc)

(utually pcrson)

(2) ACTTVt:

subjcct+

get

+ complcmcnt-f [vcrb in infinitivc]. . .

(any lcnsc)

(usuully pcrson)

(l) PASSIVE

subjcct

- t... 'iI ttnrrl r"'incomplcmcnt [vcr bin pastPar ticiPlc] (usuully thingj

thc car .)activc ( l ) M a r y h a dJo l rnw a shth c car . ( Johnr vashcd thc car.) activc t6-ilI-slrtltc car. (John'washcd ( 2 ) M t ry B ,oJohn t ( f ) M a r y g o t tltc car wltshcd' (Thc car was wilshcclby sonrclxxJy.)plrssivc M a r y h a d ulc car wilsllco. scntcnccs: o [ a cti vccl a u scsi n causativc I 3 x a r n pl cs arsr angca pr cssconfcr cncc. T h c prcsi d cnltra rlh i s a <Jvi s or c c o r g c i s g ctti n gh i s tca ch c r sto givchim a m akc- upcxam . M a r y h :rsl ra da fri cn d typ c all of hcr papcr s' J o h n i s l r:w i rUh i s fa th crco ntactthc officials' workshop' attcnda contposition Tl',cclitoililtt thc contribut<lrs M o r r i s g o t h i sd o g to b ri n g hinr tl[ nc*spapcr ' scntcnccs: l i x a r l p tcso f p l ssi vccl a u scsi n causativc J a n rcsh l s h i ssh i rtscl ca n cdat thc dr yclcancr s' this wcck. Prt is li-Mng h"r caiEffid A n n a g o t h cr p a p crtyp cdb y a fr iend. advisor s' ar r angcdby.his. T h c pre si d cnits h a vi n Ba p rcssconfcr cncc a pcrsonis thc cornplcmcnt Mary got hcr hilFiTarrcstcd. (E,xccption: b u t tl rcscco n dcl a u sci s p assivc.) R i c k w a sl ta vi n Sh i .sh a i r cu t whcnJohncallcd' o Make: Make can bc followcdonly by a clauscin thc activcvoicc' force' It is strongcrthan haveor gcl- lt means subjcct+ ntake + complcmcnt-F [verb in simplcform] . . . tunY lcnscJ

T h c ro b b crma d cth c tcl l crgivc hinr thc m oney. (Tlrc robbcr$rced thc tcllciTgivc hirn Lhcmoncy.) Norr::/orcc l- [vcrb in infinitivc] Exarrrplcs of mokc: T h c n ra n a g cr rn a d cth c salcsmcn attcnclthc confcr cncc. l n c t c a c h ca r r w a y sm a k c st h c c h i l d r c ns t a yi n t h c i rs c a t s . Ccorgcmadclrisson-@ict in thc thcatF. T h c p rcsi cl cni st n ra ki n gh iscabinctmcr nbcr sign s thisdogunr cnt. Thc tcachcrh,rdTa<lEthc stuclcnts'parcnts ffirctcasc fornrsbcforc5c l c t l h c s t u c l c n t s ; u , nopn t h c t r a m p o l i n c . o L e l : L e t i s u .su a l layd cl cdto thc list of,causativc.s in gr anr r narLcxtbooks. It is not actuallycausativc.It ntcansnllow orJterrttit.Noticc thc dilfcrcnccin g r a n l ma r. su b j cctl - Icr -F co nr plcr ncnt - t- [vcr bin sinr ptq,for r n] ...

subjcct. (:;,'::,::]-r .on,ntcmenr t- [vcrbin infinirivc]. . . Norc: [-et is No-r'rNTcr(cnANGr]Ar]LE,wrrrt lcavc,whichmcansto go (tway. Ex a mp l cs: J o hnl ct h i sd a u g h tcr.srvirwitlr n hcr fr icnds. (John.rllowcdhis daulhilr to swim rvith rrcrfricncrs.) ( J o h nrr*ri trca h i sd a u g h t;@ with hcr fr icncr s.) T h e tca ch crl ct th c stu d cn tslcavcclasscar ly. Thc policc-in-l.t thc suspccTETkc onc phonccall. D r . Jo n csi s l ctti n gth c stu dcntstr andin thc papcr son M onday.

Mrs.Binionlct hersonspcncr tnffitrt witha iricncr. Wc arcgoindGlct hcrwrGrhc lcrtcr.

Mr. nro*n 'al*ayslcts-hilchitdrcn rvatchcartoons on Saturdaymornings. o llelp: Itetp is not actuallya ciiusativcvcrb qithcr, but is gcncrally considcrcd witlt causativc vcrbsingramnrartcxtbooks. It is usuallyfollowcd by thc simplcform,but can bc followcdby thc infinitivcin somecascs.It meansassrs/. subjcct+ help + complcment* [[vcrUin simplcform]l [[vcrbin infinitivc] I

John hclpcdMary washthc dishes. (to) lind a taxi. Jorgc hclpcdthe old womanwith thepackagcs T h c t c a ch crl rcl p cdC a ro l i n afind thc r cscar chnr atcr ials. Exercisc 36: Causativc Ycrbs Usc thc corrcct form of thc vcrb in parcnthcscsin cach of thc following s e n t c n ccs. r.,c (lcpvc)thc room. l . Thc tcachcrmadcJuan \r_-'r_. by a mcchanic. 2 . Toshikohad hc6or,y*:i.&#@.'(i"plfrl t' ( typ") hcr paper . 3 . E, l l cng o t Ma rvi n b : i :vi -' ' r-,:. J (call) her lr icnd on thc tclcphonc. 4 . I m a d c1 rp . (&'r-'a rrrrrrrt{ (paint) last weck. 5 . Wc got our housc ( r vr itc)a composition. 6 . D r . Il yrd i s h a vi n gth c stu tl cnts ",{ iif tr :@ ( lic) on thc gr ound. . c su s pcct 7 . T h c p o l i ccr.n ,r'," .1th 8 . M a r k g o t l ri stra n scri p t5" i " Y' r 1- ,.,.( scnd)to thc univcr sity. ' - ! ( cut) tonr or r ow. 9 . M a r i a i s g ctti n gl tcr l ra i r ' i ' t ( sign)this for nr . 1 0 . W c wi l l l ra vcto g ct th c D can "' (lcave)thc classroom. I l . T h c t c a c h c lrc t A I ( w a s h ) t . h cp i p c t t c s . t2. Maria got Ed t : { (fix) by tltc samcmcchanic. 1 3 . Shc alrvayshashcr car '.-r",r "i ' , ( publish)by a subsidypublishcr . 1 4 . G c ncg o t h i s b o o k ,''' I J :, , W c h a v ct o h c l pJ a n c t i ' i i l i r i r i ( f i n d )h c r k c y s .

2J. Rclativc Clauscs . 'l'hcrclatir,(pronourr.'Arclativcclauscis u.scdto fornr onc scntcnccfroltr T h c rclativcpr onounr cplaccsonc of two idcntic:r l scn tcn ccs. t w o s c p :l r:rtc and a n clrch tcs th c cl a uscsto cachotltcr .Thc r clativcpr onouns n o u np h r a scs arc listcdltcrc. tltcir u.scs PRONOUN

th o t w h i ch who x'hom whose

U S EI N O R M A LE N C L I S I I

things things pcoPlc people usuallYPcoPlc

, a t ca n b c uscd for pcople,but Nor in fornral writtcn N o r t : I n sp ca ki n gth

Efl$Tsn:**-

a duplicatenounphrasc.Therecan T h c r c l ati vcp ro n o u nco mp l ctclyr cplaccs bc no regular pronoun along with the relative pronoun' lncorrcct: This is thc book that I boughtit at thc bookstorc. Corrcct: This is thc book tf-t f boughtat thc bookstore.

R c r n c mb crth a t a scn te n ccw i th a r clativcclausccan alwaysbe r cduccdto two scparatescntcnccs, so cachclausctttu.rlcontaina varb,

Wc bough,,,rr#fi:,:#l];H::r." hadbccnadvcrtiscd ar a rcduccd nricc. W c bo u g h tth c stcrcoth a t h ad bccnadvcr t.ised at a r cduccdpr icc. J o h n b o u g h ta b o a t.T h c b o atcostthir ty thousanddollar s. J o h n b o u g h ta b o a tth l t co s tthir ty thousanddollar s. C c o rg ci s g o i n gto b u y th c h ousc.W c lr avcbccnthinkingof b u y i n gt h c h o u s c . G c o rg ci s g o i n gto b u y th e h ouscth:r twc havcbccnthinkingof buying. J o h ni s th c n ta n .Wc a re g o i ngto r ccom m cnd Johnfor thcjob. J o h ni s th c ma n w h o mw c a r c goingto r ccon"lmcnd for thc,job. o l Vh ofw l to m: l V l to i s u scclwhcn thc' noun,phr asc,bcing r cplaccdis in thc s u b j c ct p o si ti o no f th c scn tcncc.lVhom' is uscd whcn' it is fr onr thc . o l r: l n spccch,' whont'ris ar clyuscd,but it shouldbc c o n r p lcn rcnpto si ti o nN u s c d wh cn a p p ro p ri a tci n fo r r nal r vr itl.cnL,nglish:' lfyou havc clill' iculty d c c i d in gw h cth cr w h o o r w h ont shouldbc uscd,r cnr cr nbcrthc follor ving rulc. . who -F vcrb . whctm -F noun

C o n s i d crtl rc fo l l o w i n gscn tcnccs. T l r c n rcnrrc a n g ry.T h c mcn ar c in thisr oor n. as: Thcscscntcnccs can alsobc con.sidcrcd T h c mcn Ith c mcn a rc i n tl risr oom]ar c nngr y. suhject

T h c mcn w h o a rc i n th i s ro omar c angr y. T h c mcn a rc i l n g ry.I d o n 't l ikc thc r ncn. T h c n rcnI d o n 't l i kc tl rc n r cn]ar c angr y. contplenrcnl

T h c mcn w h o n rI d o n 't l i kc ar e angr y. Wc alsousc thc form rylrozraftcr a prcposition.In lhis casc,the prcposition shoulclalsobc movedto thc positionbcforcwharnin formal writ'l"cnE,nglish. T h c mcn a re a n g ry.T h c w o m anis talkingto thc mcn. T l * ** [th c w o ma ni s ta l kingto thc mcnl - ar cangr y.

rrrcnrcnrowhom rhcwoman ,r'#if:!r:r"ansry. if thc prcpositionis part of a combinationsuchas a lwo-wordvcrb, I-lorvcvcr,

m c a n i n gth a t th c p rcp o si ti o ncannotr casonablybc movcdaway fr om thc v c r b ,i t w i l l r c m a i nw i t h t h c v e r b . c llcstrictivc ond nonrestriclive clauscs.'A rclativc clausc can bc cither r c s t r i c t i vco r n o n rcstri cti vc. A rc str ictivcclauscis onc that cannotbc omittcd f r o m a scn tcn cci f th c scn tcn ccis to kccpits or iginalmcaning.A nonr cstr ict i v e c l a u scco n ta i n sa d d i ti o n a il nfor r nationwhich is not.r equir edto givc thc clauseis sct off fr om thc othcr m c a n i n go f th c scn tcn cc.A n onr cstr ictivc clauscby commasand a rcstrictivcclauscis not. l4/ho,whom,and rvlticlrcan clauscs.That can bc usc<lonly in b c u s c d i n rcstri cti vco r n o n rcstr ictivc rcstrictiveclousc.;.Nornrally,that is thc prcfcrrcdword to uscin a rcstrictivc TOE,I?Ldocsnot tcst thc uscof whiclr c l a u s ca , l th o u g hw h i chi s a cccptablc. anrlthat in rcstrictivsclauscs. clauscs: E x a n r pl cs o f rcstri cti vca n d n o nr cstr ictivc R c s t r i c ti vc:Wccrl sth a t fl o a t to thc sur faccshouldbc r cm ovcdbcfor cthcy d c c a y. ( W c a rc n o t sp ca ki n go [ a l l wccds,only thosctlr at float to thc sur facc. T h u s , th c scn tcn cci s rcstr ictivc;if ,"that IIoat to. thc sur facc" wcr c o n r i t tcd ,th c scn tcn ccrvo u l dhavca difl' cr cntmcaning.) N o n r c stri cti vc: My ca r, w l ri chi s vcr y lar gc,uscstoo m uchgasolinc. ( T h c fa ct tt.r" t n ry cn r i r u c r y lar gc is additionalinfor mationand r tot , ' j n r p o rta n tto th c rcst o f th c s cntcncc.Noticc that it is not possiblcto use t l r c p r o n o un th a t i n p l a cco f whichin thisscntcncc.) E, x : r n r p l o csf rcl a ti vccl a u scs: D r . J o n csi s th c o n l y d o cto rw hom I havcsccnnboutthis pr oblcm . I - l u r r i ca n cs -tl r:rta rc b o rno ff tlr ccoastof Afr ica oftcn pr ovcto bc Lhcttr ost ,Jcarlly. ltavc T c l r c h crsrvl rod o n o t sp cn dc noughtinr c on class.pr cpar ation:oftcn a i t ti .rttyE p l a i n i n g n cw l cssons. T h i s r u m, w h i ch I b o u g h ti n thc Vir gin Islands,is vcr y smooth. Film that hasbccncxposcdto X rays<lftcnproduccspoor photographs. ftt" rffi"n to whonrwc gavcthe checkhaslcft. o lVho.rc: This rclativepronounindicatcspossession. o f citizcns.Thc citizcns'dcdicationr vascvidcnt. T h c bo a rdw a sco mp o scd o f citizcnswhoscdcdicationwasevidcnt. T h e bo a rdw a sco mp o scd J a m cs [Ja mcs'sfa th cr i s th c pr csidcntof the com pany]has r ecciveda pronrotion. J a m cs, w h o sc fa th cr i s th c pr csidcntof thc com pany,has r cccivcda pronrotion. John founda cat. Thc cat's lcg was brokcn. John founda cat whoscleg was brokcn.

