BY Asidha Sidhik H00230779
“We shape our building, and afterward, our building shapes us” – Winston Churchill.
CONTENT ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION ISSUES OF LIVING IN HIGH- RISE BUILDING
ENDANGERING OF PUBLIC SPACE FROM THE GROUND LEVEL IMPORTANCE OF CONSIDERING PUBLIC SPACE ON THE GROUND FLOOR DURING HIGH- RISE BUILDING DESIGN IMPROVE THE PUBLIC SPACE ON THE GROUND FLOOR BY INTRODUCING UNDERGROUND SPACE CASE STUDY CONCLUSION
(Shaping the Public Realm , 1967), sowing some examples of public space.
ABSTRACT
This research paper contains the vanish of public space when high- rise buildings are increasing, keeping the consideration of the importance of the vertical building as the population is increasing quickly. With the rapid increase in population, there is a significant number of people moving from rural to the urban area, which create the cities into the more polluted and crowded area. One of the solutions provided by the architects for the crowdedness of the city is to design the building with facilities, like offices, shops, gym. These created spaces lead the users of the building not to travel and obtain the user’s needs in the closed vertical space. Humans are always comfortable with effortless approaches without looking into the after consequence. The aftereffect of this path is creating the streets empty, that is the user in high- rise building losing their connection with the city. The study started people’s behavior the importance of space and street.
with the development of high- rise buildings and focused on changes in and how it affects society. Then the research paper is concentrated on the public space and how to improve the connection of people with public Furthermore, how to balance both high- rise buildings and public space.
The result of this research is to justify Jan Gahl sayings” people who are living on the fifth floor or above, not connected to the earth,” where now the height of the building has reached 830m — resembling into how users adapted into the high- rise buildings and changes happening into human behavior and also the society. This field of study shows that such phenomenological experience of people living in high- rise building affect their mental and physical health, social connection. The main aim of architecture is to satisfy the users of the building through physical, social, and aesthetic. However, architecture has played a significant role in changing the environment, which affects the professional activity of the place. The paper concludes by inventing strategies to improve public space in high- rise buildings. The paper concludes by inventing strategies to improve public space in high- rise buildings. Research ends with a case study, where building and public spaces are balanced and have a connection with the street. How this design changes the lifestyle of the people and improves social skills.
INTRODUCTION The world population is increasing rapidly. As per the studies, the population increase is to be noticed in Asia, Africa, and Latin America (Al-Kodmany, 2011). In the United States, the growth of population is increased by migration due to job, studies, or for other purposes; and by natural growth. The population was expected to be double in the coming 40 years (Al-Kodmany, 2011). As the population is increasing, the scarcity of the land also decreases. Therefore, the urban planner, architects, and developers have come up with the solution to occupy a significant number of people in a small area of land. Therefore, High- rise buildings have become the main component in the development of a city. In 1885, the building with ten floors built by William Le Baron Jenney in Chicago was the first elevator building. From that onwards, there was a rapid increase in high- rise buildings in many parts of the world. By the first half of the nineteenth century, most of the high- rise buildings in the United States were hotels, prisons, which means functions where moved from the ground to the high- rise building floors (Al-Kodmany, 2011). By twenty centuries the development of high- rise buildings have increased rapidly, the reason is overpopulation and for the development of the countries. Existing high- rise buildings have only focused on either developing countries or cities where the people’s interest is not considered while designing (Al-Kodmany, 2011). In 2018, no other counties had near to Chine, where the number of skyscrapers has reached 143 buildings in one year. As we know, China has the largest population in the world, and from 2000 to 2010, a large number of people are moved to the urban area. (miaguoblog, 2016 ) Image showing the fast development of high- rise building.
High- rise buildings are increasing rapidly
Scarcity of land is reducing
The current average population is 82 milliion people per year.
This increase in population has destroyed the forest and increasing in a skyscraper. The high- rise buildings have reached to 1,400 in number with the height reaching higher than 200 meters and above. Shanghai has china’s tallest building with a height of 632 meters, which is known as the Shanghai tower. However, these high- rise buildings are known as ghost towers, as most of the buildings are empty and dark. So, the high- rise buildings are not increasing because of the population but for the development of countries’ economies. Therefore, urban planners, architects, and developers are not designing as per the user’s interest but for the economic interest. As mostly human interest in not taking into consideration while designing high- rise building is the issue for human behavior and driving them to adjust to the modern environment, which is affecting the social connection. For a social connection in high- rise buildings, developers have come up with introducing sustainable solutions in high- rise buildings and also by adding functions to the building, adding function with the high- rise building, which is convenient for that particular building users. However, thinking about a person who lives, works, and does everything in a prominent structure. His connection with the ground is missing; the only social space is the high- rise building he lives. This type of high- rise buildings affect the lives of people living. Creating public space on the higher floors of the building is negative space.
