Portable Energy: Lithium Ion Energy You must explain the problem solved by batteries in more detail. The problem is having small and portable electrical sources. Perhaps you could go back in history to show development of portable power from dried sticks to big batteries.Technology is one of the most primary and fundamental uses for our common daily activities. Cell phones, laptops, and GPS are the most average technology that we used for our daily activity. All of these electronics and gadgets depends on one factor which is the power source. The powers source relies on how long does the battery could last stand for long time and safety. Nickel Cadmium battery is first basic standard battery that we used for our gadgets lately but it has limitation where it could cause a ‘memory effect’. ‘Memory effect’ occur when there’s a discharge of the battery which continuously happen before a fully-charging. There’s solution discovered in the late of 1990s where most of our gadgets use lithium-ion batteries as their power sources of a portable energy and which doesn’t have any ‘memory effect’ but lithium-ion battery has recently cause to an explosion due to over-charged What do you mean by over-charged?on a certain time. However, lithium-ion battery requires 3 types of reaction that happens in every each of the lithium ion battery cells which are the positive electrode (cathode), negative electrode (anode), and the electrolyte located between the cathode and the anode. The positive electrode (cathode) is mainly made up of Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2) which is very light and conducted electricity; LiCoO2 → ← Li1-nCoO2+ nLi (+1) + ne (-1). The negative electrode (anode) is made up of graphite carbon; nLi (+1) + ne (-1) + C → ← LiyC. The electrolyte is mostly made up of an aqueous liquidation or gel of combination lithium salts such as LiPF6, LiBF4, or LIClO4. The reason of the electrolyte material is because to move freely when the positive cation or lithium ion is reacted. When a lithium ion battery is connected to the electricity, positive cation or lithium ion is produced by the positive electrode (cathode) and travels through separator called electrolyte to the negative electrode (anode). When it’s discharge, the negative electrode (anode) reacted and released positive ions through the electrolyte to the the positive electrode (cathode) called the oxidation. The negative electrons and positive ions meets up on the cathode called the reduction. The overall process is normally called as ‘Redox’ reaction (APS). Comparing to Nickel Cadmium battery, Lithium ion battery has much more improved. Lithium Ion battery has higher density which means in condition that it could store more power than the other. Lithium-Ion battery can placed round about 150 watt-hours per kilogram and Nickel metal hydride can only placed 100 watt-hours per kilogram. In condition of new lithium ion battery; lithium-ion battery could hold the battery and discharge cycle, no further charged is recommended. No ‘memory effect’ occur in lithium ion battery where only 5% charges per month are losing. Recently, lithium-ion battery degrade faster as soon as the first charge begins; where it only stand for last long 2 - 3 years. There is a chance where lithium ion battery could cause into an explosion due to highly voltage transferred of over charging and highly sensitive
to high temperature; which could degrade faster than expected. Protection of the circuit are also needed as a fundamental factor for safety which prevent overcharging (Brain). On the other hand, lithium ion battery led to a popular modern world of technology and it’s material and it’s surrounding doesn’t affect of environmentalWhat do you mean doesn’t affect environmental?. Lithium-ion battery are now used in car manufacturing where they still developing of an electricity cars using lithium-ion battery. Lithium-ion battery costly high and very expensive. Coming up of an electric cars; Tesla manufacture are launching their latest technology of electric cars called the Tesla roadster which it’s retail almost cost more than $ 100.000Use a comma; not a period. $100, 000 due to power source, lithium ion battery (Conger). Though this must be considered as it’s longevity of the battery. Not only in car manufacturing but also as an energy storage. The regular price of basic lithium ion battery cost round about $ 250 per kilowatt hour and now increasingly to $500-600 per kilowatt hour. Lithium Ion battery also categorized as environmental friendlyThere should be one paragraph just on the environment.. Lithium ion battery has less toxic because of replacement of nickel and cobalt with manganese. The battery is also known as rechargable battery which isn’t easy to dispose and even if have been dispose, it’s easy to be recycled. Overall, Lithium Ion battery is the nowadays basic innovation battery that are mainly used as daily such as laptops, mobile phones, and GPS. Other than that, it has no ‘memory effect’ like the previous battery. Though limitation may have in this battery such as chance in explosion or degrading faster than others batteries. But Lithium Ion battery were meant for striving innovation in the future; which will have developed to larger capacity in life and have been used as a central power sources of an area or city.
