REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE (A DISSERTATION REPORT)
SUBMITTED BY ASHAD MEHMOOD GUIDED BY AR. NEELAM KUSHWAH
SUBMITTED TO AR. NEELAM KHUSHWAH AR. MONIKA SARAF
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE IPS ACADEMY, INDORE
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWA VIDYALAYA, BHOPAL Dec. 2016
INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ACADEMY, INDORE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
DECLARATION
This Dissertation in subject AR 416, entitled “Rejuvenation of Khan Riverfront, Indore” is being submitted as part of requirement for seventh semester of Bachelor of Architecture by the undersigned for evaluation. The matter embodied in this dissertation is either my own work or compilation of others’ work, acknowledged properly. If, in future, it is found that the above statement is false, then I have no objection in withdrawal of my Dissertation and any other action taken by the Institute.
Date: NOVEMBER 30, 2016 0809AR131024 Scholar number
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Ashad Mehmood has submitted the dissertation report on “REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE ” as a partial fulfillment of seventh semester, B.Arch. It is also affirmed that, he has researched for one semester for preparing this dissertation report. The report submitted by him is original, bona fide and genuine.
DISSERTATION GUIDE
PRINCIPAL
AR. NEELAM KUSHWAH
PROF. (DR.) KIRAN P. SHINDE
DISSERTATION CO-ORDINATOR AR. NEELAM KUSHWAH
Date: 30 . 11 . 2016 Place: Indore
DISSERTATION CO-COORDINATOR AR.MONIKA SARAF
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and the foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude towards Prof. (Dr.) Kiran P. Shinde, Principal, School of Architecture, I.P.S. Academy who provided us with the opportunity of completing this dissertation with a lot of support and motivation. I would also like to thank my guide Ar. Neelam Kushwah for her constant support and guidance towards the completion of this project. This dissertation would not have been possible without her motivation and help. I would also like to thank Ar. Monika Saraf for her coordination in the project. This dissertation would not be completed without all my friends especially Keshav, Sanand, Mayur, Karan, Hamza, Annie, Dhruv, Ananya, Jyoti, Shipra, and Ahzam who gave me complete confidence and motivation for the cooperation that I received throughout the project. Lastly, I would like to express my affection and support that my family has provided my throughout my life. Nothing would have been possible without them. Finally, I would like to thank all those who have directly or indirectly contributed to the making of the report.
CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 0 -Detail Synopsis ….…….……………………………………………………….1-3 0.1 Introduction…………………………………………….…...…………………......1 0.2 Aim…………………………………………….………………………………......1 0.3 Objective……………………………………………………………………….…..1 0.4 Need……….…………………………………………………………………….…2 0.5 Scope.……………………………………………….……..….................................2 0.6 Methodology………………………………………..………..……………..….......2 0.7 Limitation ………………………………………..…………………………….......3
CHAPTER 1 - Introduction………………………………………………………………..4-14 1.1 Background …………………………………………………….…………..……..4 1.2 Riverfront development projects in India …………..………………………….…4 1.1.2. Reclaim and beautify………………………………..………………….......5 1.3.1. Riverfront development guidelines……………………………………………6-10 1.3.3. Purpose…………………………………………………………………………..10 1.3.5. Guidelines……………………………………………………………………….12 1.3.7. Public Art Guidelines………………………………………………………….13
CHAPTER 2 - Case study………………………………………………………….……….13-23 2.1 Sabarmati riverfront development project…………………………………………14 2.1.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………..15 2.1.2 Sabarmati and the Growth of Ahmedabad……………………………………..15
2.1.3. Objectives…………………………………………………………………….16 2.2 Project Implementation…………………………………………………………..17 2.3 Inclusive Development…………………………………………..………………21 2.4 Project over View…………………………………………….…………………22 2.5 Case study Analysis ……………………………………………………………..23 2.5.1. Key Learning from the Project………………………………………………..23
CHAPTER 3 - History and Historic Fabric……………………………………………24-30 3.1. India…………………………………………………………………………….24 3.2. Important rivers in India………………………………………………………25-26 3.3 Yamuna River…………………………………………………………………..26 3.3.1. Chambal River……………………………………………………………….27 3.4. Tributaries of Chambal River (Khan River)……………………………………30
CHAPTER 4 - Documentation and Demographics…………………………………….31-41 4.1. INDORE…………………………………………………………………………31 4.2. History of Indore………………………………………………………………..32 4.2.1 Post-independence……………………………………………………………..32 4.3. Site Description…………………………………………………………………33 4.3.1 Geography……………………………………………………………………...33 4.3.2. Approaches and Linkages…………………………………………………….34 4.4 Site & Site Surrounding………………………………………………………….36 4.4.1. Krishnapura Chhatris …………………………………………………………36 4.4.2. Rajwada palace …………………………………………………………….....37 4.4.3. Jawahar Marg …………………………………………………………………40 4.5. Rejuvenation…………………………………………………………………….41
CHAPTER 5 - Existing Condition………………………………………………………42-49 5.1.| Khan River …………………………………………………………………….42 5.2. Abuse of the River……………………………………………………………...43 5.3. Existing condition………………………………………………………………44 5.4. Water Environment……………………………………………………………..46 5.5.1. Illegal activities………………………………………………………………...49
CHAPTER 6 - Proposal…………………………………………………………………..50-58 6.1. Analysis………………………………………………………………………….50 6.2. Preliminary Planning Concept…………………………………………………...51 6.3. Proposal………………………………………………………………………….52 6.4.1 Illegal encroachment……………………………………………………………53 6.5. Public Art………………………………………………………………………...56 6.6. Lighting………………………………………………………………………….57 6.6.2. Sustainability…………………………………………………………………..58
CHAPTER 7 - Government Involvement………………………………………………59-61 7.1.1 KEY ISSUE | Management & Governance……………………………………...59 7.2.1. Infrastructure Renewal…………………………………………………………..59 7.3
Specific Schemes………………………………………………………………..61
CHAPTER 8 -CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………..62 8.1.1 KEY ISSUE |Regeneration & Sustainability……………………62 8.2.1. Reconnecting to a forgotten river an ecological solution………62
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………63 RESEARCH PAPER
REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
01. INTRODUCTION In many cases, the redeveloped waterfront acts as a driver for the re-launch of the entire economy of a city, often re-locating it in an international context. For this reason, many cities, even of a small and medium size, are adopting the recovery of their border or of their former port areas in light of economic benefits and of a higher quality of life. In this regard, it becomes necessary to learn from others – or from the first generation of interventions – in order to be aware of advantages and risks and in order to reach a successful goal in the most direct and simple way. The spreading of these regeneration projects, from modest and simple versions to ambitious complex ones. Each place is defined by a different geography and morphology of the surrounding coast, and this multiplicity witnesses the various possible links between land and sea, and the many differences in ways of living at urban scale and managing of waterfront areas.
0.1.
AIM
To understand the meaning, importance and need of restoration of riverfront. Makes possible to restore the symbolic importance of the dialogue between urban building and the nearby water in this early 21st century period.
0.2.
OBJECTIVE
A unique space in a city, the riverfront is a general term for a land and water interface. Consisting of water regions, water lines and land, it acts as a transitional space from the city to the water, with both the edge of the land and the water, including certain water and the adjacent urban lands. It is also an urban public open space with natural and cultural systems, including not only abundant natural landscapes but also material spaces and cultural landscapes. It is also an urban landscape node, an important location for tourism and the paragon of city development. Objectives also includes:
The study the need of restoration of river,
To study the techniques involved in making of Sustainable/Ecological Riverfront in Indore.
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0.3.
NEED
This work is to find some efficient way to resolve the problems and reasoned analysis:-
0.4.
•
Background of Riverfront Landscape Design
•
Ignorance of the Historical Context
•
Narrow Public Space
•
Eco-situation Improvement
•
Development of Public Space
•
Motivating Local Economy
SCOPE
Relation Concept of Literature:-
0.5.
•
Sustainable Design Concept
•
Concept and Category of Riverfront
•
Ecological Design
•
Landscape and History Context
•
Rehabilitation of Slum Dwellers
•
Bazaar
•
Dhobi Ghat
•
Sewage System
•
Connecting River to Community
•
Promenade
•
Water Recreation
METHODOLOGY
The study of Rejuvenation of khan riverfront will comprise of the data from various books and magazines
Selection of topic
Data collection
Case study through books/Live
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Internet
Analysis of Data
Conclusion
Research paper
Implementation of research.
0.6.
LIMITATIONS My dissertation will include study of all the process and methods of rejuvenation of Riverfront development.
My dissertation will include a study of different type of riverfront including, restoration of Sabarmati river to Sabarmati riverfront development.
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1.1
|B
ackground
The term riverfront is defined as “the land or property along a river, the section of a city or town along a river�. The redeveloped waterfront acts as a driver for the re-launch of the entire economy of a city, often re-locating it in an international context. For this reason, many cities, even of a small and medium size, are adopting the recovery of their border or of their former port areas in light of economic benefits and of a higher quality of life. In this regard, it becomes necessary to learn from others. The design of a successful riverfront development involves many steps. This dissertation will present what is involved in the formation of a Riverwalk, what makes people use and visit the site, and how it adds comfort to a city.
The spreading of these regeneration projects, from modest and simple versions to ambitious complex ones, makes possible to restore the symbolic importance of the dialogue between urban building and the nearby water in this early 21st century period. Each place is defined by a different geography and morphology of the surrounding coast, and this multiplicity witnesses the various possible links between land and sea, and the many differences in ways of living at urban scale and managing of waterfront areas. In fact, by re-generating waterfront redevelopment around the world, it will be possible to identify new and more attractive urban environments for the 21st century.
Moreover, urban renewal involves not just physical infrastructures but communities as well. The impact of revitalisation on society goes together with the impact on the environment. As result, the Partnership, during the project’s life, involved as much as possible the civil society to be part of the network, in order to have the most wide and complete views of this complex transformation process.
1.1.1 Riverfront development projects in India: Cosmetic make up on deep wounds There is a rush of riverfront development schemes in India. We have heard of Sabarmati Riverfront development being drummed many times, followed by the proposed rejuvenation of Ganga, supposedly on the lines of Sabarmati.
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What does Riverfront Development entail? Is it River Restoration? Are the millions of rupees spent on Riverfront Development schemes justified? Will it help in saving our damaged rivers? A brief glance at the existing river restoration/ improvement/beautification schemes indicates that the discourse revolves mainly around recreational and commercial activities. It is more about real estate than river. Activities that are promoted on the riverfronts typically include promenades, boat trips, shopping, petty shops, restaurants, theme parks, walk ways and even parking lots in the encroached river bed. Revolutionary project in riverfront development was claimed to be the Sabarmati Riverfront Development project of Ahmedabad city which was supposed to be designed based on riverfronts of Thames in London and Seine in Paris. The project which began as an urban development project is lately being pushed as a role model for many urban rivers in India. This kind of riverfront development essentially changes the ecological and social scape of the river transforming it into an urban commercial space rather than a natural, social, cultural, ecological landscape. Is it wise to go for this kind of development on riverfronts? What does it do to the river ecosystem, its hydrological cycle? What does it do to the downstream of river? These questions need to be explored before accepting the current model of riverfront development as replicable or laudable.
