Learning Disability by Ashton Manning

LEARNING

Edited by Ashton T. Manning

LEARNING

Edited by Ashton T. Manning

This book was designed for GR 330 Typography 3: Complex Hierarchy Class Academy of Art University San Francisco, CA Instructor William Culpepper All photos and illustrations are by Ashton T. Manning Typeface Calibri

Introduction ............................................................................................................ 7 1. Introduction of Learning Disability ....................................................................... 9 What is a Learning Disability? ............................................................................... 10 Causes of Learning Disability ................................................................................. 12 Specific Types of Learning Disabilities ................................................................... 14 Characteristics ....................................................................................................... 20 Symptoms ............................................................................................................. 28 2. History of Learning Disability ............................................................................. 31 Timeline of Learning Disability History ................................................................. 32 History of Psychology ............................................................................................ 34 Breakthroughs ...................................................................................................... 36 Current Trends ...................................................................................................... 38 3. Facts on Learning Disability ................................................................................ 43 Data & Statistics (Infographics) ............................................................................. 44 Percentages of Types of Learning Disabilities (Infographics) ................................ 48 4. Strategies & Techniques to Stay Motivated ........................................................ Tutoring ................................................................................................................ Services ................................................................................................................ Speech Therapist .................................................................................................. Educational & Learning Resources ....................................................................... Tips & Techniques ................................................................................................ Tools & Technology .............................................................................................. Instructional Support ...........................................................................................

51 52 54 56 58 64 70 74

5. Interviews ......................................................................................................... 77 6. Index ................................................................................................................. 82

This idea comes from my personal experience. Interpreting words is a struggle and I have a challenge changing words into pictures. This subject matter is of hug interest to me and impacts me because I have a learning disability as well.

INTRODUCTION TO LEARNING DISABILITY

Learning Disability

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Introduction to Learning Disability

A learning disability is a learning disorder that causes from a difference in the way a personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s brain is connected. People with learning disabilities are as smart or smarter than their peers. However, they may have a struggle reading, writing, spelling, reasoning, recalling or organizing information if taught in conventional ways or if left to figure things out by themselves. Learning disability canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be cured and fixed, in fact it is a lifelong issue. However, with the right and appropriate help, support and intervention, children with learning disabilities can succeed in school and go on to successful, often distinguished careers later in life. Learning disability can interfere with learning basic skills such as reading, writing, and mathematics. It can also interfere with higher level skills as well such as organization, time planning, abstract reasoning, even long or short-term memory and attention. Parents can help children with learning disabilities achieve such success by encouraging their strengths, knowing their weaknesses, understanding the educational system, working with professionals and learning about strategies for dealing with specific types of learning difficulties.

Learning Disability

The causes of a learning disability are not known, most of the time. Learning disabilities are related to the areas of the brain that deal with language. There are many factors that contribute to learning disabilities. These factors are divided into four categories including heredity, brain injury, errors in brain development, and neurochemical imbalances. Professionals believe that people with a learning disability suffer from brain injury or dysfunction in how the brain processes information. Brain injury can happen before or during birth. People with a learning disability may have a different brain structure than the ones that have no learning disability. Heredity plays a big part in learning disabilities. Children that have an attention deficit/ hyperactivity disability are among those who are more likely to share the problem with their family members.

Introduction to Learning Disability

Learning Disability

Kid in school struggling to read.

Introduction to Learning Disability

Everyone has learning strengths and learning weaknesses. Learning disability describes specific types of learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, dysgraphia, visual perception disorder, auditory processing disorder, language processing disorder, and other types. There are many specific types of learning disabilities that can affect a personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life beyond academics and can impact relationships with families, friends and in a place where people work. Dyslexia is a language-based learning disorder that affects a personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reading and related language-based processing skills. It can also affect reading fluency, decoding, reading comprehension, recall, writing, spelling, and sometimes speech and can exist along with other related disorders. Dysgraphia is a type of learning disability that affects a personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s handwriting and spelling ability. People with dysgraphia may have illegible handwriting, inconsistent spacing between words and letters, poor spelling, and difficulty putting thoughts on paper with the amount of time. Auditory Processing Disorder is also known as Central Auditory Processing Disorder that affects how the brain processes or interprets spoken language through the ear. People with an auditory processing disorder are not aware of the differences between sounds in words, even when the sounds are loud and clear enough to be heard. They can also find it difficult to process what other people are saying.

