21st century astronomy the solar system fifth edition test bank chapter 22 by asmacandy

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Chapter 22: Cosmology LEARNING OBJECTIVES Define the boldfaced vocabulary terms within the chapter. 22.1 Gravity and the Expansion of the Universe Illustrate why gravity determines the fate of the universe. Multiple Choice: 1 Explain why density, rather than mass, determines the evolution of the universe (i.e., expansion, contraction, acceleration, deceleration). Short Answer: 2 Relate the value of the density parameter ÎŠ to the evolution of the universe (i.e., expansion, contraction, acceleration, deceleration). Multiple Choice: 2, 3 Short Answer: 1 22.2 The Accelerating Universe Summarize the evidence that there is a nonzero cosmological constant.

Multiple Choice: 7, 8, 11, 13, 18, 19 Explain the effects of dark energy. Multiple Choice: 6, 17 Short Answer: 4, 8, 12 Characterize how the amounts of matter and dark energy in the universe determine its evolution and fate. Multiple Choice: 12, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32 Differentiate between the Big Crunch, Big Rip, and Big Chill. Multiple Choice: 14, 15, 16, 20, 21 Short Answer: 11 Identify how gravity and dark energy influence the age of the universe. Multiple Choice: 9, 25 Short Answer: 5, 7 Illustrate the causes and behavior of different shapes (geometries) of the universe. Multiple Choice: 10, 26, 29 Short Answer: 6, 9, 10 22.3 Inflation Solves Several Problems in Cosmology Explain how inflation solves the horizon and flatness problems. Multiple Choice: 34, 35, 37, 38, 39 Short Answer: 16, 17, 18 Illustrate the effects of inflation on the early universe. Multiple Choice: 36 Short Answer: 15 22.4 The Earliest Moments of the Universe Connect the Very Largest Size Scales to the Very Smallest List the four forces of nature. Multiple Choice: 40, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 54, 64 Short Answer: 19, 21, 24 Illustrate the relationship between temperature of the universe and unification of forces. Multiple Choice: 44, 53, 61, 65, 66 Short Answer: 20

Explain how the events that occurred in the early universe are related to the forces that operate in the universe today. Multiple Choice: 43, 45, 51, 52, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 67, 68 Short Answer: 22, 23, 25, 26 Illustrate the processes of pair production and annihilation. Multiple Choice: 41, 42, 55, 56 Short Answer: 27 22.5 String Theory and Multiverses Describe the motivation for string theory. Short Answer: 29, 30 Assess whether string theory is a scientific theory. Multiple Choice: 69, 70 Short Answer: 28 Assess whether multiverses are a scientific theory. Multiple Choice: 71 Working It Out 22.1 Calculate the critical density of the Universe. Multiple Choice: 4, 5 Short Answer: 3 Working It Out 22.2 Calculate the temperature and energy above which pair production of different particles can occur. Multiple Choice: 33 Short Answer: 13, 14

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. If there were no dark energy in the universe, the value of __________ would solely determine the evolution and fate of the universe. a. H0 b. 1/H0 c. G d. Ωm e. ΩΛ 2. If Ωm = 0.5 today and there were no dark energy, the universe would a. expand forever.

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b. slow its expansion but never reverse it. c. stop expanding and eventually collapse. d. oscillate between expansion and collapse. e. expand so quickly that the universe is ripped apart. 3. If the fate of the universe were determined solely by what is currently known to be the total mass of the universe in luminous and dark matter (excluding dark energy), astronomers would predict that we live in a universe that will a. expand forever. b. slow its expansion but never reverse it. c. stop expanding and eventually collapse. d. oscillate between expansion and collapse. e. expand so quickly that it will rip apart.

