Impresión by Arun Mohan

Impresiรณn

2k18

Limited Edition

Impresiรณn 2k18

Institute of Printing Technology and Govt. Polytechnic College Shoranur, Palakkad-679122 Ph. No. 0466 2220450 Name of Book

Impresiรณn 2k18 Published by ---------------------------------

Year Of Printing 2K18

Compiled and Edited by Arun Mohan Rijith R. Akshay N.J. Anuraj Design & Printed at Binil P.M. Akshara Offset, Trivandrum 2471174

What Is Printing A

printing Process Describes the methods adopted by a system to transfer the image on a substrate (Materiel). This also means that a printing system will have a medium that carries the image in the first place before it enables the process of reproduction. Getting this printing surface prepared is depended on the printing process. Over the years, many different ways of putting ink on paper developed and these evolved to be the printing processes. The Mechanics adopted under different system are so different that they cater to specific applications in the market. for a long time printing industry recognized five major process. These where;

• Relief printing (Letter Press & Flexography) • Planographic Printing (Lithography & Offset) • Intaglio Printing (Gravure & Engraving) • Porous Printing ( Screen Printing & Stencil) • Digital Printing (Toner & Ink-Jet) • Modern Printing (3D Printng)

Impresión 2k18

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PRINTING

he birth of printing goes back to China in the year 593, when playing for the first time in many forms, drawings and texts with the help of printed characters carved on tablets of wood (woodcut). The invention is due to Buddhist monks, that permeated the sizes of color and print them on silk or paper rags. Though the first book printed (a Buddhist sutra with pictures) from the year 868. This need arises out of print books scholarly disputes about authenticity of ancient texts, deciding to play thereafter etching culturally important texts for popular dissemination. The movable type printing, and with them, typesetting, are due to the Chinese alchemist Pi Cheng (1040.) This conjugate years of tradition with the heritage woodcuts gained during more than two thousand years of printing techniques with stamps, creating standard types that could be manufactured in series. Signs created corresponding to whole words. Were made from clay on negative molds and then baked. Once finished they joined on a metal frame composing sentences, united with adhesive putty, and procedĂaa printing. With typesetting came a print mode faster and more flexible than the woodcut. Thereafter, the culture was able to reach all layers of society. These techniques came to the West much later. The Dutchman Laurens Coster (S. XIV) will be the first to use wooden movable type, although universally considered the printing press inventor Johannes Gutenberg (S. XV), for his creation of movable type in molten lead, much more resistant (typography).

ImpresiĂłn

2k18

Gutenberg was aware of the difficulty of printing with carved wooden páginasenteras and devised a more rational way of printing, based on movable type. Thus, in 1437 commissioned a turner of Mainz, Konrad Sasbach, construction of printing and he created the molds for the points lead fundidode, later joined one by one, forming the words embossed on the call galley-ended so you can print them on paper. In 1447 managed to print a small calendar and in 1451 a grammar of Latin, although his masterpiece would be a Bible. Since his death, 1468, his invention spread gradually throughout. Europe, and remained practically unchanged until the early twentieth century. Within the history of printing, however, techniques have been happening and varying over time. Thus, the first remains found the technique of gravure dating from 1446 and belonging to a German master who recorded on copper plates using a chisel. Once covered with ink, it was retained within the lines of the recorded image while the rest of the ink disappearing when cleaning the plate. Then impresiónse conducted on wet paper and with the help of a press. These techniques would be enhanced in 1878 by the Austrian Karl Klietsch, using the application of cylinder (rotogravure). In 1710, two inventions have given a great impetus to the techniques of printing: - The by Jakob Christof Le Blon, who discovers the Tricomi (reproduction of color images from three basic red, blue and yellow) - The Dutchman’s J. Van der Mey, who invented, in collaboration with the German preacher Johann Müller, stereotyping. This process will allow mass reproduction, quick and inexpensive forms of relief printing plates of leadbased. In 1796, the Austrian Alois Senefelder inventing the printing technique called lithography. This is the first flat printing. This technique is used to support limestone plates that absorb oily substances and water, but they are not mixed together. If drawing or writing on the stone with a greasy color and then the surface is moistened with water, it will penetrate the stone only in those places not covered by the lines written. If fat is applied after printing ink on the stone, wet areas do not accept it, while is attached to the rest of the plate, and can proceed to printing. Subsequently, in 1826, Alois patentaría lithography in color, making a simplified technique for which until then could only be carried out hand. Although this technique would be enhanced in 1867 by C. Tessie du Motay with photolithography, following the investigations of the chemical properties of a queue of chromate under the action of light on research that had previously taken William Henry Fox Talbot (1832) and Alphonse Louis Poitevin (1855). Impresión 2k18

In 1822, after the French Ballanche Simon conceived the idea of building an automatic machine to compose texts, American William Church manages to build the first machine of this type, the compositor. The idea was to mechanize and maximum ease the complicated task manually composing lead type font, one by one, forming the full text, as was done since Gutenberg. Anyway, the fact that the machine did commit certain mistakes which are not imposed universally. It was not until the invention of the linotype in 1884. By 1846, English Smart invented a rotary lithographic printing, in which the entire process is automated except for the inlet (supply) and outlet (withdrawal) of papel.Surge and the first offset printing machine. Although 1 845 Richard Hoe (U.S.) had already obtained a patent for the first modern rotary. The great demand in this period of long lengths of existing newspapers, exceeding even the production of books, made possible the success of the presses. Thus, in 1848 the London newspaper The Times is operated for the first time this quick rotary machine was perfected tipo. Esta by Applegath and Edward Augustus Cooper, English engineers, siguienddo the principle of the machine invented by Hoe, but still working only single sheets of paper. Some years later, in 1851, the British builder T. Nelson finally able to develop a rotary printing on continuous rolls of paper and, later, in 1863, the American inventor William A. Bullock obtained a patent for the first rotary press for printing books on continuous paper, a model for subsequent presses. From this point, given some problems that will be corrected years later. They are, for example, caused bottlenecks at the stages of cutting and folding of printed materials, as well as the slow task of the composition of the texts at hand. It will be in 1884 when Ottmar Mergenthaler machine achieves the latter process with the linotype. Continuing with the chronological progression, there were some attempts such as the Black English, who in 1850 invented an automatic folding machine capable of folding in the eighth two thousand sheets per hour, to be fitted with folding and cutting. It is important to mention Johnson and Atkinson British technicians, who in 1853 succeeded in building a complete machine fusion printed characters, which was capazde produce up to 30,000 characters a day. This is particularly important because from the instrument manual developed by Gutenberg to fuse types, this technique had hardly changed. For its part, the photographer in 1859 Rue inglĂŠsWarren of developing a new procedure that allows for printing books draw plates made of glue and glycerin. This technique, called hectografĂa, will soon become standard procedure normally used to print short runs. ImpresiĂłn