H a r o l d IF l a ro l d 'sca r w a ssto l enlastnight] is at thc policcstation. l { a r o l d , w h o scca r w a ssto l cnl astnight,is at thc policcstation. cmployccs ar c on str ikc] is closingdownlor T h c c o rn p a n yIth c co n rp a n y's two wceks. Thc company,whoscemployccsarc on strikc, is closingdown for trvo wccks. T h c d e n ti sti s w i th a ch i l d .T h e child' stccthar e causingsonlcpr obler ns. som cpr oblcnr s. Mu sing T h c d c n ti sti s w i th " "hild T h c p r csi d cn t[th c p re si d cnt' sadvisor shavc quit] is giving a pr css confcrcncc. Thc prcsidcnt,whoscadvisorsltavcquit, is givinga prcssconfcrcncc. '

Excrcise 37: Relativc Clauses

with C o m b i n c th c fo l l o w i n gi n d i vidualscntenccsinto singlc scntcncc.s r c l a t i v cc l a u scs. l . T h e la st rcco rd [th c rcco rdwas pr oduccdby this conr pany]bccamca gold rccord. r cquir ca m ininr unrbalancc] 2 . C h c c ki n ga cco u n ts[th c ch cckingaccounts now. ilrc vcry con"lmon 3. Thc profcssor[you spokcto thc profcssorycstcrdny]is not hcrc today. 4 . J o h n IJo h n 'sg ra d e sa rc thc highestin thc schoolJltas r cccivcda s c h o l a rsl ri p . 5 . F c l i p cb o u g h ta ca n tcraT. l tc car ncr lltastltr cclcnscs. 6 . F r a n k i s th c ma n . Wc a rc going to nominatcFr ank for thc ofliccof trcasurcr. 7 . T h c cl o cto ri s w i th a p :rti cnt.TIr c paticnt' slcg r vlts br okcn in an accidcnt. 8 . J a n ci s th c w o ma n .Ja n ci s,goingto Chinancxt ycar 9. Janetrvantsa typcwriter.Thc typcwritcrsclf-corrects. somcuscfulinfor ma1 0 . T h i s b o o k I fo u n clth c b o o k last wcck]' contains tion. I l . M r . Brya n t IMr. B rya n t'stcar nhaslostthc ganr c]looksvcr y sad. 1 2 . J a n r csw ro tc a n a rti ctc. T hc ar ticlc indicatcdthat hc dislikcd thc p r c s i d cn t. 1 3 . T h c d i rccto r o f th c p ro g ram Ithe dir cctor gr aduatedfr om l- lar var d U n i v crsi ty]i s p l a 4 n i n gto rctir c ncxt ycr r . 14. This is thc booli.i hivc bccnlookingfor this bookall year. 1 5 . W i l l ia m IWi l l i a m'sb ro t'h cris a,lawycr ]wantsto bcconr ca judgc. .

,i i'.'

o Optional relative'clausereduction' In rcstrictivc rclativc clauscs,it is possiblcto onrit thc relativcpronounand thc vcrb 0e (alongwith any othcr a u x i l i a r i cs)i n th c fo l l o w i n gca sc s.

( I ) Bcforcrclativcclauscsin thc passivcvoicc: This is Ll.tczvaluc which wasobtaincdfrom thc table i l r ca su n d crth c n o rtn a lcur ve. OR

T h i s i s L h eZ va l u c o b ta i n cdfr om thc tablcar easundcrthc n orma lcu rvc. (2) BcforcprcpositionalPhrascs: T h c b ca kcrth a t i s o n th c co untcrcontainsa solution. olt T h c bca kcro n l h c co u n tcrcontainsa solution' vcr b str uctur cs: (co n ti n u ous) ( 3 ) B c f o rcp ro g rcssi vc T [ c gi rl w h o i s ru n n i n gd o wnthe str ectr nightbc in tr oublc. OR

Thc girl runningclownthcstrcctmightbc in troublc' and'thcvcrb'6cin nonrcstricto omit tIc rclativcpronoun It is alsopossiblc bcforcnounPhrascs. tivcclauscs , tr avclingin thc M idcastthisycar ' M r . J ackso nw, h o i s a p ro fcssoris M r . J ackso nn, p i o f*ts.4 i s travclingin thc M idcastthisycar . E.rcrcisc 38:Rclativc Clausclleduction R c d u ccth c rcl a ti vccl a u scsi n thc followingscntcnccs. thc l . G c o rg ci s th c n ra n w h o w a s choscnto r cpr cscntthc comm ittccat 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

c o n vcn ti o n . n l l o f th c n to n cyth a t'w a sa cccptcdh:r salr cadybccnr clcascd' l ' h c p a p crsth a t a rc o n tl rc tablcbclongto Patr icia' to.t'[ccrinrc' T[c nranrvhowas broug[t to thc policcstationconfcssccl T h c gi rl w h o i s d ri n ki n gco ffccis Mar y Allcn' this John's wi[c, who is a profcssor,has rvrittcn scvcral papcrs on

subjcct. T.Thcmanwhoistalkingtothc.policemanismyuncle. 8 . T h c b o o kth a t i s o n th c to p shclfis thc onc tltat I nccd. w l to havcbccncountedis quitc high' 9 . T h c n u mb cro f stu cl cn ts 1 0 . L c o l l va n s,w h o i s a cl o cto r,catsin this r cstaur antcvcr yday' 24.Thtt-other uses o optional; Thc word rhot ha,sscvcralusesbcsidcsits uscin rclativcclauses' is uscd as a Onc such usc is as a conjunction.Somctimcs wltcn that is usually c o n j u n cti o ni t i s o p ti o n a l ,a n d somctimcsit is obligator y'That optionalafter thc followingvcrbs.

SUBJECTAREA REVIEWS

sa y

tcl l

think

bclicvc

J o h ns a i dt l r a th c w a sl c a v i n gn c x tw c c k . OR

J o h ns a i dh c w a sl ca vi n gn cxt wcck. I - l c n r yto l d n rc th a t h c h a d a l ot of r vor kto do. ott l l c n r y to l d n rc h c h a d a l o t o f wor k to do. }!

'l-hal

Obligotory: is usu:rlly obtigutory {Lcr i n t r o d u c i n ga n o t h c rc l a u s c .

rncntion

dcclarc

t thc lollorving vcrbs rv6cn

rcport

statc

-fhc

n r a y o rd c c l : r r c ct l r a t o n - l u n c t h c f i r s t h c r v o u l d : l n n o u n c ct h c r c s u l t s --of tlrcsc"r.l'. C c o r g c n r c n t i o n c rtlh ' t h c r v n sg < l i n gt o l ; r a n c cn c x t y c ; r r . 'l'hc l r t i c l c s t u t c dI h a t t h i s s o l u t i o nw a s I l a m n r a b t c .

r That clau.re.r: S<lmccl:luscs,gcncrailyintroclucccl by noun plrrascs,atso c o n t a i nt / ra l .T h csccl a u scsa rc rcv cr siblc. I t i s w c l l kn o w nth a t n ra n yrcsidcnts of thir clwor ldcount.r ics ar c dying. ot( T h a t n la n yrcsi d cn ts o f th i rd w or ldcount.r ics ar c dying is r vcllknor vn. N o r t ' : I f a .scn tcn cc b cg i n srvi th a tltot.clausc, bc sur c Llur tbotlr cluu.scs c o n t : r i na v crb . I t s u r p r i s cm s c t l r a IJ o h nw o u t dd o s u c ha t h i n g . ott T h a t J o l rnw o u l dd o su cha th i ngsur pr iscs m c. I l . w a s n 't b cl i cvcdu n ti l th c fiftccnth ccntur y Ihat thc car th r cvolvcs a r o u n dt h c s u n . OR

T h a t t h c ca rth rcvo l vcsa ro u n dthc sun wasn' tbclicvccl until thc fiftccnth ccntury. I t i s o b v i o u tsh a t t h c W i l l i a m sb o yi s a b u s i n gd r u g s . OR

'l'lr:rt t h c Wi l l i a msb o y i s a b u si ngdr ugsis obvious. 25.Subjunctivc : : T l r c s u b j u n cl .i vc i n Ii n g l i shi s thc sim plcfor nrof thc vcr b r vhcnuscdaftcr c c r t a i n v crb s i n d i ca ti n Sth a t o nc pcr son wants anothcr pcr son to clo

sonlcthing.Thc word /fial must a lwaysappcarin subjunctivc scntcnccs. lf it i s o r n i t t c d,n l o sto f th c vcrb sa rc follorvcdby thc infinitivc. W c u r g c tl ra tyou lcavcnow. W c u r g c yo u to lcavcnow. S t u d yt h c fo l l o rvi n gl i st o f vcrb s. rcqucst suggest movc prc[cr dccrcc advisc r cquir c ur gc d crn a n d ordcr proposc ask ' ' r c c o m m c n ds t i p u l a t c c o nrma n d i n si st L{ Noru: Thc vcrb rvcatitsclf is not onc of thcscvcrbs. I n t l r c f o ll o rvi n gru l c,vcrb i n d i catcsoncof lhc abovcvcr bs. s u b j cclt-

vcrb 4 ' th a l - t-subjcct- t- [vcr b in simplclor r n] ... (onS'tt'tttc)

T h c j u d g c i n s i s t c ct llr n tt [ c j u r y r c t u r na v c r d i c ti n r r n c d i a t c l y . T l r c u ni vcrsi tyrcq u i rcsth a t i rll its studcntsttkc this cour sc. th a t h i s paticntstopsm oking. T h c d o cto rsu g g cstcd C o n g re phs i i d ccre e dth a t th c gasolinctax bc abolishcd' tl ra t h e ta kea vacation. W c p r o p o scd I m o v eth a t rvea d j o u rnu n ti l thisaftcr noon. ' l ' l c . s i mp l c with cxpr cssions fcl rmo f th c vcrb i s alsouscclaftcr inr pcr sonal t h c s a n r c mca n i n ga s l h c a b o vc vcr bs.Thc adjcctivcsthat fit into this f o r r n u l ain cl u d cth c fo l l o rvi n g . aclviscd i nrp o rta n t nrandatory

nccc.sstlry o b l i g l to ry ProPoscd

rccommcndcd r cquir cd suggcstcd

urgcnt ir npcr ativc

In thc lollorvirrgrulc,udjcc'tivcindicatcsonc of thc abovcadjcctivcs'

ir +

* that t- subjcctr- [vcrbinsinrplcfornr]... +-adjectivc

(ony t(nsPt

th a t h c fi n d th c books. I t i s n cccssa ry I l . w a su rg cn ttl ra tsl tcl ca vca t oncc. It ha-tborn proposcdtl'at wc changctlic topic. I t i . ti n ',fn rt,ttt tl t,rtyo u rcmcmbcrthisqucstion. that hc lorgct thc clcction... tlccn.suggcstcd It l'ta-s th a t w c wait for thc author itics. i f w a srcco mmcl rd cd

Exercise 39:S ubiunctive if thcr c ar c no er r or s,wr itc C o r r cctt[c crro rsi n th c fo l l or vingscntcnccs; corrccl. I . T l r c tca cl tcrd cma n d cdth a t thc studcntlcft thc r oom . 2 . I t wa su rg cn tth a t h c ca l l cdhcr im nlcdiatcly. 3 . I t wa svcry i mp o rta n tth a t wc dclaydiscussion. on this discussion 4 . Sh c i n tcn cl sto mo vc th a t thc comm ittccsuspcndd issuc. that thc ncw lnrvstook cffcct thc followingnrontlr. 5. T[c king clccrcccl 6 . I p r o p o scth l t yo u sh o u l dstopthis r ally. bcfor cr cgistcr ingfor thiscour sc. yo u ta kc th c p rcrcquisitcs 7 . I a cl vi sc 8 . I - l i s[a ttrcrp rcfcrstl ra t h c a ttcndsa diffcr cntunivcr sity. 9 . T h c f a c u l t ys t i p u l a t c tdh a t t h c r u l cb c a b o l i s h c d . 1 0 . S h c u rg cdtl ta t w c fo u n da notlteraltcr nativc. 26. I nclusit,cs T l r c c x p r c s s i o t t s ' r toonf l y . . . b u t a l s o , b o t h . . . o n d , l t n d n . rw c l l u ' rn r c i t n i r t adrlitiptt to. Likc cntitics rnust bc uscd togcthcr (noun rvith noun, lcljcctivc w i t h a d j c c t i v c ,c t c . ) .

r tttlonly o N o t o n l y ... b u t a l so :T l rc cor r clativcconjunctior ts m u s tb c u s c da sa p a i r i n j o i n i n gl i k c c n t i t i c s .