Learning Disability

Visual Perception Disability, also referred to as a visual processing disability, is a disability that affects the understanding of information that a person sees through the eyes, or the ability to draw or picture the information. It affects how visual information is interpreted, or processed by the brain. People with a visual perception disorder struggle to make sense out of what they see with their brains. They have trouble recognizing, organizing, interpreting, and remembering visual images. Therefore, they struggle to understand the entire spectrum of written or illustrated symbols such as words, letters, numbers, math symbols, diagrams, maps, charts, and graphs. Language Processing Disability is a type of auditory processing disability that relates only to the processing of language. It can affect what people say or how people understand what others say. People can have difficulty with any aspect of language including hearing and listening words correctly, understanding the meaning of the words, remembering verbal material, and communicating clearly. People with a language processing disorder may be slow in learning to speak, and may use shorter sentences, smaller vocabularies, and poorer grammar. Sometimes their brains have trouble sorting out sequences in the sounds they hear, so they mispronounce words.

Introduction to Learning Disability

Learning Disability

Person with a struggle with reading.

Introduction to Learning Disability

Girl with Language-Based Learning Disability

Learning Disability

Girl unhappy and struggling.

Introduction to Learning Disability

There are key characteristics of learning disabilities that people of all ages have. The characteristics are speech or language disabilities. Articulation disability or the inability to express a thought is another type of disability. Language disability, voice disability or the inability to speak clearly is yet another type of disability. Another type of disability is the inability to focus for a long period of time. Struggle with reading and interpreting material is another type of disability as well. Another type of disability is an abstract general reasoning. Yet another characteristic of individuals with learning disabilities is long or short-term memory. Not having a real understanding of time or how long it takes to work an assignment is a type of disability. Finally, lack of social skills and not being able to have a simple conversation with someone is a disability as well.

Learning Disability

Introduction to Learning Disability

For the people with learning disabilities, reading is one of the most difficult and frustrating activities they face. They may have difficulties learning to accurately interpret single words. They may also have problems comprehending what they are reading. People with a spoken or written language disability perform poorly across most writing tasks, especially vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, and spelling. They also may use a small amount of planning, effort, and strategies when writing. Limited vocabulary and struggle with language is another difficulty that people have. People also may have difficulty gathering and organizing thoughts when speaking, or not be able to think of a word for writing or conversation.

Learning Disability

People who struggle with arithmetic and math concepts, may have dyscalculia. They have difficulty memorizing number facts and solving word problems. They also may be confused with number symbols and misread numbers. Solving multi-step problems is another struggle that people have in mathematics.

Introduction to Learning Disability

Learning Disability

Socialization is another characteristic that affects people that have learning disabilities. People may struggle to correctly interpret nonverbal cues, for example gestures and facial expression. When they have a conversation with someone, they may not show appropriate verbal and non-verbal cues. They might not be able to understand jokes, idioms, or sarcasm. In social skills, people may have a nonverbal learning disability. They may have problems recognizing and translating nonverbal cues into meaning information.

Introduction to Learning Disability

Learning Disability

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There are common symptoms that people may have. These symptoms are a different set of characteristics that affect development and achievement. The symptoms of learning disabilities include inability to tell the difference between letters and numerals, poor memory, trouble following directions, poor reading and writing ability, problem staying organized, problem paying attention, difficulty listening well, even trouble understanding words or concepts.

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Introduction to Learning Disability

HISTORY OF LEARNING DISABILITY

Learning Disability

The term “word blindness”; is coined by German neurologist Adolf Kussamaul to describe “a complete text blindness… although the power of sight, the intellect and the powers of speech are intact.”

1877

Samuel A. Kirk is the first person to use the term “learning disability”; at a conference in Chicago.

1895

Ophthalmologist James Hinshelwood describes in medical journal, The Lancet, the case of acquired word blindness, where a 58 year old man awoke one morning to discover that he could no longer read. Hinshelwood continued to study word blindness in children, and recognized the need for early identification of these children by teachers.

1963

1987

A report released by the Interagency Committee on Learning Disabilities calls for the establishment of Centers for the Study of Learning and Attention, whose sole purpose is to expand research and understanding of this issue.

History of Learning Disabilities

The term ‘disability’ replaces ‘handicap,’ and the new law requires transition services for students. Autism and traumatic brain injury are added to the eligibility list.