4. If the Hubble constant had a value of 50 km/s/Mpc, the value of the critical density ρc would be about a. twice larger. b. twice smaller. c. the same. d. 1.4 times smaller. e. 1.4 times larger. 5. The critical density of the universe is closest to a. 6 protons/m3. b. 5 g/m3. c. 1 kg/m3. d. 1 MEarth/m3. e. 1 M⊙/m3. 6. Gravity acts to _________ the expansion of the universe, and dark energy acts to __________ the expansion. a. slow down; slow down b. slow down ; speed up c. speed up; slow down d. speed up; speed up 7. To determine how the expansion rate of the universe has changed over time, astronomers directly measure the _____________________ for a sample of Type Ia supernovae in distant galaxies. a. redshift and luminosity b. redshift and brightness c. redshift and distance d. distance and luminosity e. distance and brightness 8. The observations that show that the expansion of the universe is speeding up tell us the universe must contain a. gravity. b. dark matter. c. a force opposing gravity. d. black holes. e. cosmic microwave background radiation. . 9. What two properties of the universe are determined by the values of Ωm and ΩΛ? a. size and temperature b. expansion rate and size Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.

c. size and age d. age and expansion rate e. age and temperature 10. In a closed (spherical) universe, the sum of the angles in a triangle is a. 180 degrees. b. < 180 degrees. c. 120 degrees. d. > 180 degrees. e. 240 degrees.

11. The accelerated expansion of the universe was observationally discovered using a. Type Ia supernovae. b. Cepheid variables. c. RR Lyrae. d. stellar parallax. e. colors of galaxies. 12. In a universe undergoing an accelerated expansion, a. ΩΛ must be exactly zero.

13.

14.

15.

16.

b. the fate of the universe is exclusively dictated by Ωm. c. the mass density must be larger than the critical density. d. the only possible outcome is the Big Crunch. e. the age of the universe is greater than the Hubble time. In modern cosmology, Einstein’s cosmological constant is a. an example of dark energy that causes an accelerated expansion of the universe. b. vanishingly zero. c. another name for the critical density of the universe. d. the only explanation for an infinite universe. e. of no use, as it predicts a static universe. Which of the curves in the figure shown below would best describe the scenario of a Big Rip for the universe? a. A b. B c. C d. All three of them e. None of them Which of the curves in the figure shown below would best describe the scenario of a Big Crunch for the universe? a. A b. B c. C d. All three of them e. None of them In a scenario in which dark energy is changing significantly over time, which of the following outcomes are possible? a. Big Crunch and Big Rip b. Big Crunch and Big Chill c. Big Rip and Big Freeze d. Big Crunch and Big Freeze e. Big Chill and Big Freeze

17. Which of the following is false? a. When the universe was young, matter worked to slow the expansion rate of the universe. b. The Big Bang occurred approximately 13.8 billion years ago. c. Only in the last 5 billion to 6 billion years has dark energy caused the universe’s expansion rate to increase over time. d. Throughout the age of the universe, dark energy has caused its expansion rate to increase over time. e. Astrophysicists are unsure whether or not dark energy always will continue to increase the expansion rate of the universe.

18. In the 1990s, astronomers found that distant Type Ia supernovae were __________ than they expected, leading them to conclude that ___________________. a. brighter; the universe’s expansion rate was decreasing with time b. brighter; the universe was finite in size c. fainter; the universe’s expansion rate has been increasing with time d. fainter; the universe was infinite in size e. fainter; the universe was finite in size 19. Observations of Type Ia supernovae in distant galaxies have shown that a. the star formation rate in galaxies decreases with increasing redshift. b. the expansion rate of the universe is increasing. c. the cosmological constant is zero. d. dark energy is negligible at the present time. e. there were more stars in the past than at the present time. 20. The Big Rip could occur in a universe where the effect of _____________ increases with time. a. quantum mechanics b. luminous matter c. dark energy d. gravity e. dark matter 21. Current observations suggest that the density of all matter and the density of dark energy are a. Ωm = 0.3; ΩΛ = 0.7 b. Ωm = 0.02; ΩΛ = 0.5 c. Ωm = 0.0; ΩΛ = 0.9 d. Ωm = 0.7; ΩΛ = 0.3 e. Ωm = 0.02; ΩΛ = 0.0 22. What has had the largest effect on the change in the expansion rate of the present-day universe? a. dark matter b. luminous matter c. dark energy d. radiation pressure e. gravity 23. If Ωm + ΩΛ = 1 today and dark energy were a cosmological constant, the universe would a. expand forever. b. slow its expansion but never reverse it. c. stop expanding and eventually collapse. d. oscillate between expansion and collapse. e. expand so quickly that the universe is ripped apart.