1.1.2. Reclaim and beautify Most of the currently ongoing projects lay a heavy emphasis on beautification of rivers. Riverfronts are treated as extension of urban spaces and are often conceived as ‘vibrant’, ‘throbbing’ or ‘breathing’ spaces by the designers. Concrete wall embankments, reclamation of the riverine floodplains and commercialization of the reclaimed land are the innate components of these projects. Quick glimpse at various riverfront development projects confirms this.
1.2.1. Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project, Ahmedabad Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project of Ahmedabad city, which is presented as an innovator in urban transformation has been proposed by Environmental Planning Collaborative (EPC), an Ahmedabad-based urban planning consultancy firm, in 1997 and envisaged to develop a stretch of 10.4 km of the banks on both sides of the river by creating concrete embankment walls on both banks with walkways. A Special Purpose Vehicle called the Sabarmati Riverfront Development Corporation Ltd. (SRFDCL) was formed in the same year for implementation of the project. The
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financial cost of the initiative was estimated to be in the range of around INR 11520 million. Around two thirds of this amount has already been spent.
Fig.1 Panoramic view of Sabarmati Riverfront, Ahmedabad
1.2.2. Yamuna Riverfront Development, Delhi Despite the concerns about flooding of Yamuna, the team is exploring ways of replicating Sabarmati Model. In 2009, the administration was also planning channelizing the Yamuna and putting up a waterfront like Paris and London with recreational facilities, parking lots and promenades etc. Reclamation of the floodplains to create a concrete riverfront, like in Ahmedabad, could be ecologically unsound and even dangerous for Delhi that is already extremely helpless to floods. The sediment load in Yamuna is very high. The non-channelized river rises by over four metres during peak monsoon flooding. Risk of flooding will increase multifold for a channelized river. The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change last year put Delhi among three world cities at high risk of floods. Tokyo and Shanghai are the two other cities. An expert committee appointed by the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) to examine the Yamuna River Front Development Scheme of the Delhi Development Authority (DDA) recommended that DDA should scrap its ambitious plan for developing recreational facilities, parking lots and promenades. The committee was formed following order from National Green Tribunal which was drawn in response to a petition filed by activists and Yamuna Jiye Abhiyaan convener Manoj Misra. The committee pointed out that recreational spots located in active floodplain areas would kill the river and cause floods in the city. City of Noida, on the other hand, has decided to go ahead with the Rs-200-crore Yamuna Riverfront Development Project, which the Greater Noida Authority (GNA) has been planning.
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Fig.2 A schematic drawing of Yamuna riverfront
Fig.3 Proposal for Yamuna Riverfront, Delhi
1.2.3. River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Varanasi The National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) was shifted from the environment ministry to the water resources ministry. New name for the Ministry of Water Resources is Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation. Priority for the river rejuvenation is restoring its water quality, freshwater flow and not riverbank beautification. More than INR 5,000 crore (some estimates this figure to be over INR 20 000 crores) has been spent on cleaning the Ganga in the past 28 years. The Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1986 and was in 1994 extended to the Yamuna, Gomti and other tributaries of the Ganga. The second phase of the Ganga Action Plan was launched in 2000 and NGRBA was created in 2009. The plan however has not achieved what it set out to achieve. Water quality for Ganga River has been declining and is unfit even for irrigation or bathing. Potable use is out of question. The count of harmful organisms, including hazardous faecal bacteria, at many locations is more than 100 times the limit set by the government. The water’s biochemical oxygen content, which is vital for the survival of aquatic wildlife, has dipped drastically. Any “cosmetic treatments” will not work for Ganga, like they have not worked for Sabarmati.
Fig.4 Panoramic view of Ghats in Varanasi
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1.2.4. Brahmaputra Riverfront Development Project, Guwahati Another “multi-dimensional environment improvement and urban rejuvenation project” that is set to come up with plans for reclaimed river banks is on Brahmaputra River in Guwahati. While on one hand the city is struggling to cope up with the flood prone nature of the Brahmaputra River, the State Government of Assam plans to take up an ambitious project to develop the city riverfront named ‘Brahmaputra Riverfront Development Project’ under the Assam Infrastructure Financing Authority. The riverfront project will be implemented by the Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority (GMDA) in phases. The project plans to achieve maximum possible reclamation. While the plan talks of revitalization of the river ecology and strengthening of riverbanks through soil bio engineering it has several urban features on its agenda like promenade, Ghats, plazas and parks; buildings, conference facilities parking lots, ferry terminals, bus and para transport stops, Urban utilities and drainage, Improved infrastructure for floating restaurants, Public amenities; Dhobi Ghats, etc. Tendency to flood is an important feature of River Brahmaputra. The river also has one of the highest sediment loads in the world. Every year during the successive floods, most of the areas in the valley of Assam remain submerged for a considerable numbers of days causing wide spread damages. The authorities blamed illegal encroachments on watersheds across the state capital for the flash floods, which had choked the natural outlets for the gushing water. The National Institute of Hydrology (NIH), Roorkee, upon being requested by the GMDA, is carrying out a study which includes river shifting analysis for studying stability of the river banks, flow variations to determine the perennial water depth, estimate of floods of various return periods for design of river embankments, estimate of water surface profiles employing hydro-dynamic river flow model and design parameters for river embankments. The Brahmaputra Riverfront Development Project however has been inaugurated even before the requisite studies have been completed.
Fig.5 Phenomenon as recent as June 27, 2014
Fig.6 Floods in Brahmaputra River in Guwahati Guwahati
setting off flash floods. School of Architecture, IPS Academy, Indore
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1.2.5. Gomti Riverfront Development Project, Lucknow The project by the Lucknow Development Authority is based on the Sabarmati Riverfront Model. It plans to “beautify” Gomti River between Gomti Barrage and Bridge on Bye-pass road connecting Lucknow-Hardoi road and Lucknow-Sitapur road, a length of about 15 Km. According to the Technical Bid Document released by the Lucknow Development Authority, the Riverfront Project has no component of water treatment or river restoration, but is a landscape-based development project, which will also look at “reclaiming” the river banks for activities like shops, entertainment area, promenades, etc. The inspiration for the project swings from Thames riverfront in London, to Sabarmati in Gujarat In all this discussion, there is no mention of maintaining adequate flow in Gomti, treating sewage, conserving its floodplains, or any other ecological angles Ironically, not just river beautification, but the idea of river improvement and restoration.
Fig.7 Gomti Riverfront (work in pogress)
Fig.8 Gomti Riverfront Development Project, Lucknow
1.2.6. Mithi Riverfront Development, Mumbai Stretch of 18 km of Mithi River flows through city of Mumbai. Course of Mithi has been modified throughout the city to host range of activities. On July 26, 2005, the river flooded some of the most densely populated areas claiming nearly 1000 lives. After these catastrophic floods, the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) and the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) made a plan to “restore” the river. The BMC and the MMRDA’s definition of restoration involve desilting, beautification and building of a retaining wall. Stretch of 4.5 km of the total six km stretch of the river that falls School of Architecture, IPS Academy, Indore
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within MMRDA’s jurisdiction is covered with mangroves. MMRDA has planned to beautify the stretch of remaining 1.5 km (10 ha) which lies right amidst mangroves by developing a promenade. MMRDA plans developing this project on a PPP (Public Private Partnership) basis. Interestingly, the Mukesh Ambani-led Reliance Foundation and Standard Chartered Bank have been selected for this project. As per the Coastal Zone Management Plan (CZMP) of the area, the proposed Mithi Riverfront Development Project falls in Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) II and III. The proposal was presented to CRZ authority in its 82nd meeting on June 10, 2013. CRZ authority has not allowed any reclamation or construction activities in this stretch. For widening, lengthening and reconstruction of the existing bridge CRZ has referred the proposal to MoEF and asked MMRDA to take prior permission of the High Court if the proposal involves destruction of mangroves. The Observer Research Foundation, a private, not for profit organization (funded by Reliance India) from Mumbai has come up with a study that recommends a 21point programme for reclaiming the Mithi, envisaging a single and unbroken riverpark corridor spanning across the entire 18-km length of the Mithi with dedicated bicycle tracks, gardens, amphitheatres,
Fig.9 Mithi Riverfront Development, Mumbai (proposal)
Sports and recreation.
1.3.1. RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES Specifically, the guideline for riverfront development concept aims four objectives, as follows:
1) To explain and encourage the implementation of guideline in the development planning of riverfront areas. 2) To be a reference and a guideline for any development near to the river areas. 3) To provide uniform guidelines for all parties involved in the riverfront development process. 4) To control all types of riverfront developments.
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Guideline for the development related to rivers and river front
1.3.2. The Greenbelt Corridor The Greenbelt Corridor shall be defined as an area measured from the centreline of the river and major streams, this corridor is defined as an 800 foot corridor measured from the centreline of the corridor (400 feet on each side). This defined corridor is not a setback and does not prohibit buildings from building to their previously set build to line. Several spatial studies were completed to identify the best distance and measurement. Developments and redevelopments that are proposed within this corridor, shall follow these design guidelines to the fullest extent possible. Existing developments do not apply, unless they have an adverse effects to the greenbelt. In many case uptown and Uptown Peripheral Zones, Design Standards have or will be adopted and will take precedence over these Urban Design Guidelines where there are any conflicts.
1.3.3. Purpose The purpose of these design guidelines is to assure that new and redeveloping areas and businesses adjacent to the greenbelt take advantage and respect the greenbelt as a valuable asset for the residents of Fort Worth and surrounding areas in Tarrant County. These guidelines are not intended to discourage development near the greenbelt or near designated floodplain areas. They are intended to encourage developments to take advantage of the greenbelt as a valuable asset which include orientation, preservation of significant open space, and other measures. .
Fig.10 Example of defined corridor
1.3.4. Buildings and Site Development Conditions The following design guidelines apply to developing and redeveloping areas. They are in addition to federal, state, or local jurisdictional requirements related to flood control and other related laws and regulations. These regulating entities may include additional and overriding regulations.