[["1,,".

r noun

but also

I adjcctivc t + but (al.so)+ 'l subjcct -t- vcrb 'l- not onlY 1' 'f actvcrb advcrb t I prcJnsitional Phrasc propsitionrl J I Phrasc J I OR

subjcct 4- not only + vcrb -t' but (also) -t-vcrb

R o b crti s n o t o n l y ta l e n tcdbut alsohandsonr c. oilicctivc

odjcctivc

B c t h n l a vsn o t o n l v-th c g u i tar but alsothe violin' *'^

,ttt

but alsoncatlY, I-lewritcsnot only corrccftY' 'atlvcrb olvcrb

b u t a l s oi n s c i c n c c . M a r ta cxccl sn o t o n l Yi n ma thcm atics prcYt.rltionul phrotc.

prcpositlonol phrasc

rnusic. Pa u lA n ka n o t o n l y P l a ysth c pianobut alsocomposcs vcrb

vcrb

Maks surc that Lhcnol only clauscinrmcdiatclyprcccdcsthc phraseto whichit refcrs.Noticcthc followingcxamplcs. Incorrcct: I-lcis notonlyfamousin ttalybut alsoin Switzerland. Corrcct: I-lcis famousnotonlyin Italybut alsoin Switzerland. Norr: If thcrcis onlyoncadjcctivc,it usuallyprccedcs lhe not only clause. In the.abovcscntcnce,the adjectivcfamors refersboth to Italy and to Switzcrland. o As wcll as:Thc followingrulcsapply to this conjunction.

subjcct+ vcrb +

II lliJl,'"" II advcrb

l- as well as

.{i:l"".;"'} ' prcpositional phrasc I J

phrasc I propositional J OR

subjcct -F vcrb l- a.swellas + vcrb . . .

". i l o b c rt i s ta l cn tcda s w cl l a s handsomc. odjectivc

oljcctivc

Bc t . hp l a ysth c g u i ta ra s w cl l as thc violin. noun

noun

I - l cw r i tcsco rrcctl ya s w cl l a s ncatly. trlrrrb

trl*rb

as wcll as in scicncc. M a r t a cxccl si n ma th cma ti cs prcpositional phrasc

prcpositi<tnal phrasc

music. P a u lAn ka p l a ysth c p i a n oa s wcll as com poscs vcrb

vcrb

NOIE: Whcn using as well as to indicatea compoundsubjcct,thc phrasc s h o u l dbc sct o ff b y co mma s.T hc vcr b will agr ccwith thc pr incipalsubjcct, n o r w i t h th c n o u ncl o scstto i t. Thc tcachcr,as well as hcr studcnts,i.sgoingto thc conccrt. M y c o u si n s,a s w cl l a sT i m, havca tcst tomor r ow. o tloth and: Th sc corrclativc conjunctionsappcar as a pair in a s c n t c n cc.T h cy fo l l o w th c sa mc r ule as thc one givcn for not only ... but also. R o b c rti s b <;thtn l cn tcda n d l tandsomc. aljcctivc

adjcctivc

Bc t h p l a ysb o th th c g u i ta ra nd thc violin.

I-lcwritcsfrotfr.orr..,ly rn,t n.rttil' alvcrb

olvcrb

and itt scicncc. M l r t a cxccl sb o th i n ma th crnatics

'' ,"x:';:::2

'' ,"|:i::::i

music. P a u lAn ka b o th p l a ysth c p i anoand composcs verb

vcrb

Norn: It is Nor coRREcrto uscboth anrJo.rwellcs in thc samcscntcncc. Exercise40: I ncl usivcs Su p p l yth c mi ssi n gco n n cctor(snol only ... but ulso,both ... ancl,or or well as) in thc followingscntcnces. l. 2. 3. 4. 5.

but alsoFrcnch. Spanish J u l i as p c a k s thc bcigcskir t. Sh c b o u g h tth c ycl l o wsw catcr i n t h c c o u n t r ya n d i n t h c c i t y . Thcy havchouscs Ingcnrous. I - l ci s n o t o n l y i n d u stri o u s --' q \' {.' ' (Spanishoncs. I - l crch i l d rcnh a vcA n rcri cancousins . "

6 . T h c i r E u r o p c a n t o u r i r t c l u d c sl i C . , ' i ' -i i i a l s oS w i t z c r l a n d .

Gcrrtlanyand Austria but

quickly. 7 . I - l cb a n d a g cdth c a rn r b o th tightly 1 tcachcsit. 8 . C l ark n o t o n l y p ra cti ccsl a w t' anactor. 9. Tonr Tryon is a playwright ' ti ' ' ' ' ' or chids. 1 0 . T h c b ri d c'sb o u q u cti n cl u dcdr oscs 27. Know/Know IIow how Study thc followingrulcsconccrningthc uscof .thcvcrb know. Krtot+' i s u s u al l yu scdto i n d i ca tcth a t onc has thc skitl or ability to db som cthing. Thus, il. is rrsual/yfollowcdby a vcrb, and whcn it is, thc vcrb must bc in thc i n f i n i t i vc. subject -t-know how + [vcrb in infinitivc]. . Know by itsclf, on thc othcr hand, is usually followcd by a noun, a prcpositionalphrasc,or a scntcncc.

1ndun phrasc subjcct-r khow+ Rrcnositional | I scntcnce

I l i l l k n o w sh o w t o p l : r y t c n n i . sw c l l .

Maggic and hcr sistcrknow ltow to prcparcChincscfood' Do you know how to gct to Jcrry's houscfrom hcrc? J a s o nkn e wth c l n sw cr to th c tcachcr ' squcstion. No onc kno",*,b""t R"y's acccptingthc ncrvposition' I d i d n ' t kn o rvth a t ytl uw crc g oingto Fr ancc. Excrcise4 I : Know/Know I'low Chooscthc corrcctform ol knowor know howin thcscscntcnccs' t' onr ultiply. l . T h c fo u rthg ra cl crs - to ski'l 2.' I lorv nr:lny pcoplctrcrc-------to Jlntcs' a b o u tM:try' scngilgcm cttt 3 . W c f.i i r-" " t' ;\ tfic for m ulafor salt. stu cl cn tsi i l .-, 4 . T h c cl rcrn i stry i' ' r "' ' "' - kssr ' & 5 . Al t h ou g hh c h a s b ccnd ri vi ng for liltccn ycar s,ltc docsn' t t < lc h a n g ca ti rc P ro P crl Y . ';':' '; th a t h i s fr icndswouldr cactto his pr oposition. 6. L.con '' , 1 . N o b o t l y v , ^ ^ t : " r i t o g c t t o I h c t u r n p i k cy c s t c r d ia-y ' about thc '8. 'fhc owncro{' thc storcwas ilway' but shc "'' robbcry.,9 . \ Y " ' l ' f ' . i,,,-*, to typc b cfor cr vccntcr cdthc univcr sity. 1 0 . I-lc docsn'[ K,l': " t'ir-: "' to dancc,but hc tr ics. 28. Citiust'sof Conccssion n cl cl ing)shor va contr lst botr vccnLr voidcas.Thcy C l a u scso I co n ccssi o(yi or in 'rPitcof. a r c i n t r o d u ccdb y a l th o u g h ,ct'r' nthough,rhough,rlcsJtitc, wtr icltcar tbc uscdintcr char tgco D c . r p i tc/i n .rp i o rcf'T h csc a rc pr cpositions is ably. Tlrcy stciln tl',. ,,tn1" x allltottgh, ctc.; ltowcvcr, tltc granlttlar c l i l l c r c nt.T h cy ca n g o a t tl rc b cginningor in thc r niddlcof a scntcncc'

l'!::!r',i,', "rl

prrrasc n noun

Jfltt' J a n c r v i l l b c : r d m i t t c d t o t l t c u n i v c r s i t yt l c s p i t c] y f $ b a d Sradcs' h c r o f s p i t c i r i Jlnc rvill bc adrlittcclto tIc ulivcrsity conjunctions uscd o tlltltpugfifcvctt tltougltftfittttgh: Tltcsc arc subordinatc is di[lcrcnl lrorn tlr:rto[ t o c o n n c c t t w o c l a u s c s .N o t i c c f i o r v t l t c g r a t l l m a r clcspitt:lrnclirt sPite of-

( olt houglt

I (vn

Ihough t h o ug h

j - - " b j c c i , r ' c r b* ( c o m p l c n r c n r )

4-[!iyg! !t!r.*_:r ph),sicalhandicap.hc has bccomca succcs.sful busincssm:rn. J : r n cu i l l b c : r d n r i t t crdo r h c u n i v c r s i t l , c v cr n h o u g hs h ch a sb : . r g dr r d c s . A d d i t i o n ; rI c r l r n p l c so f c l uu s c st ) f c o n c c s s i o n :

\^'crrc goingro havcu picnic.

|1lftt:_uJ,tr.$;rhg.

Thc childutcthccookicc\:cnrh()u-qh his:nrorhcr h:rd,told hr1f-_rr"1_19 ruhlrrt

rtrh

A l t h < l u g hl h c r v c a t h c rw u s v c r ) 'b _ 1 9r.r c h : r d: r p i c n i c . tuhl*'t

w'rh

T h c c r l m m i t t c cv o t c d r o r u t i f y r h c u m c n d m c n td e s p i r ct h c o b j c c r i o n s . n.rtn fhtu.r'

Thr.ruglr hchadnorlinishcd_tleplrf:i. hcwcnrro slccp. suhy,'! . terh

S h ea t t c n d c d t h c c l u s sa lrhoueh s h cd i d n o t f c c la l c n . __:_-_ ruhject,

r'erh

Excrcisc 42: Clausesof Conccssion C h a n g el h c s cs c n t c n c cl so i n c o r p o r a ttch c c x p r c s s i o n i nsp a r c n t h c s c s . l . D c s p i tc h cr d i .sl i kcfo r co lTcc.shc dr ank it to kccp hcr sclf \4,r r m . lalthough) 2.Mar;*u'il|takc;tptlnc.cv.cnlhou8hshcdis|ikcsl11.ing.(inspitcof),i.ri - 1 . I n s p i tco l 'l r{a re y'.s sa d n css l t"losingthc contc.st. shcm lnagcdlt' lsnr ilc. (although) ';',,

/.,,,J rl

;' 4 . \ \ r c l rxl kn ):rn -\' p i ctu rcsrh o ughthc sky u,asctoudr '(.tJcspitc) / 5 . D c s p i t ch c r p t l t l rr n c m o r vt.l r co l d \ r , o n r Jtno l d i n t c r c s t i nsgt o r i c st o t h c , . 1 : \ r i , i r ,1

childrcn.(cvcnthough) irr

6 . T h o u g hh c h r s b c c nu b s c n ft r e q u c n t l yh. c h a sn r n n u g ctdo p u s sl h c t c s t . ' , ,t 1inspitcol') r''.' 1t:,ii

t ,

7 . N a n c y t o l d m c t h c s c c r c [ ,d. c s p i t ch a v i n g p r o n i i s c dn o t t o d o s o . i'' ;'' (though)" ttt hr.,{.i'"'"'i;i l ot 8 . \ \ / e o l a nt o b u ) ' a t i c k c t f o r t h c d r a w i n ga l t h o u g hw c k n o wu c r r , i l n , w i n a p r i z c .( c v e nt h o u g h ) 9 . I n s p i t co f t h c h i g h p r i c c s m . y d a u g h t c r isn s i s to n g o i n gt o t h c m o v i ' c s ''t':. , { \ ' i2 , '- ' , ' ( e v c n c v c r yS a t u r d a y . t h o u g h )! , t t g " ; t , 1 0 . l J c a t c t h . cc h o c o l a lcea k cc v c nt h o u g hh c i s o n a d i c t .( i n s p i t co f ) .

