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Chapter 05 Data Storage Technology 1. A storage device consists of a read/write mechanism and a storage medium. a. True b. False
2. Wait states increase CPU and computer system performance. a. True b. False
3. Primary storage extends the limited capacity of CPU registers. a. True b. False
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4. The CPU moves data and instructions continually between registers and primary storage. a. True b. False
5. With current technology, secondary storage speed is typically faster than primary storage speed. a. True b. False
6. Block size is normally stated in bytes and is generally the same between storage devices, especially in a single storage device. a. True b. False
7. 512- and 4096-byte blocks are the most common data transfer units for magnetic disks. a. True b. False
8. Volatility is a matter of degree and conditions. a. True b. False
9. Magnetic tape and disk are considered volatile storage media. a. True b. False
10. The physical structure of a storage device’s read/write mechanism and storage medium determines the ways in which data can be accessed. a. True b. False
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11. Serial access time depends on the current position of the read/write mechanism and the position of the target data item in the storage medium. a. True b. False
12. Cost per unit decreases as an access method moves from serial to random to parallel. a. True b. False
13. Secondary storage is generally expensive compared with primary storage. a. True b. False
14. Capacitors can charge and discharge much faster than batteries. a. True b. False
15. SRAM has higher density then DRAM. a. True b. False
16. Electrical current can generate a magnetic field but a magnetic field cannot generate electricity. a. True b. False
17. Disk drives share one set of read/write circuits among all read/write heads. a. True b. False
18. HTH switching time is the most important component of access time. Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero
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a. True b. False
19. Because sequential access time is so much faster than average access time, disk performance is improved dramatically if related data is stored in sequential sectors. a. True b. False
20. Communication channel capacity is generally a restriction on a single disk drive’s data transfer rate. a. True b. False
21. Coercible material per sector is greater at the center than in the platter edge. a. True b. False
22. To increase capacity per platter, disk manufacturers divide tracks into two or more zones and vary the sectors per track in each zone. a. True b. False
23. Computing average access time is more complex when sectors are more densely packed on the platter’s outer portions because the assumption that an average access requires moving the read/write head over half the tracks is no longer valid. a. True b. False
24. SSDs are much more tolerant to shock and other negative environmental factors commonly encountered with portable devices, such as multifunction cell phones, netbooks, and laptop computers. a. True b. False
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25. Magnetic disk drives have an advantage over SSDs in power consumption. a. True b. False
26. Most optical storage media can retain data for decades because they aren’t subject to magnetic decay and leakage. a. True b. False
27. Rewritable DVDs use a single standard adopted by the entire industry. a. True b. False
28. Magnetic and optical storage are currently direct competitors. a. True b. False
29. The write operation for recordable discs is destructive, so recordable disc formats can be written only one time. a. True b. False
30. Magneto-optical technology peaked in the mid-1980s. a. True b. False
31. The ____ is the device or substance that actually holds data. a. storage device b. storage medium c. storage method d. storage speed
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32. ____ is the most important characteristic differentiating primary and secondary storage. a. Capacity b. Density c. Transfer rate d. Speed
33. A ____ is a CPU cycle spent waiting for access to an instruction or data. a. wait state b. hold state c. purge state d. clock state
34. ____ in the CPU are storage locations for instructions and data. a. ALUs b. Shifters c. Registers d. Controller s
35. Storage device speed is called ____. a. retrieval time b. access time c. movement time d. fetch time
36. Access times for secondary storage devices are typically expressed in ____ or microseconds. a. milliseconds b. exoseconds c. nanoseconds d. picoseconds
37. ____ is a generic term for describing secondary storage data transfer units. a. Sector b. Wafer Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero
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c. Cluster d. Block
38. A storage device or medium is ____ if it holds data without loss over long periods. a. volatile b. dynamic c. nonvolatile d. archival
39. A storage device or medium is ____ if it can’t hold data reliably for long periods. a. nonvolatile b. volatile c. transient d. archival
40. A ____ storage device stores and retrieves data items in a linear, or sequential, order. a. direct access b. random access c. dynamic access d. serial access
41. A ____ device isn’t restricted to any specific order when accessing data. a. random access b. serial access c. dynamic access d. linear access
42. Data is represented in the CPU as ____. a. analog electrical signals b. quantum signals c. digital electrical signals d. digital optical signals
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43. The term ____ describes primary storage devices that are implemented as microchips, can read and write with equal speed, and can randomly access bytes, words, or larger data units. a. RAM b. PROM c. ROM d. semiconductor
44. Modern computers use memory implemented with ____. a. vacuum tubes b. resistors c. quasiconductors d. Semiconductors
45. ____ is implemented entirely with transistors. a. Dynamic RAM b. Static RAM c. Dynamic ROM d. Static ROM
46. ____ stores each bit by using a single transistor and capacitor. a. Dynamic ROM b. Static ROM c. Dynamic RAM d. Static RAM
47. Programs usually access instructions and data items ____. a. randomly b. dynamically c. repeatedly d. sequentially
48. ____ is a read-ahead RAM that uses the same clock pulse as the system bus. a. Synchronous DRAM Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero
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b. Asynchronous DRAM c. Flash DRAM d. Continuous DRAM
49. Memory devices comprised of semiconductors and other forms of RAM with long-term or permanent data retention are generically known as ____. a. volatile memory b. tertiary storage c. nonvolatile memory d. persistent memory
50. Software stored in NVM is called ____. a. software b. firmware c. flash storage d. system software
51. The ____, a newer packaging standard, is essentially a SIMM with independent electrical contacts on both sides of the module. a. double inline memory module b. dual inline package c. surface mount package d. zero-insertion force package
