Logbook Week 1 Lecture
Subject Glossary
This week’s lecture, we were asked to hold a piece of brick with one paper. My first thought was to fold the paper to make continuous triangular prism because I’ve seen some egg holders are similar to that.
-Load path
The path the loads takes directly down to the ground is called the load path.
-Reaction force
The diagram above shows how the loads transfer to the ground. The angled columns share the compression so it won’t reach the collapse point.
But when I started to put this idea into practice, I found that the paper was too soft to offer enough strength to support heavy things. Therefore I folded the paper to have enough strength and it can successfully support a bottle.
Newton’s third law of motion, the law of action and reaction states that for every force acting on a body, the body exerts a force having equal magnitude and the opposite direction along the same line of action as the original force.
-Compression
A compression force produces the opposite effect of a tension force. When an external load pushes on a structural member, the particles of the material compact together.
-Beam
Beams are rigid structural members designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space to supporting elements. The nonconcurrent pattern of forces subjects a beam to bending and deflection, which must be resisted by the internal strength of the material.
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E-learning Knowledge Map -Key question: How do design ideas get translated to built form? -Structural principles: the way buildings are supported, how loads are transferred through to the ground, understand the envelope of the building and the material that selected and why -Material properties, -A language of construction -The efficiency of the structural system
-Strength: strong or weak , -stiffness: stiff, flexible, stretchy or floppy), -shape: mono-dimensional (linear), bidimensional (planar), tridimensional (volumetric), -material behaviours: isotropic or anisotropic), -economy, -sustainability: impact, transport, efficient.
-Walking the city: ‘reading’ the city, part of critical practice of experiencing place -Natural environment →informed cultural environment -Bluestone = basalt (from volcanoes), dark colour, hard to fashion → foundation -Sydney = sandstone, Perth = clay for bricks & limestone -All kinds of damages can be seen -Landscape is the fundamental background to the constructed city
Introduction to Materials Construction Overview See next page.
Ching: 02 The Building & 01 Site Analysis
-Dead loads and live loads -Arrow: direction, scale -Loads takes direction path down to the ground. -React loads: one of the fundamental laws of structure, equal and opposite to the applied loads in order to be stable.
Melbourne’s bluestone
Introduction to Construction
Load path diagrams
Key Terms
Basic Structural Forces
Force: -A force is any influence that produces a change in the shape or movement of a body. -It is considered to be a vector quantity possessing both magnitude and direction, represented by an arrow whose length is proportional to the magnitude and whose orientation in space represents the direction. -Collinear forces occur along a straight line, the vector sum of which is the algebraic sum of then magnitudes of the forces, acting along the same line of action.
Tension Forces -When an external load pulls on a structural member, the particles composing the material move apart and undergo tension. -Tension forces stretch and elongate the material. -The amount of elongation depends on the stiffness of the material, cross sectional area, and the magnitude of the load.
-Load path -Reaction force -Masonry -Point load -Compression -Beam
Compression Forces -A compression force produces the opposite effect of a tension force. When an external load pushes on a structural member, the particles of the material compact together. -Compression forces result in the shortening of the material.
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Readings -Static Loads: are assumed to be applied slowly to a structure until it reaches its peak value without fluctuating rapidly in magnitude or position. -live loads: -occupancy loads, -snow loads, -rain loads, -impact loads -dead loads: -settlement loads, -ground pressure, -water pressure, -thermal stresses -Dynamic Loads: are applied suddenly to a structure, often with rapid changes in magnitude and point of application. -wind loads (2.09) -earthquake loads (2.10)
Structural Forces : considered to be a vector quantity (represented by an arrow) possessing both magnitude (arrow’s length) and direction (arrow’s orientation in space) -collinear forces -concurrent forces -the parallelogram law -the polygon method -nonconcurrent forces -a moment -a couple
Site analysis is the process of studying the contextual forces that influence how we might situate a building, lay out and orient its spaces, shape and articulate its enclosure and establish its relationship to the landscape. Any site survey begins with the gathering of physical site data.