',t ' i ',

\^,,. 6r,ii'1,,,

1OO

','j : ' t

c+f(f .

29.ProblemYerbs T hc vcrb sti e /ta s'.ri serai.r f e.and sit/sel causcpr oblcmscvenfor native E n g l i s hs p e a k e r sT.h c s o t u t i o nt o t h c p r o b l c mi s t o r e m e m b ew r h i c hv e r b s arc transitive ( v e r b st h a t t a k c a c o m p l c m e n ta) n d w h i c h a r c i n t r a n s i r i v e ( v e r b st h a td o n o t t a k ea c o m p l e m e n t ) . INTR^NSITIVI:

TRANSITIVE

nse ro se ri se n ri si n g lie Iny lain lying sit sat sat sirting

raisc raiscd raised raising lay laid laid laying sct sct sct sctting

o Rrse.'This verb n'cansro ger up, moveup under()ne'so*n power(without t h e h e l po f so me o ncl c sc).i n cr ease. Notie thar r hcr cis ttocomplcmcnt. T h es u nr i s c sc a r l yi n r h cs u m m c r . w h e n t t r eu e t tr i n i s . r h es t u d c n rrsi s cf r o m r h c i rs c ' a r s . W hcno i l a n d w a {crn ri x,o il r iscsilhe r op. J i m r o s cc a r l ys o l h a t h c c o u l dp l n yg o l f b e f o r ct h c o r h c r s . I t m u s tb c l a t c :t h c m o o nh a sr i s c n _ Pr i ccsh a vcri scnmo rctr,rn r cn pcr ccntin a vcr y shor ttimc. r Rai.re.'This vcrb nrcilns to lift or (l(,t'urt,un ohjc,<.r; or ro int'rea.re something. T h c s t u d c n t rsa i s et h c i rh a n d si n c l a s . s . t trrilpl.'nr.'nt

T h c w c i g h t l i f r crru i s c st h c b a r b c l l o s v c rh i sh c l d . .,rrrtJ1l.'rrr.'nt

T h c c r a n cr l i s e d t h c c u r o u t o l ' t h cl a k c .

A ftcr srudving r|:;f;;:'{..rohn rr i.scdhis gradcssubsrant i:rrry. " t.rnrfl(Dr(4t

M r . D u n i c l sh a sr a i s c dh i st c n r n t s ' r c nltn o t h c rl i f t c c nd o l l a r s . .l,ntJrlf nvnt

T h c O P E Cc o u n r r i chs u r . cr u i s c dt h c p r i c co f o i l . t.tntPl(trn n!

o Lie: This vcrb mcans to rc.rr.r('po.\e,or ttl Dr,.rituated in a place. lt is oftcn u . s c dw i t h t h e p r c p o s i t i o nd t n , r t .N t l t t : : T h i s v c r b s h o u l dn o t b c c o n f u s c dw i r h thc vcrb lie, tied, tied, which nrcans to.sc.1, s'ntething thar i.r not trre. T h e u n i v c r s i t yl i c s i n t h c w c s l c r ns c c t i o n of town. l f t h e c h i l d r c ni l t i r c d . r h c y s h o u t d lic downfor a nap.

MariaElenatavon thcbcachfor thrr hffiyesterday sunbarhing. T h eo l dd o gj F l a y o n r h cg r a s w s a t c h i ntgh cc h i r d r canr p r a y . r01

SUI]JIICTAREN REVIEWS

D o n ' t d i .stu rbMa ry; sh c h a sl ain clownfor a r cst. T h a t ol d ru g h a cll a i n i n ttr. ** * f* m anyycar sbcfor cit wasput in r hc garagc.

Loy:Thisvcrbmcansto put sontcbocry or.rontctlrirtg ott a surfctce. Don'tlay yourclothcs on tlrcbcd. t<ttnpltnrcn!

Thc boy lays his bookson thc tablccvcryclay. contplene nl

T h c c n cmyso l d i e rsl a i d d o w n thcir r vcapons and sur r cndcr cd. contplcnu'nt

T h c c h i l d r c nI a i dI l r c i rr o y so n tlr c lloorr vhcnthcy had d)nU)lenr.,ttl

f i n i sh cdu si n gIh cm. T h c s t u d cn tsh a d l a i d th ci r co nr po.sitions on thc tcachcr ' .s dqsk --;;"t't";"* bcforc f.lrcbclt rangT h c n urscl :ri dth c b :rb yi n th c cr ib. <vntplenrcil

' ' t - i / . ' T hi s vcrb mci l n .sL o ta kc a scat. It is also oftcn uscd r vith thc prcpositiondotvtr. W c a r c g o i n gto si t i n th c fi fth r ow at thc opcr a. B u l l f i gh tfa n ssi t i n th c sh a d cbccuuscit is cool. B c c a u scth c w ca th crw A Sn i cc,rvcsaton thc patio. Af t c r s w i n rmi n gIJo , b .saotn tl rc bcachto dr v ofl' . N o b o dyl *r.ssa r.rh ro u g i r:rs m:l nybor ingl"cir r ., as pctc has. T h c y h :rvcs:rti n th c sl l rn cp o si tiopfor two hour s. o Sr'/.'l'lris vcrb tllcitn.slo pul .romcbotlyor..rrnnctltirtg,,ort o'.ritrfucaor itta p l a c e .I t i s o ftcn i n tcrch a n g ca b rvittr lc /cy or ,putcxccptin ccr tainicliom atic cxprcssions likc .retthe table. T h c l i t t l cg i r l h c l p .lsr c rf a t h c rs c rt l r et a b l cc v c r yn i g h t . t'<ttttplenn'nt

T h c c a rp cn tcrs scI th ci r to o l si n Lhcboxat noonanclgo to lunch. contplcucnl

T h c b o ta n i stsct h cr p l a n tsi n thc sunso that thcy r vouklgr ow. c<>ntplenrcnt

Af t c r c a rrj ri n gh cr so nfro n t th c car , thc m othcr.sct h i m

i n h i sc r i b .

contplenrcnl

D o n ' ts c t th c ch o co l a tcn ca r th c ovcnor it.will r nclt. utntplcntcn!

N o s o o n c rh a d t h c y . s c tt h c r o a s t i n t h c o v c n , t h a n t h c c l c c t r i c i t yw c n t o u t . cotttplenrcnt

102

tvithsct, lay, and rdisc: c Idiomalic expressiotrs bccauscof a pr oduction cm ployccs T h c c o n rp a n yh a clto l a y o ff trvc nty- fivc slowdorvn. D r . J a co b sh a ssct n ta n yb ro kcnboncsin plastcrcasts' J o h ns ct h i s ,tta rn rl o r si i o 'cl ock. T h c . f t . f i t t t o p i tg t h a t t h c J c l l - Ow i l l s c tq u i c k l y ' W h i l c pl a yi n grvi l .hma tch e J.thcchildr cnsct fir c to thc so[a. T h a . tf armcrra i scsch i ckcn sfo r a living. Excrcise 43:ProblenrYerbs and undsr linethe C i r c l c th c co rrcct l o rm o f thc vcr b in.par cntficscs do r lot bcgin r vith c o m p l e mcnitf th crc i s o n c.R cmcm bcrtlr at conlplcm cnts p r c p o s i ti o n s. ) o r t ho f l . Y o u w i l l s c co n t h c m a p t h a t t h c P u b l i cA u d i t o r i u r n( l i c s / l a y s n t h e l akc. 2. My dog lovcsto (sit/se+)in thc sun. on thc tablc. ) gr occr ics 3 . T h c d cti vcryb o y (l a y/l a i _ dthc 4 . A f t c r ttrc h ca vy ra i n , tl rc rv atcrin thc lakc ( r aiscd/r osc)anothcrtr vo fcct. 5 . T h c p a p cr h a n g crsrl cci d cdto ( r aisc/r isc) thc pictur e a fcw mor e i n c h cs. to ( lic/tay) down for a little r vhilc' 6 . I - l cwa scxh a u stcdso h c d cciclccl bcganto ? . T h c w o rkcrsrve rc(l yi n g /l aying)ccmcn[for thc patio whcn it r ai n . ) c flagr vhcn[c [car d tlr c buglcblor v' 8 . T h c so td i cr(ro sc/ra i scdth 9 . I n c Icn ri strycl a ss,rvcl ca rncctthat lr ot.1ir( r iscs/r aiscs) . car cfullyon thc floor . 1 0 . T h cy tri c<lto (sctfti t) th c cx plosivcs

103

104

STYLE IN WRITTBN trNGLISH W r i t t cn E ,n g l i shi s n o t a l w ays tltc samc as spokcnE,nglish.In spokcn As En g l i s h ,ma n y p co p l ca rc n o t ca r cfulaboutthe way thcy wor d scntcnccs' your m c n t i o n cd p rcvi o u sl y,th c S ramm ar scction of thc TOE' FL tcsts knowlcclgcof formal written English.Many qucstionsinvolvesimpleSram, m a t i c a l ru l cs su ch a s tl to sc that you' vc just studied. I- lor vcvcrmany gr amm ar ' q u c s l . i on s, csp cci a l l yth o sci n Par t A, involvemor e than sim plc with stylc; you must chooscthc clcarcst,most concise, Thcy arc conccrnccl answcr snlay scvcr alpossible a n sw cr.In so mco f thcscqucstions, b c s t - s t atcd c o n t a i nacccp ta b lgc ra mma r,b ut oncchoiccis bcl.tcrthan thc othcr sbccausc y cccP ta b l c. i t i s s t y l i sti ca l l a I ; o l l o w i n ga rc so mc styl i sti c pr oblcnr stlr at oftcn appcar in gr am m ar qucstionsand somcnlcthodsfor elinrinatingincorrcctanswers. I. Comnton Stylistic ProblemsThat Appear in GramntarQucstions Wh cn two clauscsm akc up a scntcncc,thcy showa o Se q u cn ce ctf te n se s: This r clationo n ccrtaintinr cwor dsand vcr b tenscs. t i m c r c l a ti o n sl ribpa sccl s h i p i s ca " l l cd" scq u cn cco f tcn scs."Thc vcr b tcttscof thc main clauscr vill d c t c r m i n C i h aot f th c d cp cn d cntclausc.

l f t hc n ra i ncl a u sei s p rcscn ttcn sc

t h e nt he dependentclousewill bc prcscntprogrcssivc will, can,or maY + vcrb pasttcnse prcscntpcrfcct

Illl Llil

( l ) By u si n g a p rcscn t p ro g rcssivcwith a pr csenttensc,wc shor vtwo actions. si ntuI I ctneou.s I s c cth tt l -l a rri cti s w ri ti n g hcr conlposition' pg you know ,"1,oiilidinflthc bicyclc? clauscindicatcthat thc action takcs ( 2 ) T h csc mo cl a l si n th c d cp c nclcnt pattcr n' ) p l a c co fte r th a t o f th c ma i n vcr b.( begoingto is alsouscdin this I - l cs a ysth a t h c w i l l l o o k fo r a job ncxt wcck' I k n ow th a t sh c i s g o i n gto w in that pr izc' th a t sh cca n P l a Ythc Piano. M,,ty

ry!

105

( i ) P a st tcn scsi n th c d cp cn dcntchusc slr owthat tlr ipacti<lntook placc b c f o r ct htt o I th c rn a i ncl a u sc. I l r o p ch c a r r i v c d s a f c l y .