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1.3.5. Guidelines: o Avoid trash containers, outdoor storage, parking, service areas, exposed mechanical equipment, between the building areas and the greenbelt. Buildings should not back up to the river corridor. o Provide access to the greenbelt for residents and employees. o Provide public access to the greenbelt approximately at least every 900 feet (measured parallel to the greenbelt). It is recognized that this distance may vary due to existing unique conditions and development designs. o Provide view corridors to the greenbelt. These are 50’ wide (minimum) corridors which can also be used for emergency access, maintenance access, landscaping, water retention zones, underground utilities, and related types of facilities. These view,
Fig.11 View Corridor
Corridors should be spaced no less than approximately each 600’. These view corridors can also serve as public access points. Either private or public access should be provided at these locations. o Restaurants adjacent to the greenbelt should orient to the greenbelt and include outdoor dining and views from indoor dining areas. o Retail areas adjacent should orient to the greenbelt
and
should
provide
outdoor
displays, and unique events or festivals as possible during the year. o Restaurant and retail adjacent to the greenbelt should explore public/ private partnerships when designing/ building parking garages,
Fig.12 Outdoor dining oriented to the water
Restrooms, bike racks and other outdoor amenities. o Avoid fences or barriers that are opaque, such as wood, brick, stone or other that wall off developments from the view of the greenbelt. It is understood that fencing and privacy is sometimes needed. For example wrought iron fences or similar which create privacy are acceptable and do not create the barrier effect. o Park dedication requirements should be considered adjacent to the greenbelts. In all future developments, at least a 300’ zone of open space (measured from the centre line of the School of Architecture, IPS Academy, Indore
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river or stream) shall be dedicated as park to allow for continuous trails and the greenbelt system. In almost all cases this zone will be much wider due to flood plain issues. o `As a general rule industrial zoning, developments and districts are not recommended adjacent to the greenbelt. In cases where they are proposed and considered for approval, they should also conform to the above design guidelines to the fullest extent possible. Existing industrial zoning land uses should conform to the extent possible.
Fig.13 Riverfront Park
1.3.6. Suggested Amenities along the Greenbelt Corridor The River Greenbelt corridor provides ample opportunity for river users and enthusiast. Developers should take advantage of these opportunities and are encouraged to cater to user needs along the river. These needs could include: trailhead amenities, plazas, shade structures/ sitting areas, bike/ kayak rentals, publicly accessible restrooms, trail access to restaurants/ concessions, etc.
1.3.7. Public Art Guidelines o Developers are encouraged to integrate art into the design process for buildings and adjoining waterfront features. o Public agencies are encouraged to integrate art in the design of all publicly visible infrastructure, Including flood control Structures, retaining walls and public spaces.
Fig.15 Public Art Space
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2.1 SABARMATI RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT PROJECT One of the most innovative projects towards urban regeneration in the world to make the city liveable & sustainable (KPMG)
2.1.1. Introduction The River Sabarmati flows from north to south splitting Ahmedabad into almost two equal parts. For many years, it has served as a water source and provided almost no formal recreational space for the city. As the city has grown, the Sabarmati River had been SABARMATI RIVER and AHMEDABAD abused and neglected and with the increased pollution was posing a major health and environmental hazard to the city. The slums on the riverbank were disastrously flood prone and lack basic infrastructure services. The River became back of the City and inaccessible to the public
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2.1.2 Sabarmati and the Growth of Ahmedabad
Sabarmati has always been important to Ahmedabad
As a source for drinking water
As a place for recreation
As a place to gather
Place for the poor to build their hutments
Place for washing and drying clothes
Place for holding the traditional Market
And yet, Sabarmati was abused and neglected
Due to increase in urban pressures, carrying capacity of existing sewage system falling short and its diversion into storm water system releasing sewage into the River.
Illegal sewage connections in the storm water drains.
Open defecation from the nearby human settlements spread over the entire length.
Discharge of industrial effluent through some SWDs.
Illegal construction/encroachment of huts/slum on the river bed.
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For implementation of this Project: A Company has been set up by AMC in the Year 1997. The Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project is a city level intervention. It is conceived and being implemented as a pioneering multibenefit project with significant urban transformation potential. This project is to transform the historic but neglected river Sabarmati into a vibrant and vital focus for Ahmedabad city to be returned back to the citizens of Ahmedabad. The riverfront development is already turning the Sabarmati into a major asset, which will improve the efficiency of infrastructure and the quality life in Ahmedabad. Revitalize as vibrant urban space which in fact was carrying significant sewage flow and used as dumping yard for disposal of garbage. As a process in urban renewal, the Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project has all the elements of; • Environmental, • Transform the non-perennial river • Cultural and social sustainability • Financial,
2.1.3. Objectives 1. Environmental Improvement 2. Creating network of public open spaces 3. Providing adequate public access to the river 4. Rehabilitation of the slums 5. Rehabilitation of Gujari Bazaar 6. Rehabilitation of Dhobis (Washer men) 7. Creating vibrant urban neighbourhood 8. Recreational Activities
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Land Use Plan
2.2 Project Implementation 2.2.1. RIVER HYDRAULICS The objective of the river hydraulic study was to ensure for:
River width in such a way that, expected High Flood Level (HFL) in the River in its natural condition, does not significantly increase after it is constricted and trained.
Height of Retaining walls and Embankment in relevance to HFL
The Depth of Diaphragm wall to protect scouring of the Riverbed
Stability of existing bridges by protecting piers against increased velocity as per the design HFL
2.2.2. River Hydraulic and Alignment Original condition
After project
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2.2.3. River Training as per hydraulic requirement
2.2.4. Basic Infrastructural Works:
Diaphragm Wall, Anchor Slab, Ghats and Ramps
Retaining Wall, Staircases and Ramps
Extension of Outfalls, Interceptor Sewage & Junction Chamber, Pumping Station
Pier Protection of existing Bridges
Earth Fill
2.2.5. Construction Process:
Fig.18 Original Condition
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Fig.19 Diaphragm Wall and Anchor Slab
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
Fig.20 Retaining Wall and Earth Fill
Fig.21 Further Development
2.2.6. Sewerage Network To stop flow of sewage and to keep the river clean Diversion (Interceptor) of Sewage
East Bank: 15 Km West Bank: 12.3 Km
Total work:
RCC pipe (1.2 m to 2.2 m Dia) 17800 Rmt RCC Box drains (1.7 m x 1.8 m to 2.25 m x 1.8 m twin box) 3200 Rmt Rising main: 5000 Rmt and GRP pie line: 1300 Rmt. Total drains: 48 Nos (28 on West & 20 on East) Junction chambers: Total 41 Nos. (23 on West and 18 on East)
Fig.22 Sewerage Network line
Fig.23 Sewage Plant
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Fig.24 Sewage pipe line
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
2.2.6. Road Network East Bank:
Four lane road creating north - South link of 10.55 km connecting river with East Ahmedabad through 10 approaches.
The major connection with the road leading to the Airport avoiding traffic congestions.
Connection with the fort wall city having many markets in central Ahmedabad and biggest city bus terminus i.e. Laldarwaja etc.
West Bank:
This is also four lane road of 9.25 km length parallel to the major North - South Ashram road on this side.
This will help to manage traffic of commercial development of West Ahmedabad and proposed Central Business District through 11 approaches.
Fig.25 Road Network
Fig.26 West bank Road
Fig.27 East bank Road
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
2.3 Inclusive Development
Rehabilitation of the slums
Rehabilitation of Gujari Bazaar
Rehabilitation of Dhobis (Washer men)
Environmental Improvement
2.3.1. A Revenue Sustainable Project
Fig.28 Revenue generating area plan
Multi Use Land for Sale: 14.5% of Total Area
Total sq.m. To be sold: 2,94,082 sq. m.
Total saleable floor area -8,40,000 sq.m. (approx. 90 lac sq. ft.)
This will be sufficient for CAPEX and Corpus for O & M
A Revenue Sustainable Project
Likely revenue from sale of land Rs. 1700 Cr.
Out of which, Rs. 1200 Cr. to be returned by SRFDCL to AMC
A Corpus of Rs. 500 Cr. to be kept aside for O & M Exp. of the project
Likely increase in revenue of property tax – Rs. 50 Crores.
Fig.29 Glipsm
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Fig.28 Social interaction
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
2.4 Project over View 2.4.1. Comparison Study
. Showing Work In Progress Before And After
Fig. construction
Fig. Diaphragm Wall
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
2.5 Case study Analysis:
It is made possible to retain surface water in the river all year round also utilized for boat rides etc.
The water recharges the ground strata extensively with storage of 12.5 million cubic meter river water.
Interceptor sewers and sewage diversion network has diverted more than 250 MLD sewage from the river and eliminated the pollutants.
Diaphragm walls in the bed of the river has protected from scour and stopped erosion of the river banks.
Retaining walls along both banks has made 202 Ha. Land available for further development for the city and also contributed for flood protection.
The embankments on either side of the river has provided wide walkways, many other facilities and green space for the public with extensive tree plantation.
10000 slum dwellers residing on the riverbed have been rehabilitated and resettled in very good PAKKA houses.
Traditional user of River like washer men and unorganized vendors are now provided with well-organized facilities.
Easy access to the river water through Ghats, stairs/Ramps.
2.5.1. Key Learning from the Project The abused river can be brought back;
To the city by utilizing the resources of the river itself
To convert the abandoned land of riverbed and nuisance at the centre of the City into; 1. people’s attraction, 2. tourist destination
to create infrastructural and recreational facilities
to transform the city more liveable with
environmental improvement and
Inclusive development.
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
3.1.
| India
The rivers of India play an important role in the lives of the Indians. They provide potable water, cheap transportation, electricity, and the livelihood for a large number of people all over the country. This easily explains why nearly all the major cities of India are located by the banks of rivers. The rivers also have an important role in Hindu Dharma and are considered holy by all Hindus in the country. Seven major rivers along with their numerous tributaries make up the river system of India. The largest basin system of the rivers pour their waters into the Bay of Bengal; however, some of the rivers whose courses take them through the western part of the country and towards the east of the state of Himachal Pradesh empty into the Arabian Sea. Parts of Ladakh, northern parts of the Aravalli range and the arid parts
of
the
Thar
Desert
have
inland
.
drainage. Fig. India River Map
All major rivers of India originate from one of the three main watersheds:
3.1.2. The Himalaya and the Karakoram ranges Vindhya and Satpura ranges and Chotanagpur plateau in central India Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India Himalayan glaciers in the Indian subcontinent are broadly divided into the three river basins, namely the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra. The Indus basin has the largest number of glaciers (3500), whereas the Ganga and Brahmaputra basins contain about 1000 and 660 glaciers, respectively
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
3.2. Important rivers in India The rivers is played very important role in providing irrigation water, drinking water, electricity, easy & cheap transportation, other miscellaneous works has been done with the help of rivers. The important rivers of India are Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Indus, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kauery, Narmada and Tapti. A brief description of these rivers is given below:
3.2.1. Ganga: Ganga is the most holy river according to Hindu. It has started from the Gangotri in the Himalayas and poured into the Bay of Bengal by travelling of around 2525 km. It is ranked 3rd largest river in the world. There are a number of cities had been developed across the banks of Ganga like Pataliputra, Kashi, Allahabad, Varanasi, Kolkata, etc. It had also created the World’s largest delta in West Bengal named as Sundarban delta. River Ganga has special religious significance. The Hindus consider Ganga as their mother. During religious occasions, thousands of devotees gather along the bank of the river to take holy bath.
3.2.2. Yamuna: Yamuna River had originated from Yamunotri Glacier in the Himalayas, then travels across several states and merged into the Ganga at Triveni, Allahabad. Its total length is 1376 km. Yamuna River passes through major cities such as Delhi, Yamuna Nagar, Agra, Mathura, Allahabad, etc. Yamuna River’s water contributed nearly 70% of Delhi’s water supply. The Taj Mahal is situated on the banks of Yamuna River. River Chambal and River Betwa are its right tributaries. Some of its important left tributaries includes River Tons, River Hindon, etc.
