Heritage of The Chinese Rural Territory by Asciore_Sodano

International research for the protection of Chinese rural heritage. Thesis submitted to fulfil the requirements for the Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Degree of Architecture at the Department of Architecture. University of Naples Federico II November 2019 ÂŠ All Rights Reserved. Guido Asciore, Francesco Sodano

“Not all who wander are lost”

INDEX

01 02 03 04 05

General Analysis

Study Method

Fubao

Luocheng

Conclusions

129

CHAPTER General Analisys

THESIS ABROAD

Jiangsu Wuxi

Our research was made in collaboration with the School of Design of the Jiangnan University in Wuxi (ć&#x2014; é&#x201D;Ą), Province of the Jiangsu. We received a scholarship for an international mobility plan between the University Federico II and the Jiangnan University, and we have been there for 3 months, living and studying in the campus, in a full Chinese immersion. During our stay we had the opportunity to survey, for about one month, some of traditional villages in Western Province of China.

OUR RESEARCH

Our research is part of a larger and more complex project called “Plan 111”. The “Plan 111” is a Project initiated in 2006 by the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China and State Administration of Foreign experts’ affairs to establish innovation Centers.

The Theme will cover the research in the systems of production of services, strategies and Methodologies of Design of the Experience of the urban life System. The Goal will be to develop services and design strategies for the urban living system.

Where we are headed to?

In a China that moves so fast into the Future, villages canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t keep up with big cities.

The final stage of this process is the abandon of rural villages, last keepers of the traditions and anthropological patrimony of Chinese culture.

The price of this trend is paid by the population of rural villages that to chase a better quality of life, both from a social and an economic point of view, are forced to lose part of their cultural identity.

消失的村庄

DISAPPEARING VILLAGES Consequences of Leaving the Land

“In China, ‘Once the Villages Are Gone, the Culture is Gone” Across China, cultural traditions are under threat. Rapid urbanization means that the village life, the bedrock of Chinese culture, is rapidly disappearing, and with it, traditions and history. “Chinese culture has traditionally been rural-based,” says Feng Jicai, a well-known author and scholar. “Once the villages are gone, the culture is gone.” That is happening at a stunning rate. In 2000, China had 3.7 million villages, according to research by Tianjin University. By 2010, that figure had dropped to 2.6 million, a loss of about 300 villages a day. For decades, leaving the land was voluntary, as people moved to the cities for jobs. In the past few years, the shift has accelerated as governments have pushed urbanization, often leaving villagers with no choice but to move. China’s top leadership has equated urbanization with modernization and economic growth. Local governments are also promoting it, seeing the sale of rural land rights as a way to compensate for a weak tax base. Evicting res-

idents and selling long-term leases to developers has become a favored method for local governments to balance budgets and local officials to line their pockets. Numerous local officials are under investigation for corruption linked to rural land sales. Destroying villages and their culture also reveals deeper biases. A common insult in China is to call someone a farmer, a word equated with backwardness and ignorance, while the most valued cultural traditions are elite practices like landscape painting, calligraphy and court music. But in recent years, Chinese scholars have begun to recognize the countryside’s vast cultural heritage. A mammoth government project has cataloged roughly 9,700 examples nationwide of “intangible cultural heritage,” fragile traditions like songs, dances, rituals, martial arts, cuisines and theater. About 80 percent of them are rural.

Village Distribution China Statistical Yearbook CHGIS Counties V5 10 Rural Villages

2010

2015

2018

THE FLOATING POPULATION Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Achilles Heel

Net Migration Between Provinces Map by Fei Carnes (2010)

10 - 60.000 60.000 - 190.000 190.000 - 415.000 415.000 - 910.000 910.000 - 1.500.000 1.500.000 - 2.700.000

China is facing an internal migration crisis, the scale of which cannot be ignored. In 2012, China’s internal migratory population (both inter- and intra-provincial) exceeded 250 million people. Within that population, those without household registration, effectively illegal aliens within their own nation, known as China’s “floating population” (流动人口), exceed 160 million. Predominantly rural-to-urban migrants moving to the industrial centers of China’s eastern seaboard, this “floating population” is the disadvantaged lifeblood of the Chinese economy. The migration crisis is exacerbated by an outdated household registration policy, known in Mandarin as hukou (户口). Promulgated in 1958 by Chairman Mao, hukou operated as a method of controlling the labor force of China. Further, like the Soviet propiska system, hukou served as an internal passport, categorizing citizens as ‘rural’ or ‘urban’, ‘farmer’ or ‘intelligentsia’. Mao was keen on tracking potential dissidents, but moreover preventing

mass migration of the peasantry to the industrializing cities. Rural citizens who moved and worked in urban neighborhoods were deemed illegal aliens and denied any welfare privileges associated with citizenship. Estimations are that Chinese cities will face an influx of another 243 million migrants by 2025, taking the urban population up to nearly 1 billion people. This population of migrants would represent almost 40 percent of the total urban population, a number which is almost three times the current level. While it is often difficult to collect accurate statistical data on migrant floating populations, the number of migrants is undoubtedly quite large. In China’s largest cities, for instance, it is often quoted that at least one out of every five persons is a migrant.

人口密度

POPULATION DENSITY The Heihe-Tengchong Line

Heihe

Tengchong

腾冲市

Population Density per km2 (2010) China County Census 2010

< 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 150 - 200 200 - 300 300 - 400 400 - 500 500 - 600 600 - 700 700 - 800 800 - 900 900 - 1000 > 1000

黑河

China is the most populated country in the world and its national population density (137/km2) is similar to those of Switzerland and the Czech Republic. The overall population density of China conceals major regional variations. In 2002, about 94% of the population lived east of the Heihe–Tengchong Line, which makes up only 43% of the total land area. The Heihe–Tengchong Line (黑河–腾冲线) is an imaginary line that divides the area of China into two roughly equal parts. It stretches from the city of Heihe to Tengchong, diagonally across China. Chinese population geographer Hu Huanyong imagined the line in 1935 and called it a “geo-demographic demarcation line”. As this line was proposed in 1935, the map of China would have included Mongolia but excluded Taiwan. This imaginary line divides the territory of China as follows (going by 1935 statistics): • West of the line: 64% of the area, but only 4% of the population (1935) • East of the line: 36% of the area, but 96% of the population (1935)

Despite a large-scale urban migration mainly towards coasts but also trending south, 2002 and 2015 statistics remain nearly identical vis-à-vis the line: • West of the line: 57% of the area, but only 6% of the population (2002) • East of the line: 43% of the area, but 94% of the population (2002) The minor change in total population percent from 1935 to 2015 is attributed to Han Chinese migration to urban areas in the autonomous regions of Tibet and Xinjiang, as well as one-child policy restrictions on the majority, with exceptions for largely-minority groups west of the line. However, during the 2000-2015 period, population in the west of the line indeed grew faster than the east, but the growth wasn’t enough to budge the rounded percentages. Most of this growth was contained in the cities of Ürümqi, Lanzhou, Ordos, and Yinchuan, although some tribal non-city areas also registered high growth. After 80 years, the area west of the Heihe–Tengchong Line remains relatively rural, rugged or inhospitable, underdeveloped and poor as compared to the east.

LOOKING FOR A SOLUTION Planning What to Do

Our research is not proposed as a unique solution to such a complex and heterogeneous problem, but as a proposal of a methodology of investigation for offer from case to case an adequate and adherent response to the village being examined, offering a range of solutions from which choose the most effective one.

查找方法

FINDING A METHOD Analyzing the Problem

Research, identification and cataloguing of the material and immaterial values present in the villages. Identifying it both in formal and social terms. Using knowledge in the field of architectural relief and survey in combination with the analysis of the data, which inevitably complement each other and are necessary to provide a complete picture of the problem.

CHINESE VILLAGE General Features

Traditional Chinese village architecture refers to a historical series of architecture styles and design elements that were used in the building during the Imperial Era (221 BC â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1912 AD). There are around 1 million villages in China, about one third of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s total. Each village has an average of 916 people. A typical small-to-medium-size village is made up of perhaps 7 to 10 clans, 50 to 100 families and 500 or so people. Most of them have of individual residences and community houses such as a meeting house, religious building or ancestor hall. Sometimes the residences are grouped together. Other times they are quite spread apart. Landowners, chiefs or traders sometimes live in a larger, nicer houses than everybody else. Villages typically have a communal

well, a communal area for washing clothes, and an area for threshing grain. Sewer facilities are absent. People either go in the fields or in outhouses. If there is a road it often has a dead end. Traditional villages are relatively self-sufficient. Residents grow their own food. Their political and social units are the tribe and the village. Customs and traditions are passed down orally. Shaman and healers take care of health care. Someone in the village may sell things like cigarettes, soap, grain, sugar and cooking fuel out of their house. Many people live in villages that cannot even be reached by road. They can only be reached by walking paths or rutted cart tracks. These are often the poorest villages.