Loads on Buidings 2.08-2.10
2.08-2.11 The Buildings
CHING Structural Forces 2.11
1.02-1.38 Site Analysis
LEED rating system -sustainable sites -water efficiency -energy & atmosphere -materials & resources -indoor environmental quality -innovation & design process Site analysis -soils -topography -plant materials, trees -solar radiation -passive solar design -solar shading -daylighting -precipitation -site drainage -wind -sound & view Regulatory factors -zoning ordinances -site access & circulation -pedestrian circulation
-vehicular circulation -vehicular parking -slope protection -retaining walls -paving -the site plan -site description
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Studio Session Activities Reports 1. We chose circle instead of square or rectangle because it can avoid the corners which can easily collapse resulted from compression when the tower become higher. In contrast, the force on the circle is the same everywhere and it would be easier for us to build gate and windows.
4. The diagram above illustrates how loads of the door transfer down to the ground . The right side is exactly the same as the left side. And on account of the compression, this structure can be successfully built high enough.
2. When the tower was high enough to offer sufficient compression to build a door. 3. Then we started to open a big window as the second opening and some other really small windows to save bricks in order to build higher but had no impact on the stability.
5. Finally, we built a tower about 1.2m high. Then we removed the bricks to test the stability of the structure. As the test showed, many bricks were not useful in the structure in fact and the windows could be opened bigger. The collapse point came when two big windows joint together, which destroyed the load path, and the tower collapsed.
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Logbook Week 2
Subject Glossary
Lecture This week’s lecture, we tried to use four straws to brace a bowl and other live loads on the bowl. Through this practice, I have learned that long, slender columns often collapse because of buckling rather than crushing. On the contrary, the collapse of short, thick columns results from crushing mostly.
-Structural joint
Roller joints: can slide and rotate, Pin joints: can rotate but not slide, Fixed joints: cannot rotate or slide.
-Frame
The frame is one of the structural system that supports loads including live loads and dead loads.
-Stability
Stability is when all the forces acted on the structure have a zero algebraic sum.
-Tension
When an external load pulls on a structural member, the particles composing the material move apart and undergo tension.
-Column I also learned different types of joints. As the diagram above illustrates, the pin joint can rotate so it will effect the column’s stability. While the fixed joint can neither rotate nor slide, therefore it is mostly used as the joint between columns and beams for stability.
Columns are rigid, relatively slender structural members designed primarily to support axial compressive loads applied to the ends of the members.
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E-learning Knowledge Map -Solid system: very early buildings, stones, bricks, mud structures -Surface system: shell structure -Skeletal system/frame system: very efficient way to transform the loads down to the ground -Membrane system: less commonly in the built environment, sometimes quite useful in covering a large area very efficiently and cheaply -Hybrid system
-Construction systems: structural systems, enclosure systems, service/mechanical systems -Considerations: performance requirements, aesthetic qualities, economic efficiencies, environmental impacts -Depend on what materials are available, what the performance the building need to be, what the construction labours are available
Readings
Structural Systems Structural joints
Ching: 02 The Building 2.02-2.04
Structural System: -the superstructure -columns, beams, and loadbearing walls support floor and roof structures -the substructure Enclosure System: -the roof -exterior walls -windows -doors -interior walls and partitions
ESD and Selecting Materials
Structural Loads and Forces
Mechanical Systems: -the water supply system -the sewage disposal system -heating, ventilating, and airconditioning systems -the electrical system -vertical transportation systems -fire-fighting systems -waste disposal and recycling systems
-Embodied energy is the total energy (oil, water, power) used during all stages of a material’s life. -Design is the heart of decision making from sourcing, manufacture, distribution, use and recovery.
Construction Systems Roller joints: can slide and rotate Pin joints: can rotate but not slide Fixed joints: cannot rotate or slide
-The decisions that made at design stage will have an impact the efficiency of the building across the building’s life.