1990

Dr. Jeffrey Gruen and his research team at Yale University identified a gene that had patterns and variations that were strongly associated with dyslexia.

1997

The people with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is reauthorized. Regular education teachers are included in the IEP process, students have more access to the general curriculum and are included in state-wide assessments, and ADHD is added to the list of conditions that could make a child eligible for services under the category “other health impairment.”

2005

Learning Disability

The history of psychology shows that “intelligence” and “normality” are simply what we think they are, nothing else. They consider the passing anxieties of a particular era. In the longer future they may be something different, or nothing at all. In that case, the same applies to their opposites, and to intellectual disability, developmental disability and learning disability itself. People with learning disabilities are at greater risk of feeling frustrated, angry, sad, or ashamed. These strong feelings can lead to psychological difficulties such as anxiety, depression, or low self-esteem. They can also lead to behavioral problems such as substance abuse or juvenile delinquency as well.

Learning Disability

If a person has a learning disability there is a good chance that they suffer an attention deficit as well. People with attention deficits frequently have learning disabilities in the similar way. There can be varying degrees of severity in each area. Low severity in each area can have a cumulative effect and hinder school success. Learning disabilities are frequently not noticed until the child starts school; however that is also the best time to address learning disabilities. While learning disabilities affect all subjects at school, they will affect some more than others. The sooner learning disabilities are addressed the sooner the frustration in academic can come to an end. Learning disabilities are involved the way the brain is wired and connected. With special therapy, people can strengthen and develop the foundational brain skills causing their struggle in school, college, and throughout life. People can begin to embrace the challenge knowing they have the skills to take it on instead of fearing the challenge.

History of Learning Disabilities

With testing, services can determine where a parentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; child needs help and design an individualized therapy program. Parents do not need to wait until their child is a certain age or hope that the problem somehow resolves itself. This can be addressed at any age and end the discouraging cycle caused by learning disabilities. People with learning disabilities can be intelligent as their peers, can overcome obstacles, and be successful in different ways. They have gifts and skills that they can use to learn and succeed in school, college, jobs, and throughout their lives. If they think of themselves as intelligent that are determined to overcome any obstacles that get in their path and knowing that they will do great in school, college, and life, then thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s what they are and what they will be.

Learning Disability

Learning disabilities affect the people with a learning disability, family members, and the whole family. In 2009, about 2 million students were identified as having a learning disability in public school. Over the last 10 years, the total of children with learning disabilities reduced. Two-thirds of male students that have a learning disability receive special education services. The cost of educating a student with a learning disability is almost 2 times the money for an education student. Fifty-five percent of adults with learning disabilities have jobs, whereas as seventy-six percent of adults without a learning a disability have jobs.

History of Learning Disability

Learning Disability

Adult with a learning disability working.

History of Learning Disabilities

Adult with a learning disability with social care.

FACTS ON LEARNING DISABILITY

Learning Disability

Adults with Learning Disability 8% Not in Labor Force

46% Employed

46% Unemployed

Facts on Learning Disability

Adults without Learning Disability 6.4% Not in Labor Force

71.3% Employed

22.3% Employed

Learning Disability

16% American Indian

7% Asian

12% Total

12% Hispanic

Facts on Learning Disability

15% African

13% White

13% Pacific Islander

12% Two or More Races

Learning Disability

1% of People with Visual Perception Disorder

9% of People with Auditory Processing Disorder

10% of People with Autism

Facts on Learning Disability

70% of People with Dyslexia

10% of People with Language Processing Disorder

Strategies & Techniques to Stay Motivated

Learning Disabilities Association offers tutoring for the people that have a learning disability. Tutoring services can help people of all ages build academic skills that they may find difficult, or that they have not completely learned in order to be successful in the classroom. Tutoring helps people by focusing on an academic area in reading, writing, math, and study skills. Instructors are tutors and educators with specialized training who have worked with students with learning disabilities. They provide assitance from those with serious types of learning disabilities to those who need extra help in a specific subject area.