2k18

In 1881, the Munich Georg Meisenbach, obtained a patent relating to a photographic process known as autotipia impression, based on rotogravure techniques and the properties they purchased certain resins travĂŠsde the action of light on them (pale, darkened ...). Although it is considered the inventor of the scientific autotipia britĂĄnicoWilliam Henry Fox Talbot, in 1852. In 1890 Max Levy introduced several improvements, achieving a higher quality images (frames thinner). In 1884, highlights an important milestone in the history of printing, invented the linotype machine by Ottmar Mergenthaler German watchmaker, based on fully automated composition of texts. The innovation was the possibility to write one by one the lines of text using a keyboard, composing instead of going letter by letter with their lead type by hand. Thus, once the membership of a line, it melted the negative impression mold with liquid lead, obtaining a lead seal for printing. In 1904 the technique of lithography, and in general and the print world, Come in a peak with the development of offset printing, used today. The offset was developed by two independent technicians. On the one hand the German Caspar Hermann and on the other printer Ira W. Rubel. Although Hermann who obtained their method from the historical tradition of lithography, also gave Rubel with the invention but in a casual, after failure of one of its workers in a rotation. Currently, desktop publishing, with the addition of computers to the many facets and stages of editing, has been a revolution unforeseen consequences in this field. An open window to freedom of editing the already close XXI century (Internet, CD-ROM, multimedia, document editing from your own home or workplace, etc.).

ImpresiĂłn 2k18

History of Printing Timeline AD 220

1040

oodblock printing

Its a technique for printing text, images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later paper. As a method of printing on cloth, the earliest surviving examples from China date to before 220 AD. Woodblock printing existed in Tang China during the 7th century AD and remained the most common East Asian method of printing books and other texts, as well as images, until the 19th century. Ukiyo-e is the best known type of Japanese woodblock art print. Most European uses of the technique for printing images on paper are covered by the art term woodcut, except for the block-books produced mainly in the 15th century in India.

ovable type Movable type (US English; moveable type in British English) is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation) usually on the medium of paper. The world’s first movable type printing press technology for printing paper books was made of porcelain materials and was invented around AD 1040 in China during the Northern Song Dynasty by the inventor Bi Sheng (990– 1051). Subsequently in 1377, the world’s oldest extant movable metal print book, Jikji, was printed in Korea during the Goryeo dynasty. Because of this, the diffusion of both movable-type systems was, to some degree, limited to primarily East Asia, although various sporadic reports of movable type technology were brought back to Europe by Christian missionaries, traders and business people who were returning to Europe after having worked in China for several years and influenced the development of printing technology in Europe

Impresión

2k18

Yuan-dynasty woodblock edition of a Chinese play

Korean movable type from 1377 used for the Jikji;

1440

rinting press A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink. It marked a dramatic improvement on earlier printing methods in which the cloth, paper or other medium was brushed or rubbed repeatedly to achieve the transfer of ink, and accelerated the process. Typically used for texts, the invention and global spread of the printing press was one of the most influential events in the second millennium. Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith by profession, developed, circa 1439, a printing system by adapting existing technologies to printing purposes, as well as making inventions of his own. Printing in East Asia had been prevalent since the Tang dynasty, and in Europe, woodblock printing based on existing screw presses was common by the 14th century. Gutenbergâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most important innovation was the development of hand-molded metal printing matrices, thus producing a movable type based printing press system. His newly devised hand mould made possible the precise and rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities. Movable type had been hitherto unknown in Europe. In Europe, the two inventions, the hand mould and the printing press, together drastically reduced the cost of printing books and other documents, particularly in short print runs.

1515

This woodcut from 1568 shows the left printer removing a page from the press while the one at right inks the text-blocks. Such a duo could reach 14,000 hand movements per working day, printing around 3,600 pages in the process

Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg

tching Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio (incised) in the metal. In modern manufacturing, other chemicals may be used on other types of material. As a method of printmaking, it is, along with engraving, the most important technique for old master prints, and remains in wide use today. In a number of modern variants such as microfabrication etching and photochemical milling it is a crucial technique in much modern technology, including circuit boards.

Rembrandt, The Virgin and Child with a Cat, 1654. Original copper etching plate above, example of the print below, with composition reversed

ImpresiĂłn 2k18

1642

1772

1796

1837

Impresión

2k18

ezzotint

Mezzotint is a printmaking process of the intaglio family, technically a drypoint method. It was the first tonal method to be used, enabling half-tones to be produced without using line- or dot-based techniques like hatching, cross-hatching or stipple. Mezzotint achieves tonality by roughening a metal plate with thousands of little dots made by a metal tool with small teeth, called a “rocker”. In printing, the tiny pits in the plate hold the ink when the face of the plate is wiped clean. A high level of quality and richness in the print can be achieved.

The first known mezzotint, by Ludwig von Siegen, 1642

quatint

Aquatint is an intaglio printmaking technique, a variant of etching. In intaglio printmaking, the artist makes marks on the plate (in the case of aquatint, a copper or zinc plate) that are capable of holding ink. The inked plate is passed through a printing press together with a sheet of paper, resulting in a transfer of the ink to the paper. This can be repeated a number of times, depending on the particular technique.

The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, Francisco Goya (1799) – created using aquatint and etching techniques

ithography

Lithography (from Ancient Greek, lithos, meaning ‘stone’, and graphein, meaning ‘to write’) is a method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by German author and actor Alois Senefelder as a cheap method of publishing theatrical works. Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material.

hromolithography Chromolithography is a unique method for making multicolour prints. This type of colour printing stemmed from the process of lithography, and includes all types of lithography that are printed in colour. When chromolithography is used to reproduce photographs, the term photochrome is frequently used. Lithographers sought to find a way to print on flat surfaces with the use of chemicals instead of raised relief or recessed intaglio techniques.

ithography stone and mirror image

1843

otary printing press A rotary printing press is a printing press in which the images to be printed are curved around a cylinder. Printing can be done on a large number of substrates, including paper, cardboard, and plastic. Substrates can be sheet feed or unwound on a continuous roll through the press to be printed and further modified if required (e.g. die cut, overprint varnished, embossed). Printing presses that use continuous rolls are sometimes referred to as “web presses”. Today, there are three main types of rotary presses; offset (including web offset), rotogravure, and flexo (short for flexography). Although the three types use cylinders to print, they vary in their method. In Offset lithography, the image is chemically applied to a plate, generally through exposure of photosensitive layers on the plate material. Lithography is based on the fact that water and oil do not mix, which enables the planographic process to work. In the context of a printing plate, a wettable surface (the non-image area) may also be termed hydrophilic and a non-wettable surface (the image area) hydrophobic. Gravure is a process in which small cells or holes are etched into a copper cylinder, which are able to be filled with ink. All the colours are etched in different angles, thus while printing every colour is placed in proper position to give the appropriate image

1869

Hoe’s six-cylinder rotary press from the 1860s. The printing plates are located on the large cylinder in the middle.