Heritage and Structure

Chinese villages and cities were planned in accordance with the principles of Feng Shui (geomancy; literally, wind and water). As the village was more important than the single building great effort were made to ensure its harmonious location and arrangement in relation to the celestial and terrestrial powers which would impinge upon it. The success of their geomantic dispositions would redound good fortune to all local inhabitants.

The principal prescription to respect were: • Principal axes North-South • Orientation of Buildings East-West • Buildings facing South • Mountain to the North (Black Turtle) • Cliffs to the East (Azure Drake) • Surrounded by river (White Tiger) • Open Field to the South (Red Phoenix)

The Forbidden City

City of Kyoto

Jiangnan University

We can see this prescription applied in a lot of Chinese and Asian urban structure. For example: • The Forbidden City • City of Kyoto • Jiangnan University

VILLAGES TYPOLOGY Shape According to Region

Despite these common features we can find almost a different building style across every region of China according to climate, orography, geology, cultural and social aspects.

STUDY AREA Territorial Overview

Chongqing Sichuan

Our research was conducted in the Province of Chongqing and Sichuan, so we have focused on their specific building typology.

Sichuan Typology

Built on a Slope Multiple Stories Pitched Roof Shared Space

Lecture on sichuanese building typology 08/2018 Prof. Wang Ye

PROVINCE TERRITORY Chongqing and Sichuan

Sichuan

Chongqing

• SICHUAN Sichuan is a landlocked province in Southwest China occupying most of the Sichuan Basin and the easternmost part of the Tibetan Plateau between the Jinsha River on the west, the Daba Mountains in the north, and the Yungui Plateau to the south. Sichuan’s capital city is Chengdu. The population of Sichuan stands at 81 million. In antiquity, Sichuan was the home of the ancient states of Ba and Shu. Their conquest by Qin strengthened it and paved the way for the Qin Shi Huang’s unification of China under the Qin dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms era, Liu Bei’s Shu was based in Sichuan. The area was devastated in the 17th century by Zhang Xianzhong’s rebellion and the area’s subsequent Manchu conquest but recovered to become one of China’s most productive areas by the 19th century. During World War II, Chongqing served as the temporary capital of the Republic of China, making it the focus of Japanese bombing. The people of Sichuan speak a unique form of Mandarin, which took shape during the area’s repopulation under the Ming. The family of dialects is now spoken by about 120 million people, which would make it the 10th most spoken language in the world if counted separately. The area’s warm damp climate long caused Chinese medicine to advocate spicy dishes; the native Sichuan pepper helped to form modern Sichuan cuisine, whose dishes, including Kung Pao chicken and Mapo tofu, have become staples of Chinese cuisine around the world. Sichuan consists of two geographically very distinct parts. The eastern part of the province is mostly within the fertile Sichuan basin (which is shared by Sichuan with Chongqing Municipality). The western Sichuan consists of the numerous mountain ranges forming the easternmost part of the Tibetan Plateau, which are known generically as Hengduan Mountains. One of these ranges, Daxue Mountains, contains the highest point of the province Gongga Shan, at 7,556 m (24,790 ft) above sea level. Due to great differences in terrain, the climate of the province is highly variable. In general it has strong monsoonal influences, with rainfall heavily concentrated in the summer. The Sichuan Basin (including Chengdu) in the eastern half of the province experiences a humid subtropical climate with long, hot, wet summers and short, mild to cool, dry and cloudy winters. Consequently, it has China’s lowest sunshine totals. The western region has mountainous areas producing a cooler but sunnier climate. Having cool to very cold winters and mild summers, temperatures generally decrease with greater elevation.

• CHONGQING Chongqing is a major city in southwest China. Administratively, it is one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of central government of the People’s Republic of China (the other three are Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin), and the only such municipality located far away from the coast. It is the largest city proper in the world.] The Chongqing administrative municipality has a population of over 30 million, spread over an area the size of Austria. The city of Chongqing made of 9 urban and suburban districts has a population of 8,518,000 as of 2016. According to the 2010 census, Chongqing is the most populous Chinese municipality, and also the largest direct-controlled municipality in China, containing 26 districts, eight counties, and four autonomous counties. The official abbreviation of the city, “Yú” (渝), was approved by the State Council on 18 April 1997. This abbreviation is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing and feeds into the Yangtze River. Chongqing has a significant history and culture. Being one of China’s National Central Cities, it serves as the economic center of the upstream Yangtze basin. It is a major manufacturing center and transportation hub; a July 2012 report by the Economist Intelligence Unit described it as one of China’s “13 emerging megalopolises”. Chongqing is situated at the transitional area between the Tibetan Plateau and the plain on the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the sub-tropical climate zone often swept by moist monsoons. It often rains at night in late spring and early summer, and thus the city is famous for its “night rain in the Ba Mountains”, as described by poems throughout Chinese history including the famous Written on a Rainy Night-A Letter to the North by Li Shangyin. The municipality reaches a maximum width of 470 kilometres (290 mi) from east to west, and a maximum length of 450 km (280 mi) from north to south. It borders the following provinces: Hubei in the east, Hunan in the southeast, Guizhou in the south, Sichuan in the west and northwest, and Shaanxi to the north in its northeast corner.

研究村庄

STUDIED VILLAGES

Chengdu

We first moved into Chongqing, the largest city in the World, counting a population over 30 million spread over an area the size of Austria. Near Chongqing we visited the villages of Ciqikou and Laitan. After that we moved into Chengdu, capital of the Sichuan Province, covering an area of the size of French, and one of the three most-populous cities in Western China counting a population of over 14 million. Chengdu is now one of the most important economic, financial, commercial, cultural, transportation, and communication centers in Western China. Near Chengdu we visited the villages of Fubao and Luocheng.

Luocheng

100 km 30

Laitan

Ciqikou

Chongqing

Fubao

磁器口

CIQIKOU

The Little Chongqing

Ciqikou Ancient Town, formerly known as Longyinzhen Town, National AAAA Grade Scenic Area and Chinese Historical and Cultural Street. Ciqikou Ancient Town is located on the Jialing River in Shapingba District of Chongqing City. Ciqikou Ancient Town is located at the east latitude of 116°42′ north latitude 39°89′. It is an ancient folk culture town with a history of more than 1,000 years. The terrain is adjacent to the Jialing River, and between the Gele Mountain, Jinbi Mountain, Ma’an Mountain and Fenghuang Mountain. The streets are mostly Ming and Qing style buildings. Ciqikou Ancient Town is the birthplace of Shaxi Culture. It was built in the Song Dynasty (998-1003) and has a unique landform of “One River, Two Streams, Three Hills and Four Streets”, forming a natural harbor and an important water and land terminal on the Jialing River. Ciqikou Ancient Town is rich in Bayu culture, religious culture, sand magnetic culture, Hongyan culture and folk culture, each with its own characteristics. A stone road, the Millennium Ciqikou, is the epitome and symbol of the ancient city of Chongqing and is praised as “Little Chongqing”. Ciqikou Ancient Town has developed traditional performances such as oil extraction, sugar making and Sichuan opera, as well as various traditional snacks and teahouses. The Ciqikou Temple Fair held every Spring Festival is the most characteristic traditional activity, It attracts tens thousands of people to participate in the exhibition In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, porcelain became the main industry of Ciqikou Town for a long time. Later, as the process progressed, the variety of porcelain increased, and the reputation also expanded. In Ciqikou Town, there are more than 70 porcelain industries. Because of the convenient transportation of water, Ciqikou Town became a distribution center for

agricultural and sideline products of various states, counties and tributaries along the Yangtze River in the upper and middle reaches of the Jialing River. Some large merchants in the city opened branches in Ciqikou to purchase goods. According to statistics, there are more than 300 cargo ships (each with a load of 10 tons per ship) entering and leaving the terminal every day. There are more than 1,670 traders, warehouses and workshops, and more than 760 vendors. There is also professional wooden bamboo street, iron goods street, ceramic street and pig market. These merchants gradually changed their name for Longyin Town and called it a porcelain mouth. And therefore, they started calling it, Ciqikou Town. After the liberation, the Ciqikou is still prosperous. The past business travels are endless, and it is known as “Little Chongqing.” In 1958, the dock was moved to Hangu Road, and the role of the Ciqikou in the distribution center and transit station of the water and land terminal gradually disappeared. In order to preserve this relic of rich history and culture, the government has developed and restored the architectural style of the Ming and Qing Dynasties and developed Ciqikou Town into a cultural and cultural attraction. It is the closest ancient town landscape to the main city of Chongqing. It is a rare and quaint traditional cultural and historical block. Its distinctive ethnic and regional characteristics show its vitality and strong attraction. More than 3 million guests came to visit and travel yearly. Through the successful holding of many activities, the Ciqikou Ancient Town is regarded as the “microcosm of Chongqing”, making the local traditional history and culture effective. Inheritance, manifestation and development.