Learning Disability

When a personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s learning challenges are identified, the next step is to offer a follow-up support and treatment. Individuals with learning disabilities may benefit from having a therapist or educational specialist work with them to strengthen and grow the skills they are missing, and help plan learning strategies to build on existing strengths and compensate for weaknesses. Special Education Service will create a nurturing environment for children to begin building up successful learning experiences, bolstering both their skills and self-confidence. There are a variety of services that most states provide to the people with learning disabilities. For children who struggle with organization, services offer organizational skills training which focuses on starting tasks and working through them, as well as establishing homework routines. For children who need learning support, services can provide tutoring on content areas, tutoring on strategic approaches to learning new information, and remediation on particular skillsets. For children who need adjustments made to their school programing, services can work with the school, ensuring that appropriate accommodations are put into place. Services can also communicate with the school and any specialists the family is working with outside to ensure consistent communication and support.

Educational Specialist helping a student.

Strategies & Techniques to Stay Motivated

Learning Disability

Strategies & Techniques to Stay Motivated

Specialists can pinpoint and diagnose the problem. Providing testing or an evaluation by a qualified professional is important. Gathering information from family or observation by trained specialists is part of the diagnosis process. A Speech and/or Language Therapist may be needed to diagnose any issues. Occupational therapists, which tests sensory disorders that can lead to learning problems, may also be needed to diagnose. A Neurophysiologist may also be needed to diagnose any neurological issues. Educational psychologists are needed to diagnose any difficulties. Your instincts and what you know about your child are also important when it comes to diagnosing the condition. The coordination of several professional services as a team to obtain an accurate diagnosis maybe needed. Diagnosing the learning disability may also affect socialization behavior. Speech therapy focuses the ability to understand words spoken to the people, and expressive language, or the ability to use words to express themselves. It also deals with mechanics of producing words, such as articulation, pitch, fluency, and volume. Speech therapy involves working with people that have learning disabilities. When people need speech therapy, it may involve pursuing actions that have been delayed. Some people only need help with language, others have the most problems with the mechanics of speech, and some need help with multiple facets of speech, language, and swallowing.

Learning Disability

There are many educational and learning resources that address the needs of the person that has a learning disability. Technology is a valuable resource in support of reading and writing instruction, access to instructional materials, assessment, and communication. It changes in how instructors teach and how people with learning disabilities learn. People with learning disabilities frequent face obstacles to learning. Fortunately, accommodations are changes that remove obstacles and provide people with equal access to learning. They change how people are learning, rather than what they are learning. Accommodations simply help people work around their challenges. They work best when they target and remove a specific obstacle or challenge. Accommodations exist not only in school, but in everyday life as well. They can apply to many activities. Accommodations can be a powerful tool for helping people with a learning disability. It helps to remove obstacles and come over challenges that people with a learning disability encounter.

Strategies & Techniques to Stay Motivated

There are four different types of accommodations for the peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs. Presentation accommodations is a type accommodation that changes in the way information is presented. It lets a person to listen to audiobooks instead of reading printed text, especially when they dyslexia. Response accommodation is another type of accommodations. It changes in the way people complete assignments or tests. Setting accommodations are changes in the environment where a person learns better. This allows a student with a learning disability take a test in a quiet room with no distractions or fewer distractions. Timing and scheduling accommodation is a change in the time a person has to complete a task. It can provide extended time on homework for a student who slowly processes information.

Learning Disability

Remedial programs can help people with learning disabilities to strengthen their basic skills. Remedial programs are different from special education. They aim at reading or math skills. Students are taught in another setting than in a regular classroom. Remedial programs provide many students with extra assistance. They teach students step-by-step without skipping over content, offer regular reviews and practice exercises to strengthen learning, practice applying new knowledge, officer individualized instructions, and even teach them materials in a different way from the way they were taught in a regular classroom. Instructors teach remedial programs with special training. This is important for people with a learning disability.

Strategies & Techniques to Stay Motivated

Girl struggling to complete a worksheet.

Learning Disability

Some schools are independent schools that specialize in serving students with specific learning disabilities. It can provide a place where a person doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t feel different. Instructors at those schools have special training to teach and support students with a specific learning disability. There programs are established to help and support the studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs. Independent schools present small classes than public schools. Instructors are trained to work with students with learning disabilities. Public schools offer private tutoring for students that have learning disabilities. Private tutoring is one of the education services that are available to students with a learning disability. Tutoring programs help students strengthen their basic skills and techniques. They usually offer assistance with reading, writing, mathematics, and other subjects as well.