This type of public space is often empty — for example, 20 Fenchurch tower, also known as walky-talky building in the UK. The functions in the tower are office, restaurants, and a garden on top of 160 meters high building. The garden is a unique public space provided with restaurants and creating visitors a view of the skyscrapers from the east and west of the building. An interaction space responds when there is an amount of public in the space, and this amount of public is increased when there is a visual connection or by noise. These two components are missing from the development of this design. Furthermore, how many people will know about this interactive space, which is hidden at the top of the building? Therefore, the design is a failer for creating a public space. As per the Architect Jan Gahl, public space is concerned and successful when there is both a combination of moving and stationary activities. These types of public spaces can only be created on the ground floor of the building, which allows a public interaction by the building user as well as the neighboring building users and also the visitor coming to the city. This public space is always filled with social interaction and also be crowded with noise, which creates a continuous change to the public space This is how a city is developed, rather than highrise buildings with functions and public space, adding on a vertical structure. (oh, 2015), Walky- Talky building in UK
“We shape our building, building shapes us” –
and afterward, our Winston Churchill.
As Winston Churchill stated, architecture is one of the main components in the changes happening in human behavior and society. One of the issues is the development of high- rise buildings. Highrise buildings separate people from society; that is, they have poor social relationships equally to themselves and toward outsiders. Some of the main reasons for the vanishing of interactive public space can be introducing public space above the human eye level and by the development of technology. The methodology of this research carried by reviewing more into high- rise buildings, how high- rise buildings should be designed to get human interaction to public space and the negative impacts of high- rise buildings. Then the second research method used to know the importance of public space and how that improves the performance of people’s life and social skills. Finally, a case study showing an example of high- rise building connecting with the public space in the ground. At the end of the research is concluded by introducing a guideline for designing high- rise buildings, considering human involvement in space and street— the improvement strategies for high- rise buildings and society. Though vertical buildings are because of reducing inland and population, so we do not have any other approaches other than high- rise buildings. So, in the future, an increase of high- rise building is going to be double. However, to control interaction with people and to develop social skills through public space.
(Frearson, 2015), showing the rooftop garden and the resturant
ISSUES OF LIVING IN HIGHRISE BUILDING
High- rise building separate people from the street People living in high- rise buildings have less possibility of leaving the space, which creates a significant separation from outdoor, city, and other people. One of the reasons for this case can be all services and facilities provided in one building, which creates less interaction with the outer world. Furthermore, it forms communication with others of the same socioeconomic status. In an Israeli study of women who lived in high- rise buildings, 36% knew over 30% of all people living in their building, and 97% knew at least someone of their own floor (Ginsberg & Churchman, 1985). Moreover, in contrast, a study of high- rise buildings in Toronto discovered that most of the occupants were close to people from school or work (Michelson, 1977). The user of top floors will have less noise or no noise from outside of the building, which leads to not knowing what is happening outside. This loss connection, and the advantage is that they can breathe fresh air.
(Case Study: BIM implementation in Shanghai Tower, 2019 ) Section of shanghai tower in china, showing the functions of the building
(steven, 2018) Interior images of the tower, showing the functions
(Frearson, 2015), showing the rooftop garden and the resturant
Low- rise buildings The human-scaled, low- rise building can be a way to achieve proper, transit-supporting quantities without overcoming the surrounding context. To create an interactive space between low- rise buildings and street, then the lower buildings size and scale should be appropriate and proportional that go with the street. Low- rise buildings encourage pro-social behavior. People living in lowrise buildings are more willing to offer help and to seek help than those who are living in high rises (Nadler, Bar-Tal & Drukman, 1982).