LAITAN

The Fortress Between the Mountain

Laitan it is located 28 kilometers northeast of Hechuan District, Chongqing City. It was built in the Song Dynasty. It is one of the first historical and cultural towns in China, one of the top ten ancient towns in China, and the first batch of “the most beautiful villages and towns in China. The city was renovated in the first year of Qing Dynasty. On June 10, 2015, the Laitan Ancient Town Scenic Area was officially approved by the National Tourism Administration as a national AAAA (4A) scenic spot. The Wenchang Palace in the Qing Dynasty was well preserved, and the woodcut relief of the ancient theater building was amazing. The city was built in Xianfeng years and covers an area of 0.25 square kilometers. The four gates are symmetrically cross-shaped. The walls are 7 meters high and 2.5 meters wide. In order to prevent the enemy army from entering Sichuan, a huge reinforcement and maintenance was carried out during the Tongzhi years, and the defensive facilities built around the entire ancient village were built. The walls basically maintained the original style of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. There is a Taiping Pool for fire protection on the street, which is inscribed as the “first year of Tongzhi”. The narrow street and a road remained untouched trough time and is an ancient witness of the past generations. The two Buddhist temples built on the hills are also incredible, and they are a feng shui treasures. The ancient town of Laitan is divided into the upper and the bottom. It is located on the peak mountain of the Xiongshiqu River. The wall is high,

such as the dragon and the tiger. The ancient village also preserves the appearance of the old castle, with narrow curved but well-preserved stone street alleys, and more than 400 Qing Dynasty houses. The small blue tile building with wooden structure is basically the original style of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, simple and elegant. As early as 1956, due to the late Tang stone inscriptions, the ancient towns of the Song Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty dwellings and a large number of intact and relatively concentrated cultural relics were announced as key cultural relics of Sichuan Province. In 1995, it was declared as a famous historical and cultural town in Sichuan Province. In 2002, it was announced by the Chongqing Municipal Government as the first batch of historical and cultural towns and towns in Chongqing. In November 2003, Laitan Town was rated as the first batch of the top ten history in China due to its rich cultural relics, high historical and cultural value, strong Baxi culture and historical preservation. The famous cultural town was announced as a national key cultural relic protection unit in May 2006. Among the two Buddhist temples in the ancient town, there are the largest Zen rock carvings in the country. There are 42 well-preserved main caves, all of which have more than 1,700 statues. The main Buddha statue, Sakyamuni Buddha (the two Buddhas), is 12.5 meters high. It is not only the crown of the temple, but also one of the famous big Buddhas in China.

FUBAO

Paradigm of Mountain Architecture

Fubao Town, Hejiang County is located at the junction of Sichuan and Chongqing, on the southern edge of the Sichuan Basin. It is a national AAA-level scenic spot, a provincial-level small town and a historical and cultural ancient town. Fubao Ancient Town is one of the top ten ancient towns in Sichuan Province. It was built in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties. Fubao Town is 42 kilometers away from Heijiang County, 103 kilometers away from Chenzhou and surrounded by mountains. The town economy is dominated by grain, animal husbandry, forestry and tourism. The charm of Fubao Ancient Town lies in its cultural implications. Zhangye Temple, Wanshou Palace, Xizi Pavilion and ancient town residents have historical, cultural and ornamental values. Fubao Town retains folk art such as Gaosheng folk songs, folk instrumental music performances, traditional light plays and pipa operas with strong local characteristics. Fubao Town is one of the top ten ancient towns in Sichuan Province. In 1992, Xiuzhu, Suzi, Yuanxing and Qilongzhuang were merged. In 1997, the area was 267.9 square kilometers and the population was 34,000. It administers 29 Administrative Village and 4 neighborhood committees. In 2002, with an area of 267.9 square kilometers, it has jurisdiction over 29 administrative villages with 148 villager groups and 4 neighbor-

hood committees with a total population of 336,42, including 29,438 agricultural population. In 2004, the area was 267.9 square kilometers, governing 29 villages and 1 community, with a total population of 35,000, including 28,956 agricultural population. As of the end of 2015, there were 13,332 households and 38,294 people in Fubao Town. There are 28,524 non-agricultural population, with a total labor force of 18,529 and a foreign population of 645. In 2017, the total population was 24,456. In 2015, the town invested 273 thousand yuan and widened the hardened road by 8.1 kilometers. The mobile, telecommunications and China Unicom networks covered the whole town, and basically realized the telephones of households; completed the renovation of six dangerous reservoirs. The whole town has secured the construction of safe drinking water; the town has completed the transformation of all rural farm nets and improved the quality of rural residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; electricity consumption; the whole town has credit institutions, postal savings and other financial institutions; financial investment of 2.08 million yuan to transform Fubaochang Town Sewage network, investing 4.11 million yuan for the construction of ancient town protection facilities, beautifying the environment of the town.

LUOCHENG

The Boat-Shaped Town on the Mountain Top

Luocheng is affiliated to Qianwei County, Leshan City, Sichuan Province, 24 kilometers northeast of the county, 60 kilometers away from Leshan City, with a total area of 95 square kilometers. In 2015, 268 village groups in 26 villages and 3 communities were included in Luocheng Township. The group has a total population of 35,458 (2017). The leading industries of Luocheng are salt brine, coal, plastics and machinery manufacturing. The characteristic occupation are beef cattle breeding and deep processing of beef. The tertiary industry is mainly trade and tourism. It has been rated as the first batch of historical and cultural towns in the province. Luocheng Township relies on the core scenic spot of the unique boat-shaped street in the country, extending to the Tieshan Lake sightseeing and entertainment belts, vigorously developing tourism, creating a national 4A-level scenic spot, expanding and strengthening the cultural tourism industry, and economic and social development go hand in hand. On January 9, 2018, Luocheng Ancient Town was officially approved as a national AAAA-level scenic spot. Due to the terrain, the town looks like a ship on the top of the mountain from a distance and is known as a “top of the boat.” The main street of the ancient town, Liang Guan Street, is commonly known as the “boatshaped street” and is said to be the only boat-shaped

street in China. The street runs from north to south, with narrow ends and wide middle, high-rise buildings in the street and the Lingguan Temple at the end of the street is like a cabin. On both sides of the street are old wooden doors and black-roofed houses. The eaves on the side of the street are particularly large, forming a rare corridor called “Liangfangzi”, all wearing a wooden structure, like a canopy. On both sides of the “boat-shaped street” are long-row old tile houses with wooden structure. The support point is more than one hundred standing on the hexagonal strip. Old logs on the stone pillars. For centuries, Luocheng people have been drinking, eating meat, drinking tea, listening to small songs, smoking leaf tobacco, selling dog skin plasters, and enjoying the red dust of the human world under the “cooling room” that is not afraid of the rain and the sun. Various shop such as clothing stores, snack shops, department stores, grocery stores, hardware stores, hairdressers, burials Shops, hotels, tea houses, martial arts halls, shoe houses, photo studios, karaoke bars, clinics, among which the number of teahouses is the largest, about a dozen.