Key Terms -Structural joint -Frame -Stability -Bracing -Tension -Column -Common ESD strategies: -local materials -material efficiency -thermal mass -night air purging -solar energy -wind energy -cross ventilation -smart sun design -insulation -water harvesting
-Life cycle begins with the extraction of raw materials from the Earth and ends with the disposal of waste products back to the Earth or recycled (partially or totally) into other products. -Stages: Raw Material Acquisition >> Primary Processing and refining >> Manufacturing >> Delivery >> Construction Use and Maintenance >> Final Disposal -Recyclability is potential for a product/material to be re-used or transformed into a new product. -Carbon footprint is a measure of the amount of greenhouse gases generated during the fabrication, transportation and use of a particular product.
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Studio Session Activities Reports 1. First of all, we decided to chose triangle as the bottom of our tower and every layer to be triangular prism because we cannot make circle with wooden sticks and triangle is the most stable structural shape. And our design is as showed in the picture.
2. The most important things to consider are compression force and natural force on account that we need to build as high as possible and the sticks are very soft and easy-breaking, which means we must use some methods to reinforce it and keep the tower stable. And our choice was to connected each column with another stick in the middle, which can keep the column straight and share the loads transferred by the upper layer.
3. The connection between two layers were like the photo above. The load path are illustrated in the diagram above, which clearly showed how the reversed triangle acted as beams to share the compression and transferred the loads down to the column.
4. Because of time and the glue, we did not finish the tower on time. When we realize that we could use pin to join the sticks, we were so regretful that we wasted a lot of time using glue and gummed tape.
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
LOGBOOK FINAL SUBMISSION
（WEEK 3- WEEK10）
WEEK 3 lecture
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Information Bar Open-weave wrap
Hot food
Fabric membrane roof
Steel structure
Aluminium roof covering
Deconstruct ed, recycled or sold
Retail WC
Shelter and shade
The 2012 Olympic Park
Two permanent bridges
Accelerate the speed of construction
Spectator facilities
Waste Service
The London Aquatics Centre
Pre-cast concrete
Cold food
Six-board diving platform
Temporary infill
Recycled running shoes
Olympic Stadium
Cable-net roof Sports lighting Primary & secondary cables Fabric membrane
Form a multi-coloured carpet of “Confetti�
Compression ring
WEEK 3 Ching – 3 foundation systems ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Settlement
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Column Footings
Shallow Foundations
Foundations on Sloping Ground Types
Deep Foundations
Isolation joints
Temporary support
Underpinning
Concrete Slabs on Grade Foundation Systems
Construction joints
Excavation Support Systems Control joints Strip footings Spread Footings isolated footings
Pole Foundations
Pile Foundations Concrete foundation walls Concrete masonry foundation walls
Foundation Walls
Caisson Foundations
WEEK 3 e-learning – structural elements
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
The material used The loads to be claimed
The form and shape chosen for the element Based on
Strut and tie
Structural Elements
Beam
Slab/plate
Panel
WEEK 3 e-learning – footings & foundations
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Substructure Cracking Foundations
Retaining and Foundation Walls
Settlement
Footings & Foundations
Footings
End Bearing Piles Deep Footings Friction Piles
Shallow Footings
Pad Footings
Strip Footings
Raft Footings
WEEK 3 e-learning – mass construction
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Clay brick Mud brick (adobe) Modular
stone
Temples & ancient walls
earth
Mud bricks walls
Concrete block Ashlar stone Mass Construction
Concrete Rammed earth
Non-modular
Monolithic stone (columns and beams)
clay concrete
Strong in compression but weak in tension
stone
earth
clay
Hard
Compressive strength
Good thermal mass
concrete
Durable
stable Early in Rome
WEEK 3 e-learning - masonry
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Bond
slabs
Course Joint
stone
Ashlar blocks
Definitions
Rubble stone earth
Mortar
Mud bricks (adobe)
Masonry materials
Bricks clay
Properties
Honeycomb blocks
Masonry concrete
Blocks Commons
Walls Vertical elements
Spanning/enclosing elements
Columns/Piers Horizontal & curved spanning elements
Beams/Lintels
Domes
Arches
Vaults
WEEK 3 e-learning - bricks
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
clay size
materials
Australian standard Medium-high