ENDANGERING OF PUBLIC SPACE FROM THE GROUND LEVEL Public Spaces were initiated to generate a strong bond between the people and the city and its residents. It requires both physical and social aspects for it to connect with the users. Public space should be a place for varies activities rather than particular function. Space has to produce multi-functional activities, which lead the space to have different forms; this creates interaction, producing memories and emotion in that particular city. “urban design was essentially about place making, where places are not just a specific space, but all the activities and events that make it possible (Carmona et al. 7)”. As per the study in the UK, 2.5 billion visits the urban green public space and are too attached to parks, gardens, and other public spaces (The value of public space , n.d.). So, the value of public space for the people is essential, and they care for it. However, this importance disappears while living in high- rise buildings of floors 20 above. The survey conducted by the CABE in the UK outlines that 85 percent of people’s lifestyles have improved by the public spaces (The value of public space , n.d.) Cheong- gye Stream Restoration project in South Korea has established a great public space. This stream has extremely polluted during the time of the 1950s to 60s and redesigned in 2002 by Seoul metropolitan government. After refurbishing, the stream was opened in 2005, which then become to be an attractive public space that enhances public interaction and tourism. The project becomes exciting and noticeable by the stream with linear parks around them. The sound of water from the stream and sound from the improved wildlife habitats lead the place into an attractive spot for the people. This project involves people to connect with nature, and all the elements used for used to make the place attractive are from nature. This project generates good memories from childhood for the people living in that area, thereby this public space indeed managed and planned both for the present residence and also for future visitors. Space also will have changes as per the weather, providing a new form and function for space.
(Pacheco, 2017), Example of actice public space
(Pacheco, 2017), Example of actice public space
Furthermore, for the children’s public space, allow them to know more about their culture, and develop social skills. In modern urban design, this opportunity of social skills for children is missing. Studies shown that parents are afraid to send their children out of the buildings because of the view and sound are not observed. Moreover, people are not close to their neighbors in high- rise buildings comparing to the users in low rise buildings. This also influences them to stop their children from using public spaces and spend time developing technology.
(Removing urban highways – The story of the Cheonggyecheon Stream in Seou, 2014) Cheonggyecheon strean in Seoul, present condition. Creating a public space.
In 1980, 16 percent of resident users in the UK would pay more if there is a public space next to where they live (The value of public space , n.d.). By 1990, this increase up to 45 percent. Later on, by 20th-century people on the street are reducing, and the height of the buildings is increasing since the building is designed spaces with particular functions and adding facilities like offices, shops, gym, where people do not see any reason to move around the street or have interaction with society. Technology also plays a primary role in distracting people from the street. Humans are always comfortable with effortless approaches without looking into the after consequence. The aftereffect of this path is creating the streets empty, that is the user in high- rise building losing their connection with the city. (Government, 2015), showing the past the present stages
IMPORTANCE OF CONSIDERING PUBLIC SPACE ON THE GROUND FLOOR DURING HIGH- RISE BUILDING DESIGN
(Shaping the Public Realm , 1967), sowing some examples of public space.
While designing public space in the ground of urban space, three qualities have to be considered, that is identity, structure, and also meaning. Public space is part of a city, not a building. It will know as public space if there is any public interaction with space, and these interactions will be engaging if its human eye view level that is ground level or by the sound level. — moreover, it’s an interaction space to connect building users as well as people from out naturally A public space can only be completed if there is interaction with pedestrians, bicycle users, public transportation, and involvement of vehicles with the building users. A better public space can influence people to have a better view of the city. Studies have shown that people living or surrounding by the free environment have a better life and considered to have social interaction skills. In the current high- rise buildings, the steel box is filled with functions and facilities continued by adding circulations; the lifestyle of this building users will be more introverted, and social skills will be reduced. Human interactions are always happening in the voids created by nature and human- made, and it is the balance between nature and people. The functional space in high- rise buildings will not be flexible, and the form will not be changing, it will be a stable function with no interest and eventually become a space not notice even by the building users.
(Exploring the history of homes: How traditional desert homes in the UAE stayed cool, 2019)- Traditional Majlis used as public space
(Exploring the history of homes: How traditional desert homes in the UAE stayed cool, 2019)- Courtyard based traditional desigm .
In the olden time, people always give importance to the relation and connection, which was the actual reason for the development of the public space, which always engaging in the street and make the city awake. For each need, people have to depend on the street, and that eventually creates public space. They always had an awareness of what is happening around them. However, now, people are socially connected by technology, not by face- to- face interaction. These have reduced physical Interaction with the public and increase social Interaction through social media. In traditional buildings, there is always a space for gathering and sharing information. The information is shared by face- to face interaction, which creates a strong bond between family, culture, and religion. Traditional Arabic houses had central courtyards or verandas, also creating an essential space for Interaction. A majlis is a place where people use to share information and knowledge; they gather, meet, and so on. They usually had two mejlises, one for men and one for women. A majlis is a cultural space; it is a place for cultural space, social gathering, and a cornerstone for Emirati civilization (Balakrishnan). Even in the modern world, the majlis is part of some low- rise buildings with modern interior decoration and spacious designs.