CHAPTER

Study Method

的方法

THE PROCESS Method Explained

OBJECTIVE

SURVEY

• Facing the standards • Define goals • Define criteria • Define indicators

• General framework • Mapping • Drawings

EVALUATION CONCLUSIONS • Collect data • Specify indicators • Indicators overview • Processing data

• Project proposal

WORLD EYEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S ON THE PROBLEM Bulding our objective and criteria

Intangible Cultural Heritage (UNESCO)

China National Turism Administration (CNTA)

INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE (UNESCO): Define how to approach and protect a meaningful habit, cataloguing them. An intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is a practice, representation, expression, knowledge, or skill, as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts, and cultural spaces that are considered by UNESCO to be part of a place’s cultural heritage. Intangible cultural heritage is considered by Member States of UNESCO in relation to the tangible World Heritage focusing on intangible aspects of culture. In 2001, UNESCO made a survey among States and NGOs to try to agree on a definition, and the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage was drafted in 2003 for its protection and promotion. The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage defines the intangible cultural heritage as the practices, representations, expressions, as well as the knowledge and skills (including instruments, objects, artifacts, cultural spaces), that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. It is sometimes called living cultural heritage, and is manifested inter alia in the following domains: • Oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of the intangible cultural heritage; • Performing arts; • Social practices, rituals and festive events; • Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe; • Traditional craftsmanship Cultural heritage in general consists of the products and processes of a culture that are preserved and passed on through the generations. Some of that heritage takes the form of cultural property, formed by tangible artefacts such as buildings or works of art. Many parts of culture, however, are intangible, including song, music, dance, drama, skills, cuisine, crafts and festivals. They are forms of culture that can be recorded but cannot be touched or stored in physical form, like in a museum, but only experienced through a vehicle giving expression to it. These cultural vehicles are called “Human Treasures” by the UN. According to the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, the intangible cultural heritage (ICH) – or living heritage – is the mainspring of humanity’s cultural diversity and its maintenance a guarantee for continuing creativity. It is defined as follows: Intangible Cultural Heritage means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. For the purposes of this Convention, consideration will be given solely to such intangible cultural heritage as is compatible with existing international human rights instruments, as well as with the requirements of mutual respect among communities, groups and individuals, and of sustainable development. In the list of Intangible Cultural Heritage by country China appear to have the highest number with 40 elements protected.

CHINA NATIONAL TOURISM ADMINISTRATION (CNTA): Catalog the villages and give to them a score for their Tourism appeal, from lower (1A) to highest (5A). The formulation of this standard aims to strengthen the management of tourist attractions, improve the service quality of tourist attractions, promote the development, utilization and environmental protection of tourism resources in China. In the process of formulation, this standard summarizes the management experience of domestic tourist attractions and directly quotes some national standards. At the same time, according to the implementation of GB/T 17775-1999 “Classification and Evaluation of Quality Grades of Scenic Spots” from 1999 to the present, some contents have been revised on the basis of the original standards, making it more in line with the development of tourist attractions. The quality level is determined by the National standards of People’s Republic of China (GB/T 17775-2003 for GB/T 17775-1999). Tourist classification and evaluation of scenic quality rating. This standard stipulates the basis, conditions and basic requirements for the classification of tourist scenic spots. This standard is applicable to all types of tourist attractions that host tourists at home and abroad, including tourist attractions with natural and human landscapes. The legislation present in these standards are: GB 3095-1996 Ambient Air Quality Standard GB 3096-1993 Urban Area Environmental Noise Standard GB 3838 surface water environmental quality standard GB 8978 Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard GB 9664 cultural and recreational places health standards GB 9667 swimming place hygiene standard GB/T 10001.1 for public information graphic symbols - Part 1: General symbols < GB/T 10001.12000, neq ISO7001: 1990) GB/T 15971-1995 guide service quality GB 16153 restaurant (restaurant) hygiene standard GB/T 16767 amusement park (field) safety and service quality The indicators for this analysis are: 1. Tourism traffic 2. Tour 3. Travel Safety 4. Hygiene 5. Post and telecommunications services 6. Tourism Shopping 7. Management 8. Protection of resources and the environment 9. Attractiveness of tourism resources 10. Market attraction 11. Tourism Flow 12. Satisfaction Rate

Eu Smart-Cities Information (EU)

Agenda 2030 (ONU)

EU SMART CITIES INFORMATION (EU): The Smart Cities Information System (SCIS) is a knowledge platform to exchange data, experience and know-how and to collaborate on the creation of smart cities, providing a high quality of life for its citizens in a clean, energy efficient and climate friendly urban environment. SCIS brings together project developers, cities, research institutions, industry, experts and citizens from across Europe. Launched with support from the European Commission, SCIS encompasses data, experience and stories collected from completed, ongoing and future projects. Focusing on energy, mobility & transport and ICT, SCIS showcases solutions in the fields of energy-efficiency in buildings, energy system integration, sustainable energy solutions on district level, smart cities and communities and strategic sustainable urban planning. Projects in the scope of SCIS are mostly co-funded by the European Commission, for instance, the 12 Horizon 2020 Smart Cities and Communities (SCC1) projects (such as Triangulum, Sharing Cities or Stardust), the 7th Framework Program projects CELSIUS and Cityzen, among other. The activities of the project included: • the gathering, management, analysis of the data from all demonstration projects managed by DG Energy/the executive agencies supervised by DG Energy of the Concerto program, the smart cities and communities projects, and the energy efficient buildings PPP projects of the FP7 and Horizon 2020 calls; • the provision of interdisciplinary scientific expertise from relevant disciplines with respect to European Union energy and climate change policies; • the dissemination of results in view of facilitating roll-out of the demonstrated best-practices. As outcomes, SCIS: • Collected valuable data and expertise from smart cities demonstration projects and sites and channelled them into a comprehensive database to promote replication of projects; • Presented a thematic overview of projects with a focus on technologies and expertise in fields such as energy-efficient buildings, districts and cities, sustainable energy, geothermal communities, sustainable urban planning, low-carbon cities and zero-energy neighbourhoods; • Offered an outline of renewable energy sources and low-carbon technologies and examples of their use; • Established best practice by analysing and visualising project results, enabling project developers and cities to learn and replicate; • Identified barriers and pointed out lessons learnt, with the aim of finding better solutions for technology implementation and replication, and policy development; • Provided recommendations to policy makers on support and policy actions needed to address market gaps.

AGENDA 2030 (ONU): The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 for the year 2030. The SDGs are part of Resolution 70/1 of the United Nations General Assembly, the 2030 Agenda. The Sustainable Development Goals are: 1. No Poverty 2. Zero Hunger 3. Good Health and Well-being 4. Quality Education 5. Gender Equality 6. Clean Water and Sanitation 7. Affordable and Clean Energy 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth 9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure 10. Reducing Inequality 11. Sustainable Cities and Communities 12. Responsible Consumption and Production 13. Climate Action 14. Life Below Water 15. Life On Land 16. Become Brundtland 17. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions 18. Partnerships for the Goals. The goals are broad based and interdependent. The 18 sustainable development goals each have a list of targets which are measured with indicators. Key to making the SDGs successful is to make the data on the 17 goals available and understandable. Various tools exist to track and visualize progress towards the goals. There are 169 targets for the 17 goals. Each target has between 1 and 3 indicators used to measure progress toward reaching the targets. In total, there are 232 approved indicators that will measure compliance. The United Nations Development Program has been asked to provide easy to understand lists of targets, facts and figures for each of the 17 SDGs.

GOALS After a first step of studying the existing research on the same or similar topic we thought that the existent goals or objective are not totally representative of such complex and heterogeneous problem so we defined the Goals to achieve in order to reactivate, regenerate and enhance the villages.

CLOSE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN CITY AND VILLAGES

The villages are often isolated not only from an infrastructure point of view but also from communication, service and telematic point of view. This situation leaves the villages and the villagers without any possibility to stay in their villages without sacrificing some essential benefit. Using internet or be able to reach a near city/village in a reasonable time are just two example of what villagers has to live without to stay in their villages. One of the most important goal should be, then, close this distance, allowing the villages and the villagers to reach and have anything they need to live comfortably.

PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH

Villages economy are built mostly on agriculture and trade with near villages, others economic field are underdeveloped, leaving the villagers with few opportunities to grow up. So, aiming to an economic development that attempts to satisfy the needs of humans but in a manner that sustains natural resources and the environment for future generations. An economy functions in the ecosystem and able to regenerate itself working together towards a common goal. Creating a healthy, safe and sustainable market, improving the economic growth and enhance the villages strengths is a key factor for a successful action.

