Liveability Index 2014 THE BEST CITIES IN INDIA TO LIVE IN!
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LIVEABILITY INDEX 2014
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! Authors! Dr. Amit Kapoor! Honorary Chairman! Institute for Competitiveness, India! e-mail: amit.kapoor@competitiveness.in!
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Ankita Garg! Senior Researcher! Institute for Competitiveness, India! e-mail: ankita.garg@competitiveness.in!
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Editorial Support! Neera Vohra! Program Coordinator! Institute for Competitiveness, India! e-mail: neera.vohra@competitiveness.in!
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For further information, visit www.competitiveness.in!
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! TABLE OF CONTENTS!
! 1. Introduction! 2. Concept of Liveability ad its framework! 3. Highlights! 4. Mapping the liveability of Indian cities in the year 2014! 5. Key and Methodology! 6. Top contenders of the index pillars !
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Introduction! Cities have been demographically and economically dynamic places since time memorial. They are a reflection of the development, cosmopolitan reality, expanding prosperity, increasing creativity and are constantly at the forefront of change in the society. They are not just the financial drivers of an economy, but also social change agents that bring environmental quality and better living conditions. !
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India with the power of 53 million plus UAs/Cities (as recorded by the Government of India Census 2011) has the potential to convert its development agenda into reality. The agenda includes areas such as economical planning, strengthening physical infrastructure, making educational and healthcare facilities available as well as accessible, creating business opportunities and making the overall environment conducive. The liveability conditions are however being sidelined yet again because more weight is being given to the development at regional level. As a result, the cities are getting over pressurized, facing resource crisis and witnessing multiple challenges with respect to living conditions. !
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Indian cities might be emerging high on the charts to become industrial base but are falling below standards for providing favorable quality of life to its residents. Gurgaon is an active case of the point, which has failed to live up to the expectations of its denizens in terms of electricity and power supply, connected roads, etc. The important lesson thus to be learned from the ongoing struggle of developed as well as developing India cities is that, a successful city model is one which captures the essence of development, liveability and sustainability together. !
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Concept of liveability and its framework! Liveability can be defined as, “the potential of a city to offer favorable conditions to its residents and others on the parameters of social, natural, economic and physical environment�. The liveability index draws its outline on a similar note. It determines the degree of liveability of cities in India. In other words, it is an array of different functions related to livelihood of a resident, directly or indirectly. It is supported by an integrated theme containing equity, dignity, accessibility, conviviality, participation and empowerment. !
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The index is a holistic approach towards understanding and identifying the components of liveability that are acting as a catalyst or caveat in a region’s growth
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agenda. It covers urban as well as rural areas of a city thus mapping the entire region prudently on qualitative as well as quantitative factors. !
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Framework of the liveability index is an evolved adaptation of the world-renowned diamond model laid down by the Bishop William Lawrence Professor at Harvard University, Michael E. Porter. The model has been constructed to aptly fit the various dimensions of liveability including every essential and desired factors required by every inhabitant of a region. !
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The model is build upon eight core pillars. They are demographic, education, health and medical standards, safety, housing option, socio-cultural-natural environment, economic environment, and planned environment. These pillars are then branched into 20 constituent sub-pillars, which consist of indicators that map the factor quantitatively. !
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Diagram: Framework of Liveability Index!
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Highlights! Indian cities being the backbone of the country since decades can easily drive the country towards prosperity. However, to attain the highest level of affluence, it is critical that Indian cities keep a check on its living conditions. The liveability index 2014 captures the idea and reflects the yearly progress of 50 Indian cities via the index.!
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Mumbai remains the most liveable city among the 50 Indian cities studied. Similar to Liveability Index 2013, it is followed by the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, Chennai. Delhi, which was the most liveable city until 2011, now lies in third place. Few changes were noticed in the top ten positions like Hyderabad dropped two places and reached the fifth place. Pune is a new entrant in the top ten cities slot and is now positioned at tenth place. Apart from it, Bengaluru, Kolkata, Noida, Gurgaon, and Chandigarh are stable at their respective rank that is at 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th in that order. !
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Over the last one-year, not more than ten cities have experienced major changes in their rankings. They are Surat, Guwahati, Jaipur, Bhopal, Rajkot, Vadodara, and Kota, etc. Their positive performance on just one pillar has drastically impacted their existing liveability condition, which is very well reflected in their overall ranking. !
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Effect of turmoil occurred in the state of Andhra Pradesh in 2014 due to its partition is clearly represented by the cities of Hyderabad and Vijayawada. Both the cities have witnessed a decline from their last year’s rank. On the other hand, cities from the state of Gujarat have significantly improved in liveability. Surat and Rajkot have jumped three positions and are now at 17th and 34th rank respectively, whereas Vadodara moved five places upwards to reach 38th rank.!