Goss quadruple straightline printing press, 1905

ectograph The hectograph, gelatin duplicator or jellygraph is a printing process that involves transfer of an original, prepared with special inks, to a pan of gelatin or a gelatin pad pulled tight on a metal frame. While the original use of the technology has diminished, it has recently been revived for use in the art world. The hectograph has been modernized and made practical for anyone to use. A 19th-century hectograph advertisement

Impresión 2k18

1875

ffset printing Offset printing is a commonly used printing technique in which the inked image is transferred (or “offset”) from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface. When used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water, the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier on which the image to be printed obtains ink from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts a water-based film (called “fountain solution”), keeping the non-printing areas ink-free. The modern “web” process feeds a large reel of paper through a large press machine in several parts, typically for several metres, which then prints continuously as the paper is fed through.

Illustrator and painter Robert Thom’s depiction of the invention of the offset printing press by Ira W. Rubel and his assistants in Nutley, NJ in 1903.

Development of the offset press came in two versions: in 1875 by Robert Barclay of England for printing on tin, and in 1904 by Ira Washington Rubel of the United States for printing on paper.

1884

ot metal typesetting In printing and typography, hot metal typesetting (also called mechanical typesetting, hot lead typesetting, hot metal, and hot type) is a technology for typesetting text in letterpress printing. This method injects molten type metal into a mold that has the shape of one or more glyphs. The resulting sorts or slugs are later used to press ink onto paper. Normally the typecasting machine would be controlled by a keyboard or by a paper tape. Hot metal typesetting was developed in the late nineteenth century as a development of conventional cast metal type. The technology had several advantages: it reduced labour since type sorts did not need to be slotted into position manually, and cast crisp new type for each printing job. In the case of Linotype machines, each line was cast as a robust continuous block (hence “line o’type”) which was useful for rapid newspaper printing. It was the standard technology used for mass-market printing from the late nineteenth century, finally declining with the arrival of phototypesetting and then electronic processes in the 1950s to 1980s

Impresión

2k18

Row of Linotype operators at the Chicago Defender newspaper, 1941

1886

imeograph The stencil duplicator or mimeograph machine (often abbreviated to mimeo) is a low-cost duplicating machine that works by forcing ink through a stencil onto paper. The mimeograph process should not be confused with the spirit duplicator process. Mimeographs, along with spirit duplicators and hectographs, were a common technology in printing small quantities, as in office work, classroom materials, and church bulletins. Early fanzines were printed with this technology, because it was widespread and cheap. In the late 1960s, mimeographs, spirit duplicators, and hectographs began to be gradually displaced by photocopying.

1907

1911

Illustration of a typical mimeograph machine

hotostat machine

The Photostat machine, or Photostat, was an early projection photocopier created in the decade of the 1900s by the Commercial Camera Company, which became the Photostat Corporation. The “Photostat” name, which was originally a trademark of the company, became genericized, and was often used to refer to similar machines produced by the Rectigraph Company.

Photostat of a Commercial Camera document from Company Photostat the end of WW2 advertisement in American Machinist, 1920.

creen printing Screen printing is a printing technique whereby a mesh is used to transfer ink onto a substrate, except in areas made impermeable to the ink by a blocking stencil. A blade or squeegee is moved across the screen to fill the open mesh apertures with ink, and a reverse stroke then causes the screen to touch the substrate momentarily along a line of contact. This causes the ink to wet the substrate and be pulled out of the mesh apertures as the screen springs back after the blade has passed. One color is printed at a time, so several screens can be used to produce a multicoloured image or design. There are various terms used for what is essentially the same technique. Traditionally the process was called screen printing or silkscreen printing because silk was used in the process. It is also known as serigraphy, and serigraph printing. Currently, synthetic threads are commonly used

Screen printers use a silkscreen like this Screenstretch version, a squeegee, and hinge clamps to screen print their designs. The ink is forced through the mesh using the rubber squeegee, the hinge clamps keep the screen in place for easy registration

Impresión 2k18

in the screen printing process. The most popular mesh in general use is made of polyester. There are special-use mesh materials of nylon and stainless steel available to the screen printer. There are also different types of mesh size which will determine the outcome and look of the finished design on the material. 1923

pirit duplicator A spirit duplicator (also referred to as a Ditto machine in North America, Banda machine in the UK or Roneo in Australia, France and South Africa) was a printing method invented in 1923 by Wilhelm Ritzerfeld and commonly used for much of the rest of the 20th century. The term “spirit duplicator” refers to the alcohols which were a major component of the solvents used as “inks” in these machines. The device coexisted alongside the mimeograph. Spirit duplicators were used mainly by schools, churches, clubs, and other small organizations, such as in the production of fanzines, because of the limited number of copies one could make from an original, along with the low cost (and corresponding low quality) of copying.

1925

Dot matrix printing is the process of computer printing from a collection of dot matrix data to a device, which can be one of Impact dot matrix printers, what The New York Times calls “dot-matrix impact printers.” non-impact dot matrix printers, such as inkjet, thermal, or laser printers.

These printers can print on multi-part (carbon paper) forms since they print using mechanical pressure. Sometimes called impact matrix printing or dot matrix printing, this is a type of computer printing which uses a print head that 14

2k18

A Spirit Duplicator From 1960’s

ot matrix printing

Dot matrix (impact) printing is a type of computer printing which uses a print head that moves back-and-forth, or in an up-and-down motion, on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like the print mechanism on a typewriter. However, unlike a typewriter or daisy wheel printer, letters are drawn out of a dot matrix, and thus, varied fonts and arbitrary graphics can be produced.

Impresión

A school newspaper published using a ditto machine in 1978

A dot matrix printer

The word “Delivery” as output in a bold, large font by a dot matrix receipt printer, as seen under a low-powered microscope.

moves back-and-forth, or in an up-and-down motion, on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like the print mechanism on a typewriter. However, unlike a typewriter or daisy wheel printer, letters are drawn out of a dot matrix, and thus, varied fonts and arbitrary graphics can be produced. Although nearly all inkjet, thermal, and laser printers also print closely spaced dots rather than continuous lines or characters, it is not customary to call them dot matrix printers. 1938

erography Xerography or electrophotography is a dry photocopying technique. Its fundamental principle was invented by American physicist Chester Carlson and based on Hungarian physicist Pál Selényi’s publications. Chester Carlson applied for and was awarded U.S. Patent 2,297,691 on October 6, 1942. The technique was originally called electrophotography. It was later renamed xerography— from the Greek roots xeros, “dry” and graphia, “writing”—to emphasize that, unlike reproduction techniques then in use such as cyanotype, this process used no liquid chemicals. Carlson’s innovation combined electrostatic printing with photography, unlike the dry electrostatic printing process invented by Georg Christoph Lichtenberg in 1778. Carlson’s original process was cumbersome, requiring several manual processing steps with flat plates. It was almost 18 years before a fully automated process was developed, the key breakthrough being use of a cylindrical drum coated with selenium instead of a flat plate. This resulted in the first commercial automatic copier, the Xerox 914, being released by Haloid/Xerox in 1960. Before that year, Carlson had proposed his idea to more than a dozen companies, but none were interested. Xerography is now used in most photocopying machines and in laser and LED printers.