PRESERVE THE MATERIAL HERITAGE

Chinese traditional villages are the last keepers of the ancient Chinese culture. In this villages we can find the witness of the architecture and the design of the Chinese Imperial Era. We can find unique and historical building typology other than Operas and Temples typical of a culture old over 5000 years. Preserve this architectural treasure is a priority in order to save the heritage and the history of the Chinese culture other than offer to the villages opportunities to grow up their economy and the community interest in their treasure.

CONTROL THE TREND OF THE FLOATING POPULATION

Chinese internal migration is one of the biggest issues in modern China, most of the population in their working age are leaving the small villages for big Cities. Forced to leave behind their homeland, their family and their cultural root to work at hundreds or even thousands of kilometers away. This migration creates a great disparity between the population, actually there are only elderly and children leftover in the villages. Creating a reason to stay or even going back to the villages is one of key for a successful action to improve the villages conditions.

SAFEGUARD OF THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE

CREATE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE VILLAGERS

China is the first country in number of intangible cultural heritage, over 40, and most of them are located in the villages. In a country with such a long history and covering such a vast area there are countless difference between villages and their habits, culture and customs. There are 56 different ethnic groups in China and each one of them has their language, belief, customs and cultural activities, every one of them is worth of being shared and being known from the new generations. In this rich and heterogeneous scenario, intangible cultural heritage is a priority to safeguard and to valorize.

One of the main reasons why people leave villages is the lack of opportunities. In most of traditional village there are no job opportunities for the younger generation, possibility of a good education and an overall absence of possibility to improve their quality of life. Looking into a solution for the villages canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be found without creating possibility for the villagers and creating reasons for the younger resident to stay in their villages. New jobs, new opportunities and the possibility to improve their quality of life is a nodal point to solve.

DEVELOPE SERVICE AND INFRASTRUCTURE

One of the main reasons of the abandon of the traditional villages is the lack of service and infrastructure. Most of the time the road connection between villages and between the village and the nearest city is inappropriate, most of them donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have a train station and even the mobility within the village is hard and complicated. This problem is highlighted while studying the orography of the villages that are mostly surrounded by mountains. The isolation of the villages is manifested also in the absence of wired connection. Fixing the isolation of the village and provide them all the service and infrastructure needed is a priority.

RECONNECT NEW AND OLD CHINA TRADITIONS

Traditional Chinese villages are the last keeper of old tradition, habits and architectonic style of the Imperial Era and abandoning the villages mean abandoning this Cultural Heritage. On the other hand, new cities are built in a new architectonical style and traditional habits had very little space in the frenetic and chaotic lifestyle of the big Chinese cities. Reconnect these new habits with the old traditions is a crucial goal to achieve, new architecture can coexist with traditional one making possible to know better architecture, design and habits of their own Chinese traditions.

CRITERIA

Introducing Criteria and Indicators To defining the main characteristic of the village we found necessary to analyze 29 Indicators, divided in 5 Criteria.

ARCHITECTURE Foundation Year Territorial Extension Average Slope Residential Buildings Commercial Buildings Main Street Opera Temple Public Buildings

TOURISM Tourist Info Tourist Flow Satisfaction Rate Market Quality Renown

ACCESSIBILITY Distance from Prefecture Distance from County Bus Station Train Station Mobile Connection Wired Connection

ENVIROMENT Environment Protection Hygiene Safety Natural Attraction Architectonic Attraction

SOCIAL Total Population Density Cultural Activities Food Specialties

SURVEY Collected Data

GENERAL FRAMEWORK • Sub-national division • Studying the charts • Matching with photos

MAPPING • UAV survey • Building a 3d mesh • Field surveying • Search formal chinese rule • Cross check

DRAWINGS • Map making • Road cross section • Focus on main building

EVALUATION Collected Data

CHINESE GOVERNAMENT DATA • China statistical yearbook • Province gov data • Tourist site standards • Villages standards

BIBLIOGRAPHY • Hystorical data • Sichuan house tipology

DRAWINGS • Territorial data • Spatial data • Distance data

WEB MAPPING • Area survey • Distances • Nearby attraction

FIELD SURVEYING • Photo survey • Direct measurement

INTERNET RESEARCH • Spare data • Fact checking • Cultural activities 53

CHAPTER

FUBAO Paradigm of mountainous architecture

SURVEY

OBJECTIVE

SURVEY

EVALUATION

CONCLUSIONS

• General framework • Mapping • Drawings

TERRITORIAL FRAMEWORK

Pefecture of Luzhou Fubao Hejiang County

北

The town covers an area of 425 square kilometers, administers 29 administrative villages, 148 agricultural production cooperatives, 4 neighborhood committees, 33 resident groups, with a total population of 24,456 (2017). It is the gateway of the national-level Fubao Forest Park. The ancient town was built in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and has reached hundreds of people in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. It was a giant town and has become a political, economic and cultural exchange center of the Dagu River Basin. When the town was built, it was extremely inconvenient for transportation and it was difficult to make a living. Later, after rebuilding after fire, a pebbled stone with a diameter of seven feet was dug in the street. After over 500 years of vicissitudes, Fubao Ancient Town still preserves the previous architectural pattern. In the 0.3 square kilometers town, 95 percent are Ming and Qing buildings; there are more than 100 ancient shops and Sangong Eight Temples. Fubao Town is a subtropical climate zone with vegetation in the evergreen broad-leaved forest belt. The town is rich in natural species, and there are rare plant mites, metasequoia and yew, which are protected by the state. There are many kinds of wild animals, including hundreds of leopard cats, wild boars, monkeys, goats, bamboo cows and bamboo chickens. The ancient town is surrounded by mountains and rivers, the five bridges are connected, the town is surrounded by green hills and the riverside. The rows of the buildings are in a variety of ways, rowing and sloping wooden buildings with the mountain’s ups and downs. The small street in the town is only three or four meters wide. The narrow place can only accommodate one person. The whole department is covered with stone slabs. The stone steps rise and fall, and the rafters stretch forward. Most of the houses are wooden structures in the Ming and Qing styles. The gray tiles, white walls and stone slabs have the typical style of houses in southern Sichuan. The temples, stupas, sculp-

tures and paintings remain in the Sangong and Eight Temples of the ancient town exude a long history of culture and architectural art. Fubao Town is located in the national AAA-level scenic spot. The development prospect is very broad. Mobile phones have gradually become popular. Mobile communication and program-controlled telephones have been opened in the scenic spot. In combination with the central government’s implementation of the great development of the western region, Fubao Town put forward the strategy of implementing the tourism town, building the Fubao Scenic Area into an important tourist attraction in the Golden Triangle of Sichuan, Chongqing and Guizhou, and building a strong town for eco-tourism. Focusing on the tourism town strategy, Fubao Town has done three aspects of work: First, Fubao, as a provincial town pilot town, must speed up the pace of building towns and improve the tourism service function. Through 5-10 years of hard work, the town area will reach 2.5. Square kilometers; the second is to improve the development of the ancient town, restore the “Sangong and Eight Temples” to increase tourist attractions; the third is to accelerate the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure, the development of tourism products, from Fubao tea shop to Yulanshan Highway On both sides, a 10,000-mu eco-tourism green economy corridor will be built, and tourism agriculture and leisure agriculture will be vigorously developed, and the scenic sightseeing environment will be improved to add a beautiful landscape to Fobao Scenic Area. Fubao has a simple folk style and strong local cultural characteristics. Folk songs such as Yangge, Yaogu, Yi and Yu opera are highly praised by experts from both inside and outside the province.

VILLAGE DESCRIPTION

ĺ&#x152;&#x2014;

Cartography of Fubao, in black the ancient town, in grey the new buildings.

北

We have chosen to focus on the public building of the village, in this specific case is the Tea Garden.

ĺ&#x152;&#x2014;

Main entrance Main road Public building Temple

UAV SURVEY Fly Path and Details

DJI MAVIC AIR

SCHEDA TECNICA • Dimension: open 168 × 184 × 64 mm • Camera: fov: 85° 35 mm equivalent: 24 mm Aperture: f / 2.8 Shooting distance: from 0.5 ma • Photo size: 4: 3: 4056 × 3040 16: 9: 4056 × 2280 • Video risolution: 4k ultra hd: 3840 × 2160 24/25 / 30p full hd: 1920 × 1080 24/25/30/48/50/60 / 120p

After a generic survey of the area we used an UAV to survey the old villages. We use a DJI Mavic Air.