T h c y t h i n kh c w ; r sl r c r cl a s tn i g h t . ( 4 ) U s c o l 'tl tc p rcscn t. p crfccl in thc dcpcnclcnI cluuscindicatcstlr at Lhc actiontook placclt an intlefnite time beforcthat of rhc nrainclausc. I - l ct c ll su s th a t h c l ra sb ccnto thc m ountainsbcfor c. W c $ 9 rv th a t yo u t,,,* rp o tc n r vithM ikc aboutthc par r y. If tlrc ntain clou.rcis

pa.stLcnsc

t h c n thc dependcntc.lnu.rc will bc

[(r)

1(2) I tll

pastpr ogr cssivc or sir nplcpast would,could,or ntight -l- vcrb pastpcrfcct )

N c l l t : :N o t,n trst:N 't't;o t{M ca nco l llctftcr tlr c p:r sttcnsc. ( I ) Si r n pl cp l l sto r p rcscn tp ro gr cssivc in thc dcpcndcntclauscinclicatcs n . s i r r t u l t o n coul .rc(i <l n w i th th c l n ainclausc. I g : r v cth c p a cka g cto tn y si stcrr vhcnshcvisitcdus lasIr vcck. M i k c v i s i t c ct l r cI ) r a d oA r t M u s c u r nt u h i l i l i l T n s s t u d y i n gi n M a c l r i c l . ( 2 ) T l r c s cn t o d a l si n t l r c c l c p c n d c nctl a u s ci n d i c a t ct h a ( t l r c a c t i o r rt a k c s p l i r c co f t c r th :rto f th c ma i n vcrb . H c s : r i dth l rt l rc w o u l dl o o kfo r a iob ncxt wcck. M : r [ s . r i d th u t .h " co u l ,lp l .q lpi,r no. ( i ) Pa s t p crfcct i n tl rc cl cp cn dcnt clauscshor v.s that tlr c action occur r ccl b e f o r et h at o f Ih c n ra i ncl a u sc. I hopcclh."!,dj,tn19 safcly. T h c y t h o u g h th c h u d b c c nl r c r cl a s tn i g h t .

'I'e lixcrcisc 44: Scquenc,e of rtscs l ' h c f o l l o rvi n gco n ta i nscn tcn' ccs r vith pr cscnttcnscvcr bs in thc r nain clauscC . h a n g cth c rn a i ncl a u scto pastanclacljustthc clcpcndcnt cluuscas ncccssary.Exomplc: W c h o p ct h a t l r cw i l l b c a b l ct o n t t c n d . Wc iropcrlthat lrc-iloulilbc ablc Lolttcnd. l . n . r , ,p rn a t h c i ri ff n n i rfrth c pr ojccrby M ay. 2 . M a r k th i n ksh c i s g o i n g 'torvir ttlr car var cl. ii

106

,/,'

a ncw positionat tIc EastSidc Clinic. 3 . I f i c a r ' t ha tK a tc h 1 .sa cccp tccl for tltc party' 4 . Stcvcstys tltat hc will tlrakctltc clcrsscrt 5 . Lou tclls trisfricndsthat thcy iic goodt'cnnisplaycrs' t a rc o l d cr th l n thcy look' 6. I r c a l i z . c'th atJrcy

tncltlscvcr yday' M a r y E l l cnsa ystl u t sh cca tstl trccwcll- balanccd 8 . T h c s t u c l cn ti s a ski n g th c p ro fcssorr vhcn thc classwill do thc ncxt c x p c r i m c n l ,. 9 . W c h o p cth a t yo u ca n p l a y tcn n islatcr . 10. Wc know th:rtyou may nlovcto lrranccrtcxtycar' 1

o Sa1,f tell."I'lrcscvcrbs ltavc thc s:lltlcnrcaningihowcvcr,thc grattlnraris thc d i f l c r c n t I. f t h crc i s a n i n d i rccto b j cct( if wc nr cntionIhc pcr sonto whonr worclsarc spokcn),wc usc lcl/. If thcrc is no indircct objcct, wc usc J(')'' S t u d yt h c f o ll o w i n gru l cs. subjcct-Y.roy t' (thot) -t-subjcct-l- vcrb ' ' -ls u b j c c r - t . t e l l l - i n d i r c c to b j c c t - t -( t h a t ) * s u b j c c t v c r b . . .

bY a clircctobjcct. AlwaYs usc tcl/ Tell can el.p bc followcd occilsionallY b c f o r ct h c f o l l o w i n gn o u n sw h cth crthcr cis an indir cctobjcctor not' .

a sl.ory I a jokc I r sccrcl I alic I t h ct r u t hI thc tinrc/

tcl l

J o h nt o l d a sto ryIa stn i g h t. OR

J o h nt o l c lus a sto ryl a st n i g h tT h c l i t t l c b o y w a sp u n i sh cdb cca uschc t o l da l i c . OR

hc told his m othcra lic. T h c l i t t l c bo y w a sp u n i sh cdb cci r usc scy and N O r r : R c mcn rb crto u sc th c a p p r opr iatcscqucnceof .tcnscwith teIl. Pr c s c n t : I Ic sa ystl ra t h c i s b u sytoday' th a t h c w i l l b c busytoday' l -l csa y.s I Pa s t : I-l csa i ttth a t h c w a sb usytoday' H c sa i ctth a t h c w o u l dbc busytoday'

107

Exercise d5..Say/Tell Writc thc corrcctform of say or tellin thc followingscntenccs. Bc carcful to observcscqucncc.of tcnscs. ' \' '-:. l-larvcy hc would takc us on a picnictoday. , \,:' I 2. Pcte i thc chilclrensomcfunny storicsnow. 3. Who ; ., yo u that he wasgoingto Ncw yor k? 4 . Wh cn d i d yo u : Mar y that r hc par ty wpuldbc? 5 . My si stcr t us that it hadsnowcdin hcr town lastr vcck. 6 . N o o n c i n th c scco n cl g radcclasscould tir nc. 7 . T l rc co mcd i a na l w a ys his fr icnclsfunnyjokcswhcnhc isat

a party. 8 . w h a t t i m cd i dY o u " ' ' ;

t r r a t h cr c c t u r hc a cbr c g u n ?

9. Who I t h a t r v ca r c h a v i n ga n c x i l m t o m o r r o w ? l 0 ' T h c j u d g c i n s t r u c t c c tl h c w i t n c s st o -"thc,rvhole t r u t l r about

t h ca c c i d c n t . I I l. Thc littlc boy , o lic about not cating.,l.hc,cookics' bcfor c Iu n c h . ..To 1 2 . I -l a ml ct be or not to bc, that is t h c c l u c s t i o n . " , '-. 1 3 . Ou r tca ch cr ,' that wc wouldnol lr avea n y h o m c w o r kd u r i n g t h cv a c a t i o n . 1 4 . Bcca u sch c co u l dn o t tim c, thc boy ar r ivedhonr cvcr y latc o nccvcn i n g . r5. I sa rvn ry fri cn di n th c l i b r ar yancl- - ' that I had r vantcdto talk to hint. l 6 ' s h a u nt h n t h c h a da l r c a c l.ys c c n thcmovic. 1 1 ' L arry th a l l tis fr icnclswouldbc goingca,nr ping ncxt wcck. 1 8 . J a n rcs th a t.hc hasalr caclydonclr is.homcwor k. 1 9 . I w o n d crw l to ._ that blondcshad.nr or fun. c 20. Ncvcr a sccrctto a pcrsonrvhospreadsgossip. t Anlececlenls of prououtl.r:Iia pronounis uscclin a scntcncc,thcrc nrustbc a n o u nb cfo rci t o f th csa mcp cr sonand nunr berThcr . c m ustbc onc,andonly o n c ,a n tcccd cnto t w h i chth c pr onounr efer s. Ex a m p l cso f p ro n o u n sw i th o u tantcccdcnts: I n c o rre ct: I{cn ry w a sd cn icdadr nission to gr aduatcschoolbecausc thcy d i d n o t b cl i cvcthat hc couldhancllcthe wor k load. (T h c p ro n o u n they docs not havc an antccedcntin thc scntcncc-Thc graduate school is a singular unit, ancl t|c mcn rb crso f i ts facultyar e not m cntionccl.) Corrcct: Thc nrcmbcrsof thc admissionscomnrittccdcnicd I-lcnry admissionto-graduatcschool bccauscthcy did not bclicvc th a t h c co u l dh andlcthe wor k load. (ln this sentcnce, they rcfcrsto members.)

108

Flcnry was dcnicd admissionto graduatcschoolbccauscthc com m ittccdid not bclicvcthat hc mcmb crso f th c a dmissions ;"ld h*dlc thc work load. (l{crc thc noun is givcn instcadof the pronoun') Incorrcct: Gcorgc dislikcs politics bccausche bclicvcsthat they arc

corrupt.

tn this tnls (Thc pronoun they does not have an antcccdcnt rn The rvord politicsis singular, so they cannotrcfcr to sentcncc.

i r.) corrcct:

Gcorgc dislikcspolitics bccauschc bclicvcsthat politicians arc corrupl'. oR he bclicvcsthat thcy ar e becausc Gco rg cd i sl i kcspoliticians co rru P t.

. Ex a n r p l cs o f p ro n o u n sw i th u n clcarantecedents: wor k all I n c o r rcct: Mr. B ro w n to kl 'Mr . Adams that hc would havc to night in ordcr to finishthc rcPort' (l i i s n o t cl ca rw hcthcrthc pr onounlte r cfer sto Mr . Br ownor Mr. Adams.) work all Corrcct; According to Mr. Brown, Mr. Adamswill havcto n i g h t i n o rd cr to linishthc rcport. OR

Mr. B ro w nsa i clthat,in or dcr to finishthc r cpor t,Mr . Adanr s w o u l dh a vcto w or k all night' t n c o r rcct: Jl n ct vi si tcrll rcr fr icnclcvcr yclaywlr ilcshcwason vacation' (Thc pronouns/rccould rcfcr to cithcr Janctor hcr fricnd') cvcr y C o r rcct: Wh i l c Jn n ct w as on vacation'shc visitcd hcr fr icnd day. Excrcise46: Antecedentsof I'ronouns hasa clcarantcccdso that cach' pr onoun R c w ri tcth c l o l l o w i n gscn tcnccs thc sentcncc e n t . I f yo u h a vcto su p p l ya n o un,uscany nounthat r vill nr akc correct. wasnot r esolvcd l . T h c d i sp u tcb ctrvccnth e facultyanclthc aclministr ation u n ti t th cy g o t b ctte rw o rki ngconditions' Union' 2 . E l l cn sp o tfcdh cr fri e n da sshcwalkcdtowar dsthe Studcnt by the bullfightcr sas thcy nr ar chinto 3 . F o r ci g n crsa rc ca si l yi mp r essed thcarcna. 4.Intheirsparctimc,manygrcatbookshavcbccnwrittenaboutthc famousGrcck and Rom:rnhcrocs' becausethcy thought it 5. Dr. Byr<l'sbook was acccptcdfor publication ' w o u l d b c b cn cfi ci ato l stu dcnts'

109

\ ' \

6 . B o ba n d l -l cl cnh a tcfl yi ngbccauscthcy r nakctoo much noisc. Z . C a scyw a sn o t a d n ri ttcdto thc countr yclub bccauscthcy tlr oughthc was n o t so ci a l l y:rcccp ta b l c. 8 . M l r y l < l v ctso u r i n gt l r cc o u n t r yb y t r l i n b c c a u s ict i s s o i n t c r c s t i n g . 9 . Tl rc co l o n clw ;rsd cco ra tcdfor br avcr y,havingloughtthcnrotl' . ' fh c 10. ch i l d rcnrvcrcl ri g h tcncdbccauscthcy m adcsuchccr icsounds. -_

o Theproilouilsoncand you: Il one (meaninga pcrsonin lcncral) is uscdin a s c ntcn cc, a su b scq u cnptronounr cfcr r ingto thc sam cpcr sonnr ustalsobc o n eo r h e .l l yo u i s u scd ,tl rcs ubscr lucnt pr onounm ustalsobcyou. I' leor you c a n b c i n th c p o sscssi vc, co n r plcnr cnt, or r cflcxivccasc.

oile -r

fone,-Fnoun l - t -( v c r b ) . . . vcrb. li,:::..' I -u [ /,,, noun )

*N o t t,: Ma n y ti n rcsi t i .s,considcr nr odor cappr opr ittcto usc/r c or :;ltc nnd - - 1_* i s i n r i l a rcxp rcs.si oso n sth a t th c m asculincpr onouni.snol,uscclcxclusivcly. On t h c T OE ,l " L ,h o w cvcr,yo u n c cdnot wor r y aboutthis pr oblcm.If a scntcncc b c g i n sw i th o l c, b c su rctl ra tyor ror thcy DoLsNoTfollow. I I o n c t a k c st h i sc x a n r v i t h o ust t u d y i n go, n ci s l i k c l yt o f a i l . I f c , n ct a k c sI h i sc x a n rw i t h o u ts t u c l y i n gl r,ci s l i k c l yt o f a i l . O n c sh o u l da l w a ysd o o n c'slr onr cwor k. Orrcshoulclalwaysdo trisnor"e*ort<.

you-Fvcrb...{-

I tot'1+ ( v c r b ) . . . I yourJ

I f y o u t a k ct h i sc x a mw i t h o u ts t u d y i n gy, o ua r c l i k c l yt o f a i l . Yo u sh o u l da l w a ysd o yo u r homcwor k. N o r r : l t i s N e vn nco R R E crto say: lf

o n c ta kcsth i se xa n rwithoutstudying, you ar c likcly to fail. r;;;7'*, ,-t t-,'-, I f o n c ta kcstl ri scxa mw ithoutstudying,thcy ar e likcly to fail. tirgrt",

,,*",

Ad d i ti o n a cxa l mp l csfo r b o th for m s: O n c sh o u l dn cvcrtcl l h i s secr ctsto a gossipif hc wishcsthcnrto r cm ain sccrcl.. You shouldalways..look both waysbcforcyou crossthc strcet. iT 919 wantsto makc a lot of moncy,hc ncffi to work harcl.