1949

Typical output from a dot matrix printer operating in draft mode. This entire image represents an area of printer output approximately 4.5 cm × 1.5 cm (1.77 in × 0.59 in) in size

Xerox 914 photo copier.

hototypesetting Phototypesetting is a method of setting type, rendered obsolete with the popularity of the personal computer and desktop publishing software, that uses a photographic process Impresión 2k18

to generate columns of type on a scroll of photographic paper. The first phototypesetters quickly project light through a film negative image of an individual character in a font, then through a lens that magnifies or reduces the size of the character onto photographic paper, which is collected on a spool in a light-proof canister. The photographic paper or film is then fed into a processor—a machine that pulls the paper or film strip through two or three baths of chemicals— where it emerges ready for paste-up or film make-up. Later phototypesetting machines used alternative methods, such as displaying a digitised character on a CRT screen.

An Intertype Fotosetter, one of the most popular "first-generation" massmarket phototypesetting machines. The system is heavily based on hot metal typesetting technology, with the metal casting machinery replaced with photographic film, a light system and glass pictures of characters.

Phototypesetting offered numerous advantages over metal type, including the lack of need to keep heavy metal type and matrices in stock, the ability to use a much wider range of fonts and graphics and print them at any desired size, as well as faster page layout setting. 1951

Linotype CRTronic 360

nkjet printing Inkjet printing is a type of computer printing that recreates a digital image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper, plastic, or other substrates. Inkjet printers are the most commonly used type of printer, and range from small inexpensive consumer models to expensive professional machines. The concept of inkjet printing originated in the 20th century, and the technology was first extensively developed in the early 1950s. Starting in the late 1970s, inkjet printers that could reproduce digital images generated by computers were developed, mainly by Epson, Hewlett-Packard (HP), and Canon. In the worldwide consumer market, four manufacturers account for the majority of inkjet printer sales: Canon, HP, Epson, and Brother. The emerging ink jet material deposition market also uses inkjet technologies, typically printheads using piezoelectric crystals, to deposit materials directly on substrates. The technology has been extended and the ″ink″ can now also comprise solder paste in PCB assembly, or living cells, for creating biosensors and for tissue engineering. There are two main technologies in use in contemporary inkjet printers: continuous (CIJ) and Drop-on-demand (DOD).

Impresión

2k18

An Epson inkjet printer

1957

ye-sublimation printer A dye-sublimation printer is a computer printer which uses heat to transfer dye onto materials such as a plastic, card, paper, or fabric. The sublimation name was first applied because the dye was considered to make the transition between the solid and gas states without going through a liquid stage. This understanding of the process was later shown to be incorrect. There is some liquifying of the dye. Since then, the process is sometimes known as dye-diffusion, though this has not eliminated the original name. Many consumer and professional dye-sublimation printers are designed and used for producing photographic prints, ID cards, clothing, and more. These are not to be confused with dye sublimation heat transfer imprinting printers, which use special inks to create transfers designed to be imprinted on textiles, and in which the dyes do indeed sublimate. These are done at lower temperatures but higher pressures, particularly in all-over print processes. Some dye-sublimation printers use CMYO (cyan magenta yellow overcoating) colors, which differs from the more recognized CMYK colors in that the black is eliminated in favour of a clear overcoating. This overcoating (which has numerous names depending on the manufacturer) is also stored on the ribbon and is effectively a thin layer which protects the print from discoloration from UV light and the air, while also rendering the print water-resistant.

Citizen CY Dye-Sublimation Printer

For ID card printing, text and bar codes are necessary, and they are printed by means of an additional black panel on the (YMCKO) ribbon. This extra panel works by thermal transfer printing instead of dye diffusion: a whole layer, instead of just some of the dye in the layer, transfers from the ribbon to the substrate at the pixels defined by the thermal head. This overall process is then sometimes called dye diffusion thermal transfer (D2T2).

< A disassembled dye sublimation cartridge.

Impresiรณn 2k18

1969

aser printing Laser printing is an electrostatic digital printing process. It produces high-quality text and graphics (and moderatequality photographs) by repeatedly passing a laser beam back and forth over a negatively charged cylinder called a “drum” to define a differentially charged image. The drum then selectively collects electrically charged powdered ink (toner), and transfers the image to paper, which is then heated in order to permanently fuse the text, imagery, or both. As with digital photocopiers, laser printers employ a xerographic printing process. However, laser printing differs from analog photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of the medium across the printer’s photoreceptor. This enables laser printing to copy images more quickly than most photocopiers. Invented at Xerox PARC in the 1970s, laser printers were introduced for the office and then home markets in subsequent years by IBM, Canon, Xerox, Apple, HewlettPackard and many others. Over the decades, quality and speed have increased as price has fallen, and the once cuttingedge printing devices are now ubiquitous.

1972

hermal printing Thermal printing (or direct thermal printing) is a digital printing process which produces a printed image by selectively heating coated thermochromic paper, or thermal paper as it is commonly known, when the paper passes over the thermal print head. The coating turns black in the areas where it is heated, producing an image. Two-colour direct thermal printers can print both black and an additional colour (often red) by applying heat at two different temperatures. Thermal transfer printing is a very different method that uses a heat-sensitive ribbon instead of heat-sensitive paper, but uses similar thermal print heads.

1981

Impresión

2k18

D printing 3D printing is any of various processes in which material is joined or solidified under computer control to create a threedimensional object, with material being added together (such

Gary Starkweather invented the laser printer

HP LaserJet 4200 series printer, installed atop high-capacity paper feeder

as liquid molecules or powder grains being fused together). 3D printing is used in both rapid prototyping and additive manufacturing (AM). Objects can be of almost any shape or geometry and typically are produced using digital model data from a 3D model or another electronic data source such as an Additive Manufacturing File (AMF) file (usually in sequential layers). There are many different technologies, like stereolithography (SLA) or fused deposit modeling (FDM). Thus, unlike material removed from a stock in the conventional machining process, 3D printing or AM builds a three-dimensional object from computer-aided design (CAD) model or AMF file, usually by successively adding material layer by layer. The term â&#x20AC;&#x153;3D printingâ&#x20AC;? originally referred to a process that deposits a binder material onto a powder bed with inkjet printer heads layer by layer. More recently, the term is being used in popular vernacular to encompass a wider variety of additive manufacturing techniques. United States and global technical standards use the official term additive manufacturing for this broader sense. 1986

olid ink printing Solid ink is a technology used in computer printers and multifunction devices originally credited with creation by Tektronix in 1986. After Xerox acquired the Tektronix Color Printing and Imaging Division in 2000, the solid ink technology became part of the Xerox line of office printing and imaging products. Early offerings focused on the graphic arts industry. However, to forestall a legal battle with Dataproducts Corporation, Tektronix ended up paying royalties to Dataproducts for the use of the technology due to the latter holding patents, purchased from Exxon, on aspects of solidink printing.

Yellow, cyan, magenta, and black solid ink sticks made by Xerox

The first solid ink printer, the SI-480, was developed and released to the market in 1988 by Dataproducts Corporation. This was a monochrome printer that met with limited success. The first color solid ink printer, the Tektronix PhaserJet PXi, was introduced in June 1991 at a cost of nearly $10,000 US. Dataproducts Corporation released their color solid ink printer, the Jolt, in September 1991.