Very low Medium-low
Fragility
Very low
Ductility
Bricks
Porosity/permeability Density
Clay bricks
Handmade (convict-made)
Joints
Bond patterns
Shrink
Flexibility/plasticity
Poor
High
Machine moulded (pressed)
Hardness
Medium
Medium
High
Extruded and wire-cut
Properties Mortar joints
Conductivity Durability/life span
Vertical joints
Horizontal joints
Perpends
Bed joints
Reusability/recyclability
Sustainability & carbon footprint Cost
WEEK 3 e-learning – concrete blocks ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Medium-high
Very low Medium
Fragility
Very low
Ductility
Medium
Cement Sand Be manufactured from Gravel
Flexibility/plasticity Porosity/permeability
Poor High
Hardness
Medium
Medium
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Provenance Water
Properties
Density Concrete blocks
Conductivity
Manufacture process
Modeling
Durability/life span Reusability/recyclability
expand
Sustainability & carbon footprint Cost
Mixing
Curing Bespoke
Uses
Units
Non-load bearing (dividing and decorative) walls
Egg block Walls
Load bearing (structural) walls
WEEK 3 e-learning - stone
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Granite Igneous Monolithic Large range Largely geometry dependant Mostly low Mostly rigid Large range
Extremely high Very high
Bluestone
Fragility
Elements & units
Ductility
Porosity/permeability
Generally poor
Rubble
Hardness Types
Limestone Sedimentary Sandstone
Flexibility/plasticity
Largely depend on types
Ashlar
Stone
Provenance
Marble
Properties
Metamorphic
Density Paving
Conductivity
Aggregates
Durability/life span Reusability/recyclability
Basalt
Uses
Feature design elements
Sustainability & carbon footprint
Walls
Cost Structural
Non-structural
Slate
WEEK 3 studio activity report – on site ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
1. Lot 6 Cafe -Frame system -Load path as the diagram showed on the right -The steel beam expands from the outside through all the way inside the building only with support of the column of the building and a isolated column on the outside.
2. Underground carpark & South Lawn (195) -Concrete frame structure -The funnel-shaped arch roof of the parking lot is made of concrete while filled with earth inside, and that allows trees and grass to grow on the south lawn above. -There are special protection to prevent the root of tree breaking through the arch.
3. Arts West Student Centre (148)
-Frame structure -The beam expands a long distance without any support column below in the middle. Therefore, the loads on the beam transfer to the ground through the column on the two sides of the beam. -The joints are fixed joints
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WEEK 3 studio activity report – on site ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
4. Stairs on west end of Union House (130) - The uniqueness of the staircase is that it does not have any support directly from the ground. The dead loads and live loads on the staircase transfer up to the beam through the beams below and steel strings and then transfer to the ground through the wall.
5. North Court Union House (130) -Membrane system -Quite useful in covering a large area very efficiently and cheaply -Use tension to maintain the structure -The thick strings on the edge of this structure offer tension to hold the membrane and the ground offer tension to hole the strings.
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WEEK 3 studio activity report – on site
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
6. Beaurepaire Centre Pool (101) -The purpose of this building requires no columns on the interior of it -Enclosure system -The live and dead loads on the roof transfer to the ground through the beam and then the columns of the walls -And the hole between bricks is to prevent moisture and keep the inside dry
7. Oval Pavilion (north side of oval) -The scope includes retention of the heritage social room, the construction of a new function room and co-joined food and beverage servery area at ground level. Below are new change rooms and match day facilities. -A new terrace connects the function and social spaces with the playing field, cascading down to form a landscaped terrain
8. New Melbourne School of Design underconstruction - from various sides (133) -Concrete frame system -The cantilever is three stories high and juts out to the north of the new ABP building. -Every side of this building is different not only in architectural style but also in construction
WEEK 3 studio activity report – on site ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
9. Old Geology South Lecture Theatre Entry Structure (156) -Frame system -The load path of the expand roof of this entry structure is showed in the diagram on the right. Both the live and dead loads of the right side of the roof will cause the roof the collapse if the wall on the left side not offering an equal and opposite force.