110

If onc'sknowlcdgcof Englishis complctc,hc will bc ablc to passTOEFL. r cpor tcd,you m ustr cqucstthat thcy be I f yo u d o n o t w a n tyo u r tcs tscor cs ca n ccl l cd . O n c sh o u l da l w a ysrcmcm bcrhis family. '

j!\

..'., \

o Illogical participial moditiers (daigling participles):A participial phrasc ( o n cco n ta i n i n ga [ve rb -F i ng) withoutauxiliar ics)can bc uscdto join two scntcnccsrvith a common subjcct. When the two phrascsdo nol.sharc a c o m mo n su b j cct, w e ca l l thc par ticipial phr asc an illogical par ticipial r athcr m o d ifi cr.A ctu :rl l y,th c su b j cctof thc par ticipialphr ascis undcr stood t h a ncxp l i ci t.C o n si d crth c followingscntcncc. j u rn p i n gout of a boat,thc shar kbit the m an. " I n co rrcct: A ftcr (Wc undcrstandthat thc actualsubjcctof thc vcrbjumping is the man; thcrcforc,imrnediatclyaftcr tltc conrmol,wc nlust mcn ti o nth e n r an.) C o rrcct: A fl tcr j u mp i n g out of thc boat, thc ,nr anwas bittcn by a shark. [ : o r c l a ri ty, i n tro d u cto ryp a rticipialplr r lscstnust bc followcdinlr ttcdiatcl y for ' tltc actionof thc par ticiplc. b y t h c n o u n w h i ch i s l o g i callyr csponsible T h c r c i s n o w ri ttcn su b j cc t in thc par ticipialphr asc;thus no changcof subjcct is pxrssiblc.Sornctimcsthc participial phrasc is prcccdcd by a p r c p osi ti o n .T l rc fo l l o w i n g pr cpositionscontr nonlypr eccdc par ticipia l phrascs. by

upon

bclorc

aftcr

whilc

A f tcr p rcp a ri n gth c d i n n cr,M ichcllcwill r cada book. lf y *orkfrg aCn-hour day [or'four days,wc can havca long'wcckcnd. W h i l . rw 't" *i n g fo r th c tc st, M ar ciar r ealizcdthat,shchad for gottcnto s tu d yth c u sco f p a rti ci pialphr ascs. I f o n ty rh c [vcrb -F i n g ] a p pcar sin thc par ticipialphr asc,thc tim e of thc s c n t cn cci s cl ctcrmi n cdb y thc tcnscof thc vcr b in thc m ain clause;the two a c t i on sg cn cra l l yo ccu rsi mu ltaneously.

( p r c p o s i t i o+n )( n o t )- r l v c r b+ i n g l . . . { - n o u n* v e r b " ' Practicingher swing cvcry day, Tricia hopesto gct a job as a Prcscnt: ---;;--g o l l tn stru cto r . P a st: l {a vi n g a tcrri blc toothachc,Fclipc callcd thc dcntist for an a p p o i n tmcn t. I r u tu rc: F i n i sh i n gth e l c ttcr latcr tonight,Sally will mail it tomor r ow mo rn l n S .

111

Thc perfcct lorm (having + [vcr bin pastpar ticiplc])is usedto indicatethal l t h c a cti o no f th e p a rti ci p i aphrasc took placcbcforethat of thc main vcrb.

( n o t )t - h a v i n g- r [ v c r bi n p a s tp a r t i c i p l c. .] . + n o u n+ v c r b . . . I - l a vi n gfi n i sh e dth ci r su p pcr the , boyswcntout to play. (Aftcr the boyshad finishcd. . .) I-lavingwrittcn his comlrcsition, I- ouichandcdit to his tcachcr . ( A ftcr L o u i e h a d w ri ttcn . . .) N o t h a vi n grca d th c b o o k,shccouldnot answcrthc clucstion. (llccauscs/rchad not rcad . . .) T h c pa rti ci p i a lp h ra scca n also bc uscdr tocxpr cssan idca in tlr c passivc v o i c c,o n c i n w h i chth c su b j ectwasnot r csponsiblc for ,thcaction. ( n o t) * h a vi n gb e e n4 - [vc r b in pastpar ticiplc]. . . - ]-noun +- vcr b . . . I - l a vi n gb ccnn o ti fi cdb y th c cour t,Mclissar cpor tcd[or jur y duty. ( A f t c r M e l i s . r sh a d b c c nn o t i f i c d . . . ) our connccting and I nr isscd I - l a vi n gb ccnd cl a ycdb y th c snowstor mJason , f l i g h t. ( Aftcr rvch a d b ccnd cl a ycd. . .) N ot h a vi n gb ccnn o ti fi cdof thc changcin nr cctingtinr cs,Gcor gcar r ivcd l at c . ( l l cca u sel c'h a d n o t b ccnnotificd. . .) O b s crvcth c co rrcctcdfo rn r of tlr c followingillogicalpar ticipialnr odilicr s . , , n ) u sbt c ' t h c l o g i c a l R c m cn rb crtl ri rt th c n o u n a ppcar ingaftcr thc cor nm a s u b j ccto f th c Ivcrb -F i a g ]. I l l og i ca l : I-l a vi n ga p p rchcr r dcd thc' hijackcr s,thcy"wcrc whiskcdoff to F B I h e a d g u a rtcrby s thc sccur ityguar ds. C o r r c c t : I - l a v i n g r ' a p p r c h c n d ct hdc l r i j a c k c r s ,t h c s c c u r i t y g u a r d s w h i skcdth crnoff to Ir BI hcadquar tcr s. (A ftcr th e g u a r dslr ailappr chcndcd thc hijackcr s,thc guar ds w h i skcd... .) OR

tlr c hijackcr swcr c whiskccloff to I-l a vi n gb ccn a ppr chcnded, Irlll hqadquartcrs by thc sccurityguards. (Aftcr lhe hijackers had bccn apprchcndcd,thcy wcrc w h i skcd. . .)

song,a pocmwasrccitcd. Illogical: Bcforesingingthcschool rcciteda pocm. Correct: Beloresingingthe schoolsong,thc studcnts rt, tlentssang. . .) C;6il.

112

l l l o g i c al : C u i cl i n gu s th ro u gh the m uscum ,a spccialcxplanationwas givcn by thc dircctor. , dir cctorSavcus a spccial C o r r c ct: Gu i cl i n gu s th ro u g hthc muscum tllc .^ l rttn a ti o n . (Wh i l c th c d i rccto rwasguidingus . . .) Exercise47: IIlogical Participial NIodificrs F o l l o wi n gt[c cxa mp l csg i vcn abovc,cor r cct thcsc illogicalpar ticipial You may havcto rcword the nrainclauscand add a subjcct. moditicrs. with the pictur c, it was hidden in thc l . B c i n g th o ro u g h l yd i ssa ti sfied closct. 2 . S c c i n gth c a d va n ci n ga rmy, all valuablcswcr c hiddcnunder thc stair wcll. - "3 . Pl u n g i n gi n to th c w a tcr,th c dr owningchild wasr cscucd. ;scntcnccwas , 4 . C r i t i ci z.i n gth c d cfcn d a n t for his cr ucl bchavior,thc h a n dcdd o w nb y th cj u d g c. , 5 . A f t c r p a i n ti n gth c ca r, i t w a sgivcnto thc m an' swifc by thc ntan. s 6 . B c i n ga n ca rl yri scr,i t w a scasyfor Ednato adjustto hcr company' ncw s u m m crsch cd u l c. 7 . A f t c r w i 4 n i n gth c tcn n i sma tch,thc victor ymadcNancyjum p for joy. 8 . I { a v i n g*,i n A crcdth ro u g htl rc mountainpasscsfor days,an abandoncd by thc hikcr s. s Sa c kw l rcrcth cy co u l dta kcshcltcrwasdiscovcr cd 9 . l l c i n g vcry p ro tccti vco f i ts young,all thoscwho appr oachthc ncsrar c a t t a ckcdb y th c mo th crca g l e. t 0 . B c f orcp l a yi n gb a l l ,a tw o -minutcpcr iodof silcnccwasobscr vedby thc playcrsfor thcir rcccntlydcccascdtcamnratc' bascb:.rlt Vcry oftcn, whcn thcrc is'no rcgular adjcctivc o Porriciplcso.r adjecrivcs.' -lform for a vcrb, thc prcscntor past participlcof thc verb can bc uscdlls an acljcctivc.lt is somctimcsdillicult for loreignstudcntsto dccidcwhcthcr to .' ur. thc prcscnt[vcrb ]- ing] or past [verb + ed] or [vcrb * en] participlcas an adjcctivc. Thc prescntparticiplc[vcrb + ing] is useclas an adjcctivcwhen thc noun it modificspcrforms or is rcsponsiblcfor an action. Thc verb is usually intransitivc(it docsn'ttakc an objcct) anclthc vcrb form of thc scntcnccis (continous)aspcct. thc progrcssivc T h c c r yi n gb a b yw o kc Mr. B i nion. (Thc baby was crYing.) T h c p u rri n gki ttcnsn u g g l cdcloscto thc fir cplacc' (Thc kittcn lYarPurring-) Thc bloomingflowcrsin thc mcadowcrcateda rainbowof colors' (Thc flowcrswereblooming.)

113

T h c p astp a rti ci p l ci s u scda s an adjcctivcwlr cnthc nounit nr odificsis thc r c c c i v cro f th c a cti o n .T l rc scntcr tccfr or n r vtr ichthis acljcctivccor nc.s is g c n c r al l yi n th c p a ssi vc i tsp cc t. T h c so rtcdn r^i l rva sd cl i vcrcd[o tr r coll' iccs bcfor cnoon. (flrc nrail Irrl beett.rorted.) Frozcnfood is oftcn easicrto prcparcthan frcsh foocl. (Tlr. food ltad becn/rorr,,.\ T h c irn p ri so n cd rn cnrvcrcu nhappyr viththcir livingconclitions. (Tlrc nrcnhud beeninrprisonctl.) otlrcr vcrbs such as inrcrc,rr,bore, excita, .tnd frigltlc,rr arc cvcn nrorc d i l f i c u l t.T h c ru l c i s b a si ca l l ythc sanr cas thargivcnabovc.Thc Ivcr b + ing) f o r m i s u scdrvl tcnth c n o u ncauscsthc,act.ion and thc [vcr b' l- ect]lor nr is u s c dr vh cni t ri cci vcstl tc a cti o n.Conr par cthc follor ving gr oupsof scntcnccs. T h c b o ri n gp ro fcs.so p ru t th c stucJcnts to.slccp. T h c b o r i n gl c c t u r cp u t t h c s t u d c n t tso s l c c p . T l r c b o rcdstF tl cn t.s rvcn tto .slccp clur ingr ,lr cbor inglcctur c. T h c c h i l ds A wA f r i g l r t c n i nngr o v i c . Thc l"rigl''trn",lchilrl bcgin toE),. Excrcisc 48: I'urticiplcs nsAtljcctivt:s C h o o sctl tc co rrcct fo rm o f thc par ticiplcsuscd as adjcctivcsin thc f o l l o w in gscn tcn ccs. l . T h c (b re *ki n g /b ro kcnd) i slr cslay on thc floor . 2 . T l r e ({re mb l -i +tg /trcrn b lcd) childr cnr vcr cgivcn:r blankctfor r var nr th. 3 ' C o rn p :r.ssi o ttrttc fri cn d stri cd to consolctlr c ( cr ying/er ieâ&#x201A;Źt) victir nsol' tlr c lccidcnt. 4 . T h c (i n tcrcsti n g /i # e rcsted) tcnnisr natctrcauscct a gr clt.tlcalof cxcitcmcnt. 5 . W hcn Ja mcsn o ti ccdth c (bur ning/b*r *t")builcling,hc notificdthc fir c d c p a rtrn cnitmn rcdi a tcl y. 6 . T h c (cxci ti n g /cxci tcdp) :rs scngcr jur s npcdinto r hc lifcboatswhcn notif i c d th a t th esh i pw a .ssi n ki ng. 'l'lrc 7. (snriling/s*tiH) Mono /,r.rcison displry in thc l-ouvrcin Puris. 8 . T l r c w i n d n ra d csu ch .(fri ghtcnir r g/fr ightenccl) noiscsthat thc chilclr cn ran to thcir parcnts'roonl.. 9. Thc (frishtening/frightcncd)hostagcs only rvantcdro bc lcft alonc. 10. wc .sawthc (:rdvancing/-adv.ammH ilrmy from acro.ss town. I l . M r s . l -l trri s's(a p p ro vi n g /appr ovccl) snr ilclcI us knowtha( our spccclcs w c r cw cl l d o n c. 12. our rcprcscntativcprcscntc<lthc (-approving/approvcrl) plan to thc public. 13. T'hc (blowing/lrl'et#n) rvinclof lhc hurricancclanragcdthc watcrfront p r o p e rty. 114