A Xerox Phaser 8500 solid ink printer

ImpresiĂłn 2k18

1991

ImpresiĂłn

2k18

igital printing Digital printing refers to methods of printing from a digitalbased image directly to a variety of media. It usually refers to professional printing where small-run jobs from desktop publishing and other digital sources are printed using largeformat and/or high-volume laser or inkjet printers. Digital printing has a higher cost per page than more traditional offset printing methods, but this price is usually offset by avoiding the cost of all the technical steps required to make printing plates. It also allows for on-demand printing, short turnaround time, and even a modification of the image (variable data) used for each impression. The savings in labor and the ever-increasing capability of digital presses means that digital printing is reaching the point where it can match or supersede offset printing technologyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to produce larger print runs of several thousand sheets at a low price

The Work flow PrePress

In the prepress phase, an expert technician will review your files, manually and through preflight software, for any sign of a problem that may cause production errors. An electronic proof is issued once your PDF files pass the preflight inspection. If requested, hard copy proofs(for books and games) may also be created and sent to you for approval, usually for color purposes. Once you have approved your proof and sent your files to press, your files are output through a process called the RIP (raster image processing). During this process, your images are separated into four colors, and output onto four metal printing plates.

Designing

A plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of a building, garment, or other object before it is made. Designing Softwares

Proofs A proof is an electronic file or physical product meant to give an idea of the way your project will turn out when printed.

â&#x2C6;&#x17E; Electronic Proofing Also known as a soft proof, most printers will provide electronic proofs for free because generating them is a necessary step that must be taken before printing. An ImpresiĂłn 2k18

electronic proof is done for any file that will be printed: interior pages, book cover, game board, game box, cards, instructions etc. A prepress expert will look over your files for a number of issues, usually putting them through pre-flight software to do computerized checks as well.

A few pre-flight fundamentals: • Image Resolution (300dpi minimum) • Color Profile (CMYK not RGB) • Inclusion of Bleed • Safe-Zone Issues • Pagination Issues Prepress experts will double check that everything is accurate and may provide some suggestions if they find problems with your files. They’ll also typically add printer’s marks to indicate where the files will be trimmed, and then they’ll send the final file to you for your approval. In general, electronic proofs are effective for double checking content, pagination, and layout. However, electronic proofs cannot accurately portray how colors will look when printed.

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

Rubaiyat Beer list INDIAN BEER Tuborg Premium Strong Tuborg Premium Strong Beer Can Carlsberg Elephant Carlsberg Premium Budweiser Budweiser Magnum Fosters Strong Fosters Premium King Fisher Strong King Fisher Premium King Fisher Ultra King Fisher Ultra Small King Fisher Gold Premium Small King Fisher Extra Strong Can Heineken Premium Untitled-2 1

` 300.00 ` 300.00 ` 350.00 ` 300.00 ` 350.00 ` 350.00 ` 300.00 ` 300.00 ` 300.00 ` 250.00 ` 350.00 ` 180.00 ` 130.00 ` 230.00 ` 400.00 11-07-2018 11:49:30 PM

∞ Hard Copy Proofing – Books and Cards

Also known as a soft proof, most printers will provide electronic proofs for free because generating them is a necessary step that must be taken before printing. An electronic proof is done for any

Impresión

2k18

Printer’s Marks

Special marks are added to your PDF files and to the edge of your parent sheets to assist the offset printing press in proper alignment, trimming and color values. These marks are trimmed off once printing is complete. K

Center Marks

Trim Line

Bleed line

∞ Color Bars

Color bars, or color control strips, are printed in the trim area of a parent sheet. Press operators use the color bars to check for ink density, overprinting, grey balance and more. Color bars are so efficient that they can reveal issues with ink hue, rubber blanket, and impression cylinder miscues. CM YK

PREPS

CM YK

PREPS

∞ Registration

Registration is the process of precisely lining up cyan, magenta, yellow, and black printing plates so that their overlap produces the full color spectrum. Registration marks (crosshairs) are added to your PDF files and your plates. As printing takes place, the pressman makes sure that both sets of registration marks line up, adjusting their alignment as needed. Once all four colors are printed, the crosshair should be a solid black circle otherwise the press operator will know the job isn’t being printed correctly and will make more adjustments. Without registration, your images can appear blurred, as the four colors may not line up and will exhibit the ‘ghosting’ that you often see in newspaper color photos (since the large web presses used to print newspapers frequently have registration issues)

Imposition and Pagination

Imposition is the arrangement of individual pages or cards onto press sheets, also known as parent sheets. Our press operators use imposition software to translate PDF files into a format and layout that can be engraved onto printing plates that will be installed into the offset press. Impresión 2k18

∞ Book Printing Layout

The most common layout has 8 pages per side of a parent sheet, meaning each parent sheet will have 16 total pages when printed on both sides. Small-format projects (6” x 9”, for example) may have 16 pages per side of a parent sheet, and large-format projects (larger than 9” x 12”) may only have 4 pages per side. Below you can see how a typical 16-page section of a book is laid out for printing. This parent sheet will be folded to the size of the final project, and this grouping of pages is known as a signature. The proper pagination to ensure that all pages are printed, folded, and bound in the correct order.

∞ Press Check & Pagination After imposition, each full parent sheet is printed with a large-format proof printer. These high-end printers produce reliable colors that press experts use to color-match against the offset printed sheets.

The operator will also use this sheet to check for pagination, or the order of pages, by folding the parent sheet to final-product size. This process confirms that all the pages will be printed in the proper order and that they will appear right-side up when bound together. Although most printers use computer systems to automate pagination, sometimes a press operator will override the computer to manually adjust the pagination as needed.

∞ Press Check & Pagination

For most books, your page count has to be a multiple of four. The easiest way to understand this is to find a piece of paper and fold it in half three times. Each time you make a crease, you increase your page count by four. This folded sheet is how your pages will be inserted and bound into your book as a unit.

Impresión

2k18

Here are just a few exceptions to this rule. Board books, spiral bound books, and wire bound books use different binding methods, so they simply require your page count to be a multiple of two.

Manufacturing Printing Plates

After Imposition, each parent-sheet-sized art file is split out into 4 separate files, one for each color of ink: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black (CMYK). From there, each separated file is laser-engraved onto its own printing plate to be installed into the printing press. These thin metal plates are sturdy enough to be used for many thousands of printing impressions, yet also flexible enough to wrap around a rotating cylinder inside the printing press: Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be fooled by the color: the coating on printing plates is blue, but this has no bearing on the color of ink the plate will apply. In the past, many printers used a photographic process to create printing plates, but these days most modern print shops use large Computer-To-Plate (CTP) machines like the one pictured here: ImpresiĂłn 2k18

First, a coated thermal plate is inserted into the CTP image setter (large compartment to the right in the photo above), where lasers are used to output the image by heating areas of the plate to different degrees depending on how much ink each area should collect. The plate rolls out of the laser compartment and moves through a special cleaning solution that washes away the heated parts of the coating, leaving a negative of the image to be printed. Remember, each parent sheet actually needs 4 printing plates, one for each color of ink to be applied. Below are 4 used printing plates that were just uninstalled from the press after being used to print a full-color parent sheet. It can be tricky to see which colors of ink are which due to the underlying blue color of the printing plates, but from left to right you can see the Yellow, Magenta, Cyan, and Black plates used on this print job.