24. How does the existence of dark energy affect the expansion of the universe? a. It is possible for the mass density of the universe to be below the critical density and still collapse. b. It is possible for the mass density of the universe to be below the critical density and still expand forever. c. It is impossible to have a collapsing universe, regardless of its density. d. It is impossible to have an expanding universe, regardless of its density. e. It is impossible for the mass density of the universe to be above the critical density and still expand forever.

25. In a universe undergoing an accelerated expansion rate, the actual age of the universe is __________ the Hubble time. a. older than b. younger than c. negligible compared with d. the same as e. independent of 26. The universe can be infinite in size for which shapes of the universe? a. open b. closed c. flat d. closed and flat e. open and flat 27. The figure below shows a graph of the value of Ωm as a function of time in a universe with no dark energy. The five different curves correspond to universes with slightly different values for Ωm one second after the Big Bang. Which line corresponds to a universe with the largest value of Ωm one second after the Big Bang? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E 28. The figure below shows a graph of the value of Ωm as a function of time in a universe with no dark energy. The five different curves correspond to universes with slightly different values for Ωm one second after the Big Bang. Which line corresponds to a universe with the smallest value of Ωm one second after the Big Bang? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E 29. Which of the following statements is not valid? a. ΩΛ + Ωm = 1 indicates a flat universe. b. ΩΛ + Ωm = 1 ties into the flatness problem. c. ΩΛ and Ωm both affect the predictions about the fate and age of the universe. d. In an open or closed universe, Euclidian geometry is still applicable. e. Current observational data seem to suggest that the universe is quite flat. 30. The figure below shows five graphs of the scale factor of the universe as a function of time. Which of these graphs would occur for a universe with Ωm > 1 and ΩΛ = 0? Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.

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a. b. c. d. e.

A B C D E

31. The figure below shows five graphs of the scale factor of the universe as a function of time. Which of these graphs would occur for a universe with Ωm < 1 and ΩΛ = 0? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E 32. The figure below shows five possible graphs of the scale factor of the universe as a function of time. Which of these graphs represent our universe where Ωm = 0.3 and ΩΛ = 0.7? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E 33. What was the temperature of the universe when photons were no longer able to spontaneously create electron and positron pairs? (Note that a photon’s energy is equal to , the cosmic background at any point in time has a blackbody spectrum that peaks at a wavelength

, and the mass of a single electron is 9.11 × 10-31 kg.)

a. 2,000 K b. 400,000 K c. 2 million K d. 40 million K e. 8 billion K 34. The flatness problem arises because only a universe with a value of __________ can have that value forever. a. Ωm + ΩΛ = 0 b. Ωm + ΩΛ = 1 c. Ωm + ΩΛ = 0.7 d. Ωm + ΩΛ = 0.02 e. Ωm = ΩΛ = 0 35. What can simultaneously solve both the flatness and horizon problems in cosmology? a. GUT b. quantum mechanics c. TOE d. inflation e. dark energy 36. Which of the following is a false statement about inflation? a. Inflation occurred when the universe was < 10−33 seconds old. b. Inflation occurred when the universe expanded by a factor of approximately 1030. c. Inflation solves the horizon problem. d. Inflation is currently driving the expansion of the universe. e. Inflation solves the flatness problem.

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37. Choose the correct statement about inflation. a. It helps solve both the problems of the flatness of the universe and the smoothness of the cosmic background radiation. b. It assumes that at some point in the future dark energy will decay and the universe will expand rapidly by a factor of 1030. c. When the universe was approximately 1 second old, its size grew by a factor of 1030. d. It is the best version for a TOE. e. Scientists have obtained direct and undisputable observational evidence that inflation did occur. 38. Why would it be very improbable for our universe to have Ωm + ΩΛ = 0.9? a. It would quickly evolve to have a much different value of Ωm + ΩΛ. b. In order to exist, every universe must have Ωm + ΩΛ = 1. c. We know Ωm = 1, based on the average density of galaxies. d. The CMB fluctuations tell us that Ωm+ ΩΛ = 0.7. 39.