3.2.3. Brahmaputra: Brahmaputra River is originated from Angsi Glacier, the northern Himalayas in Tibet, then entered into the Arunachal Pradesh to Assam and then merges with the Padma River in Bangladesh. Its length is around 2900 km and plays an important role in the irrigation and transportation. It emptied into the Bay of Bengal. Guwahati, the most important city of Assam, is situated on the bank of River Brahmaputra.
3.2.4. Indus River: The Indus River is a historically famous in Asia. It originated from the Tibetan Plateau, and then flows through the Ladakh then entered into Pakistan and finally merge into the Arabian Sea after travelling a distance of 3180 km. Besides India, it also passes through China and Pakistan.
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
3.2.5. Mahanadi River: Mahanadi is a major river in the state of Chhattisgarh and Odisha. Mahanadi’s water is used in the irrigation and drinking purpose, it is also called the ruin of Orissa due its devastating floods over the years but till Hirakud Dam was constructed. It has a large basin area of around 1.42 sq. km. Its total length is 858 km. Cuttack, Sonepur, Sambalpur, etc. are the important cities on the bank of Mahanadi River.
3.2.6. Godavari: Godavari, also known as Dakshin Ganga, is the longest river in the southern India and 2nd largest in India after Ganga. It is originated from Maharashtra and flows through Andhra Pradesh, then merges into the Bay of Bengal after travelling a distance of 1465 km. Rajamahendravaram, the famous city of Andhra Pradesh, is situated on the bank of River Godavari.
3.2.7. Krishna (also called Krishnaveni): The 3rd longest river in India after Ganga and Godavari, Krishna River which is originated from Mahabaleswar in Maharashtra and flows through the state of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and finally merges into the Bay of Bengal by travelling a distance of 1400 km. Vijayawada is the most important city along the bank of River Krishna.
3.2.8. Kaveri: The Kaveri River is one odaf the large rivers in India which is originated from Talakaveri in the Western Ghats of Karnataka and flows through the states of Karnataka & Tamilnadu, finally merges into Bay of Bengal by travelling a distance of 765 km.
3.2.9. Narmada: Narmada River is the 5th Longest in the Indian sub-continent. It is also called the Life line of Madhya pradesh due to its huge contributions. Narmada River is originated from Narmada Kund, Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh and merges into the Arabian Sea near Gujarat after travelling a distance of 1312 km.
3.2.10. Tapti: Tapti River is one of the major rivers in Central India. Its total length is around 724 km which flows through the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra and finally merges into the Gulf of Cambay (also called Gulf of Khambhat) of Arabian Sea near Gujarat. Some major cities such as Surat, Naski, etc. are located on the bank of River Tapti.
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
3.3 Yamuna River Yamuna River had originated from Yamunotri Glacier in the Himalayas, then travels across several states and merged into the Ganga at Triveni Sangam, Allahabad. Its total length is 1376 km. Yamuna River passes through major cities such as Delhi, Yamuna Nagar, Agra, Mathura, Allahabad, etc. Yamuna River’s water contributed nearly 70% of Delhi’s water supply. The Taj Mahal is situated on the banks of Yamuna River. Fig.31 Yamuna River Route Map
River Chambal and River Betwa are its right tributaries. Some of its important left tributaries includes River Tons, River Hindon, etc.
3.3.1. Chambal River The Chambal River is a famous river and it has been cited in various prehistoric scriptures. It is a perennial river and has its source in Manpura, located to the south of Mhow Town close to Indore on the southern sides of the Vindhya Mountain Range lying in Madhya Pradesh. The Chambal and its tributaries sap the Malwa area of northwestern Madhya Pradesh, and at the same time its tributary, the Banas, which originates in the Aravalli Range, saps the southeast part of Rajasthan. The river finishes at a meeting point of five rivers, which include the Kwari, Chambal, Sind, Yamuna, and Pahuj at Pachnada close to Bhareh in Uttar Pradesh state, at the boundary of Etawah and Bhind districts. The Chambal River is one of the major tributaries of the Yamuna River. Located in Central India, the river comprises a significant portion of the Greater Gangetic Drainage System. The Chambal River runs according to a north to north-easterly itinerary through Madhya Pradesh, flowing for a considerable distance through Rajasthan, subsequently creates the border between Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan prior to twisting to the southeast to meet the Yamuna in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
Fig.32 Chambal River near Kota, Rajasthan
Fig.33 Gandhisagar Dam on Chambal River
3.3.2. Source, Drainage, and Mouth of Chambal River The length of Chambal River is 960 km. The river has its source near the Singar Chouri crest in the northern sides of the Vindhyan cliffs, 15 km west to southwest of Mhow in Indore District, Madhya Pradesh. The origin of the Chambal River lies at a height of around 843 m. It runs initially according to a northward itinerary in Madhya Pradesh for a distance of around 346 km and subsequently in a typically northeastward course for a span of 225 km across Rajasthan. The river runs for a further 217 km amid Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan and an extra 145 km amid Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. The Chambal River moves into Uttar Pradesh and runs for around 32 km prior to meeting the Yamuna River in Etawah district of Uttar Pradesh at an altitude of 122 m, for creating a portion of the greater Gangetic drainage system. From the origin till its meeting with the Yamuna, the river has a downslope of around 732 meters. Out of this entire downslope, about 305 meters is in the initial 16 km stretch from its origin. The river plunges an extra 195 meters in the 338 km after that, where the river penetrates the canyon across the Chaurasigarh Fort. In the following 97 km of its flow from the Chaurasigarh Fort to the city of Kota, the riverbed descends by an extra 91 meters. In the remainder of its stretch of 523 km, the Chambal River goes across the plains of the Malwa terrain and subsequently in the Gangetic Basin. The average slope of the river is 0.21 m/km. The valley is surrounded by the mountain ranges of Vindhya and by the Aravallis to the northwest. Under the meeting point of the Banas and Parvathi, the drainage basin gets thinner and extended. In this span, it is bordered by the Vindhyan mountain range to the south and the Aravalli mountain ranges to the north. To the northwest, The Vindhyan escarpments edge the left riverbanks of the Chambal, and then, is mostly sapped by it. The river is intensifying within around 6 km of the Narmada River, emerges as an ensuant on the Mesozoic plane, placed on top of the escarpments,
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
and penetrates directly across them, with succeeding tributaries on the pliable sedimentary rocks. The river and its tributaries Parbati and Kali Sindh have generated a triangle-shaped alluvial plateau, around 200–270 m over the thin channel of the lower Chambal River in Kota. The Chambal River is a characteristically forward-drainage type river, being quite older than the Ganges and Yamuna River, into which it ultimately pours.
3.3.3. Tributaries of Chambal River Major tributaries of the Chambal River include the following:
Choti Kalisindh
Ansar
Shipra
Parbati
Retam
Banas
Sivanna
Khan
Kalisindh
The Chambal is the most signiificant river of the Malwa flat terrain. The river basin is a portion of the ditches, floodplain, and gorges. In Rajasthan, the Hadauti terrain emerges in the upper drainage basin of the Chambal River to the southeast of the Mewar valley. The river basin emerges in the Malwa terrain to the east. Geographically, it can be categorized into the Deccan Lava (Malwa) terrain and Vindhyan escarpment area. As stated by Heron in 1953, the pediplain in the east, emerging amid the Vindhyan terrain and the Aravalli mountain range, holds a narrow thin layer of quaternary deposits, altered top soil and river canal materials. In any case, two worn down layers can be identified in the pedi plain region from the Tertiary period. The Vindhyan plateau, the neighboring Chambal basin, and the Indo-Gangetic alluvial territory (older alluvium) are of Pleistocene to Sub-recent period. Badland landscape is a typical attribute of the Chambal basin, on the other hand, kankar has comprehensively built up in the older alluvial deposit.
3.3.4. Dams on Chambal River The Gandhi Sagar Dam The Rana Pratap Sagar Dam The Jawahar Sagar Dam The Kota Barrage
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
3.4. Tributaries of Chambal River (Khan River) 3.4.1. -Khan River The River Kahn or Khan as it is now known is a river flowing through Indore, the commercial capital state of Madhya Pradesh. It doesn't hold freshwater but instead has become polluted over the period of time carries sewage due to pollution. This fact has much historical importance. Once, while visiting the banks of river Saraswati, Rao Nandlal found a location surrounded by rivers on all sides. To protect his people from harassment by Marathas and Mughals, he started moving his people to this place and constructed the fort of Shree Sansthan Bada Rawala. This city was named Indrapur after Lord Indreshwar, and eventually came to be known as Indore.
Fig.34 India
Fig.35 Madhya Pradesh
Fig.36 Indore
3.4.2. Location: Khan River is next to Indore and is located in Madhya Pradesh, India. Length of River Khan in urban area 21 km. Latitude: 22°45'4.32"&Longitude: 75°52'5.88".The mouth of the river hosts Yamuna, the major river of India.
3.5.3. Details of River in Indore
Length of River Khan in urban area :- 21 km
Length of Sarasvati & Chandrabhaga :- 12 km
Avg. Slope in urban area– about 1 in 500
Kanh river width – from 10 m to 30 m
Undefined river banks
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
4.1.
|I
NDORE
4.1.1. Introduction Origin of the Name, The District takes its name from the headquarters city of Indore, previously called as Indur which is a corruption of Indreshwar or Indrapur, the name of the village on which the town was founded. The temple of Indreshwar from which the village took its name still stands in Juni Indore, the heart of the City. The City itself has grown out of the village, traced as far back as 1661 and originally called Indrapur. Indore is situated on one of India's oldest pilgrimage routes from Mahakaal at Ujjain on river Kshipra, to Omkareshwar on the river Narmada and onwards to Rameshwaram. In the present it is the largest city of the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Indore city is linked by three modes of transportation are by road, rail and air. Its regional road pattern fans out in all directions. The national highway (Mumbai —Agra road) passes through the city's inhabited area. State highways and other roads connect the city with the state capital Bhopal, all district headquarters of the division, as well as important towns within the district.The city is, served by a broad-gauge and meter gauge railway line. The railway line passes through the heart of the city which connects it to Mumbai, Bhopal and New Delhi. Ahilya bai, the famous ruler of Indore state was born on 31st august 1725 in Chondi village in Beed district of Maharashtra. She is considered one of the greatest administrators ever, who also devoted herself to charitable and humanitarian pursuits. She constructed new temples, renovated old temples by reinstalling idols in them, constructed new buildings on the Ghats at places of pilgrimage, chhatris, rest houses, wells, ponds, free kitchens etc. The credit for the development of Indore into a prosperous city from a small village can be attributed to Ahilya bai Holkar. Although Maheshwar was the capital of Madhya Pradesh, Indore continued to prosper as a trade centre. The most important event of this period which influenced growth of the city was location and construction of Rajwada quite a distance from Juni Indore, in the important area of the town. This shifted importance of the city to this area and new developments started taking place around Rajwada. Today this area is humming with commercial activities and choking with congestion. The city needs a similar bold action for creation of a new centre of activity to relieve congestion and to give a new direction for growth of the city.