Press

Prepress is finally complete. Proofs have been approved, imposition and pagination have been done, and the printing plates have been manufactured. Now it’s time for the next step: the press run. Here, sheets of paper are fed through the press while the plates transfer ink from the rollers to rubber cylinders, and then to the paper itself. This two-step process is why this printing process is called “offset.”

Ink

Now that we’ve covered paper, the other main ingredient we need for offset printing is ink! Most full-color offset printing uses 4 colors of ink (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black), applied separately via 4 separate printing plates, to produce millions of colors. This ink makes its way down from the ink reservoir (known as a fountain) onto the printing plate, then onto the rubber blanket, and finally onto the paper itself.

∞ Ink Fountain

If you look down at an offset press from above, you’ll see four ink fountains: one for each color of ink. Each of these fountains sits at the top of an assembly containing a cylinder that will hold the printing plate and one that will hold the rubber blanket.

Impresión

2k18

∞ Water Solution

Each fountain also has a reservoir of a water-based liquid known as fountain solution. This water solution is rolled onto the printing plate to repel the ink from the areas that will become white space on paper.

∞ Roller

The roller distributes ink onto the printing plate in an even, controlled manner, creating consistent ink coverage for the entire plate.

Paper

The whole printing process begins with paper. Paper comes in a variety of weights and finishes, and every printing company offers different options depending on their paper suppliers and presses. You’ll find the widest variety of paper options when working with offset printers because operators are able to calibrate the press based on thickness and coatings. On the other hand, digital printers used for print-on-demand have a limited amount of paper options.

∞ Parent Sheet Size

Parent sheets are large pre-cut pieces of paper, typically designed to fit 4-16 pages of a project on each side. They come in many weights and are often pre-coated with gloss or matte. One of the major factors in the cost of a printing project is how many parent sheets will be used, which is why certain standard sizes and page counts (multiples of 16) are usually the most cost-effective choices since they can maximize the parent sheets used.

∞ Paper Weight

Paper weight refers to a particular thickness of paper stock. There are many different weight classifications, including text, cover, index, bond, bristol and more, as well as the metric system classification of grams per square meter. When comparing within a specific classification of paper, a lighter weight indicates a thinner paper.

† Text

† Cover

† GSM

Text is a classification of paper most commonly used for the interiors of books. Text stocks are usually measured in pounds Cover is a thicker classification of paper most commonly used for book covers, measured in points (noted pt.) and sometimes in pounds GSM (grams per square meter) is the metric system’s universal measure for paper weight. Impresión 2k18

∞ Paper Coating

Coating is applied during the paper manufacturing process. Coating affects the way that inks are absorbed by the paper, making halftone dots and text stay sharp. Any paper weight can have a coating, and which coating to choose is largely a creative decision. Here are the three most popular options:

† Gloss

† Matte

† Uncoated

Gloss coating gives a deliberate shine that causes colors to pop. This coating is very reflective. Matte coating provides a more subtle shine, sometimes also referred to as semi-gloss or dull. There is less light reflection than with gloss, and the reflection is more diffused. As it sounds, no coating is applied to uncoated paper. Uncoated paper is rough to the touch, and perfect for projects that need to be written on such as workbooks. However, it also has less protection from everyday dirt compared to coated paper.

Press Setup

printing includes a detailed setup to achieve the best results in creating your book, calendar, comic or other product. For your general knowledge and convenience, each step in printing your custom project is detailed below.

∞ Cleaning the Press

First things first, the press must be cleaned from its last use. All printing plates must be uninstalled, and all cylinders, fountains and rollers are cleaned to ensure the next parent sheet has a fresh setup. It is important these three pieces are clean so the alignment is not thrown off by dirt.

∞ Installing the Plates

Four plates are clamped onto cylinders inside the press. One plate is used for each color: cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK). Each time a new parent sheet needs printing, four new plates must be mounted into the press. The cost and time involved in these installations is what makes offset printing impractical for small runs.

∞ Calibrating the Press

The press operator adjusts the press’ output using calibration software. The press operator will adjust the color control using levels, curves and other tools to produce the right color density. Paper thickness and coating are calculated in the software, with the absorption of ink taken into account.

Impresión

2k18

The press runs at a slow speed so the initial sheets can be carefully checked for alignment and color against the press operator’s proof. The operator can then make adjustments to the press as needed. Once there is a proper amount of ink density on the paper, the press speed is increased to full production.

Press Check Most offset printing presses function similarly, but the quality of the final product depends on a number of factors – perhaps most importantly, a certified team of press operators and quality control specialists.

∞ On-Site Press Check

There are many quality control checkpoints throughout the entire process from file and production prepress to printing and binding. Perhaps the most vital is checking parent sheets as they’re coming off of the press.

Printing

We’ve met all of the pieces: the plates, the paper, the ink, and the cylinders. The press has been cleaned and calibrated, and the plates have been installed. Now it’s time to see a four-color sheet-fed offset press in action printing 8 pages of a real project! Each parent sheet zips through and is printed with 4 colors of ink all in a row, coming out the other end fully printed. Impresión 2k18

Post-Press

Post-press is everything that takes place after your pages have been printed on parent sheets, which is quite a bit. Books are folded, cut, and bound into your final project. For games, cards get trimmed, smoothed, and rounded. Game boxes are printed and constructed, and then all the components are assembled and packaged to create your final product.

Folding Signatures

Once the printing is complete, the stacks of fully-printed and dried parent sheets are taken to be folded by the folding machine. Each parent sheet zooms through the machine one at a time entering into gates that are set to the proper fold size. A final fold is applied by a heavy arm, called the knife fold, that applies pressure on the fold line. The final project rolls out of the machine as a signature. The majority of projects are folded by these machines, although extremely large projects or those with unique requirements may occasionally be folded by hand.

∞ Signatures

The folded groups of pages that emerge from the folding machine are called signatures. Most projects have signatures of 16 pages (8 pages on each side of the parent sheet), but projects 6” x 9” or smaller may have signatures of 32 pages, and projects larger than 9” x 12” may only have 8 pages per signature.

Collation/Sorting

Once all of the parent sheets have been folded into signatures, the stacks of signatures are taken to the collation machine, which collates the separate signatures into their proper page order. The resulting new stacks of ordered signatures are now called book blocks. Collation machines like the one pictured below are large enough to handle books with many hundreds of pages, but books with only two or three signatures can also be collated by hand.

Finish Your book block is now ready to be bound, but before binding can happen the parent sheet that will become your cover needs to have a finish applied to protect it. Finishes Impresión

2k18

can be gloss (high-shine) or matte (low-shine), and come in two distinct types: Varnish and Lamination.

∞ Varnish

A varnish is a liquid finish applied on the printing press following the same process as if it were an ink. The varnish style usually matches the coating of your paper (gloss or matte) and protects the ink on your cover.