High- rise buildings also can create public space on the ground floor for the interaction of the public, where they get motivated to spend time with social interaction. During the olden time to design a building, architects where the primary control of the project and users are the ones to develop into the city. However, now, to design a city, there is many developers’ attention, such as city- planners, architects, designers, engineers, ecologists, sociologists, demographers, doctors, historians, art critics, and also representatives so on. Creating public accessibility to a tall building is a desirable approach for urban development, which allows establishing the city. That is creating a community feeling in the high- rise building that usually found in community houses. The structure of high- rise building for the function is essential and always seem to be the same for every design. The top stories always allocated for offices, hotel rooms, or residents. The near to earth space is for car parking, shopping, and receptions, stations for the subways, etc. are located. Even if the public space is designed on the ground floor of the building, to create a link between the building users and the public space, there should be a new spot that attracts the users to bring to spend time in public space. The building heights are also a strong element; that is, if the floors are more than 20 plus, the people living in 20 above would not have any connection with the ground public space. This is referred by the statement produced by the architect Jan Gahl, “I would say that anybody living over the fifth floor ought generally to be referring to the airspace authorities. You’re not part of the earth anymore, because you cannot see what is going on the ground and the people on the ground cannot see where you are” — studying whether the statement is suitable for the present high- rise building user’s response to the social environment. Furthermore, this statement does make sense because as the floor level increase, the voice level decreases from the ground public space.
(A STREET YOU GO TO, NOT JUST THROUGH: PRINCIPLES FOR FOSTERING STREETS AS PLACE, 2015 ), active street
(A STREET YOU GO TO, NOT JUST THROUGH: PRINCIPLES FOR FOSTERING STREETS AS PLACE, 2015 ), active street
IMPROVE THE PUBLIC SPACE ON THE GROUND FLOOR BY INTRODUCING UNDERGROUND SPACE
(Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities) Thames tunnel in london
Public spaces are not being noticed by the high- rise building occupants due to the increasing floor level. The limited buildable areas encourage the developers to increase the floor level to occupy a large number of people in a small area, as the scarcity of land is reducing, which is also taking away the public green space from the city. This threatens the livability and changes the quality of human life. For better human life, public space should need to incorporate in high- rise buildings in the city. Underground spaces are unappreciated space in urban design, and these spaces usually used for mechanical rooms, storage areas, car parking, or transportation space.
The term urban underground space is not new to urban design, and these spaces referred to space which to be a part of urban design, that for high- rise buildings. By introducing underground space, the floor levels will be reduced and can be more close to the public. The use of underground space is less because space underneath is not recognized by the public comparing to the space at ground level. It can also be difficult to map space if it is situated underground. However, still, if underground space were introduced in high- rise designs, the importance of public space will be noticed by the building users, whereby it improves the people’s life and the city. Underground space can be classified into different categories depending on the function of the building. If a high- rise building has residents and office, then the office which needs private space can assist in underground space. In the olden day, London uses to create underground space for goods, prisoners, and even for forbidden lovers (Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities). In 1869, a pedestrian tunnel was designed by Sir Marc Brunel London, and now described as the 8th wonders of the world, that is, Thames Tunnel, which eventually becomes the center of attraction during the time (Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities). Tourists from different parts of the world are now coming to see the place. Later on, in London, the underground was used in the order as power, cable, water, steam, train station, transportation, and then the sewage; this eventually reduces the crowdedness due to transportation. (Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities) Underground layers in London
(Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities) Using different layers for designing underground
Edwardian Hotel, London, is a luxuries hotel with an impressive view of London. The facilities in the structure include cinema theater, 350 guest rooms, 15 suites, five restaurants and lounges, a rooftop bar (Reid, 2018). The interesting fact of the building is that it is one- third of the structure is under the basement. That is ten floors above the ground and 5 floors under the basement level. All the bedrooms are under the ground. Underground space has the potential to include in urban design, and developers have started using it. Some places started using underground space, and later on, space was not wholly utilized as per the city. That is, the link between the underground and ground-level may be lost. Therefore, underground space has the disadvantage that it will be challenging for architects to design underground space. As underground space lacks an exterior image, the identity can be lost easily. The space underground will not have any natural ventilation provided to spaces. However, compared to the public space adding to the high- rise building and underground space can the more private space required to introverted, then this solution can be used. Underground spaces can be divided into a shallow layer, middle layer, and deep layer where functions are added as per the layers.