40.

41.

42.

e. Dark energy studies tell us ΩΛ = 0.9. Why is the smoothness of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) considered a problem? a. A universe as smooth as predicted by the CMB should not have formed as many galaxies as have been observed. b. A universe as smooth as predicted by the CMB should have collapsed by now. c. A universe as smooth as predicted by the CMB should be expanding much faster than we are now. d. A universe as smooth as predicted by the CMB should never occur, because quantum mechanical fluctuations would have been imprinted on it. e. A universe as smooth as predicted by the CMB should never have formed any stars or galaxies. Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) describes how __________ works. a. gravity b. the strong nuclear force c. electricity d. magnetism e. light The figure below illustrates pair production in the early universe, with one particle labeled with a question mark. What type of particle must this be? a. proton b. electron c. Antiproton d. positron e. neutron What is the minimum combined energy of the photons that would produce a pair of massive particles electron-positron? (Note: me is the rest mass of an electron.) a. 2mec2 b. mec2 c. 1/2mec2 d. E = mec2

e. This cannot happen.

43. A grand unified theory (GUT) unites which forces? a. only electromagnetism, weak nuclear forces, and strong nuclear forces b. only gravity and strong nuclear forces c. only electromagnetism, gravity, and weak nuclear forces d. only gravity and electromagnetism forces e. all four known forces 44. Scientists think that, soon after the Big Bang, the four fundamental forces of nature were united into one superforce, and __________ was the first to split off from the others. a. the strong force b. electromagnetism c. the weak force d. gravity e. nucleosynthesis 45. Which list correctly orders objects from the first one to form after the Big Bang to the last one to form. a. neutral atoms, protons, nuclei b. protons, nuclei, neutral atoms c. nuclei, neutral atoms, protons d. protons, neutral atoms, nuclei e. nuclei, protons, neutral atoms 46. Which of the fundamental forces in nature have an infinite range of action? a. electromagnetic and gravity b. strong nuclear and gravity c. strong and weak nuclear d. electromagnetic and strong nuclear e. all four fundamental forces have an infinite range of action 47. What particles are the carriers of the electromagnetic force? a. electrons b. magnetic monopoles c. gluons d. photons e. W+ 48. Which of the four fundamental forces is the weakest of all? a. electromagnetic b. gravity c. weak nuclear d. magnetic e. strong nuclear 49. Which of the four fundamental forces governs the nuclear fusion inside stars? a. electromagnetic b. gravity c. weak nuclear d. magnetic e. strong nuclear 50. What fundamental force is responsible for holding the nucleons together inside atomic nuclei? a. electromagnetic b. gravity c. weak nuclear d. gluons e. strong nuclear

51. Which of the following is not true about the standard model? a. All particles are created without mass. b. It is a complete description of nature. c. Forces between particles are mediated by carrier particles. d. Particles acquire mass as they interact with the Higgs boson. e. Every particle in nature has a corresponding antiparticle. 52. Which of the following would represent the unification of all fundamental forces? a. the electroweak theory b. quantum chromodynamics (QCD) c. quantum electrodynamics (QED) d. grand unified theories (GUT) e. the Theory of Everything (TOE) 53. The TOE breaks within ___________ of the Big Bang. a. 10-43 s b. 10-35 s c. 10-13 s d. 15 s e. 3 min 54. Which of the following are not considered carrier particles used to mediate forces between other particles? a. photons b. gluons c. Zo particles d. quarks e. W+ particles 55. How would scientists describe the antiparticle of an electron? a. It would have the same charge but opposite spin. b. It would have the same mass but opposite charge. c. It would have the opposite charge and higher mass. d. It would have the opposite spin and higher mass. e. It would have the opposite charge but same spin. 56. In the very early universe, which type of particles and antiparticles first stopped being spontaneously formed out of photons any why? a. protons and neutrons, because their formation requires a larger number of photons b. electrons and positrons, because their formation requires a smaller number of photons c. protons and antiprotons, because their formation requires higher energy photons d. electrons and neutrinos, because their formation requires lower energy photons e. protons, antiprotons, electrons, and neutrinos stopped forming at the same time. 57. What would the universe be like if there were complete symmetry between matter and antimatter? a. It would look similar to our universe, but half of it would be composed of antimatter. b. We would observe two universes, one an antimatter reflection of the other. c. There would be no universe, because all of the matter and antimatter would have been annihilated. d. There would be a universe devoid of matter, entirely composed of photons. e. It would look similar to our universe, but the charges of all of the particles would be reversed.