∞ Lamination

Lamination is a film applied by a machine that glues a roll of lamination to the cover, which is subsequently polished. This finish is the best for protection and is used on thicker cover options, perfect bound and case bound books.

∞ No Finish

On rare occasion you may opt to skip the cover finish. This provides a raw look and feel, but it’s important to note that it provides no protection, leaving your cover more susceptible to damage.

Binding

The pieces are all in place. The body pages are folded into a book block and the cover page has had its finish applied. We’re finally ready to enter the binding process. Depending on the binding method chosen, binding can be as simple as adding a couple of staples, or it can be a complex process involving sewing machines, gluing machines, hardcover cases, and more. Here are the three most popular binding methods:

∞ Saddle-Stitched Binding

Saddle stitching is the simplest form of binding: two staples are inserted into the spine, holding all of the pages together. First the cover and book block are collated, with signatures placed one inside the other. Most saddle-stitched projects contain 3 or fewer signatures so that there aren’t more pages than the staples can handle.

Next, the collated pages are put through a stitching machine for stapling. The pages are draped across either side of a “saddle” belt that runs along the entire machine, and the V-shaped belt helps align all the pages at the central fold. The project then moves down the line and staples are inserted at the crease. Finally, the stapled project is trimmed down to its final size in a guillotine. Impresión 2k18

∞ Perfect (Softcover) Binding

Perfect Binding, commonly referred to as softcover binding, results in a book with a glued binding and a squared-off spine.

† Smyth Sewing

† Gluing

† Trimming

perfect binding process, the collated signatures of the book block are sewn together using the smyth sewing technique. Smyth sewing uses thread to first sew through the folds of each signature and then sew the entire group of signatures (book block) together, resulting in a durable binding that can be opened relatively wide. Next, a tech will place the sewn book block into a clamp that tightly holds the body together while it moves through the binding process. First, glue is applied to the spine and run through a heating process, after which the cover is wrapped around the book block. Finally, the bound books are trimmed down to size using a special cutting machine that trims all 3 edges in the same process.

∞ Casebound (Hardcover) Binding

Casebinding, commonly referred to as hardcover binding, involves the construction of an exterior case made of cardboard wrapped with paper. Casebinding is a more complicated process compared to other typical types of binding.

† Case Construction

The first step in casebinding is the construction of the hardcover, also known as the case. First, sheets of cardboard are cut to their proper size to form the rigid skeleton of the cover. From there, printed and finished cover sheets are fed into one end of a case manufacturing machine, while the pre-cut cardboard is fed into the other, and the two are combined through several gluing and folding operations into the final case.

Impresión

2k18

† Smyth Sewing

Next, the collated signatures of the book block are sewn together using the smyth sewing technique. Smyth sewing uses thread to first sew through the

folds of each signature and then sew the entire group of signatures, (also known as the book block) together, resulting in a durable binding that can be opened very wide.

† Trimming

† Gluing

Next, the sewn book blocks are trimmed down to size. With some soft-cover books, this happens after the cover is applied, but because the hard-cover case is larger than the book block, in case-binding the trimming step happens before the book block is glued into the case. Finally, the finished book blocks and cases are placed into a hard-cover binding machine where they are glued together into a completed case-bound book. First, the sewn book block has glue applied to its spine, and a piece of fabric (called the super) is placed on top of the glue. Farther down the line, the hard-cover case is wrapped around the book block. At this point, books with 60 pages or more will also have end-sheets added to hold the entire book together.

Quality Assurance

Most printing facilities will have a Quality Assurance department responsible for inspecting all printed parent sheets during the press run, monitoring the final product for defects, and flagging any issues early on in order to deter waste.

∞ Book Quality Control

The quality control team follows the standards set by the printing facility, who ultimately decides the quality the product is required to meet. These quality assurance experts will sign off on color, bindery, and press runs by testing your product at random, during different steps of the process.

Drying

The final step in the offset printing process is to dry out your bound books. As you see below, all printed books are compactly stacked on top of each other using that pressure to halt pages from warping. This step is especially crucial for hard cover books; due to the moisture added in gluing and lamination, these covers are prone to curving if there’s no pressure to keep them flat while they dry. Impresión 2k18

To Trends in rinting The Rising of

Printing

Technologies, Processes and Techniques

printing is also called additive manufacturing. This term accurately describes how this technology works to create objects. “Additive” refers to the successive addition of thin layers between 16 to 180 microns or more to create an object. In fact, all 3D printing technologies are similar, as they construct an object layer by layer to create complex shapes.

∞ General principles † Modeling

3D printable models may be created with a computer-aided design (CAD) package, via a 3D scanner, or by a plain digital camera and photogrammetry software. 3D printed models created with CAD result in reduced errors and can be corrected before printing, allowing verification in the

Impresión

2k18

design of the object before it is printed.[23] The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting. 3D scanning is a process of collecting digital data on the shape and appearance of a real object, creating a digital model based on it.

† Printing

Before printing a 3D model from an STL file, it must first be examined for errors. Most CAD applications produce errors in output STL files,[24][25] of the following types:

• holes;

• faces normals;

• self-intersections;

• noise shells;

• manifold errors.

A step in the STL generation known as “repair” fixes such problems in the original model. Generally STLs that have been produced from a model obtained through 3D scanning often have more of these errors. This due to how 3D scanning works-as it is often by point to point acquisition, reconstruction will include errors in most cases. Once completed, the STL file needs to be processed by a piece of software called a “slicer,” which converts the model into a series of thin layers and produces a G-code file containing instructions tailored to a specific type of 3D printer (FDM printers).[citation needed] This G-code file can then be printed with 3D printing client software (which loads the G-code, and uses it to instruct the 3D printer during the 3D printing process). Printer resolution describes layer thickness and X–Y resolution in dots per inch (dpi) or micrometers (µm). Typical layer thickness is around 100 μm (250 DPI), although some machines can print layers as thin as 16 μm (1,600 DPI). X–Y resolution is comparable to that of laser printers. The particles (3D dots) are around 50 to 100 μm (510 to 250 DPI) in diameter.[citation needed] For that printer resolution, specifying a mesh resolution of 0.01–0.03 mm and a chord length ≤ 0.016 mm generate an optimal STL output file for a given model input file. Specifying higher resolution results in larger files without increase in print quality. Impresión 2k18

† Finishing

Though the printer-produced resolution is sufficient for many applications, printing a slightly oversized version of the desired object in standard resolution and then removing material with a higher-resolution subtractive process can achieve greater precision. The layered structure of all AM processes leads involuntarily to a strainstepping effect on part surfaces which are curved or tilted in respect to the building platform. The effects strongly depend on the orientation of a part surface inside the building process. Some printable polymers such as ABS, allow the surface finish to be smoothed and improved using chemical vapor processes based on acetone or similar solvents. Some additive manufacturing techniques are capable of using multiple materials in the course of constructing parts. These techniques are able to print in multiple colors and color combinations simultaneously, and would not necessarily require painting. Some printing techniques require internal supports to be built for overhanging features during construction. These supports must be mechanically removed or dissolved upon completion of the print. All of the commercialized metal 3D printers involve cutting the metal component off the metal substrate after deposition. A new process for the GMAW 3D printing allows for substrate surface modifications to remove aluminum or steel.