1 4 . W c w crc g o i n gto scc th c nr ovicat thc CcntcrTltcatcr ,but our fr icnds t o l d u .si t w l s:r (b o ri n g /b or ed)movic. ed)viccconr cscvcr yW cdncsday. 1 5 . M ury's (cl ca n i n g /cl e o *+rscr 1 6 . T l r c (cl crmi n g /cl ca n cdsl) tocswcr c placcdin thc sun to dr y. door r vithouta 1 7 . W c l o u n d i t d i fl i cu l tto g ct thr oughthc ( closing/closcd) k c y. r oom,I noticcdr ny cousins. I U . As w c cn tcrcdth c (e ro w d ing/cr owded) toot. 1 9 . D r . Jl n rcso nto l d my b ro tlr crto clcvatchis ( ' *ehing/achcd) 20. Thc policc t<lwcdilway tlrc (parki+g/parkcd)cars bccausctltcy rvcrc b l o c k i n gt h c c n t r a n c c . t 'llcdunduncy: A .scnl.cncc' in rvhich sonlc inlormation is unncccssarily Ihat r c p c l t cd i s ca l l cdrcd u n d a n t.Givcn hcr c ar c somcwor d conr binatiotts and thusshouldnnvrn bc uscd. c,rculway.rrcclundarrl, advanccforwarcl proccetlforward progres.sforward relurn back rcvert huck r?s

nt enoiilh su.fJicie cotnpclclogelher r c 1 5 o i.l . . b ccu u .rc join togcther

repeutugain ttcl ittttovation.r perfornnncc ntrttint,e .ronlcidcntical twy trvitts t h al i m e w h e n thcpluc'cwherc

procced,andprogressall mean"to aclvancc, movcin a fiorwarddircction";'thus,thc word forward is not nccc.ssary relurn andrevert mean"to gObackor to scnd back" so back is not ncccssary thcscwordsarc idcntical;onc or Iltc otltcr sh ouldbc uscd mcans"to tlkc part in a contcst com.pele a g ainstothcr s" I l tcscwor dsindicatctltc santctlr ing;thc cor r cct p :tttcr nis r ca.r on. ., that ' ioirt mcttns"to bring togctltcr,""to put tog cthcr "or "to bcconr ca par t or mcmbcrof," " to takc placcamong" repeatmcans"to sityagain" (re- usuallynlcans "again") innovotionmcans"a ncw idea" tttttlincemcans"a pcrfortnanccin thc aftcrnoon" tltcscwordsarc idcntical OrSistcrs" ttvittsmcans"two brOthCrs th e tim e andwhcnindicatctltc samcthing;onc o r thc othcrshouldbc uscd the placea,ndwhereindicatcthc samcthing; o ncor thc othcrshouldbc uscd

115

Examplcsof corrcctscntcnccs: T h c a rmy a d va n ccd a ftcr th c big battlc. OR

Thc army movcdforw:rrda ftcr thc big battle. T h c p c a c ct a l k s a d v a n c c d . OR

Thc pcacetalks progrcssecl. Wc havcsuflicicntmoncyto buy thc ncw clrcss. travlinffi timc io car a sandrvichbcforcgoing to work. fl.t T h c t ca ch crp ro cccd cd to cxplainthc lcsson. J o h na n d tri stl ro th cru rc co mpctingin thc r unninggam cs. Thc teachcraskcdus to join tiili[rJcnts who *.r. il.uning rhc room. M a r y rcp ca tccl th c q u csti o T slor vly so that Jinr woutclunclcistand. Bc s i d csth c tw o cvcn i n gsh o r vings, thcr cr villalsobc a m atince. Thc rcasonI want to takc that ctassis that thc profcsroritilpposccl to bc v c r y cl o q u cn t. T h i s is rvh crcI l cft h i m. That *ilJiil-timc I hir a homc run. Exercise 49: Redundancy Crossout the rcdundantword in cach of thc fotlowingscntsnces. Example: T h c c a rp cn tcrj o i n cdth c tw o bcamstogethcrwith longnails. ( T o g cth e ri s th c rcd u n d a nw t or d.) l . A f t cr Ji l l h a dsl to w nT i m h ow to inscr tthc papcroncc,sltcr cpcatccl thc opcration-ag+id 2 . T h c tw i n sh a vcth c sa n l ci d cnticafbir thnr ar ks on thcir backs. 3 . I t h i n k w c h a vcsu l l i ci cn cl t oufh infor m ationto wr itc Lher cpor t. 4 . W h cn th c ro a d sb cca mcto o slippcr y,wc r Jcci< lcd to r ctur n back to t5c c a b ina n d w a i t fo r th c sto rmto subsiclc. 5 . N o b o d y co u l d g ct o u t o f rvor k car ly cnough to attcnd thc matincc pcrlornranCE T 6 . h c mo u n ta i ncl i mb crsp ro c ccdcd for war d' onthcir longtr ck up thc siclc of thcmountain. 7 . R i t a a n d h cr si stcrco mp ctc dtcigcthc,r in thc musicaltalcntshow. 8 . I t h in k th a t w c sh o u l dco n l cup with a ncw innovat.ion for doingthisjob. 9 . T h c mi n i stcrj o i n cdth c b ri dcand gr oomtogcthcrin lr olywccllock. 1 0 . M y co u si n sl o vcto p l a yw i th thc two twinsfr onracr ossthc str cct. c ParalleI structurc.'Whcninlormationin a scntcnccis givcn in thc fornr of a l i s t o r scri e s,a l l co mp o n cn tsm ust bc gr am nr aticallypar allclor cqual. T h c r c m ay b c o n l y tw o co mp o ncnts or thcr c may bc many componcnts in a

116

list;howcver,i[ thc lirst is, for cxamplc,an infinitivc,the rcst mustalsobc infinitivcs.Considcrthc followingcorrcctand incorrcctscntcnces' and many pcoplclikc him ' N o t p a ra l l cl : P ctcri s ri ch, handsomc, tantanca

adicctivc

odjcctivc

and popular . P a ra l l cl : P ctcri s ri ch, handsomc, odicctivc

alicctivc

odicc' livc

N ot p a ra l l cl : Mr. I{cnry is a lawycr,a fiolitician,and he tcachcs. P a ra l l cl :

anda tT# Mr. Ilcnryisa h;;:r,o rlorltlginn,

thc cncm ycam pslowlyand N o t p a ra l l cl : T h c so l d icr sappr oachcd advcrb

silcnt. aljcctivc

Parallcl:

Thc soldicrsapproachcdthc'encmycamp slowly olvcrb

a n d si l cntly. odverb

N o t p a ra l l cl : S h c l i kcsto fish,swim ,and sur ling infini' tivc

intPlc /ornt

lvcrb'v ingl

P a ra l l e l : S h c l i kcsto fish,to swim,and to sur f. infinitive

infinitivc

inJinitivc

S h c l i kcs fishing, swimm ing,and sur fing.' lvcrb + ingl

lvcrb + ingl

lvcrb + ingt

N o t p a r a l l c l : Whcn tccnagcrslinishhigh school,thcy havcscvcral goingto collcgc,Scttinga job, or thc ar r ny' cl ro i ccs: vcrb + noun

noun

verb + noun

highschool,thcy havc s P a ra l l cl : Wh cn tccnagcr finish' job, scvcrachoiccs: l Soingto collcgc,gcttinga vcrb + noun

vcrb 't noun

o r j o i n i ngthc ar r ny. vcrb + noun

cntcrcdthc room,satdown,andis opcning N o t p a r a l l c l : E,nriquc pusr

post

,!,iiii!,',,,

hisbook. entcrcdthc room,satdown,andopcncd Parallcl: E,nriquc Past

his book.

117

parl

Nore: If thc scntcncc indicatcs that thc diffcrent clauscs dcfinitcly h a p p c n cdo r w i l l h a p p cna t d i ffcr cnttimcs,thcn this r ulc docsnot nccdto bc followcd.For cxample: S h c i s a scn i o r,stu d i cscvcr yday,and will gl' aduatca scmcstcrcar ly. prcscnl

pfct.nl

futurc

Exercise 50:Parallel Structure C h a n g cth c fo l l o w i n gscn tc nccs so that thcy ar c par altct. l . T h c p u p p y s t o o d u p s l o w l y ,w a g g c di t s t a i l , b l i n k i n gi t s c y c s ,a n c l b arkcd . 2 . Eco l o g i sts a rc tryi n g to p rcscr vcour cnvir onmcntfor futur cgencr ations by protcctingthc ozonclaycr, purifying,thcair, and h*11.b rcplantecf-.thc t r ccsth a t h a vcb ccncu t d own. 3 . T hc ch i cf o I p o l i ccd crn andcdfr onr ,hisassistants an or dcr lyinvcstigaL i o na , rvcl l -w ri ttcnrcp o rt,and that.thcyr vor khar d. { i; " 4. Marcia is a sctrotar,an athlctc,andr'ii'itistic. 5 . Sl o w l ya n d rvi +hca i 6 ,'th c .muscum tlir cctorr cnr ovccl thc M ing vlsc fr onr t h c sh cl fa n d p l a ccdi t o n thc di.splay pcdcstal. 6 . T h c fa rme rp l o w sth c l i cl ds,plantsthc sccds,and r vill har vcstSthc cr op. 7 . A b ra h a n rL i n co l n w a s a good pr csidcntand r vassclf- cduc:r tccl, har dw orki n g ,a n d a l w a ysto l d thc tr uth. : 8 . C hi l d r0 nl o vcp l a yi n gi n the nlud,r unningthr oughpuddlcs, and thcygct v c ry d i rty. 9 . C ol l ccti n gsta n rp s,p l a yi n gchcs.s, and to*nr our lt bcautifulbuttcr llicsar c D crri ck'sh o b b i cs. 1 0 . D csp i tcA mcri ca 'sa fl l u cncc,m any pcoplcar c withoutjobs,on r vclfar c, a n d h a vca l o t o f d cb t1 , i t t Transformation of dircct ond indirec!,objects.'Thcrc arc two ways of w r i t i n g t h c o b j c c t so f m a n y y c r b s w i t h o u t . c h a n g i ntgh e m c a n i n go f . t h c scntcncc.Thc indircclobjectmay occuraftcr thc dircct objcct,preccdccl by a p r c p o s i ti o no,r i t ma y o ccu rb cfor cthc dir cct objcctwithoutbcingpr cccdcd b y a p r cp o si ti o nT. h c p re p o sitions that ar c gcncr allyuscdin this str uctur c arcfor and to. Norr: Thc indircct'objectis an animatc object or objcctsto whoni or lor w h o mso mcth i n fi s d o n c.T h c dir cctobjcctcan bc a pcr sonor a thingand is t h c f i r strccci vcro f th c a cti o n . I g a v cth c b o o kto D a n . .

dircct objecr

indirect ctbjcct

( T h e b o o k i s-th cd i rcct o b j c ctbccauscthc fir st action,wasthat of taking t h c b o o ki n my h a n d ,a n d th c sccondaction,thc indir cctonc,wasto givcit to Dan.)