Work Cited: "APS." Lithium Ion Battery. American Physical Society, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http:// physicscentral.org/explore/action/lithium-1.cfm>. "Is Lithium-ion the Ideal Battery?" Advantages & Limitations of the Lithium-ion Battery. Battery University, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/ is_lithium_ion_the_ideal_battery>. BASF. "Lithium-ion Batteries: How Do They Work?" YouTube. YouTube, 17 Oct. 2011. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2PjyJhe7Q1g>. Brain, Marshall. "How Lithium-ion Batteries Work." HowStuffWorks. Stuff Nation, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/everyday-tech/lithium-ionbattery2.htm>. http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Battery-Powered/battery.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery Chicahominy. "How It's Made Lithium Ion Batteries." YouTube. YouTube, 03 Mar. 2008. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJrNCjVS0gk>. Clancy, Heather. "The Economics of Lithium-ion Battery Pricing." ZDNet. CBS Interactive, 26 July 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://www.zdnet.com/the-economics-oflithium-ion-battery-pricing-7000001587/>. Conger, Cristen. "Will Lithium-ion Batteries Power Cars?" HowStuffWorks. Stuff Nation, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/vehicles/lithiumion-battery-car2.htm>. Mitchell, Robert L. "Lithium Ion Batteries: High-tech's Latest Mountain of Waste."Computerworld. Computerworld.com, 22 Aug. 2006. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http:// blogs.computerworld.com/node/3285>. Hippler, Megan. "Environmental Advantages of Li-Ion Batteries." EHow. Demand Media, 23 Mar. 2011. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://www.ehow.com/info_8100201_environmentaladvantages-liion-batteries.html>.
Science 10 - Criterion A - One World Essay Self Assessment Underline the descriptors that match your essay. Teacher Assessment
Red highlights indicate you partially fulfilled the lower level for the descriptor. For example, if for A1a, the 3-4 “Describe” is highlighted, you achieved a 3 for that task specific clarification. Purple highlights indicate you reached fufilled the upper level for the descriptor. For example, if, for A1a, the 3-4 “Describe” is highlighted, you achieved a 4 for that task specific clarification.
Criterion A Objective & Task Specific Clarification
1 to 2
3 to 4
5 to 6
Introduction Objective A1: Explain how science is applied and how it may be used to address a specific problem or issue in a local or global context. A1a. _______ the specific problem or issue.
State
Describe
Explain
A1b. _______ the basic science related to the problem and solving the problem including any main chemical reactions.
State
Describe
Explain
Body Objective A2: Discuss the effectiveness of science and its application in solving the problem or issue. A2a. _______ the benefits of the science in solving the problem and gives example(s).
Omits
Outlines
Discuss
A2b. _______ the limitations of the science in solving the problem and gives example(s).
Omits
Outlines
Discuss
Outlines
Describes
Discuss & Evaluates
none
one
two
Objective A3. Discuss and evaluate the implications of the use and application of science interacting with two of the following factors: moral, ethical, social, economic, political, cultural & environmental. A3a. _____ interactions between science and the world.
A3b. Addresses ____ of the above factors.
Overall A score
5
Science 10 - Criterion B - One World Essay Red highlights indicate you partially fulfilled the lower level for the descriptor For example, if for A1a, the 3-4 “Describe” is highlighted, you achieved a 3 for that task specific clarification. Purple highlights indicate you reached fufilled the upper level for the descriptor. For example, if, for A1a, the 3-4 “Describe” is highlighted, you achieved a 4 for that task specific clarification.
Criterion B: Communication in Science Objective & Task Specific Clarification
1 to 2
3 to 4
5 to 6
Objective B1. Uses _______ scientific language correctly. B1a. Use relevant scientific vocabulary and concepts. B1b. Use scientific words in context.
A limited range of
some
sufficient
Objective B2. Communicates scientific information (with) ____. B2a. Write succinctly. B2b. Do NOT write in the first person. B2c. Write in complete sentences and paragraphs. B2d. Write with few grammar and spelling mistakes.
limited effectiveness
some effectiveness
effectively
Doesn’t
Partially
Correctly
some
most
all
Objective B3: Fully document sources of information. B3a. ____ use(s) MLA format to reference sources in text (Author/ title, page). B3b. In the Works Cited section cites ______ and only sources used in text using MLA format.
Overall B score
5