10. Frank Tate Pavilion (west of Sidney Myer Asia Centre (158) -Frame system -The joints are fixed joints because the structure need to maintain stable without rotating and sliding. -The load path is showed in the diagram on the right.
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WEEK 3 subject glossary
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Moment
The moment of a force is the tendency to make an object or a point rotate. Moments are measured by the product of the force magnitude and the perpendicular distance between the line of the acGon of the force and the point (this distance is called the moment arm). Moments also have magnitude and sense. Since moments are the product of force and distance, the units are expressed in Newton--‐meter (Nm) or Kilonewton--‐meter (kNm). Mo = F x d (i.e. moment = force x distance)
Retaining Wall
Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to unnatural slopes. They are used to bound soils between two different elevations often in areas of terrain possessing undesirable slopes or in areas where the landscape needs to be shaped severely and engineered for more specific purposes like hillside farming or roadway overpasses.
Strip Footing
Strip footings are the continuous spread footings of foundation walls.
Slab on Ground
Concrete slabs-on-grade supported directly by the earth and thickened to carry wall and column loads form an economical foundation and floor system for one- and two-story structures in climates where little or no ground frost occurs.
Substructure
The foundation is the lowest division of a building – its substructure – constructed partly or wholly below the surface of the ground.
WEEK 4 lecture
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Solutions
Budget
Time
Product
Before construction Problems
Design
Requirements
Construction
Clients Negotiation
Architect
Engineer
Project manager Achievable compromise
Oval pavilion
WEEK 4 Ching – 4 floor system
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Concrete formwork & shoring
Concrete
Precast concrete floor systems
Steel
Precast concrete units Wood
Precast concrete connections Concrete beams Structural steel framing Steel beams
One-way slab
Steel beam connections
One-way joist slab
Floor systems
Two-way slab and beam Concrete slabs Two-way waffle slab
Open-web joist framing Metal decking
Two-way flat plate
Light-gauge steel joists
Two-way flat slab
Wood joists
Pretensioning
Wood joist framing Prestressed concrete
Posttensioning
Open-web steel joists
Wood subflooring
WEEK 4 e-learning – floor and framing systems ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Concrete
Steel
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Timber
Floor and framing systems
Concrete systems
Steel systems
Timber systems
Slab
One-way spans
Two-way spans
Utilising heavy gauge structural steel members
Light gauge steel framing
Bearers (primary beams)
Joists (secondary beams)
WEEK 4 e-learning - concrete ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
High
Low Medium-low
Hardness
Low
Fragility
Very low
Ductility
Medium-high Poor Typically very Medium-low
Reinforcement
Moisture and oxidation of steel bars
Steel (strong in tension) mesh or bars
Properties
Density
Strong in compressio n, weak in tension
Portland Cement
Durability/life span Components 1:2:4:0.4-0.5
Concrete
Reusability/recyclability
Sustainability & carbon footprint
Sand-blasted Exposed aggregate
Provenance
Cost
Board-marked Board & batten
Lime
Fine aggregates
Sand
Coarse aggregates
Crushed rock
Process Finishes
Fluid & shapeless
Hydration
Water
Water
Raked finish Bush hammered
Poor vibration
Consideration
Conductivity
Generally effective
Vibrated to get rid of the air bubbles
Permeable
Flexibility/plasticity Porosity/permeability
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Formwork
In situ
Too much Pre cast
Weak
Too little Too stiff (unworkable)
WEEK 4 e-learning – in situ concrete
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Curing Vibration To divide the construction into smaller and more manageable sections of work
Pouring Placing reinforcement Formwork
Construction joints Potential weak points
Process Joints
Control joints Water and moisture control Elongation/shrinkage Temperature differential Material coefficient Dimensions of the piece
In situ concrete Uses
Limited time Shotcrete
Structural purposes Footings Retaining walls All bespoke (non standard) structural elements
Unworkable
WEEK 4 e-learning – precast concrete
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Transported to site for installation
More standardised Much faster