∞ Advance Feature † Organ printing

A printable organ is an artificially constructed device designed for organ replacement, produced using 3D printing techniques. The primary purpose of printable organs is in transplantation. Research is currently being conducted on artificial heart, kidney, and liver structures, as well as other major organs. For more complicated organs, such as the heart, smaller constructs such as heart valves have also been the subject of research. Some printed organs are approaching functionality requirements for clinical implementation, and primarily include hollow structures such as the bladder, as well as vascular structures such as urine tubes.

Impresión

2k18

Three-dimensional bioprinter developed by the Russian company, 3D Bioprinting Solutions.

3D printing allows for the layer-bylayer construction of a particular organ structure to form a cell scaffold. This can be followed by the process of cell seeding, in which cells of interest are pipetted directly onto the scaffold structure. Additionally, the process of integrating cells into the printable material itself, instead of performing seeding afterwards, has been explored. Modified inkjet printers have been used to produce three-dimensional biological tissue. Printer cartridges are filled with a suspension of living cells and a smart gel, the latter used for providing structure. Alternating patterns of the smart gel and living cells are printed using a standard print nozzle, with cells eventually fusing together to form tissue. When completed, the gel is cooled and washed away, leaving behind only live cells.

Printed Electronics A Definition of Printed Electronics

rinted electronics is an all-encompassing term for the printing method used to create electronic devices by printing on a variety of substrates. Originally, printed electronics related to organic or plastic electronics that use one or more inks made of carbon-based compounds. As demand for wearable devices and thinner electronics expands, printed electronics are being used to form flexible keyboards, antennas, electronic skin patches, and more. Printed electronics technology has evolved over time, and now inkjet printers are capable of printing electrical circuits quite inexpensively and quickly. In short, printed electronics is one of the fastest growing technologies today and is becoming invaluable to several industries including healthcare, aerospace, media, and transit. Impresiรณn 2k18

Printed Electronics Applications

rinted electronics are being used in more products as the technology continues to advance. Today, flexible screens, intelligent labels and packaging, interactive books and posters, and even upholstery are being created with printed electronics. As the substrates grow thinner, printed materials become thin, light, and flexible enough to be integrated into existing production lines. The market is catching up to the technology, according to Dr. Harry Zervos, principal analyst and business development manager for North America for IDTechEx: “The market for printed and flexible electronics is set to reach over $73 billion by 2025… Not all separate types of printed electronics will share equally in that big market – as I always say, printed electronics is an umbrella term and some markets will reach maturity sooner than others – but already, OLEDs, conductive inks in PV applications and printed glucose sensors are billion dollar markets that are set to grow.” And, as Thin Film Electronics’ chief strategy Ocer Jennifer Ernst points out, the market for printed electronics is growing because the Internet of Things is expanding and requires low-cost, lightweight technology that can sense, store information securely, and transmit data. For these reasons, printed memory, sensors, and communications devices will play a part in the IoT market that is expected to reach $7.1 trillion by 2020. Researchers continue to evolve printed electronics. For example, MIT engineers are working with a new type of printed electronics that involves an intricate printing process and stamping technique capable of printing transistors small enough to control individual pixels in high-resolution displays and touch screens. These engineers have succeeded in creating a stamp that prints electronic inks onto rigid or flexible surfaces. Their new printing technique delivers an inexpensive, fast way to manufacture electronic surfaces for applications that have yet to be created.

Benefits of Printed Electronics

rinted electronics have become secure, flexible and cost-effective all of which make them appealing to a broad range of industries. Printed circuitry has the potential to reduce costs and technical constraints typically associated with mass producing electronics. Printed electronics also require fewer input materials and less energy to work with them. And, printed electronics pave the way for flexible devices that people previously may not have thought possible. For example, companies are working on

Impresión

2k18

using printed electronics for identifying banknotes, credit cards, legal documents, and other items with unique printed signatures. Another industry benefiting from printed electronics advancements is photovoltaic. Printed electronics have the potential to significantly change solar power projects, thanks to less expensive polymer electronics. ∞ General principles

• Overall, the benefits of printed electronics include

• Low cost

• Attractive and flexible form factor

• Ease of production

• Ease of integration

• Facilitating widespread development of non-conventional functional electronic devices including flexible displays

• Smart labels, animated posters, active clothing, and more

A Final Thought on Printed Electronics

rinted electronics aid in making everyday objects smart. From antennas and sensors to displays and printed batteries, printed electronics are being integrated into paper, plastic, fabric, metals, and 3D printed objects. Printed electronics are opening a host of possibilities for electronic device applications and are influencing a range of industries including healthcare, aerospace, media, and transit.

Digital Press Nanographic Printing Press

anography. Digital printing for mainstream packaging applications. Engineered for the packaging and converting industries, the single-sided B1 (41 in. / 1,050 mm) format Landa S10 Nanographic Printing Press enables just-in-time mainstream efficiency for the production of folding carton, POP/ POS and corrugated boxes. With a higher throughput than any other digital sheetfed press in the industry, the Landa S10 prints an unbeatable 6,500 Impresión 2k18

large format (B1 / 41 in.) sheets per hour on off-the-shelf substrates in thickness from 2.4-32 pt. (60-800μm). With a crossover point of around 30,000 boxes and even higher when ganging jobs or adding variable barcodes, the Landa S10 provides a digital solution for more than 50% of all packaging jobs.

Landa S10P

† KEY FEATURES • Generates up to five times the throughput of other digital printing presses • Offers plate-free digital printing for folding carton, boxes, and more • Supports coated and uncoated off-the-shelf substrates • Delivers high-speed and scalable printing from single copies to Version jobs • Streamlines operations in any work-flow environment

Hydrographics WHAT IS HYDROGRAPHICS ?

ydrographics is not rocket science! Here’s a guide to understanding how amazingly simple the process of hydrographics is ! Hydrographics is just another term for water transfer printing, immersion printing, water transfer imaging, hydro dipping or cubic printing,. It is a new printing technique which can be applied on objects made out of plastic, hard wood, metal, glass and several other materials. So what goes into the process of water transfer printing

∞ PROCESS

† Step-1 First, apply All Substrate Base on the object for good film adhesion

Impresión

2k18

† Step-2 Then we use water soluble films in the process of water transfer printing. These films contain designs and graphics that can be transferred onto the product.

† Step- 3 Then, We spray the Stick Spray on the film that makes the film become thin for perfect printing.

† Step- 4 Once this is done, we simply dip the product into the water to transfer the print

† Step- 5 Then at last we apply the Top Coat for final finishing and durability of the print on the object! And, Voila! it’s done.

Impresión 2k18

Why we choose

‘Impresión’ ?

It is a "Spanish word means Printing in English. We choose this word because the readers will feels as Impression”

Impresión

2k18

Impresiรณn 2k18

Impresiรณn

2k18

Impresión

Articles inside

printing technology