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The last ten slots on the liveability index 2014 also saw only reshuffle of cities with just one new entrant, Dhanbad at 39th rank. Bottom five cities of the index in their respective order are Kota, Faridabad, Kanpur, Asansol, and Patna.!
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The most prominent trend observed in the index was that top positions are still dominated, by the large, metropolitan cities of India. Performance of their strong areas has nicely covered their weak areas. In other words, the index provides insight into the quality of life available to people.!
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Mapping the liveability of Indian cities in the year 2014! Table below presents the liveability index 2014 with their respective scores!
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Rank
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Ci'es 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Scores
Mumbai Chennai Delhi Bengaluru Hyderabad Kolkata Noida Gurgaon Chandigarh Pune Ahmedabad Madurai Coimbatore Nagpur Shimla Mysore Surat Indore Kozhikode Thiruvananthapuram Nashik Dehradun Vishakhapatnam Vijayawada Bhubaneswar Kochi Guwaha' Jammu Lucknow Allahabad Jaipur Bhopal Amritsar Rajkot Varanasi Srinagar Ludhiana Vadodara Jamshedpur Meerut Ranchi Dhanbad Jabalpur Agra Raipur Kota Faridabad Kanpur Asansol Patna
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67.537 63.937 63.364 62.938 62.884 61.774 61.690 60.540 59.945 59.550 59.532 59.474 59.020 59.011 58.530 58.094 57.934 57.866 57.858 57.752 57.578 57.495 57.417 57.275 57.147 57.107 56.919 56.906 56.901 56.727 56.593 56.482 56.457 56.392 56.332 56.268 56.070 55.943 55.893 55.753 55.634 55.620 55.302 55.196 55.127 55.044 54.957 54.370 54.310 54.134
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Rankings of cities on four major pillars: Demographic, Education, Health & Medical Standards and Safety! Ci'es Mumbai Chennai Delhi Bengaluru Hyderabad Kolkata Noida Gurgaon Chandigarh Pune Ahmedabad Madurai Coimbatore Nagpur Shimla Mysore Surat Indore Kozhikode Thiruvananthapuram Nashik Dehradun Vishakhapatnam Vijayawada Bhubaneswar Kochi GuwahaP Jammu Lucknow Allahabad Jaipur Bhopal Amritsar Rajkot Varanasi Srinagar Ludhiana Vadodara Jamshedpur Meerut Ranchi Dhanbad Jabalpur Agra Raipur Kota Faridabad Kanpur Asansol Patna LIVEABILITY INDEX 2014
Demographic
Educa'on
1 5 2 3 4 8 41 34 22 9 6 12 11 10 49 21 7 17 36 39 20 42 14 18 40 37 25 48 28 47 13 15 38 19 35 43 31 16 29 44 30 26 24 45 50 23 32 33 27 46
3 2 1 5 6 10 19 9 11 4 12 8 7 13 29 33 21 16 18 31 15 23 36 34 25 27 17 43 38 26 37 24 35 14 20 50 42 30 46 32 47 41 28 40 22 48 45 39 44 49
Health & Medical Standards 2 4 1 20 10 3 30 16 5 6 31 9 15 28 33 17 14 22 11 7 13 35 18 12 41 8 49 29 27 23 21 48 37 19 47 43 45 25 36 34 44 50 46 38 24 40 39 26 32 42
Safety 35 26 47 36 12 23 5 9 40 48 18 8 29 32 1 16 6 41 31 28 39 3 38 42 7 46 19 2 17 10 49 45 14 21 15 11 25 20 24 27 13 4 34 33 22 44 43 30 50 37
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Rankings of cities on four major pillars: Housing options, Socio-Cultural-Natural Environment, Economic Environment and Planned Environment!