VIDEO NUMBER

20 TOT. VIDEO LENGHT

35:36 min VIDEO QUALITY

3840x2160 CAPTURED FRAME

1 fps PHOTO NUMBER

1980 å&#x152;&#x2014;

Spare Point Cloud & Dense Point Cloud

We used the Zephyr Aerial software to process and align the frame extracted from the UAV videos and we managed to elaborate a Spare Point Cloud.

TIE POINTS 637.975

A Dense Point Cloud

TIE POINTS 20 mln 66

Triangular Mesh

FACES: 5 mln VERTEX: 10 mln 67

FUBAO CROSS SECTION Elevation and Function

See Annex A

TEA GARDEN

Front Elevation

8,75

(-0,40) 5,30

4,40 15,00

5,30

北

Ground Floor Height 1.20 m

10,20 11,50

(0,80) 22,70

5,00 (0,30)

10,20

4,70 (0,00)

3,00

8,00

3,00

0,50

北

First Floor Height 4.20 m

(0,80)

(0,30) 7,50

(2,15)

(2,60) 2,20

14,00

北

Roof Plan

北

Cross Section

2,10

2,30 8,00 2,20

(0,80) 2,75

7,85 15,00

2,75

北

Left Longitudinal Section

9,15

4,05

3,40 2,30

5,00

5,00 12,60

9,70 23,50

北

Right Longitudinal Section

4,804,80 4,80 2,302,30 2,30 8,208,20 8,20 2,202,20 2,20 4,254,25 4,25 1,801,80 1,80

9,809,80 9,80

12,6012,6012,60 22,4022,4022,40

0 0

01m 1m 1m

北

EVALUATION

OBJECTIVE

SURVEY

EVALUATION

CONCLUSIONS

• Collect data • Specify indicators • Indicators overview • Processing data

ARCHITECTURE

FOUNDATION YEAR

MAIN STREET

14TH C. TERRITORIAL EXTENSION

OPERA

267 KMÂ² AVERAGE SLOPE

TEMPLE

6,3% RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

76,5% COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

23,5% SOURCES: 88

PUBLIC BUILDINGS

ENVIROMENT

ENVIROMENT PROTECTION (GB 3095-1996)

Low HYGIENE (GB 9664)

Low SAFETY (GB/T 16767)

High NATURAL ATTRACTION

3 ARCHITECTONIC ATTRACTION

2 SOURCES: 89

旅游

TOURISM

TOURIST INFO (GB/T 10001.1)

Low TOURIST FLOW

15.000

tourist yearly

SATISFACTION RATE

Low MARKET QUALITY

Low RENOWN

Low SOURCES: 90

可及性

ACCESSIBILITY

DISTANCE FROM PREFECTURE

95 km Fubao

BUS STATION

TRAIN STATION Luzhou

01:41h

MOBILE

DISTANCE FROM COUNTY

42 km Fubao

CONNECTIONS

WIRED Hejiang

CONNECTIONS

01:11h

SOURCES: 91

SOCIETY

TOTAL POPULATION

(2001CENSUS)

28396 ab. CULTURAL ACTIVITIES

3 FEMALE

13718 ab. MALE

14678 ab.

DENSITY

106 ab/km FOOD SPECIALITIES

2 0-14 YEAR OLD

6751 ab. 5-64 YEAR OLD

18876 ab. 65+ YEAR OLD

2769 ab. SOURCES: 93

CHAPTER

LUOCHENG The boat-shaped town on the mountain top

SURVEY

OBJECTIVE

SURVEY

EVALUATION

CONCLUSIONS

• General framework • Mapping • Drawings

TERRITORIAL FRAMEWORK

Prefecture of Leshan

Luocheng Qianwei County

北

The village of Luocheng is located in the province of Sichuan, Prefecture of Leshan, Qianwei County. The ancient town of Luocheng in Qianwei County was built in the late Ming Dynasty (AD 1628) and formed in the Qing Dynasty. It is built on the top of an elliptical hill. The main street is a boat-shaped structure, long from east to west, short in north and south, 209 meters long and 9.5 meters wide. Its shape is like a boat, but also a shuttle in the clouds, so it has another name for “a shuttle in the cloud.” Looking down from a height, it is more like a big ship resting on the top of the mountain. The street is the bottom of the ship. The building on both sides are the ship’s side. The theater in the middle is the cabin. The Linguan Temple in the east is like the tail of a big ship. The lamp-stone column is like the raft of a large ship. The 22-meter-long street building on the right side of the Lingguan Temple (unfortunately no longer exists) is like a rudder. If you look at the distance, you will see that this magnificent, strange and unique wooden boat is sailing, so more people call it: “boat on mountain top”. Under the two sides of the eaves that make up the “boat side”, tea houses, wine cellars, stalls, shops are scattered, tea, alcohol, shopping and trading, people come and go, lively and enjoying life. What is commendable is that the aisles in front of the houses on both sides of the “boat side” are spacious enough to ensure that the passing pedestrians on the streets are not exposed

to the sun, and the rain does not soak the shoes. The town has an area of 39,627 acres of arable land, including 8,685 acres of soil. As of 2015, the town has developed 8700 acres of tea and 1300 acres of jasmine flowers. A total of 1265 acres of walnuts, citrus and plums, 1,500 acres of rare seedlings, 1000 acres of Chinese herbal medicines, 1020 acres of Amomum. “Ship-shaped Street” was built on an oval hill. According to research, this layout is a clever, ingenious, quaint “boat-shaped street” that was built in the late Ming Dynasty. In the meantime, its architectural style is in the form of a traditional wooden frame in the traditional residence of southern Sichuan. After more than 300 years of ups and downs, it has not changed its ship shape. Because “Ship-shaped Street” is seen from the sky, it is like a weaving shuttle. Therefore, it is also known as “a ship on the top of the mountain, a shuttle in the clouds.” The promenade on both sides of the “boat-shaped street” was called “the cool hall” by the local people. It is called “the rainy market” from people. People drink tea, watch movies, watch lights, and play chess in the cool hall. Architectural archaeologists said that the discovery of “Ship-shaped Street” has a new understanding of people studying ancient Chinese architecture. This kind of building in the form of a wooden frame is more resistant to earthquakes.

VILLAGE DESCRIPTION

100

ĺ&#x152;&#x2014;

Cartography of Luocheng, in black the ancient town, in grey the new buildings.

101

北

102

We have chosen to focus on the public building of the village, in this specific case is the Opera.

ĺ&#x152;&#x2014;

Main entrance Main road Public building Temple

103

UAV SURVEY Fly Path and Details

DJI MAVIC AIR

104

After a generic survey of the area we used an UAV to survey the old villages. We use a DJI Mavic Air.

VIDEO NUMBER

6 TOT. VIDEO LENGHT

7:18 min VIDEO QUALITY

3840x2160 CAPTURED FRAME

3 fps PHOTO NUMBER

1478 å&#x152;&#x2014;

105

Spare Point Cloud & Dense Point Cloud

We used the Photoscan software to process and align the frame extracted from the UAV videos and we managed to elaborate a Spare Point Cloud.

TIE POINTS 756.708

A Dense Point Cloud

TIE POINTS 11 mln 106

Triangular Mesh

FACES: 3 mln VERTEX: 1,5 mln 107

LUOCHENG CROSS SECTION Elevation and Function

108

See Annex B

109

OPERA

111

Front Elevation

112

北

113

后仰

114

Rear Elevation

北

115

Ground Floor Height 1.50 m

116

北

117

Roof Plan

118

北

119

EVALUATION

OBJECTIVE

SURVEY

EVALUATION

CONCLUSIONS

• Collect data • Specify indicators • Indicators overview • Processing data

121

ARCHITECTURE

FOUNDATION YEAR

MAIN STREET

17TH c. TERRITORIAL EXTENSION

OPERA

95 KMÂ² AVERAGE SLOPE

TEMPLE

1,1% RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

30% COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

70% SOURCES: 122

PUBLIC BUILDINGS

ENVIROMENT

ENVIROMENT PROTECTION (GB 3095-1996)

Medium HYGIENE (GB 9664)

Low SAFETY (GB/T 16767)

High NATURAL ATTRACTION

3 ARCHITECTONIC ATTRACTION

13 SOURCES: 123

旅游

TOURISM

TOURIST INFO (GB/T 10001.1)

Low TOURIST FLOW

25.000

tourist yearly

SATISFACTION RATE

High MARKET QUALITY

Medium RENOWN

Medium SOURCES: 124

可及性

ACCESSIBILITY

DISTANCE FROM PREFECTURE

60 km Luocheng

BUS STATION

TRAIN STATION Leshan

01:12h

MOBILE

DISTANCE FROM COUNTY

25 km Luocheng

Qianwei

00:40h

CONNECTIONS

WIRED CONNECTIONS

SOURCES: 125

SOCIETY

TOTAL POPULATION

(2001CENSUS)

46110 ab. CULTURAL ACTIVITIES

4 FEMALE

22528 ab. MALE

23582 ab.