52. The tendency of magnetically charged particles to lose their charge over time is called ____. a. magnetic halflife b. magnetic flux c. magnetic field d. magnetic decay Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero
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53. The surface area allocated to store on a bit is called the ____. a. bit density b. surface density c. areal density d. object density
54. A(n) ____ is a ribbon of plastic with a coercible (usually metallic oxide) coating. a. optical disk b. magnetic tape c. magnetic disk d. recordable disk
55. A ____ consists of all tracks at an equivalent distance from the edge or spindle on all platter surfaces. a. cylinde r b. sector c. block d. cluster
56. A single disk sector usually holds ____ or 4096 bytes. a. 250 b. 512 c. 760 d. 1024
57. Multiple hard drives can be enclosed in a single storage cabinet; this arrangement is referred to as a ____. a. drive cluster b. drive tray c. drive unit Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero
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d. drive array
58. Read/write circuitry uses ____ data to compensate for minor variations in rotation speed and other factors that might disturb the precise timing needed for reliable reading and writing. a. quantization b. aggregation c. synchronization d. averaging
59. The time needed to move from one track to another is called ____, typically measured in milliseconds. a. track-to-track seek time b. random seek time c. average seek time d. relocation seek time
60. The time the disk controller must wait for the right sector to rotate beneath the heads is called ____. a. track-to-track seek time b. rotational delay c. average access time d. synchronization delay
61. ____ is the sum of average access delay and the time required to read a single sector. a. Average access time b. Rotational latency c. Track-to-track seek time d. Synchronization delay
62. ____ is the time required to read the second of two adjacent sectors on the same track and platter. a. Track-to-track seek time Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero
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b. Rotational delay c. Sequential access time d. Average access time
63. A disk with many program and data files scattered on it is said to be ____. a. partitioned b. segmented c. clustered d. fragmented
64. A ____ reorganizes disk content so that a file’s contents are stored in sequential sectors, tracks, and platters. a. disk defragmentation utility b. disk organization utility c. disk defragmentation firmware d. disk reorganization firmware
65. A ____ is a storage device that mimics the behavior of a magnetic disk drive but uses flash RAM or other NVM devices as the storage medium and read/write mechanism. a. traditional hard drive b. hybrid hard drive c. solid-state drive d. memory drive
66. Current SSDs use ____ as the storage medium. a. SDRAM b. flash RAM c. EEPROMs d. PGAs
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67. Modern SSDs use a technique called “____” to spread write operations around the storage medium, thus evening out the impact of destructive writes and extending the storage device’s useful life. a. wear aggregation b. wear prevention c. wear mitigation d. wear leveling
68. Sony and Philips originally developed compact disc (CD) technology for storing and distributing music in the ____ format. a. disk digital audio b. MPEG Layer 3 c. CD digital audio d. compressed digital audio
69. In a CD, flat areas in the reflective layer that represent bit values are called “____.” a. lands b. grooves c. rings d. plateaus
70. In a CD, concave dents in the reflective layer that are used to represent bit values are called “____.” a. lands b. grooves c. hills d. pits
71. A storage device consists of a read/write mechanism and a(n) ____________________.
72. A(n) ____________________ provides the interface between the storage device and system bus.
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73. A CPU with a 1 GHz clock rate needs a new instruction and supporting data every ____________________.
74. ____________________ is the time required to perform one complete read or write operation.
75. The term ____________________ describes the data transfer unit for magnetic disk and optical disc drives.
76. ____________________ is the only widely used form of serial access storage.
77. A(n) ____________________ device can access multiple storage locations simultaneously.
78. Primary storage devices must closely match CPU speed and word size to avoid ____________________.
79. Each refresh operation in DRAM is called a(n) ____________________.
80. ____________________ is a read-ahead RAM that uses the same clock pulse as the system bus.
81. ____________________ stores bit values by using two magnetic elements, one with fixed polarity and the other with polarity that changes when a bit is written.
82. ____________________ RAM is the most common non-volatile RAM used today.
83. ____________________ is the capability of a substance or magnetic storage medium to accept and hold a magnetic charge. Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero
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84. The stored charge held within a bit of magnetic storage must be above the ____________________ for a read operation to be successful.
85. For a two-dimensional storage medium like a disk platter, having the length and width of the area that stores one bit increases storage capacity by a factor of ____________________
86. Magnetic disk media are flat, circular ____________________ with metallic coatings that are rotated beneath read/write heads.
87. A(n) ____________________ is one concentric circle of a platter, or the surface area that passes under a read/write head when its position is fixed.
88. In a magnetic disk drive, a(n) ____________________ is mounted on the end of an access arm for each platter surface.
89. Average access time is computed under the assumption that two consecutive accesses are sent to ____________________ locations.
90. Over time, file contents tend to become ____________________ in many nonsequential sectors.
91. A disk drive’s data ____________________ rate is a summary performance number combining the physical aspects of data access with the electronic aspects of data transfer to the disk controller or system.
92. The ____________________ data transfer rate is the fastest rate the drive can support.
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93. Optical storage devices store bit values as variations in ____________________.
94. Current optical storage devices use a(n) ____________________ storage medium.
95. In a magneto-optical drive, the laser polarity shift used in reading is known as the “____________________ effect.�
96. List important characteristics among which storage devices and technologies vary.
97. How is a storage device’s data transfer rate computed?
98. Explain the two ways that storage device portability is typically implemented.
99. What is an advantage of optical storage over magnetic storage?
100. Describe phase-change optical discs.
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