58. To verify whether or not some grand unified theories are correct, physicists are searching for a. the Big Rip. b. mini−black holes. c. antimatter. d. protons that decay. e. dark matter that decays. 59. Grand unified theories are very attractive because they can explain a. why we have five fundamental forces in the universe today. b. why the Big Bang never made any antimatter. c. why the universe consists mostly of matter. d. why the CMB is very smooth. e. what happens inside a black hole. 60. What is the Planck era? a. the earliest moments after the Big Bang b. a period when quantum mechanics is needed to describe both spacetime and particles c. the time period when a theory of everything (TOE) is needed to understand the universe d. when spacetime can be described as a quantum mechanical “foam” rather than a smooth sheet e. all of the above 61. As the universe cooled shortly after the Big Bang, which was the first fundamental force to separate itself out from the others? a. electromagnetism b. gravity c. the nuclear force d. the strong force e. the weak force 62. Which of the following is an invalid statement? a. The inflation epoch must have occurred before all four forces broke apart. b. Scientists have confirmed the Grand Unified Theory by observing the decay of protons in laboratory experiments. c. In the superstring theory that successfully unites gravity and quantum mechanics, the universe must have 11 dimensions (10 spatial and 1 temporal). d. The weak force mediates the beta decay of neutrons into protons, electrons, and antineutrinos. e. The four fundamental forces of nature are gravity, electromagnetism, the weak and the strong nuclear forces. 63. At what stage in the universe’s history do we think the asymmetry between matter and antimatter was created? a. at the very moment the Big Bang occurred b. around the time gravity separated out of the single superforce c. around the time the strong force separated out of the grand unified theory d. around the time the weak force and electromagnetism separated e. around the time the electric and magnetic forces separated 64. Which was a triumph of quantum electrodynamics (QED)? a. QED predicted the existence of three carrier particles before they were discovered in laboratory experiments. b. QED unites the strong and weak nuclear forces. c. QED is an example of a theory of everything.

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d. QED successfully explains the origin of quantum mechanical fluctuations in the CMB. e. QED combined the electric and magnetic forces.

65. The standard model of particle physics is incomplete because it leaves which question(s) unanswered? a. Do neutrinos have mass? b. Why is the strong nuclear force so much stronger than the weak nuclear force? c. Why was there an imbalance between matter and antimatter? d. Does gravity have a corresponding charge carrier? e. all of the above 66. Why does a unified force split to become two separate forces? a. The universe expands so much that carrier particles become too dense. b. The average energy of photons was not enough to produce particles mediating the interactions c. Dark energy becomes significant at later times and forces the two to split. d. The spatial dimensions split and so must the forces. e. Too many particles are created for the unified force to manage. 67. Even with infinitely powerful telescopes, we can look back in time only until the time when a. galaxies first formed. b. hydrogen and helium formed. c. stars first formed. d. gravity split off from a superforce. e. recombination happened. 68. Which of the following have both been predicted and conclusively confirmed experimentally? a. the decay of proton b. the inflationary model c. the carrier particles for the force of gravity d. the Higgs boson e. the 10 spatial dimensions in superstring theory 69. In the superstring theory that successfully unites gravity and quantum mechanics, the universe must have a. four dimensions (three spatial and one temporal). b. six dimensions (three spatial and three temporal). c. seven dimensions (six spatial and one temporal). d. nine dimensions (eight spatial and one temporal). e. eleven dimensions (10 spatial and 1 temporal). 70. In some particle physics theories, the universe must have more than three spatial dimensions, but we experience only three. Why would we not see the other spatial dimensions? a. The other nine spatial dimensions are too small to be noticeable. b. The other seven spatial dimensions are tightly wrapped around each other and have not expanded. c. The other seven spatial dimensions undergo inflation and flatten themselves out. d. The other nine spatial dimensions wrap around each another and form the temporal dimension. e. The other seven spatial dimensions are completely full of dark matter. 71. Which of these are possible types of multiple universes that could exist? a. parallel universes with different physics and different mathematical explanations b. other parts of an infinite universe that are so far away that we cannot observe them c. quantum mechanical parallel universes, which are created each time something happens that has a probability of occurring in a different way, such as a roll of dice d. a multiverse with constant inflation, where each universe forms due to quantum