126

DENSITY

485 ab/km FOOD SPECIALITIES

3 0-14 YEAR OLD

9112 ab. 5-64 YEAR OLD

32866 ab. 65+ YEAR OLD

4132 ab. SOURCES: 127

CHAPTER

Conclusions

EVALUATION MATRIX

Criteria and Indicators of the two villages summarized and compared.

130

131

MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS Choosing the Best Solution

A Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) describes any structured approach used to determine overall preferences among alternative options, where the options accomplish several objectives. In MCA, desirable objectives are specified and corresponding attributes or indicators are identified. The actual measurement of indicators need not be in monetary terms but are often based on the quantitative analysis (through scoring, ranking and weighting) of a wide range of qualitative impact categories and criteria. Different environmental and social indicators may be developed side by side with economic costs and benefits. MCA provides techniques for comparing and ranking different outcomes, even though a variety of indictors are used. MCA includes a range of related techniques, some of which follow this entry. Multicriteria analysis or multiobjective decision making is a type of decision analysis tool that is particularly applicable to cases where a single-criterion approach (such as cost-benefit analysis) falls short, especially where significant environmental and social impacts cannot be assigned monetary values. MCA allows decision makers to include a full range of social, environmental, technical, economic, and financial criteria. Structuring complex problems well and considering multiple criteria explicitly leads to more informed and better decisions. There have been important advances in this field since the start of the modern multiple-criteria

132

decision-making discipline in the early 1960s. A variety of approaches and methods, many implemented by specialized decision-making software, have been developed for their application in an array of disciplines, ranging from politics and business to the environment and energy. In our case, after collecting all the Data on the villages, we have defined 5 Decision Makers (DM). This 5 DM are expert of Chinese culture and are aware of the state of the villages, 4 of them are professors at Jiangnan University and were with us during our research on the villages, the fifth is prof. Massimiliano Campi, China expert, professor at Federico II University and director of the Sino Italian Interuniversity Consortium. All of them have different field of study so they can bring a different point of view on the same villages and can provide a more realistic and complete results. The subsequent step is to define the weights of every single Criteria, the weights are a result of a pairwise comparison between the Criteria compared one-by-one to each other by the DM. We have structured a form to be filled by our 5 DM, where the preferences will be expressed in a scale: 1Equal Importance, 3- Moderate importance, 5- Strong importance, 7- Very strong importance, 9- Extreme importance (2,4,6,8 values in-between). In order to have consistent result must be confirmed the rule of transitivity, so if A > B, and B > C, then A >> C.

Prof. Massimiliano Campi

Professor at Federico II University Director of Sino Italian Interuniversity Consortium

Prof. Zhang Xichen

Prof. Zhou Lin

Prof. Wang Ye

Prof. He Jun

Professor at Jiangnan University Architectural Design Professor at Jiangnan University Architectural History

Professor at Jiangnan University Enviromental Design

Professor at Jiangnan University Art Design

133

使用表格

134

USED FORM

135

AHP METHOD AND PAIRWISE COMPARISON Decision Matrix

With compiled form by our DMs we have elaborated the Decision Matrix using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions, based on mathematics and psychology developed by Thomas L. Saaty in the 1970s. We built the decision matrix, calculate their consistency rate and extrapolate the weight of all the Criteria for each Decision Maker. The diagonal elements of the matrix are always 1 and we only need to fill up the upper triangular matrix, filling the under triangular matrix with their reciprocal value. Once having a comparison matrix, now we have to compute priority vector, which is the normalized Eigen vector of the matrix, all we need to do is just to normalize each column of the matrix summing each column of the reciprocal matrix. Then we divide each element of the matrix with the sum of its column, we have normalized relative weight. The sum of each column is 1. The normalized principal Eigen vector can be obtained by

136

averaging across the rows. The normalized principal Eigen vector is also called priority vector. Since it is normalized, the sum of all elements in priority vector is 1. The priority vector shows relative weights among the things that we compare. Aside from the relative weight, we can also check the consistency of the answers. To do that, we need what is called Principal Eigen value. Principal Eigen value is obtained from the summation of products between each element of Eigen vector and the sum of columns of the reciprocal matrix. If the value of Consistency Ratio is smaller or equal to 10%, the inconsistency is acceptable. If the Consistency Ratio is greater than 10%, we need to revise the subjective judgment. It represents the most accurate approach for quantifying the weights of criteria. Individual expertsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; experiences are utilized to estimate the relative magnitudes of all the factors acting in a decision.

Prof. Massimiliano Campi

137

Prof. Zhang Xichen

138

Prof. Wang Ye

139

Prof. Zhou Lin

140

Prof. He Jun

141

方法

142

PROMETHEE METHOD Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment of Evaluations

Among the many MCA possible we have decided to use the Promethee Method. The Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment of Evaluations (Promethee) and its descriptive complement geometrical analysis for interactive aid (GAIA) are better known as the Promethee and Gaia methods. Based on mathematics and sociology, the Promethee and Gaia method was developed at the beginning of the 1980s and has been extensively studied and refined since then. It has particular application in decision making and is used around the world in a wide variety of decision scenarios, in fields such as business, governmental institutions, transportation, healthcare and education. Rather than pointing out a â&#x20AC;&#x153;rightâ&#x20AC;? decision, the Promethee and Gaia method helps decision makers find the alternative that best suits their goal and their understanding of the problem. It provides a comprehensive and rational framework for structuring a decision problem, identifying and quantifying its conflicts and synergies, clusters of actions, and highlight the main alternatives and the structured reasoning behind. PROMETHEE and GAIA belong to the family of multicriteria outranking methods as it was initiated by Professor Bernard Roy in France at the end of the sixties with the ELECTRE methods. Outranking meth-

ods provide decision makers with an alternative to the aggregation methods (MAUT, VISA, MacBeth, etc...). These offer several advantages: compensations between criteria can be controlled, less effort is required from the decision-maker(s) for preference modeling. They enable the decision-maker(s) to stay closer to the actual decision problem, to better describe the problem and to perform sensitivity analyses. We used the Promethee Software providing to our Criteria the weights given from the DMs in order to reach the 8 Goals pointed out in our research. Every Criteria has a different impact on the success of the Goal. The results are shown in a Promethee Diamond Graph that show the preference of Goals compared to each other. The square corresponds to the (Phi+,Phi-) plane where each action is represented by a point. The plane is angled 45Â° so that the vertical dimension gives the Phi net flow. Phi+ scores increase from the left to the top corner and Phi- scores increase from the left to the bottom corner. We can see how the desirable Goals order change between the DMs and the village studied, configuring a different solution for every village analyzed. After the partial result of the DMs we pointed out the summarized result adding up all the DM result in one single graph.