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Ci'es Mumbai Chennai Delhi Bengaluru Hyderabad Kolkata Noida Gurgaon Chandigarh Pune Ahmedabad Madurai Coimbatore Nagpur Shimla Mysore Surat Indore Kozhikode Thiruvananthapuram Nashik Dehradun Vishakhapatnam Vijayawada Bhubaneswar Kochi GuwahaP Jammu Lucknow Allahabad Jaipur Bhopal Amritsar Rajkot Varanasi Srinagar Ludhiana Vadodara Jamshedpur Meerut Ranchi Dhanbad Jabalpur Agra Raipur Kota Faridabad Kanpur Asansol Patna
LIVEABILITY INDEX 2014
Housing Op'ons 48 44 50 30 40 43 1 28 14 8 41 15 29 3 7 26 46 16 23 19 10 24 6 2 21 18 34 32 35 12 39 31 22 45 36 33 27 47 5 17 4 9 38 11 42 25 20 49 13 37
Socio-‐Cultural-‐Natural Environment 45 8 50 23 14 30 3 20 17 44 43 42 24 28 6 9 46 32 2 7 35 39 13 19 12 1 4 16 31 29 5 11 49 41 15 10 37 48 33 21 47 34 27 25 36 40 22 26 18 38
Economic Environment 2 5 1 7 10 6 3 4 8 9 11 47 19 13 14 29 24 26 35 15 18 20 41 32 30 17 44 28 34 49 25 22 16 21 38 48 12 23 36 39 40 50 46 42 45 33 37 43 31 27
Planned Environment 1 3 2 4 5 6 8 13 7 10 14 24 18 21 17 26 45 9 22 28 32 20 30 40 36 16 19 31 23 44 12 15 43 38 37 11 29 27 48 42 49 50 35 41 46 25 39 33 47 34
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Key and Methodology ! Liveability index is an annual study mapping key factors of living, including quality of life and subsequently determine the degree of liveability of cities in India. The central idea is to present a powerful model based on pillars and subpillars of liveability that illustrates the real picture of Indian cities, which is unmasked and measured. As a result, nearly 300 meaningful and quantifiable indicators are taken into consideration.!
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To build a holistic index, the three crucial pillars of society namely, sustainable environment, progressive economy, and prosperous community are included in the index. The index is a composite measure of the social, environmental, economic and civic factors that are directly able to provide insight about the quality of life available to people. It also puts forth sign about the future state of the city and its progress on the roadmap of liveability. In other words, it is a function of indicators that gauge the changing magnitude of living conditions offered by a city.!
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Broadly, the framework includes eight major pillars, twenty sub-pillars, and the data indicators. The data indicators are the crucial element of the entire framework selected on the basis of relevance and consistency. They are mined from credible sources such as various ministries and departments that fall under the purview of the Government of India. The direction of influence and appropriate weights are then assigned to the indicators to further carry the mathematical computations. !
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The index comprehensively maps a city’s quality of living conditions from various perspectives over a period of a year. The results of which determines the willingness of a citizen to reside in a city. It also identify the potential of a city to attract human resource and consequently businesses. !
Top contenders of the index pillars! In the last decade, Indian cities have mushroomed in size swiftly. According to the Government of India 2011, Census statistics, there are 53 million-plus UAs/ Cities in India opposed to 35 in Census 2001. Movement of people in large numbers from nearby places in the search of better opportunities has started creating negative effects on the living conditions of cities. Many Indian cities have already fallen prey to this unstructured development. A strategic action plan is thus required but before, it is important to identify and understand the present liveability scenario on each pillar. Making it then easy to do future strategic planning.!
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India has limited size but is constantly expanding in size. As a result, existing metropolitan cities are reaching their current saturation point because of a lack of vision and their satellite towns are basking in the glory of urbanization. However, the metropolitan cities are still the preferred location for many people as observed by the Census 2011 statistics. According to it, Mumbai is the most populated Indian city with a population of about 18.4 million and tops the demographic pillar. It also has the best-connected environment in terms of media reach and transportation services among the 50 cities. !
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Delhi being the political capital of the country is blessed with good infrastructure and public services. It also consists of a high share of educated people due to the accessibility and availability of different colleges and schools in its vicinity. Similar is the case with its health facilities because of which, it emerged to be the best city on the pillars of education and health & medical standards. Delhi also performs exceptionally on the pillar of economic environment,
which
includes
factors
pertaining
to
income,
economic
infrastructure, business environment and purchasing power.!
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The next pillar to look upon was housing options. Now, the housing market in Indian cities is a profitable and booming sector because of the huge demand. The growing need of housing facilities, especially affordable housing is one of the basic needs for the hour and the city that provides the maximum housing options to people today is Noida. The city also performed well on the education pillar.! ! Safety of Indian cities was mapped by taking into consideration factors of crime and road accidents. Shimla emerged as the best city on the pillar of safety. It was also found that cities in the Southern region of the country have relatively less crime rate than cities in the Northern region. !
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Lastly, the socio-cultural-natural environment pillar mapped parameters like water, electricity and toilet facilities, clean environment, and social diversity, etc. that are the basis of an inclusive and prosperous community. Cities performed differently on each of the sub-pillars, but the city, which has a balanced environment, is Kochi. !
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The analysis was based on hard facts and can act beneficial in closing the gaps hindering the growth agenda of transforming cities.!
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