118

Not all vcrbsaltow for this objccttransformation.I-lercare somethat do.

bring build buy cul. draw fccd

find gct givc hand l ca vc l cn d

promrsc rcad scll send show tcach

makc offcr owc

paint pass pay

tcll writc

or to, rvhilc by cithcrthc prcpositiontor Somcof thcscvcrbscanbc follorvcd mcans othcrsmust bc followcdby onc or thc othcr.Thc,transformation. c i t h t h c ' o r i g i n a l : p r c p o s i tSi ot und. yt h c c x a c t l yt h c s a m ca s t l t c s c n t c n cw rulcs. following

I::l

subjcct -{-vcrb + dircct objcct -t-

t- indircctobjcct

subjcct + vcrb -t indirectobjcct -r dircct objcct N o r r : : I n th c scco n clru l c, w h c r c thc indir cct objcct pr cccdcsthc dir cct n sts. o b j c c t ,N o p rcp o si ti o cxi to tlr cntlastnight. C o r r c ct: T l rc d i rccto r'ssccrctar yscntthc nr anuscr ipt C o r r c ct: l 'h c d i rccto r'ssccrctilr lscnttltcnttltc m anuscr iptlastnight. 'l -[c lastniglr t. {i rccto r'ssccrctar yscnfio,tlr clr r ' tlrrctr anuscr ipt I n c o r r c ct: Norr: If thc dircct objcctand the indircctobjcctare both pronouns,thc llrst r u l c i s g cn crl l l y u se d . C o r r c ct: T h cy g a vci t to u s. I n c o r r c c t : T h c Y S a v cu s l t .

Ad d i t i o na lcxa n rp l cs: J o h nga veth e cssa yto h i s tca cher . J o h nga vch i s te a ch crth c e ssay. T h c l i tttc b o y b ro u g h tso mefl owcr sfor his gr andmothcr . som cllower s. T h e l i ttl c b o y b ro u g h th i s g ra ndr nothcr I I i x c da d ri n k'fo rMa ri a . I f i x c d V " ti t ,, .1 ti n f.

119

I l c d rcw a p i ctu rcfo r h i s m othcr . H c d rcw h i s mo th cra p i ctur c. I - l cl cn t h i sca r to h i s b ro thcr . I-lc lcnt his bfithcr hC;Wc o w cscve rath l o u sa n ddollar s to thc bank. W c o w c th c b a n kscvcralthousanddollar s. Norr: Thc vcrbs introduce and mention must usc thc prcpositionro. Thc transformat ion is Nor posstBLE. I i n tro d u ccdJo h nto D r. J ackson. I i n tro d u cc.l -ffi . I-lcmcntion.@ Excrcisc 5l: Transformarionof Direct and Indirect object R cw ri tcth cscscn tcn ccs placingthc indir cctobjcct,inr nr ccliatcly aftcr thc v c r b a n d cl i rn i n a ti n gth c p reposition. l. Mary shorvcdthc photographs to'irrc. Z . I'l l scn dth c b o o ksto yo u ncxt wcck. 3 . My si stcrscn .t. a g a l n ct6 m y daughtcrfor hcr bir thtlay. 4 . I-l cb ro u g l rtth c tctcg ram J6' iicr this mor ning. 5 . Th c a u th o rg a vc-a na u togr aphcd copyof his bookS lr jsfr icnd. - i l rcy,b ro tc 6. a l cttcrtq q s. 7. [-ouicdrov a lovclypicturc.fer,Kis lnothcr. 8. Shc madc'.rbookcasc fsr hcr cousin. 9 . fh a t tca ch crta u g l rtg ram m arto us lastycar . 1 0 . Ma ry l ra n <l ccl tl rc tra y tOhcr br otlr cr . [i.rercise 52: fransformation of Direct and Indirect Objcct R ew ri tc th e scscn tcn ccs placing,thedir cct objcct imm cdiatclyaftcr thc v c r b a n d su p p l yi n gth c co rrc ctpr cposition. l . Jo h no w csh i s fri crl dt[c m oncy. 2. My fricndsscnt r6f,a bouquctof flowcrswhilc I wasin thc hospital. ' fh c cl crkso l d .u s'thrcc c or ds. 3. 4. Thcy found him a-gogd,inexpcnsivc_car. p ti n tcd h i s w i l c a:bcautifulpor tr ait. 5 . P i ca .sso 6. My fathcr rcad us thb ncwspapcrarticlc: 7. Passme thc salt plca.sg, 8. Shc boughthim a rcd jackctr 1i 9 . Th c g i rl sco u l d n 'tw a i t to showustlc bicyclcs. n b uilt thcm a houscin lour wccks. 1 0 . Th c co n stru cti ocrcw

120

o Adverbialsat the beginningof a senlence:It i.ssomctimcspossiblcto placc at thc bcginningof a scntcncc.This indicatcsa strongercmphasis advcrbials o n t h c a cti o n th a n w h e n th c a dvcr bialis in its nor m al position.If thc advcrbiaa l p p ca rsa t th c b cg i n ningof a scntcncc,thc Sr amm ar of thc scntcnccis somcwltatdiffcrcnt. Juanhardly rcmcmbcrsthc accidcntthat took his sister'slifc. I-lardlydocsJuan rcmcmbcrthc accidcntthat took his sistcr'sli[c.

( hardty )

I rarely I j sctdomI -Fauxiliary-r subjcct+ vcrb. . .

l':i:; )

today. Ncvcr havcso many pcoplebccnuncmploycd.as odvcrh

auxiliorY

subjcct

vcrb

(So many pcoplclravcncvcrbccnunemploycdas today.) I-lardlyhad hc fallcn aslccpwhcn he bcganto drcam of far-awaylands. advcrb

onxil-,suF iory' )cct

vcrb

( l l c h a d h a rd l yfa l l cna sl ccpwhcnhc bcganto dr canr. . .) Rarcly havc wc sccnsuchan cffectivcactor as hc hasprovcn olvcrb

ou.ril- sul> ior1, jcct

vcrb

h i m s c l fto b c. (Wc havcrarelysccnsuchan cllcctivcactor . . .) Scldomclocsclass.lct out carly. ,r,t "h,,b GIIJ; jcct iory

(Classseldomlctsout carly.) thisSrcattask. Only by hardwork will wc bc ablcto accomplish odverb

ouxil- sub'vcrb iory jccl

thisgr cat taskonly by har d wor k.) ( W c wi l l b c a b l c to a cco mp lish Exarcisc 53:Adverbialsat the Ilcginning of a Sentence Changc cach of thc following scntcncesso that thc advcrbial is at thc b e g i n n i ngo f th c scn tcn cc. '( {: ' l. Jorgc ralcly forgctsto do his homcwork./ ,

', ,

2 . J a "n cca n fi n i shth i s w o rk o n l y by stayingup all night. 3 . l - l e n r yh a d h a rd l ysta rtcdw or kingwhcnlr c r calizcdthat hc nccdcdto go t o t h c l i b ra ry.

121

4.' Wc havcneVt}hcardsonroving a rcndition asthisonc. 5 . " M a r i as c t d o mr n i s s c a d f o o t b p l-.: gl a m ew h c ns h c w a s i n t l r c U n i t c d /,,..' r, L ,*,.. /r\.ru Stalcs.

''t

t 4

6 .i W c rvi l l b c a b l c to b u y th c car only r vitlra bank loan. 7 . W c rl rcl y w a tctrtcl cvi si on clur ingthc r vcck. '8. I - l Ch a sn cvcrp l a ycda b cttcrgam cthan hc hastoclay. b r d o ml ctshis.st.udcnts 9 . r T h i s" D rb fcsbscl lcavcclasscar ly. 1 0 ,. J c n n i fcrh a d }a rd l y cn tcrccltlr c r oom r vhcnshe fclt thc pr escnccof i n o th cr p crso n .

2. Ijliminution of IncorrcctAnswcrsin Stylc Qucstions V c r y o ftcn i n th c S tru ctur c and W r ittcn Expr c.ssion scctionof tftc T o [ , F L , c s p c c i a l l iyn P a r [ A , S t r u c t u r c y, o u r v i l l f i n d t h a t t h c q u c s t i o n s c a n n o tb c s o l v c ds i m p l yb y a p p l y i n ga s i n g l cg r a m n r a t i c ar u l l c . I n o r c l c rt o s o l v c I hcsc q u csti o n s,yo u sh ould clim inatc ar r y,possiblcanswcrchoiccs r v h i c ha rc i n co rrcctu n l .i lyo u a rr ivcat thc cor r cctchoicc.Follclrthcsc v stcps in climinating i n c o r r c cat n s r v c r s . ( l ) C I r cckca cha n sw crfo r fa u ltyg,r amntarI-. ookfor : (a) (b) (c) (tl) (c) (f )

su b j cct/vcrba g rccmcn t a d j ccti vc/a d vcrb u sa g c p l a ccmcnot f n ro d i fi crs scq u cn cu o f tch ,scs l o g i ca lp ro n o u nrcfcrcn cc p a r a l l csl t r u c t u r c

( 2 ) E l i n r i n a t ca n s w c r st h a t a r c v c r b o s c( w o r d y ) . ' f h c s c n t c n c cs f t o u l d c o n v c yi ts mca n i n gi n th c mo stconciscway. ( a ) A vo i cla n sw crsco n ta i n i ngcxpr cssions tikc: J ol rnrca dth c l cttcr i n a thoughtfulmanncr . ( 4 r vor ds) T h crc i s u su a tl ya t..@' J o h nr c a dt h c l c t t c rt h o u g h t f u l l y . ( I w o r d ) (b) Avoid answcrscontainii! tiE-ilorclstlrat havcthc s:rn1c mcaning. ( l ) E , l i rn i n a tc a n sw crsw h i chcontaininr pr opcrvocabular y. ( a ) I Jcsu rcth a t a l l w o rd ssh owthc nr caningof tlr cscntcncc. ( b ) B c su rc th a t tw o -w o rdvcr bsar c conncctcdwith thc pr opcrpr cposit i o n .(T h csctrc co vcrcdi n tltc ncxt scction,Pr oblcmVocabular yancl Prcp o sii ot n s.) ( 4 ) E l i n r i n a t ca n s w e r c h o i c c sc o n t a i n i n gs l a n g c x p r c s s i o n sS. I a n g i s n o n s t a nd a rd vo ca b u l a ryth :rti .ssonr ctinr cs uscdin spccch,but not consiclcr cd corrcclin fornrall3ngli.ih. Sonrccxanrplcsarc:

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really rvhcnit is uscdto mcan"vcry" b u n c hr v h cni t i s u scdto n rca n" many" to - " flny noun 1- tr'iscwhcn it is uscdto mcln "in r clation o f .stY lqc u csti o n s: r E, x t n r p l cs dr ug' l . Bc [ o r cwc ci l n cl cci cloen th c fu tur euscsof this bc r cvicwcd s ( A) n l a n ymo rci n l o rrn a ti o nmust to rcvi o v mo rc infor mation ( B ) i s n cccssa ry ( C ) r v cntu strcvi cwmu ch n l o rcinlor nr ation to bc r cvicwcd i O i n n o tn cri n fo rn ra ti o nn ru st Analysis:

noun is not possiblc;a ( A) 2 c rro rs i n g ra mmrr: ma ny + non- count n o n-co u nnt o u nca n n o tb c plur al ( infor mation) ' ( B) I g ra n rma rcrro r: n o su b j cct' ( C ) C o rrcct. - l' noun is not possible;a ( D ) 2 gra n tn t:trcrro rs: ctn o ther non- count bc rcvicv'ccl) nlodltItttustbcfo|lowcdbythcsinrple[orltr(lrttrst cffcctsof possiblchaz'arclous 2 . I n t l r i sc o u n t r Ya,growingconccrnabout thc c h c r n i carva l stcs (A) havcrcsdllcclin a buncltof ncw laws l cw lar vs ( B ) h t s rcsu l tcdi n scvcra n n umcr ousncw laws' i C i i . sca u si n gth c rcsu l tso f ( D ) r c su l ti n n cw sl ;rrvs Analysis: ( ^ ) l g r a t n m a r c r r o r a n d l i n r p r o p c r u s c o f . v o c a b u l a r y ( s l a n g ) : T.I.hc hc have shoutdbc /ras. so r, singula is rvhich conccrtt, is subjcct in for m al English' r vo rd b u n chi s n o t a cccp tablc ( B ) C orrcct. u nncccssarwor y ds' i C l V crb o sc;h a sto o ma n y thc subjcctis singularit; is not ( D ) 2 gra mma rcrro rs: re i u ttis plur alancl laws)' possiblcto havea plural adjcctivc(new

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