143

RESULT

Fubao: 1. Develop service and infrastructure 2. Preserve the material heritage 3. Create opportunities 4. Reconnect new and old traditions 5. Safeguard the immaterial heritage 6. Sustainable economic growth 7. Close the distance between village and cities 8. Control the trend of floating population

144

Prof. Massimiliano Campi

Luocheng: 1. Reconnect New and Old traditions 2. Safeguard the Immaterial Heritage 3. Create Opportunities 4. Preserve the Material Heritage 5. Develop Service and infrastructure 6. Sustainable Economic Growth 7. Close the Distance Between village and Cities 8. Control the trend of Floating population

145

Prof. Zhang Xichen

Fubao: 1. Preserve the Material Heritage 2. Develop Service and Infrastructure 3. Create Opportunities 4. Reconnect New and Old Traditions 5. Safeguard the immaterial Heritage 6. Sustainable Economic Growth 7. Close the Distance between Village and Cities 8. Control the trend of Floating population

146

Luocheng: 1. Preserve the Material Heritage 2. Reconnect New and old Traditions 3. Safeguard the immaterial Heritage 4. Develop Service and Infrastructure 5. Create opportunities 6. Sustainable Economic Growth 7. Close the distance between Village and Cities 8. Control the trend of floating population

147

Prof. Zhou Lin

Fubao 1. Develop Service and Infrastructure 2. Create Opportunities 3. Close the distance between villages and cities 4. Reconnect New and old Traditions 5. Control The trend of Floating population 6. Sustainable economic Growth 7. Preserve the material Heritage 8. Safeguard the immaterial Heritage

148

Luocheng: 1. Reconnect new and old traditions 2. Create opportunities 3. Preserve the material heritage 4. Develop service and infrastructure 5. Sustainable economic growth 6. Safeguard the immaterial heritage 7. Close the distance between villages and cities 8. Control the trend of floating population

149

Prof. Wang Ye

Fubao: 1. Reconnect new and old traditions 2. Safeguard the immaterial heritage 3. Preserve the material heritage 4. Develop service and infrastructure 5. Create opportunities 6. Sustainable economic growth 7. Close the distance between village and cities 8. Control the trend of floating population

150

Luocheng: 1. Preserve the material heritage 2. Develop service and infrastructure 3. Reconnect new and old traditions 4. Safeguard the immaterial heritage 5. Sustainable economic growth 6. Create opportunities 7. Close the distance between village and cities 8. Control the trend of floating population

151

Prof. He Jun

Fubao: 1. Develop service and infrastructure 2. Preserve the material heritage 3. Reconnect new and old traditions 4. Create opportunities 5. Sustainable economic growth 6. Safeguard the immaterial heritage 7. Close the distance between village and cities 8. Control the trend of floating population

152

Luocheng: 1. Preserve the material heritage 2. Reconnect new and old traditions 3. Develop service and infrastructure 4. Safeguard the immaterial heritage 5. Sustainable economic growth 6. Create opportunities 7. Close the distance between village and cities 8. Control the trend of floating population

153

SYNTHESIS Projection on PHI

154

155

CONCLUSION

After experiencing the life within Chinese rural villages, we have found how the problem of the loss of villages and the protection of rural heritage is neglected by governance and the population, who are unaware of being witnesses and guardians of a centuries-old culture. The increasing interest of the authorities in dealing with the problem unfortunately clashes with a sustained growth policy and lack of experience in dealing with these types of difficulties. Our research is part of a larger plan that already aims to address these issues at a multidisciplinary level, We therefore felt it necessary to provide a complete method of study that would take on the Chinese tradition and integrate it with the point of view of the ”Western experience”, to offer a different point of view from the usual. So, starting from an analysis of the architectonic matters, essential to any type

156

of programmatic action, we add the evaluations on the features that we call “immaterial” which complete and are add to all physically collected data. Once we obtained this database of information (which can be expanded and updated) we can proceed to study and search the main characteristics of the village to discover its nature and vocation. As we can seen from the results obtained, after the survey analyses and evaluation, afterwards used them as input of the PROMETHEE method it is concluded that there is no unique solution suitable to address the problems of any village. Following the evaluation process, a more complete and adherent evaluation picture of the village is obtained, which provides guidelines that can be followed to activate design choices and actions consistent with the nature of the examined villages.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. The History of Gardening, Landscape Architecture Professional Textbook for the 12th Five-Year Plan 2. Zeng Damao, Memory of China, Album of Sichuan Vernacular Dwellinngs, Sichuan Fine Arts Publishing House 2012 3. Liang Ssu-Châ&#x20AC;&#x2122;eng, A Pictorial History of Chinese Architecture: A Study of the Development of its Structural System and the Evolution of its Types, MIT Press 1984 4. Wang Qijun, Illustrated Dictionary of Chinese Architecture(Chinese Edition), Machinery Industry 2007 5. Charlie Q. L. Xue, Building a Revolution: Chinese Architecture Since 1980, Hong Kong University Press 2006 6. Nancy Steinhardt, Chinese Architecture: A History, Princeton University Press 2019 7. Xinian Fu, Traditional Chinese Architecture: Twelve Essays, Princeton University Press 2017 8. Liang Sicheng, Chinese Architecture: Art and Artifacts, Foreign Languages Teaching and Research Press 2011 9. Cai Yanxin, Chinese Architecture: Palaces, Gardens, Temples and Dwellings, China Intercontinental Press 2010 10. Fiorenzo Bertan Gabriele Foccardi, Architettura cinese: Il trattato di Li Chieh, Strenna Utet 1998 11. Maria Cerreta Gaia Daldanise Sabrina Sposito, Culture-led regeneration for urban spaces: monitoring complex values networks in action, Urbani izziv 2018

WEBOGRAPHY http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/AnnualData/ http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat11/sub72/item1088.html http://www.chinasage.info/architecture.htm# https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/02/world/asia/once-the-villages-are-gone-the-culture-is-gone.html http://www.chuantongcunluo.com/eng/Action.asp http://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/6/4/42/htm http://www.chuantongcunluo.com/eng/Action.asp http://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/6/4/42/htm https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/18/arts/design/architects-see-potential-in-chinas-countryside.html http://www.hejiang.gov.cn/ http://www.sohu.com/a/120230403_525464 http://nirdpr.org.in/nird_docs/tps/DG_Smart-Village-9-2-18.pdf https://ich.unesco.org/en/convention#art2 http://www.hejiang.com/bendi/info-43217.html https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BD%9B%E5%AE%9D%E5%8F%A4%E9%95%87 http://baike.chinaso.com/wiki/doc-view-193918.html https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%A6%8F%E5%AE%9D%E9%95%87/3030418?fr=aladdin http://www.tcmap.com.cn/sichuan/hejiangxian_fubaozhen.html https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%A6%8F%E5%AE%9D%E5%8F%A4%E9%95%87/3527380 https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1608927953089501180&wfr=spider&for=pc http://www.sohu.com/a/72795116_119858 http://groups.tianya.cn/post-164962-edd68df9664241de9100738a62277d07-1.shtml https://new.qq.com/omn/20181212/20181212A0UW7H.html#p=8 https://www.douban.com/note/344092381/ http://www.naic.org.cn/html/2018/gcgz_0207/38514.html http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4d43aa9c0100g25c.html http://www.baike.com/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%9F%8E%E9%95%87 https://map.51240.com/luochengzhen_75__map/ http://www.likefar.com/scene/3212/ http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_49b990950102xut1.html http://baike.sc.xinhuanet.com/town/a/271.htm http://www.51okc.com/lizhizuowen/2018/1018/85615.html https://www.fliggy.com/destination/poi-15374?ttid=seo.000000574&seoType=origin https://chongqing.cncn.com/jingdian/laitanguzhen/profile http://www.sohu.com/a/49446662_271067 http://www.chinanews.com/sh/2018/10-22/8656304.shtml https://www.sohu.com/a/217486809_355631 http://dy.163.com/v2/article/detail/EC9GQUD405372RCT.html http://www.jrhcw.com/html/2014-11/04/content_32486411.htm https://cq.qq.com/a/20160825/013186.htm https://baike.sogou.com/historylemma?lId=4110290&cId=4110291 http://www.qianwei.gov.cn/qwx/xzjj/201707/6268387c48144932b4a32d3309fce593.shtml https://www.iqiyi.com/v_19rrxgex5c.html https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1594812791303549941&wfr=spider&for=pc http://groups.tianya.cn/post-164962-edd68df9664241de9100738a62277d07-1.shtml http://www.naic.org.cn/html/2018/gcgz_0207/38514.html http://www.hjxtv.com/html/2016/meilihejiang_0907/8442.html http://www.hejiang.com/bendi/info-43217.html https://smartcities-infosystem.eu/ https://ich.unesco.org/en https://www.unric.org/it/agenda-2030 http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/english/index.htm http://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

159

We would like to thank Prof. Massimiliano Campi and all the members of thesis committee. Special thanks go to Prof. Zhang Xichen, Prof Wang Ye, Prof. Zhou Lin, Prof He Jun. To our lovely friend Li Pingting, Cha Kung.