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
4.2.
H
istory of Indore
o In 1715 Marathas warriors attack the local zamindars and laid the foundation of Indore at the bank of Saraswati Rivers. o In 1741, temple of lndreshwar was erected in the town, from which it derives the name Indore. o The trade center grew rapidly under the Holkar dynasty (1733-1818). o The remains of their two-century old palace still stand in the main square (called Rajwada). o Between 1948 and 1956, Indore served as the summer capital of the former Madhya Bharat state.
Fig.37 Indore, Madhya Bharat State Plan (1952)
o Currently, it is the commercial capital of M.P.
4.2.1 Post-independence After India's independence in 1947, Holkar State, along with a number of neighbouring princely states, acceded to Indian Union. In 1948, with the formation of Madhya Bharat, Indore became the summer capital of the state. On 1 November 1956, when Madhya Bharat was merged into Madhya Pradesh, the state capital was shifted to Bhopal. Indore, a city today of nearly 2.1 million residents, has transformed from a traditional commercial urban centre into a modern dynamic commercial capital of the state.
Fig.38 Indore City Map
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Fig.39 Indore Colony Development Map 1992
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
4.3. Site Description 4.3.1 Geography
Location: Khan River is next to Indore and is located in Madhya Pradesh, India. Length of River Khan in urban area 21 km. Latitude: 22°45'4.32"&Longitude: 75°52'5.88".The mouth of the river hosts Yamuna, the major river of India.
Fig.34 India
Fig.35 Madhya Pradesh
Fig.40 Indore Master Plan-2021
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
Fig.41 Site Area Raster Plan
4.3.2. Approaches and Linkages 4.3.2.1. Transport o Air Indore is served by the state of the art Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport, about 8 km from the Site. It is the busiest airport in the states of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and also serves as a hub for international cargo.
o Rail The Indore Junction is an A-1 grade railway station, about 2 Km from the Site. With a revenue of more than Rs. 50 crore (500 million). The City Railway Division comes under Ratlam Division of the Western Railways.
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
o Road Indore is connected to other parts of India through national and state highways. The major national highways passing through the city are:
National Highway No. 3 (NH3 – Agra Bombay)
National Highway No. 59 (Ahmedabad – Godhra - Indore)
National Highway No. 59A (Indore – Betul – Nagpur connecting NH 69)
4.3.3. Climate Indore has a borderline humid subtropical climate (climate classification Cwa) and tropical savanna climate (Aw). Three distinct seasons are observed: summer, monsoon and winter. Indore gets moderate rainfall of 185 to 360 millimetres (7.3 to 14.2 in) during July– September due to the southwest monsoon.
Fig.42 Climate Data For Indore
4.3.3. Indore City Census 2011 data Indore city is governed by Municipal Corporation which comes under Indore Metropolitan Region. The Indore city is located in Madhya Pradesh state of India.
Fig.43 Census Data
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Fig.44 Indore Religion 2011
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
4.4.
S S ite &
ite Surrounding
Rajwada palace
Krishnapura Chhatris
Railway Station Jawahar Marg
Fig.45 Map showing Indore and Area of Study
4.4.1. Krishnapura Chhatris The Krishnapura Chhattris of Indore is a monument that portrays bravery and courage. The Chhatris were built in the late 1800s, in the memory of the Holkar rulers and the tombs are built on the cremation spot of the Holkar rulers near Rajwada. The Chhattris were built in the memory of Bolia Sahib over the ashes of another woman ruler of Malwa, Maharani Krishnabai. These chattris are located on the bank of Khan River which is now under the revival by IMC. The Krishnapura Chhatris is one of the beautiful architectural heritage of the Indore city. At the time of festivals and celebration the wonderful sight of the chattris are at its best & adds to the ancient glory of this Indreshwar city. Fig.46 Krishnapura Chhattris
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
4.4.2.
R
ajwada palace
Rajwada (Marathi: राजवाडा) is a historical palace in Indore city. It was built by the Holkars of the Maratha Empire about two centuries ago. This seven storied structure is located near the Chhatris and serves today as a fine example of royal grandeur and architectural skills.
Rajwada Holkar
is located Chhatris in the district of Indore in the state of Madhya Pradesh. The literal meaning of the term Rajwada means "The King's Residence". This particular palace belongs to the category of Maratha and Mughal style City Palace. In Indore city, Rajwada is a historical palace. Nearly two centuries ago, it was successfully built by the Holkars of the Maratha Empire. It is a seven storied structure. It is one of the best examples of royal architectural skills and unique grandeur. It is blended with the architectural
style
of
Indo¬Saracenic
Maratha. It situated at an elevation of 553 m (1,814 ft). The present tenant of this palace is the Khasgi Ahilyabai Holkar Charities Trust.
Fig.47 Ahilyabai Holkar Statue in front of Rajwada
4.4.2.1 Architectural Importance Rajwada Holkar was completed in 1766 by Holkars. The palace structure includes two parts. The main part is located at the center of the city and the next part is located in the old region of the town. This particular palace displays a perfect blend of Mughal and Maratha styles. This style really makes it really spellbound. There is a huge wooden door decorated with iron studs at the lofty archway. At the entrance pathway is located Mughal arched Ganesha hall. It has good number of balconies with windows and corridors that are Mughal ornamented and surrounded largely by galleried rooms. The upper floors are made of wood and lower three floors are perfectly made of stone in order to give strong foundation. At the four corners with cylindrical bastions, Rajwada Holkar is rectangular shaped building. After being slightly damaged by fire, the southern portion of this palace was rebuilt in 1811-1833. The building structure was constructed by the artisans of Muslim origin from Mandu who were
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
considered as the most skilled crafts persons of this entire region. They wholeheartedly worked for the Holkar for many structures in their kingdom. This palace comes with chattries, jharokhas, 7 story beautiful faรงade of perfectly carved stone and wood jails. Rajwada Holkar has brick paved courtyard, rough black basalt flooring and wooden columns with stone bases. In 1984, this palace was destroyed by fire in riots. It was later renovated in 2007 by H.H Ushadevi Holkar. The present owner of this palace is Madhya Pradesh State Archaeology Grade a Monument. This palace was nominated for UNESCO world Heritage Awards.
4.4.2.2. Historical Importance The Maratha Rajas were the rulers of the Holkar dynasty. Until 1818, they became the Maharajas of Indore in the present state of Madhya Pradesh region in Central India. Initially, this particular dynasty was an independent member of the Maratha Empire. Later, this region became
a
princely state
under
the
strong
protectorate
of
British
India.
This dynasty was successfully founded by Malhar Rao in 1731. In 1721, he joined the active service of the Peshwas of the Maratha Empire. He immediately rose to the ranks of Subedar. The king was known as Holkar Maharaja so this became name of the dynasty. It is to be highly noted that the Holkar Maharaja was proudly saluted with a 19gun salute under the British rule. On 16 June 1948, the Princely State of Indore directly acceded to the newly founded Indian government. In this manner, the monarchy that began in 1731 ended in 1948. The first monarch of Holkar dynasty was Malhar Rao Holkar I and last monarch was Yashwantrao Holkar II.
Fig.48 Historical image of Rajwada
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
4.4.2.3. Tourism Importance Domestic and foreign tourists can easily understand the glory of Holkar Dynasty through Rajwada Holkar. It is a residential palace. The interior and exterior architectural styles and decoration will make the visitors transformed to medieval period. A day is required to go around the palace and enjoy its beauty and understand its significance in this particular region.
Fig.49 Ariel View of Rajwada
4.4.2.4. Current Situation Rajwada has been burnt three times in history. The last fire broke out in 1984 and caused the maximum destruction. The lower three floors are made up of stone, while the top floors are made of wood. This made it very vulnerable to destruction by fire. Now, only the front part of the original structure remains. The palace has recently been renovated, which has managed to bring back the old glory to some extent. In the rear part of the palace, a beautiful garden has been created. It contains fountains, an artificial waterfall and some magnificent pieces of 11th century sculpture.
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4.4.2.5. Festivals All national festivals such as Holi, Gangaur, Teej, Rang panchmi, Baisakhi, Raksha Bandhan, Krishna Janmashtami, Mahavir jayanti, Navratri, Durga puja, Dussehra, Ganesh Utsav, Deepavali, Ramzan, Gudi Padwa, Bhaidooj, Eid, Christmas, Bahai Navruz on 21 March and others like Nagpanchmi, Ahilya Utsav, are celebrated with equal enthusiasm. There are many shiva temples in Indore. Mahashivratri is celebrated to a large extent in Indore. Abhivyati, Hind Rakshak and many more organisations conduct garba mahotsav open for people to watch as well as play.
Fig.50 Rajwada Palace as seen on Diwali 2016
4.4.3. Jawahar Marg It is a commercial street, one of the oldest and busiest shopping areas of the city. The street is for its trade in clothes, footwear, jewellery, electronics; and food joints. With only 75 parking slots available on the street for four-wheelers, the street is one of the most crowded in the city. Jawahar Marg lies in the heart of the city in the Central Business District area, close to M G Road, another popular shopping area, and Machinery market in siyaganj.
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
4.5.
Rejuvenation
4.5.1. Riverfront (Re) juvination Riverfront is the region of communication between urban development’s and the River. A riverfront area is reflected as a unique and exceptional resource where it is the edge between land, air, sun, water and productive plants. Moreover, the riverfront is a place assimilating land with water and having a regular attraction to people. Waterfront development denotes to any development in front of water and a water body; a river, creek, lake, ocean, bay or canal. In the development area, measured that a waterfront development may not essentially need to be directly fronting water but May only requirement to look attached to the water. They believe that imposing a view of water can still be measured as a waterfront property.
Area of Study
Fig.51 Study of Area Existing
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|K
5.1.
han River has always been important to Indore
As a source for drinking water
As a place for recreation
Place for the poor to build their hutments
As a place to gather
Place for washing and drying clothes
Fig.53 Showing gathering place
Fig.54 Showing Dhobhi Ghat
Fig.54 Bridge over Khan River
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
And yet, Khan river was abused and neglected 5.2. Abuse of the River
Due to increase in urban pressures, carrying capacity of existing sewage system falling short and its diversion into storm water system releasing sewage into the River.
Illegal sewage connections in the stormwater drains
Open defecation from the near by human settlements spread over the entire length.
Discharge of industrial effluent through some SWDs.
Illegal construction/encroachment of huts/slumon the river bed.
Encroachments reduced the river’s flood Carrying capacity.
The river was inaccessible to the public.
Fig.52 Showing Encroachment area
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5.3.