Strategies & Techniques to Stay Motivated

Learning Disability

Strategies & Techniques to Stay Motivated

There are many tips to help people with a learning disability improve their organizational skills, work habits, and even schoolwork. The tips include getting organized, planning and budgeting time, recording assignment, knowing the best time of day, even using resources. Parents with a child that have learning disabilities can help them by identifying how they learn best. Everyone with a learning disability or not has their own unique learning style. Some people learn best by seeing or reading, others learn by listening or doing. Parents help their child by identifying their primary learning style either theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re visual learners, auditory learners, or kinesthetic learners. Once they figure out how their child learn in the best way, they take steps to ensure that type of learning style is supported during home study.

Learning Disability

If a person is a visual learner, they learn best by seeing pictures and reading words together. They do well when information is presented visually, not verbally. Visual learners take advantage of the directions, diagrams, graphs, charts, maps, and pictures that they utilize to learn best. They even learn best by watching videos, reading books with pictures, using computers, and flash cards. People who are auditory learners, learn best by listening to what the person is saying. They do well in being part of class discussions, following spoken directions, and joining study groups. They even love listening to music, languages, and being on stages. If auditory learners have difficulty capturing what the person is saying, they use a tape recorder to listen to lectures again. Kinesthetic learners learn best by doing and moving things. People do well with certain things when they can move, touch, and explore in order to learn. They receive more help from hands-on activities, lab classes, and field trips.

Visual Learner

Strategies & Techniques to Stay Motivated

Auditory Learner

Learning Disability

Girl taking notes.

Different techniques help to aid the people with different types of learning disabilities. For the people at school who read slowly or with difficulty, they can use the read-along technique with taped materials to allow learning of printed materials. For those who are having trouble remembering certain things or difficulty capturing what the person is saying when taking notes, a fellow student might share notes with them. Instructors might allow students with learning disabilities to block distractions with earplugs when taking tests.

Strategies & Techniques to Stay Motivated

Boy has difficulty reading.

Learning Disability

Tools and technology are the strategies that help people with a learning disability complete a task every day. The tools and technology include word processors, audio players, recorders, timers, reading guides, frequency modulation (FM) listening systems, calculators, writing supports, and graphic organizers. For people with learning disabilities, technology can be an assistive tool to provide support needed to accomplish a task. For example, word processing assists people with a learning disability in improving writing. Computers offer other support and aid to motivate writers who are hesitant to write. Computers make motor actions easier, provide spelling assistance, help with revising and editing, and produce a document that is neat, clear and legible. People with a language-based learning disability can use talking word processors. Talking word processor is a tool that gives people feedback to strengthen the writing process. While they use the talking word processor, it can read the letters, words, sentences, paragraphs, or the entire documents aloud. There are features included in the word processors that people can select such as background color, text color, font size, and even graphics. A spell-checking system is featured in the word processors that allows students to spell-check the whole documents or highlight specific words. It provides an alert sounding for words that are spelled wrong to make sure that they are correct. All of these features offer people strong visual and auditory strategies.

Strategies & Techniques to Stay Motivated

Kid on the computer.

Learning Disability

If someone struggles with writing or taking notes, an audio player can grasp what the person says so they can listen to it again later. This tool device can be used to the people with an auditory processing disability. Another tool that can be used to the people with an auditory processing disability is a frequency modulation listening system. This tool allows people to capture what a person is saying without any background noise.

Kid wearing headphones to listen to what heâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reading.

Strategies & Techniques to Stay Motivated

Graphic organizers can effectively help people to gather and organize their thoughts during the writing process. They can be a strong choice for the people with dysgraphia or writing disabilities, particularly the conceptual aspects of writing. Graphic organizers can also assist people to map out a course of action and tasks. The graphic organizer can assist the writer to describe a material, map out a course of events or complete some other task that can help in planning the piece.

Learning Disability

Special education instructors use a variety of instructional techniques to meet the needs of the students with learning disabilities at school. Every instructor is willing to teach the students to learn and put them in a right position to succeed their tasks. Instructors want to help the students find the right support system, so they can be successful in school. These instructional techniques are organized by basic skills including reading, writing, math, organization, test-taking, academics, and attention. Instructors can provide helpful guidance and stories from their experience to their students. They also can provide students with a quiet area for reading, writing and mathematics activities. Instructors make sure that students really understand the skills and techniques they need for lessons. They present and break learning into small steps so that students can directly follow them. Students find it helpful to view the examples of problems that have already been solved that the instructors show. Asking a student to solve problems by thinking out lot helps the instructors to identify areas where a student needs more assistance. These instructional supports help all students with learning disabilities.

