Invention of Photography By Ashley Mokarzel
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Photo-Graphy
Photo meaning light Graphien meaning to write or to draw
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Camera Obscura • Leonard Da Vinci • Described in 1490 • A large dark room that an artist physically enters. Light enters through a small hole in one wall and projects an inverted image onto the opposite wall to be traced.
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Ancient Beginnings • China - 5th Century BCE •
Philosopher Mo Ti - Discovered that light rays projected through a hole would form an inverted image in a darkened area.
• Greece - 4th Century BCE •
Aristotle - First documentation of Camera Obscura.
• Egypt - 10th Century CE •
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Arabian Mathematician Ibn Al-Haitham (Alhazen) smaller pinhole = a sharper image.
Uses of Camera Obscura • Perspective Drawing •
Italy 1413 - Filippos Brunelleschi invented linear perspective as we know it today. •
Objects are foreshortened as they recede into space and lines converge to a vanishing point that corresponds to a particular viewpoint.
•Contributions •
Improvements in mapmaking in 15th century.
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Coincided with illustrated books and mass produced visual information reached a wider audience.
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Advantage • Camera Obscura has an infinite depth of field.
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Lens For Camera • 1586 Della Porta • Use of mirror, to correct inverted image •
Basis for modern day lens
• 1550 Girolam Cardono • Biconvex lens attached to camera obscura
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A lens curved on both sides so it is thickest in the middle
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Made images brighter and sharper
Making it Portable • Johannes Kelper • 1611 created a tent that could be dismantled • Mid 17th century even further scaled down with the use of translucent window.
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Image Making Alternatives to Camera Obscura
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Silhouettes • Used for creation of portraits not just for the rich but the lower class. • Viewed by some as a scientific process
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Lithography • Greek lithos meaning stone and graphien to draw • Uses stone or a metal plate with a smooth surface • Low cost method of image creation in 1876
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Physionotrace • Gilles Louis Chretien • In 1786, he combined the process of cutout silhouettes and engravings • He would trace an image on glass which would be duplicated on a copper plate.
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Camera Lucida • William Hyde Wollaston • Invented in 1807 that allowed for creation of an image through the use of a glass prism.
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Photo-graphy Becomes Photography
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The Name
• The name "Photography" comes from Sir John Herschel who first used the term in 1839.
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Using Chemicals • Johann Heinrich Schulze • In 1727, he created the first photo-sensitive compound
• Thomas Wedgewood • Created “Sun Pictures” in the early 19th century. Thursday, March 29, 2012
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce 1765-1833
• Created the first negative in 1816 when he combined the camera obscura with photo-sensitive paper. • Conceived what we now call contact prints in order to reproduce drawings.
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The First Photograph Thursday, March 29, 2012
Created by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1827 with what he calls a Heliograph.
Heliograph 1827 • Niépce used a pewter plate coated with botumen in a camera obscura. • 8 Hour exposure time • Washed with oil of lavender and white petroleum • Created a permanent direct positive picture, photograph on pewter.
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daguerreotype • Louis Mande Daguerre (1787-1851) • Created the daguerreotype • A plate was exposed in a portable camera obscura then developed by exposure to mercury vapors and finally fixed in a bath of hypo-sulfite of soda
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daguerreotype con’t • Creation Publicly announced in 1839 • Popular but expensive • 30 minutes of light exposure- portrait • Used for Portrait making •
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Drugs and neck clamps attached to the back of the chair were also used because of long exposure time
William Talbot • William Henry Fox Talbot • He created permanent (negative) images using paper soaked in silver chloride and fixed with a salt solution.
• Called Photogenic drawing • Complex and long process
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Calotype • Talbot created First negative to positive process in 1841 • Salt paper was inserted into the camera obscura • Drawbacks • Image would fade shortly after the process was completed and produced fuzzy pictures
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Wet Plate Process • 1850 - Frederick Scott Archer • Process
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Coating a piece of glass with a mixture of collodion and silver iodide emulsion, exposing the plate, and developing
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Shortened exposure time to seconds
Ambrotype • 1854 - James Ambrose Cutting • Process
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Positive looking image on glass
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Bleached collodion negative viewed on dark background appeared as positive image
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Tin Type • 1856 - Hamilton Smith, William Neff, and Peter Neff • Process
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Collodion emulsion could be poured onto any number of surfaces
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Sheets of thin iron were exposed in a camera.
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Other names include melainotypes and Ferrotypes
Carte-De-Visite
• 1854 - Calling Cards • Improved process of collodion
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Cabinet Photographs
• 1860’s • Enlarged carte designed for portrait work • Larger images
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Civil War
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The first war recorded by photography.
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Mathew Brady documented the conflict
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Teams took 7,000 pictures!
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Timothy O'Sullivan and Andrew J. Russell.
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Produced large prints
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Photographers also include William Bell, John Hillers and William Henry Jackson.
Stereography • Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir David Brewster • Gave the illusion of depth of field • There were stereo daguerreotypes, stero-ambrotypes and stereo tintypes • Two 2D images were place side by side and viewed giving the illusion of 3D
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Further Advancements
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Gelatin Dry Plates • 1871 - Richard Leach Maddox • Negative no longer had to be developed immediately
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Hand Held Cameras • 1888 - George Eastman • Founded a company in Rocheser that manufactures gelatin dry plates •
creation of film versus plates
• Problems •
Did not have a way of aiming the device and no color
• Hermann Wilhelm Vogel 1873 •
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Orthochromatic film - sensitive to only blue and green
Using Color • James Clerk Maxwell 1861 •
Three cameras were used each with a different color filter
• 1907 - Auguste and Louis Lumiere •
First color plates - Autochrome
• 1935 - Eastman Kodak
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produced film that consisted of 3 color emulsions coated on a single piece of plastic film
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Allowed for sharpness and clear color
1861 - Maxwell Thursday, March 29, 2012
more cameras • The brownie • 1st mass produced camera in 1900
• 35mm still camera • First introduced in 1913 • Along with a modern flash bulb
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Polaroid • 1947 - Edwin H. Land • Simple camera for all to use
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Digital
• In 1991, Kodak released the first professional digital camera system
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Questions? Thoughts?
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Works Cited Bellis, Mary. “History of Photography.” About.com: Inventors. About.com, 2010. Web. 2 Oct. 2010. <http:/http:// inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/stilphotography.htm>. Coe, Brian, and Mark Haworth-Booth. A Guide to Early Photographic Processes. N.p.: Hurtwood, 1983. Print. Davenport, Alma. The History of Photography: An Overview. Boston: Focal, 1991. Print. Flukinger, Roy, ed. “The First Photograph.” Joseph Nicéphore Niépce and the First Photograph. Harry Ransom Center, n.d. Web. 2 Oct. 2010. <http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/>. Fouque, Victor. The Truth concerning the Invention of Photography: Nicephore Niepce His Life, Letters, and Works. Ed. Peter C Bunnel and Robert A Sobieszek. Trans. Edward Epstean. 1935. New York: Arno, 1973. Print. Gilbert, George. Photography: The Early Years. New York: Harper, 1980. Print. Greenspun, Phillip. “History of Photography Timeline.” Photo.net. Name Media, 2010. Web. 2 Oct. 2010. <http://photo.net/ history/timeline>. Hirsch, Robert. Seizing the Light: A History of Photography. N.p.: McGraw, 2000. Print. Shull, Jim. The Beginner’s Guide to Pinhole Photography. Buffalo: Amherst Media, 1999. Print.
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• What is the language of a photographer? • What is Graphic Language? • Separation of Art and Photography? • Is photography just an aid to memory? • Photoshop versus True Photography?
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Thank You
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