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xisting condition
The river once an urban heritage of Indore has
turned into a channel which carries sewage and drainage
become a Solid Waste and construction waste dumping site
been encroached upon by Low lying Slums
been surrounded by unauthorised developments
become Source of contamination of ground water
Fig.M.p. Pollution Board School of Architecture, IPS Academy, Indore
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
5.3.1. CEPI Score (Air, Water, Land and Total) The Central Pollution Control Board carried out Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index Assessment (CEPI) Study in association with Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. Based on the study, 43 Industrial Clusters out of 88 listed have been declared as Critically Polluted areas having CEPI of more than 70, which includes Indore City and its industrial clusters at the 38th place. The CEPI scores of Indore are listed below: •
Air 59.00
•
Water 57.50
•
Land 52.00
---------------------------------------Overall CEPI Score 71.26 ----------------------------------------
5.3.2. Major Water Bodies (Rivers, Lakes, Ponds, etc.) Khan River is the main water body of the study area. The drainage of the city is provided by two small rivers, Khan and Sarswati. Khan River, a tributary of Shipra River emerges near Umaria village 11 km South of Indore and flows through heart of city. Traveling of distance of around 50 km, it confluences in to Shipra river at Ujjain. There are no major lakes exist in the study area. Bilawali Tank, Sirpur talav and Pipliya pala talav are important ponds in the impact zone area.
Industry classification and distribution (no. of industries per 10 sq.km area or fraction)
Highly Polluting Industries (17 Categories)
Medium/Major – 02
Small Scale Industries – 12
Red Category Industries (54 Categories)
Medium/Major - 19
Small Scale Industries – 225
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5.3.3. Khan River Industrial pollution: The polluting industries of Indore, the largest city of Madhya Pradesh in industrial, such as 26 textile mills, 1 DDT plant, 2 chemical complexes, 5 fish processing units, 1 urea fertilizer factory, 1 asphalt bitumen plant, 1 TSP plant, 1 steel mill, 5 oil refinery, 1 paper mill (solid waste disposal hourly 1450 mÂł), 1 rayon mill complex, 2 pesticide manufacturing plants, several soap and detergent factories,4 cotton mill, 2 cement factories , 4 paint and dye manufacturing plants and a number of light industrial units directly discharge untreated toxic effluent into Khan river. From the survey of sewages from different industries, it has been found that the discharge is generally composed of organic and inorganic wastes.
Fig. Sewage outlet
5.4.
Fig. Industerial waste in river without treatment
Water Environment
5.4.1. Present status of water environment supported with minimum one year analytical data. Total generation of sewage in Indore city is 200 MLD on the basis of present population. Indore Municipal Corporation is treating only 90 MLD of sewage, the rest is disposed without treatment into Khan River. The said STP is located near Kabitkhedi. Water bodies. There are 163 units which are water polluting. Out of industries Industries generate industrial effluent more than 2000 CMD. Total quantity of industrial effluent generated from industrial area is 2.2 MLD and total domestic effluent generated is 200 MLD. All the large and medium scale industries generating industrial effluent have provided ETPs.
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Also most of the small scale cottage type water polluting industries is unable to provide fullfledged treatment due to lack of finance, thereby causing ground water pollution by discharging substandard effluent on land. To overcome this problem CETP is necessary for industrial clusters. 5.4.2. Water bodies/effluent receiving drains in the area important for water quality monitoring The main water body, receiving domestic and trade effluent is Khan River. The Khan River passes from Indore city and traveling a distance of 50 Km., confluences into Shipra River at Ujjain. Following are the important point and drains of Khan River which are important for water quality monitoring.
Khan River near Pologround.
Khan River at Kabitkhedi, before STP
Khan River at Shakkarkhedi, downstream of STP
Vijay Nagar / Sukhlia Nala, before 12 MLD STP
Khan River near Sanwer town.
Present levels of pollutants in water bodies/effluent receiving drains / ground water (routine parameters, special parameters and water toxics relevant to the area in three categories – known carcinogens, probable carcinogens and other toxics).
Water quality monitoring is being carried out on river Khan. Routine parameters are being monitored at all locations through regular monitoring stations. Khan river water quality results at different locations are shown as below:-
Fig. Surface water of river Khan and nallas of Indore city
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Fig. Water quality of different nalla/drains of Indore
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
Fig. Water quality of different nalla/drains of Indore city
5.4.3.Predominant sources contributing to various pollutants The Indore city sewage is the main source of pollutant in Khan river. 200 MLD sewage is discharge into Khan River, 20, 000 kg/day BOD load is discharge at domestic effluent Around 2.2 MLD of trade effluent is generated it accounts of 220 Kg. per day of BOD Load
5.4.4.Domestic Around 200 MLD of domestic waste generated from Indore city only 90 MLD of sewage is treated and the rest r is disposed without treatment into Khan river. Khan river water at down stream from kabitkhedi to Sanwer is being used for growing vegetables and irrigating the crops by the Farmers. It poses the high risk of contaminating food chain.
Fig. Avg. rainfall
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5.5.1. Illegal activities In South Toda Slum area, dissimilar illegal activities increase day by day in river side .Numerous people are playing card with money. Sometimes they are playing card in different illegal way. Native people have no security in this area from these illegal activities. Concrete structure builds and Tin-shed after filling up a vast stretch of Khan River at Azad nagar in Indore, India. Encroachment still continues on the bank of Khan River posting a hazard to the River upstream Towards the Lokhande Bridge on it. After encroachment of a vast stretch of river bank in CP Shekhar Nagar Slum illegal occupants’ in a latest move are now constructing concrete structures and filling up the water bodies of Khan river.
Fig. South Toda
Fig. Azad nagar
5.5.2. Pollution by waste disposal: There is no appropriate waste disposal system on the bank of the Kahn River. Different types of waste like human waste, unused products, fertilizer, Residential waste, Bags, oil etc. is depose off into river. There are also many hanging toilet in the bank of the river. While using the toilet, the filth goes to the river and pollutes water, and the people of the area bath in the river however the toilet is situated beside the bath and swimming places. Which is very harmful for their health. Hazardous waste dispose of in Khan River near sewer without treatment.
Fig. Kishanpura Area
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
6.1.
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nalysis
Khan Riverfront Development Project and References from the past Riverfront Project: The River Khan has a historical background to Indore. Virtually the whole Indore is lace up and crisscrossed by the river Khan. Large and small Communities along the River have started determining their river heritage, turning back to riverfront and recognizing them as incredible community and financial effects. People with more close to their home refreshment facilities, including riverfront paths, boating and nature observing are included here. In view of mass claim Indore Development Authority (IDA) has absolute to develop a project on inspirational of the bank of the Khan by connecting the communities. 6.1.1. Khan River Front Development Project and other Riverfront: According to the project of water front development and the principle which emphasized most. The points on Sabarmati Riverfront project, Ahmedabad has been seen for sustainable water development. They emphasized on
Protected the quality of water and the environment.
Waterfronts are the part of the present urban fabric.
The historic uniqueness gives attractiveness.
Mixed-use is the priority.
Public access is a requirement.
Planning in public-private companies speeds the course.
Public contribution is an element of sustainability.
Waterfronts is long term projects.
Regeneration is a continuing process.
Waterfronts revenue from global interacting.
6.1.2. Expected End of Project Situation Economic Benefit
Improved Link within City
Creation of jobs
Increase the quality of life style
Enhance property values
Expand local business
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Increase local tax revenues
Attract or relocating businesses
Promote local community
6.1.3. Environmental Quality Impact
Ecological roles of the Khan River will be maintained / improved.
6.1.4. Social Impact
The Development will grow social interaction between people.
It will inspire people to visit the riverbank.
Participating planning process will inspire community ownership of the project.
6.1.5. Target Beneficiaries
People of Indore
Tourists
6.2. Preliminary Planning Concept The bank will be developed with a sense of belonging of Indore people.
River-side drive will be a pleasant experience to all visitors which will be connected to City Road Network as well as trails and different activities.
Basic concept of beautification is to bring the river back to the front of the city’s landscape.
Beautification will be with manicured gardens and tasteful illuminations.
There will be something for each age group and community.
Ample car parking facilities.
The entire stretch will be dotted with several floating restaurants.
Open-air theatre will be developed in natural environment.
Water based recreational facilities will be developed in the project.
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6.3.
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roposal
“Be home before dark and stay away from the rivers.” 6.3.1. River Network: A large number of economic activities take place along the Khan River using the numerous Road situated along the river. These Roads play an important role in goods supply to the local and national market, provide social communication between high class and low class people of Indore city and its surrounding districts. There should be a wide pedestrian footpath (at least 30’ to 40’) along the river side so that people can walk easily and they can sit and gossip freely with the other people. 6.3.2. Leisure, Recreation: About 1000 acres of the land of the Kishanpura area are proposed for the Ghat related some of the water bodies need to be improved by plantation on bank sides. Such pond can be used for community used. There is no sufficient facility for recreation activities in this area. For better mental and health improvement of the local people it is mandatory to provide land for different types of recreation activities like parks, playground, green and sports complex. Taking into consider this demand for recreational purpose the present study of IDA recommends a certain amount land in the study area. A Rajwada area up to Kishanpura chatri River bank, may be developed as a river side amusement such as sport, leisure centre etc. The triangular area south of the industrial area and near to Khan River may be reserved for an urban park.
Fig.
6.3.3. Parks and Open Spaces: To enhance the city environment and make it habitable, it is necessary to build some parks and new Urban Green blocks in this zone. Some such locations area at Jawahar Marg, near Rajwada area, and south Toda. This green park should be kept open for public visit and leisure. There will be a park beside the Kishanpura Bridge which will be the recreational place for people. The areas of this park will be 2.5 Acres. Another park will be in the side of Kalpolok residential area. This will be 7.5 Acres.
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6.3.4. Shops: There should be some small shops. For example-clamps necklace, shops of Icecream, Chatpapdi, various types of flowers shops should be available along the river side. But there should not be any large shops or departmental shops in the river side. 6.3.5. Vehicles: Motors vehicles are not allowed in the footpath regions. If anyone wants to go with motor vehicles then he/she must park it in the parking lot. Each new investment along the rivers encourages activity, unleashes vitality and increases land value, while providing places for people to enjoy.
Fig. Riverbanks, shorelines, riparian buffers, and river habitat are critically important when planning any riverfront project.
6.3.6. Picnic spot: The river side can be a turned into an attractive place if any picnic spot are available in this side. The Ranipura and the Jawahar marg is the most attractive and beautiful place for picnic spots. Some specials project should be taken to develop this place. 6.3.7. Bus and Truck Terminal: There are two sites that have been recommended for transport related use. The site located Kishanpura Bridge and another site located on the Jawahar Marg has been designated for inter district bus terminal and truck terminal respectively. The terminals are to be developed taking into account environmental enhancement and proper traffic circulation. It is mandatory to design a green buffer of trees surrounding the terminals. 6.4.1 Illegal encroachment: Any illegal development, infrastructures are allowed to the river side. Some special rules should be made to protect illegal encroachment along the river side.