The research considers urban development to improve the city life by adding public space to and underground space was one of the strategies can be used to raise the public space importance and to include public space as part of the urban design. Thereby public space will be next to the ground level, and people will have a connection with the ground as well as the street. The other strategy for improving public space and have a connection with the building users are by arranging the functions as per the users. That is residents below ten floors, and above ten will have office or space that does not need any connection with the ground. The Mahler 4 office tower is a mixed-use development of 160,000 sqm located in Amsterdam’s Zuidas district. It is near to Amsterdam city center to the north and the Schiphol airport to the southwest. The tower is known as “business, cultural and residential center with international allure,” the building is next to the Amsterdam rail station, so the developer designed as an attractive market (Vinoly). This Mixed- used tower has 160,000 sqm of office space, 15,000 sqm of retail, 200 apartments, and nearly 2,000 parking spaces. These towers linked to the underground parking garage and facilities at street level consist of retail, cafes, restaurants, and a sports center. Next to the office space, there is a space for informal gather space or small garden and outdoor plazas. Furthermore, on the fourth floor, there are “pocket parks” and public terrace on the sixth floor for the public. This building is creating separation between each space, which allows an indirection connection with the ground and the street. (Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities) (Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities) Section Hotel
of
the
Section of the Hotel
CASE STUDY
Gate Village in DIFC, DUBAI
(DIFC Gate village development presentation panel , n.d.) the active street in Gate Village, DIFC The chosen case study for the research is Gate village in DIFC, Dubai. The area is placed on 90,000 sqm and is a mid-rise building with multi-functions like office, residents, galleries, restaurants, and shops — the project intended is to design an office building which is not typical skyscraper rather space which interacts and activates its own, creating a connection between each building, different users and the ground. The interesting fact of the project is that it is creating a district inside a city with streets. The maximum floors in each building are 5 to 10 floors of 10 buildings — the concept of the project inspired by the Old tradition Arab villages. The project has considered the people interaction will designing the project and designed a traditional Arab village in a modern sustainable method by adding courtyards, street, and public interaction space.
The height and form of the building are designed as per the shadow analysis, providing shade to the streets naturally as the climate is harsh in UAE, which allows the building users to spend time in public without any climate concerns. The project allows the public to interact and connect with space and also interact with the street, which makes the street awake during all four seasons. The reason for the street to be awake is that all the public space is under the human eye level. The texture of each building is different and are placed as per the orientation; the facade material is Natural stone. The material for the facade chosen for the project also allows the user to connect with nature.
(DIFC Gate village development presentation panel , n.d.) Section showing the connection of spaces
(DIFC Gate village development presentation panel , n.d.) Site plan
(DIFC Gate village development presentation panel , n.d.) Gate Village in DIFC
This project also used underground space for the car parking; that is, each building has five levels of parking under the basement. The statement of Jan Gahl has proven here; as the floor height is less than ten floors, there is a connection between resident users and the street. The people interact with the public space, allow the occupants to have excellent social skills. As the street is always active, people staying there always will have a positive vibe. The project allows the users to walk around the street even in a hot climate, and the streets are always busy, but vehicle-free space and activated by the office workers and outsiders. The main feature used for this successful public space are plants, fountains, shadings, and facade material; all these are nature orientated. The main problem in high- rise buildings are there is no connection between the neighbors or the street, which leads to an increase in the suicide crisis, as it is not noticed.
(DIFC Gate village development presentation panel , n.d.) Diagram showing the space in the project
interactive
(X- Architects , n.d.)- Example of buiding and public space are balanced. The concept is designed by X- architects
CONCLUSION “We shape our building, and afterward, our building shapes us� – Winston Churchill. High- rise buildings have become an essential element in urban design. As it increases, the lifestyle of people is also changing, which also affects the behavior of the people. People become more into introverted space, and their connection with the ground also decreases. Due to the scarcity of land and the increasing population, architects have to design is a small amount of space. The solution is to design the city vertically rather than horizontally, that is flipping the city by adding all the functions and facility in one prominent structure. By doing this, the street and the public spaces start to fade from the human eye, which lacks in social interaction. The lack of social interaction can cause a change in behavior in human life and social skill. Underground spaces are used as a strategy to incorporate public space into urban design. Urban design should include public space, which creates interaction between people, by this the social skill of individuals will improve and have a better life. Public spaces should be in open environment, where nature and people are the main role in the development of the space. If the public interaction space is designed inside the building, then the space is going to be an empty space.
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