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fluctuations stopping that inflation e. all of the above

SHORT ANSWER 1. In a universe with no dark energy, what will happen to the expansion of the universe in the future if (a) Ωm > 1, (b) Ωm = 1, and (c) Ωm < 1? 2. Why does the critical mass density of the universe depend on the value of Hubble’s constant, H0? 3. The critical mass density of the universe today is 9.5 × 10−27 kg/m3. Using (only) the currently observed amount of luminous matter, what would be the average mass density in the universe? If protons were spread evenly throughout the universe, what would be their typical separation? (Note that the typical separation between protons would be roughly equal to the cubic root of the average volume occupied by one proton, and the mass of a proton is 1.67 × 10−27 kg.) 4. If dark energy is currently causing the expansion rate of the universe to increase with time, does this mean that you should worry that the Sun, the Earth, and your body itself are expanding? Why or why not? 5. If you found a globular cluster that had an age of 20 billion years, what cosmological observations would conflict with this observation? 6. Why does the sum of Ωm and ΩΛ determine the shape of our universe? 7. If the Hubble constant were larger than it is, how would that change the measured age of the universe? Explain your answer. 8. Outline the essential difference between the view of the empty space employed by Friedmann and the properties of the empty space in modern cosmology. 9. Indicate two different experiments that offer evidence for a flat universe. 10. Summarize the possible shapes of the universe and indicate if the Euclidian geometry is applicable in each case. . 11. Briefly explain the possible scenarios for the fate of the universe assuming that: (i) dark energy decreases in time, (ii) it increases in time, and (iii) it is a constant. 12. If there were enough mass to slow down the expansion rate of the universe, how would the

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Hubble constant measured using very distant galaxies be different from what is observed in galaxies that are closer to us? Explain your answer. Is this what we observe in our universe? 13. Explain why the production of electron-positron pairs requires less energetic photons than the production of proton-antiproton pairs? 14. What was the temperature of the universe when photons were no longer able to spontaneously create proton-antiproton pairs? (Note that a photon’s energy is equal to

, the cosmic background at any point in time has a blackbody spectrum that peaks at

, and the mass of a single proton is 1.67 × 10−27 kg.)

a wavelength

15. Why does inflation not violate the fundamental rule that nothing can travel through space faster than the speed of light? 16. What is the “flatness problem” in cosmology? 17. What can solve the flatness and horizon problem in cosmology, and why? 18. Explain what the uncertainty principle means and how it relates to the horizon problem. 19. What are the names of the two particles that mediate the electromagnetic force in quantum electrodynamics (QED) and the strong force in quantum chromodynamics (QCD)? 20. What is the difference between a grand unified theory (GUT) and a theory of everything (TOE)? 21. Indicate the four fundamental forces of nature by listing their names and describing what effect each force has on objects in the universe. 22. What is the main reason that GUT theories are being pursued? 23. Explain why the Higgs bosons are important in the context of the standard model. 24. In quantum electrodynamics (QED), what mediates the electromagnetic force between particles? 25. Explain why astronomers cannot accurately model the exact history of the universe in the first few fractions of a second after the Big Bang. 26. Outline two essential problems/questions to which the standard model doesn’t offer an answer. 27. How would the antiparticle of the neutron be different from the neutron itself? 28. Explain why the superstring theory is considered more like a speculative idea or hypothesis

rather than a scientific theory. 29. According to superstring theory, how are different varieties of elementary particles similar? How do they differ? 30. Explain why inflation could lead to an infinite number of multiverses inside our own universe. Are they likely to be similar or different than our own universe?

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