Covid Reference

Page 497

Pediatrics

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497

interferon α) are central to antiviral immunity. When coronaviruses (or other viruses) invade the host, viral nucleic acid activates interferon-regulating factors like IRF3 and IRF7 which promote the synthesis of type I interferons (IFNs). PIMS / MIS-C Based on the information published so far, most patients were treated with high dose intravenous Immunglobulin (see Table 2) and corticosteroids (Verdoni 2020). More data are needed to determine the optimal treatment strategies for patients with MIS-C. DOI: Tim Niehues has received authorship fees from uptodate.com (Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA) and reimbursement of travel expenses during consultancy work for the European Medicines Agency (EMA), steering committees of the PENTA Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (Padua, Italy), the Juvenile Inflammatory Cohort (JIR) (Lausanne, Switzerland), and, until 2017, the FIND-ID Initiative (supported by the Plasma Protein Therapeutics Association [PPTA] [Brussels, Belgium]).

References Abdel-Mannan O, Eyre M, Löbel U, et al. Neurologic and Radiographic Findings Associated With COVID-19 Infection in Children. JAMA Neurol. 2020 Jul 1;77(11):1-6. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32609336. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2687 Ahmed M, Advani S, Moreira A, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: A systematic review. EClinicalMedicine. 2020 Sep;26:100527. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32923992. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100527 Allareddy V, Cheifetz IM. Clinical trials and future directions in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Transl Med. 2019 Oct;7(19):514. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/31728367. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2019.09.14 Arabi YM, Mandourah Y, Al-Hameed F, et al. Corticosteroid Therapy for Critically Ill Patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018 Mar 15;197(6):757-767. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/29161116. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201706-1172OC Armann JP, Diffloth N, Simon A, et al. Hospital Admission in Children and Adolescents With COVID-19. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2020 May 22;117(21):373-374. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32519943. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2020.0373 Bastard P, Rosen LB, Zhang Q, et al. Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with lifethreatening COVID-19. Science. 2020 Oct 23;370(6515):eabd4585. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32972996. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd4585 Bautista E, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, et al. Clinical aspects of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2010 May 6;362(18):1708-19. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/20445182. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1000449 Bi Q, Wu Y, Mei S, et al. Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Apr 27:S1473-3099(20)30287-5. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32353347. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30287-5 Bramer CA, Kimmins LM, Swanson R, et al. Decline in Child Vaccination Coverage During the COVID-19 Pandemic - Michigan Care Improvement Registry, May 2016-May 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 May 22;69(20):630-631. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32437340. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6920e1.

COVID Reference ENG 006.9


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References

1hr
pages 497-554

Management

10min
pages 491-496

Diagnosis and classification

11min
pages 484-490

Transplantation

4min
pages 472-473

Transmission

4min
pages 482-483

Pathophysiology and immunopathology

4min
pages 480-481

Natural course and risk factors for complications

2min
page 479

Epidemiology of COVID-19 in children

2min
page 478

Cancer

8min
pages 468-471

Immunosuppression (other than HIV

3min
pages 466-467

HIV infection

6min
pages 463-465

COPD and smoking

4min
pages 461-462

Hypertension and cardiovascular co-morbidities

14min
pages 452-458

Diabetes mellitus

4min
pages 459-460

References

6min
pages 447-451

Special situations in severe COVID-19

3min
pages 445-446

References

25min
pages 429-440

Spotlight: The situation in a German COVID-19 hospital

4min
pages 443-444

Outlook and Recommendations

1min
page 428

4. Immunomodulators

19min
pages 415-424

Other treatments for COVID-19 (with unknown or unproven mechanisms of action

5min
pages 425-427

3. Monoclonal Antibodies and Convalescent Plasma

13min
pages 408-414

2. Various antiviral agents

5min
pages 405-407

1. Inhibitors of the viral RNA synthesis

11min
pages 399-404

Monitoring, treatment options

3min
pages 391-392

Studies with objectifiable tests

3min
pages 389-390

Reactivations, reinfections

2min
page 366

Outcome

27min
pages 352-365

Clinical classification

1min
page 351

Laboratory findings

6min
pages 347-350

References

21min
pages 324-332

Asymptomatic cases

4min
pages 334-335

Radiology

6min
pages 321-323

Incubation period

1min
page 333

Symptoms

21min
pages 336-346

Diagnosis

36min
pages 303-320

References

55min
pages 277-302

Outlook

5min
pages 272-276

Single Vaccines

24min
pages 247-261

Coming vaccines

8min
pages 267-271

Special Topics

9min
pages 241-246

Approved Vaccines

2min
pages 223-224

References

21min
pages 211-222

Outlook

1min
page 210

Transmission

1min
page 187

Epidemiology

11min
pages 175-186

Summary – 13 February

1min
page 173

Genomic Structure and Variation

4min
pages 164-166

References

8min
pages 167-172

Origin and Evolution

4min
pages 158-159

Introduction

1min
page 174

History

4min
pages 154-155

References

20min
pages 136-152

Conclusion

1min
page 135

Introduction

31min
pages 117-133

Containment or mitigation of COVID-19?

1min
page 134

References

40min
pages 99-116

Outlook

1min
page 98

Prevention

3min
pages 96-97

End of Quarantine

1min
page 95

Transmission Event

26min
pages 82-94

References

31min
pages 54-68

Summary

1min
page 69

Routes of Transmission

16min
pages 73-81

Outlook

3min
pages 52-53

The 2020 Lockdowns

7min
pages 48-51

Person-to-person transmission

2min
page 72

Special Aspects of the Pandemic

15min
pages 38-46

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: Past and Future

2min
page 47
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