Strategies & Techniques to Stay Motivated

Instructors make sure that students really understand the skills and techniques they need for lessons. They present and break learning into small steps so that students can directly follow them. Students find it helpful to view the examples of problems that have already been solved that the instructors show. Asking a student to solve problems by thinking out lot helps the instructors to identify areas where a student needs more assistance. These instructional supports help all students with learning disabilities.

INTERVIEWS

Learning Disability

CASSANDRA Hi, my name is Cassandra and I have a learning disability. In grade 2, I realized something was different between me and the other students. I got pulled out classes for special learning games and for my reading. Me in high school with a learning disability isn’t that bad because I go to a school with kids with learning disabilities. My friends support me and even a lot of my teachers have forms of learning disabilities, so it was neat to see that. I read very slow to comprehend everything that I’m reading, but if I’m listening and I get it to go really fast. I can comprehend everything. So, it’s a lot easier and a lot faster to get through it. After high school, I have been attending Algonquin for a two-year Management of Culinary Arts. I was really good at cooking and baking and was always told that everything that I’ve done, or how creative I’ve done with everything was really unique, so I thought it was a good thing to expand my knowledge on. My learning disability has factored a bit of where I wanted to go. My memory isn’t my best thing, so I need something that doesn’t involve a lot of memory, usually with the same routine. Where things go and things like that. It was really a relief after sending my application to college. I got so much off my shoulders. But when I was actually accepted, it was “Oh my god, I’m actually going to get to go to college!” Now I got to work to finish getting there, but I just couldn’t believe that I actually got accepted. Tips that I have for kids going through high school with learning disabilities is to ask for help, put a smile on your face, and be yourself. And when you make a mistake, laugh at it. It’s a mistake. You make lots of them.

Interviews

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Learning disabilities cannot be cured, but they can be treated successfully and children with LD can go on to live happy, successful lives.â&#x20AC;? Anne Ford

Learning Disability

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Students with learning disabilities have problems after high school, but many of them get by. Depending on the person and what the job requires as far as skills, it could be problematic.â&#x20AC;? Joanne Dumm

Interviews

ADRID Hi, my name is Adric and I have a learning disability. I’m currently at an Algonquin college and I’m taking the Interactive Multimedia Development program. I was assessed with learning disability back about a year and a half ago. I’ve been at college twice before and I had a lot of trouble and I wanted to go back to school, but I wanted to figure out what was going on. My mom recommended that I go get assessed, and from that I learned that I had a learning disability and I’ve been pretty well now in college since. My learning disability influenced me in a way. I find it easier to learn hands-on, actually doing things instead of reading something and doing an essay. I find it easier to do a hands-on project. In my program I do a lot of projects with design and a lot of coding. It’s all hands-on work so it allows me to learn hands-on. I’ve worked on my weaknesses. Most of my weaknesses are basically taking good notes, as well as time management. I find I’m keeping down a schedule. I have a big calendar with all my due dates and find doing that helps a lot. Taking good notes as well, and the CSD’s provided me with workshops that help with taking notes as well. I’m doing much better. I find I actually want to go to school. I actually want to learn and knowing what the problem were and how to solve them. It helped a lot. I would suggest registering with your school’s center for students with learning disabilities. They provide great workshops for study skills, note-taking, time management, and they provide lots of resources, like a computer room. Pretty much with the CSD. That’s what I would suggest.

Learning Disability

INDEX A

Accommodations, 58 Adolf Kussamaul, 32 Adrid, 79 Articulation Disability, 21 Auditory Processing Disorder, 8

Dysgraphia, 8 Dyslexia, 8

E Educational, 58 Employment, 44 Ethnicity, 46

Breakthroughs, 6

C Cassandra, 78 Causes, 6 Central Auditory Processing Disorder, 8 Characteristics, 21 Current Trends, 32

G Graphic organizer, 73

H Heredity, 20

Index

Instructional, 74 Interviews, 79

Samuel A. Kirk, 32 Services, 54 Special education, 54, 74 Speech Therapy, 57 Symptoms, 28

J James Hinshelwood, 32

L Learning Resource, 52 Language Processing Disability, 10

N Neurophysiologist, 57

T Techniques, 58 Technology, 64 Therapists, 57 Tips, 58 Tools, 64 Tutoring, 47, 56

V Visual Learner, 65, 66 Visual Perception Disorder, 15, 16