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6.4.2. Green belt along River: The bank of the Khan River needs to be protected from untreated water intrusion and storm surges by polders. A green belt is recommendation along the embankment. All major area, such as Rajwada, Kishanpura chhatries should be rehabilitated; backlines should be marked and fixed. Along the backline there should be a buffer zone of green belt, up to 100 ft. wide on both sides. 6.4.3. Treatment Plants: Major part of the area, particularly adjacent to the Khan River, near sawer has been proposed to develop for industrial use. There is always a risk of pollution of Kahn from the industrial units. All polluting industries must have treatment plant, and must not discharge into the river without treatment. In the Kahn river front development project we provide a treatment plant. This treatment plant project is situated near Rambagh which total area 3 acres. In this project we provide these plants to purify the water of industrials waste. 6.4.4. Pedestrian walkway: In the whole area (Kishanpura bridge to Jawahar Marg).There will be a pedestrian walkway. This walk way should be used for pedestrian purposes. No vehicles are allowed in this walkway. The wide of the pedestrian would be 16 ft. various types of landscaping and monument should be in side of this walkway. The walkway should not be straight. It should be curved so that it removes monotones view.
Fig. Public activities and events, such as sidewalk cafĂŠs, street fairs and vendors enliven connections.
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6.4.5. Open Theatre: An open theatre will be in the side of the river bank. And beside this theatre many public facilities will be given. 6.4.5. Art gallery: An art gallery will be beside the Rajwada residential area. Area for art gallery will be 20000 sq. ft. 6.4.6. Parking: Parking is the safety place for the keeping cars. In the Khan River front development project we provide parking facilities in the road side. In this project we provide place for the parking the cars in safety who will come here to visit. Parking is the act of stopping and leaving it unoccupied. Parking on one or both sides of a road is often permitted, though sometimes with restrictions. Parking facilities are constructed in combination with some buildings, to facilitate the coming and going of the buildings' users. Two parking lots are provided. One is situated only little distance from the proposed bus terminal and another is beside the Jawahar Marg area which will serve the vehicles of the commercial area and the people who will visit this area. Both parking will serve minimum 80-100 vehicles.
Fig. Bus Terminal & parking
6.4.7. Stadium and gymnasium: A stadium and gymnasium will be located beside the commercial place. The area for the Stadium 2 acres and the area for the gymnasium will be 1500sq. ft. the stadium will be used for indoor games purposes. 6.4.8. Archelogy museum: Public institution dedicated to preserving and interpreting the primary tangible evidence of humans and their environment. Types of museums include general (multidisciplinary) museums, natural-history museums, science and technology museums, history School of Architecture, IPS Academy, Indore
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
museums, and art museums. In Roman times the word referred to a place devoted to scholarly occupation (Museum of Alexandria). The public museum as it is known today did not develop until the 17th, 18th century Museum is the place where people can know about the real historic background and monument of ancient Indore. In the Khan River front development project we provide the Archelogy museum where people can gather knowledge about the historic books and historic monument. On this project in Rajwada area there is an Archelogy museum which total area is 1 acre. In the Archelogy museum the ancient history and ancient monument should be presented of Indore region as well as whole India.
Fig. social interaction space
6.5. Public Art Public art has the power to connect people to the riverfront. Great public art enhances, energizes and defines its surroundings, generating civic pride and cultural identity. For public art to make a meaningful contribution, there must be a commitment to uncompromising standards of quality. The artwork must embody the vital identity and values of the riverfront, elevate the experience of the visitor, and bolster a distinctive sense of place. Using a variety of media and textures, artists can create landmarks and visual experiences, distinguishing the viewpoints and drawing people to them. Public artwork should provide cohesiveness to the trails and pathways and expand opportunities for pedestrians to recognize, appreciate and celebrate the importance of the river. This section will provide guidance in School of Architecture, IPS Academy, Indore
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REJUVENATION OF KHAN RIVERFRONT, INDORE
developing strategies for artist selection, appropriate implementation of artwork into riverfront parks, and maintenance of public artwork. 6.5.1. Temporary Art Programming temporary art provides a unique platform for the public to experience contemporary art. It allows for the realization of a diversity of experimental projects by both established and emerging artists that serve to advance the understanding and appreciation of the river. Temporary art invites a range of media, including digital, mechanical, musical, literary and performance art. Participatory community events such as, a floating parade and the Riverlife Festival are among the limitless possibilities.
6.6.
Lighting
Lighting has the power to ensure that the public realm remains safe, comfortable and engaging after dark. Night lighting can help transform a foreboding space or a dark building into effective markers, ensuring that people feel comfortable moving through the park. Effective lighting will clearly identify a destination as well as exit and entry points from the river. This section is intended to provide guidance and concepts to create a successful lighting strategy for a district or for an individual project application. 6.6.1. Key Concepts
Brightness and Contrast: Too much light is frequently projected onto buildings, destroying any appreciation of the architecture by washing out the details. Lower light levels can often be more revealing and sympathetic.
Environmental Effects: There are a number of environmental factors that can be positively impacted by exterior lighting with regard to direct energy use, visual impact, light spill and light pollution, and effects on flora and fauna.
Visual Impact: The appearance of lighting equipment during the daytime can be an unsightly obstacle and can have a significant impact on local views. Lighting equipment mounted on building facades without due consideration of the architecture can be unsightly.
Reducing Crime and Fear of Crime: Carefully applied exterior lighting can have a positive actual and perceived effect on safety. Expenditure on good lighting in a public realm is a
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more effective means of increasing safety than an equal expenditure on electronic surveillance equipment.
Fig. Lighting Intent
6.6.2. Sustainability
All fixtures should utilize energy-efficient technologies.
The environmental impact of exterior lighting needs to be considered at the very beginning of the design process to balance energy conservation with proper lighting for the highest possible efficiency.
Lighting efficiency maximizes sustainability and minimizes long-term costs, particularly for a large-scale project.
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7.1
overnment Involvement
7.1.1 KEY ISSUE | Management & Governance - Urban waterfront redevelopment requires joint management and collaboration between different actors and levels of public institutions; - The interests of citizens towards waterfront are kept at the forefront of redevelopment efforts through public participation and transparency in decision-making; - Private capital is an essential driving force in reclaiming economic and employment potential of Zones.
7.1.2 Technological Intervention Inventorisation of prominent industries with technological gaps Small scale textile, dying & processing plant requires improved technology.
7.1.3. Identification of low cost and advanced cleaner technology for pollution control 
Recovery of starch in potato processing units is recommended to reduce water pollution load.

In solvent extraction oil industries, recirculation of treated effluent cooling tower is recommended.
7.2.1. Infrastructure Renewal 7.2.1. Need of up gradation of existing facilities Of the 200 MLD of trade effluent generated in Indore city, only 90 MLD is treated and the rest is discharged without treatment into river. There is a need to lay underground sewerage lines and provision of STP at the earliest for whole city. An additional 4 stations for water quality monitoring need to be set up at following locations near confluence points of sewerage and industrial waste stream. 1. Narvar Nala near Over bridge 2. Khan River before confluence of Banganga Nala. 3. Khan River at distance 100m, confluence of Banganga Nala. 4. Khan River near Manglia village. Need for effluent conveyance system (Sewer network) and common effluent treatment for all industrial clusters.
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7.2.2. De-silting of water tanks, drains, rivulets, etc. De-silting of Khan River and Narvar Nala can be carried. 7.2.3. Construction of lined drains/connection Old sewerage system of corporation to be replaced and to provide sewerage system for ET of entire sewage generated from the area. Palasia nala, Vijay Nagar nala and Narwar nala and Khan River stretch, passing through city may be considered, for side pitching, winding of channel for easy conveyance of storm water/sewage. Storm water drainage system in all industrial clusters is essential. 7.2.4. Treatment and management of contaminated surface water bodies Khan River is polluted in its entire stretch. Sewage treatment plant needs to be provided for treatment of sewage effluent. The treated water may be used for irrigation purpose. This will drastically reduce the pollution load into Khan River.
7.2.5. Rejuvenation/Management Plan for important eco-geological features. Presently no plan for rejuvenation, management plan for eco-geological features is envisaged. Carrying of effluent from industrial units located in non-industrial locations to CETP facilities by lined drains/pipelines only and prevention of their disposal into city sewage/surface drains Installation of Gen sets at CETPs 7.2.6. Government Budgetary support requirement Budgetary support will be required from the government for CETP as per Govt. norms. For strengthening of Water Quality Monitoring network. for strengthening MPPCB for surveillance & working 7.2.7. Self monitoring system in industries (ETPs etc.) Large and medium scale industries do carry out analysis of the effluent on regular basis. 7.2.8. Data linkages to SPCB/CPCB (of monitoring devices) Online monitoring system for major water polluting units is planned to link it to MPPCB and CPCB websites.
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7.3 Specific Schemes 7.3.1. GIS-GPS system for pollution sources monitoring. GPS system to be implemented for vehicles carrying hazardous wastes 7.3.2. Hydro-geological fracturing for water bodies rejuvenation. Detail study to be carried out for the above project.
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8.1
|C
ONCLUSION
8.1.1 KEY ISSUE |Regeneration & Sustainability - While reflecting global demand, urban waterfront redevelopment reformulates identities while respecting historic and local values; - The right scale of interventions is essential for economic efficiency and environmental sustainability; - Socially inclusive waterfronts maintain physical accessibility and right balance of functional and social mix
8.2.1. Reconnecting to a forgotten river an ecological solution This Research aimed to discover the effectiveness of Khan Riverfront in Indore. The analysis part confirmed that the designer level of awareness of the guidelines, which directly or indirectly communicate to the control of riverfront developments. The majority specified that they were somewhat familiar with the guidelines. However, some guidelines were designed specifically for definite areas, and some time not necessary like others. Moreover, the results showed that Indore does not presently have satisfactory regulations and guidelines to control riverfront development. Now there are some plans for the Indore Authority to control the random growth of buildings. For example there is a master plan for Indore city, detail area plan, there is structure plan etc. But in relation of riverfront development, there is no precise plan to control or to remodel the Khan River front development. More than that, the failure of the India government and the responsible organizations, precisely to enforce the regulations and guidelines, has caused unsuccessful riverfront developments in this country. In order to reinforce regulations and guidelines for riverfront developments in Indore, the government and the policy creators are required to do more with the guidelines in the future. In this paper, also acknowledged some components that should be included in riverfront development guidelines in an effort to practice riverfront developments in a good means. Improvement is mandatory in order to develop and maintain sustainable riverfront developments in the future, in this country.
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Analysis Prospect of Sustainable Riverfront Development In Historical Region around Khan River, Indore Ashad Mehmood (School of Architecture, IPS Academy Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India)
ABSTRACT: In India there are so many rivers. Every river has some speciality and historical background. That is why the river can be an attractive place for regeneration and social communication. The Rejuvenation of Khan Riverfront development project has taken to mature the situation along the river bank and to increase the intrinsic beauties of the river as well as the surrounding areas, its existence could encourage the quality of life of a city. The role of river in Indore for communal have been developed throughout times, from transportation provision into public space. This established the importance of river to urban development in Indore. The Khan River Redevelopment Plan is designed to regenerate and to bring the active riverside area. Some portions along the river have been changed to serve as a communal public space. However, the active public space in riverfront could not take place. The unplanned situation of the Khan River-Indore has been reducing the beauty of the river as well as the city. Learning from the several case studies of active riverfront development, this paper efforts to study how to improve and implement the river redevelopment and create energetic and attractive riverfront zone at the bank of the Khan River (Kishanpura Bridge) so that the people of the Indore city can go there and can appreciate the beautiful development of the river. I.
INTRODUCTION
The term riverfront is defined as “the land or property along a river, the section of a city or town along a river�. In many cases, the redeveloped waterfront acts as a driver for the re-launch of the entire economy of a city, often re-locating it in an international context. For this reason, many cities, even of a small and medium size, are adopting the recovery of their border or of their former port areas in light of economic benefits and of a higher quality of life. In this regard, it becomes necessary to learn from others. The design of a successful riverfront development involves many steps. This research paper will present what is involved in the formation of a Riverwalk, what makes people use and visit the site, and how it adds comfort to a city. The spreading of these regeneration projects, from modest and simple versions to ambitious complex ones, makes possible to restore the symbolic importance of the dialogue between urban building and the nearby water in this early 21st century period. Each place is defined by a different geography and morphology of the surrounding coast, and this multiplicity witnesses the various possible links between land and sea, and the many differences in ways of living at urban scale and managing of waterfront areas. In fact, by re-generating waterfront Page 1|7
redevelopment around the world, it will be possible to identify new and more attractive urban environments for the 21st century.
OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY
II.
The goal of the study is to advise development activities in the Khan River of Indore. Study attention on some development activities in Khan River of Indore such as prospective and pedestrian site transformation. This approach may influence the tourist spots in Indore.
III.
LITERATURE REVIEW
A Guideline to Riverfront Development and river reserves, Connecting communities to the water. Precisely, the guideline for riverfront development concept aims are, as follows: 1. Designate and inspire the implementation of guideline in the development planning of riverfront areas. 2. Locate and a guideline for any development nearby to the river areas. 3. Deliver uniform guidelines for all parties intricate in the riverfront development process. 4. Control all kinds of riverfront developments. Riverfront (Re) juvination Riverfront is the region of communication between urban development’s and the River. A riverfront area is reflected as a unique and exceptional resource where it is the edge between land, air, sun, water and productive plants. Moreover, the riverfront is a place assimilating land with water and having a regular attraction to people. Waterfront development denotes to any development in front of water and a water body; a river, creek, lake, ocean, bay or canal. In the development area, measured that a waterfront development may not essentially need to be directly fronting water but May only requirement to look attached to the water. They believe that imposing a view of water can still be measured as a waterfront property. Riverfront Development practice in India
Fig. 1 Sabarmati Riverfront development, Ahmedabad
Page 2|7
In India the Government has introduced some important projects. For Example Sabarmati Riverfront development project, Yamuna Riverfront development in Delhi, Musi Riverfront development in Hyderabad etc. Sabarmati Riverfront project total area included 201 ha. Of land, in which 44 ha. Of Road, and 27 ha. Of Public garden, 37 ha. Of public purpose and 20 ha. Of Residual. Sabarmati Riverfront project, was inaugurated on October 16, 2013. An initiative taken by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) to develop the Sabarmati riverfront in the city of Ahmedabad, India. It is being settled by the Sabarmati River Front Development Corporation Limited (SRFDCL), implementing the project costing over Taka ₹1157 crore by June 2014.
IV.
HISTORY AND HISTORIC FABRIC
Fig.2 India
Fig.3 Madhya Pradesh
Fig.4 Indor e
Introduction: The River Kahn or Khan as it is now known is a river flowing through Indore, the commercial capital state of Madhya Pradesh. It doesn't hold freshwater but instead has become polluted over the period of time carries sewage due to pollution. This fact has much historical importance. Once, while visiting the banks of river Saraswati, Rao Nandlal found a location surrounded by rivers on all sides. To protect his people from harassment by Marathas and Mughals, he started moving his people to this place and constructed the fort of Shree Sansthan Bada Rawala. This city was named Indrapur after Lord Indreshwar, and eventually came to be known as Indore. Location: Khan River is next to Indore and is located in Madhya Pradesh, India. Length of River Khan in urban area 21 km. Latitude: 22°45'4.32"&Longitude: 75°52'5.88".The mouth of the river hosts Yamuna, the major river of India.
Fig.5 Khan River in 1913
Fig.5 Chattribagh in 1934
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Project Area: The project area is on the bank of Khan River stretching from Kishanpura Bridge to Jawahar Marg.
V.
EXISTING CONDITION
Khan River Industrial pollution : The polluting industries of Indore, the largest city of Madhya Pradesh in industrial, such as 26 textile mills, 1 DDT plant, 2 chemical complexes, 5 fish processing units, 1 urea fertilizer factory, 1 asphalt bitumen plant, 1 TSP plant, 1 steel mill, 5 oil refinery, 1 paper mill (solid waste disposal hourly 1450 mÂł), 1 rayon mill complex, 2 pesticide manufacturing plants, several soap and detergent factories, 2 cement factories , 4 paint and dye manufacturing plants and a number of light industrial units directly discharge untreated toxic effluent into Khan river. From the survey of sewages from different industries, it has been found that the discharge is generally composed of organic and inorganic wastes.
Fig.2 Industrial waste
Fig.3 Illegal activities
Pollution by waste disposal: There is no appropriate waste disposal system on the bank of the Kahn River. Different types of waste like human waste, unused products, fertilizer, Residential waste, Bags, oil etc. is depose off into river. There are also many hanging toilet in the bank of the river. While using the toilet, the filth goes to the river and pollutes water, and the people of the area bath in the river however the toilet is situated beside the bath and swimming places. Which is very harmful for their health. Illegal activities: In South Toda Slum area, dissimilar illegal activities increase day by day in river side .Numerous people are playing card with money. Sometimes they are playing card in different illegal way. Native people have no security in this area from these illegal activities. Concrete structure builds and Tin-shed after filling up a vast stretch of Khan River at Azad nagar in Indore, India. Encroachment still continues on the bank of Khan River posting a hazard to the River upstream towards the Lokhande Bridge on it. After encroachment of a vast stretch of river bank in CP Shekhar Nagar Slum illegal occupants’ in a latest move are now constructing concrete structures and filling up the water bodies of Khan river.
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VI.
ANALYSIS
Khan Riverfront Development Project and References from the past Riverfront Project: The River Khan has a historical background to Indore. Virtually the whole Indore is lace up and crisscrossed by the river Khan. Large and small Communities along the River have started determining their river heritage, turning back to riverfront and recognizing them as incredible community and financial effects. People with more close to their home refreshment facilities, including riverfront paths, boating and nature observing are included here. In view of mass claim Indore Development Authority (IDA) has absolute to develop a project on inspirational of the bank of the Khan by connecting the communities.
Fig.4 Indore Raster plan
Fig.5 Kishanpura chattri
Khan River Front Development Project and other Riverfront: According to the project of water front development and the principle which emphasized most. The points on Sabarmati Riverfront project, Ahmedabad has been seen for sustainable water development. They emphasized on
Protected the quality of water and the environment. Waterfronts are the part of the present urban fabric. The historic uniqueness gives attractiveness. Mixed-use is the priority. Public access is a requirement. Planning in public-private companies speeds the course. Public contribution is an element of sustainability. Waterfronts is long term projects. Regeneration is a continuing process. Waterfronts revenue from global interacting.
Environmental Quality Impact Ecological roles of the Khan River will be maintained / improved. Social Impact The Development will grow social interaction between people.
It will inspire people to visit the riverbank.
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Participating planning process will inspire community ownership of the project.
Target Beneficiaries People of Indore
VII.
Tourists
PROPOSAL
River Network: A large number of economic activities take place along the Khan River using the numerous Ghats situated along the river. There should be a wide pedestrian footpath (at least 30’ to 40’) along the river side so that people can walk easily and they can sit and gossip freely with the other people. Embankment and Road along Khan River: In order to provide protection to the riverbank and to enhance traffic circulation in the southern part of this zone, an embankment has been proposed by IDA in IMC between Strand Road and intersection of the Khan river Approach Road at Kishanpura Bridge. A road should be within Kishanpura Bridge to Jawahar Marg Bridge. The road should be located 300ft opposite from the river bank. Beside this road 5 fat road curve should be given and then landscaping should be started. Parks and Open Spaces: To enhance the city environment and make it habitable, it is necessary to build some parks and new Urban Green blocks in this zone. Some such locations are at Indore crossing, near Rajwada residential area. This green park should be kept open for public visit and leisure. There will be a park beside the Kishanpura Bridge which will be the recreational place for people. The areas of this park will be2.5 Acres. Another park will be in the side of Jawahar Marg residential area. This will be 7.5 Acres. Shops: There should be some small shops. For example-clamps necklace, shops of fuchka, Chotpoti, various types of flowers shops should be available along the river side. But there should not be any large shops or departmental shops in the river side. Vehicles: Motors vehicles are not allowed in the footpath regions. If anyone wants to go with motor vehicles then he/she must park it in the parking lot. Picnic spot: The river side can be a turned into an attractive place if any picnic spot are available in this side. Some specials project should be taken to develop this place.
Fig.6 Park & Open space
Fig.7 Public Art
Fig.8 Restaurant
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VIII.
CONCLUSION
This paper aimed to discover the effectiveness of Khan Riverfront in Indore. The analysis part confirmed that the designer level of awareness of the guidelines, which directly or indirectly communicate to the control of riverfront developments. The majority specified that they were somewhat familiar with the guidelines. However, some guidelines were designed specifically for definite areas, and some time not necessary like others. Moreover, the results showed that Indore does not presently have satisfactory regulations and guidelines to control riverfront development. Now there are some plans for the Indore Authority to control the random growth of buildings. For example there is a master plan for Indore city, detail area plan, there is structure plan etc. But in relation of riverfront development, there is no precise plan to control or to remodel the Khan River front development. More than that, the failure of the India government and the responsible organizations, precisely to enforce the regulations and guidelines, has caused unsuccessful riverfront developments in this country. In order to reinforce regulations and guidelines for riverfront developments in Indore, the government and the policy creators are required to do more with the guidelines in the future. In this paper, also acknowledged some components that should be included in riverfront development guidelines in an effort to practice riverfront developments in a good means. Improvement is mandatory in order to develop and maintain sustainable riverfront developments in the future, in this country.
IX.
LIST OF REFERENCES I.
II. III.
IV. V.
Chen, Chao. & Zhang, Hailan. (2007). Idea Space-Riverside Region Planning Creation And Practice. (pp. 36-40). Beijing: China Architecture and Industry Press. Ryckbost, P. (2005). Redeveloping urban waterfront property. USA: University of Michigan Yi, Shian. (2010). Morden urban riverside landscape design. (pp.87-92). Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Wuhan,China: China Forestry Press. Ar.Nikhi Harry Sir (2014) Dissertation on juni indore Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Sabarmati Riverfront Development Corporation Limited www.egovamc.com
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