Fabricated in a controlled environment Process
Desired aesthetic outcome
Construction Joints Structural joints
Limited in size Consideration On site changes
Joints
Pre cast concrete Uses
Walls Retaining walls
Structure of a building
Columns
Bridge or civil works Forming part of the primary structure Self-supporting panel type elements
WEEK 4 studio activity report
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Scale, Annotation and Working Drawing Conventions activity -What types of information on the elevations are expressed using words? Illustrate how this is done. -First, there are words of references of the Technical Reference Sheet (TRS). For instance, “AL-01” is “Roof access hatch” in the TRS description. Some of these even have comments to make the description clearer and more accurate. -Second, there are words of note, such as “existing social room walls to have insulation ins-11 rigid board installed from the inside”, which is shown in the cloud label. -Third, there are words showing the layers and elements of the building. For example, “ level G” and “ function parapet”.
-Illustrate how the section drawing differentiates between building elements that are cut through and those that are shown in elevation (beyond). -Tick continuous lines for elements that you cut through, thin continuous lines for elements that you see in elevation and dashed lines or dotted lines for elements that are behind or above the cut line Tick continuous lines: elements that are cut through Dash lines: elements behind the cut line
WEEK 4 studio activity report
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Scale, Annotation and Working Drawing Conventions activity -Provide examples of how different materials are shown on drawings at this scale. -The section drawing scale is 1:100. At this scale, the different materials are shown in different keys. For example,
-How does the information in your drawing set compare to what you observed at site last week? How does the scale of the building compare to the scale of the drawings? How do the architectural and structural drawings differ? -The information in the drawing is much more detailed than what I can observed at site last week because I can not go inside the building or cut through the building to see the interior materials and structures. However, the drawing can show us every detail regarding materials, structures and measurements. -The drawing is smaller than the real building because it is obviously impossible to draw a 1:1 scale drawing of the building. The elevation drawing uses scale of 1:100, which means 1m in reality is represented by 1cm in the drawing. -The architectural drawing is more about the appearance and scales of the building whilst the structural drawing is about the details and structural plans.
WEEK 4 subject glossary
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Joist
Light-gauge steel joists are manufactured by cold-forming sheet or strip steel. The resulting steel joists are lighter, more dimensionally stable, and can span longer distances than their wood counterparts but conduct more heat and require more energy to process and manufacture. The cold-formed steel joists can be easily cut and assembled with simple tools into a floor structure that is lightweight, noncombustible, and dampproof. As in wood light frame construction, the framing contains cavities for utilities and thermal insulation and accepts a wide range of finishes.
Steel decking
Steel decking is corrugated to increase its stiffness and spanning capability. The floor deck serves as a working platform during construction and as formwork for a sitecast concrete slab. There are three major types of metal decking: form decking, composite decking and cellular decking.
Span
Span is the distance measured between two structural supports. Span can be measured between vertical supports (for a horizontal member) or between horizontal supports (for a vertical member). Span is not necessarily the same as the length of a member.
Girder
The girders are the main beams of the building.
Spacing
Spacing is the repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements. Spacing is often associated with supporting elements (such as beams, columns etc.) and can be measured horizontally or vertically. Spacing is generally measured centre-line to centre-line.
WEEK 5 lecture
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Aerial overview Structural steel cantilever
Basement construction Footings Off site manufacture On site construction Off site manufacture On site construction
Hanging Studio
Precast structural concrete
Precast concrete faรงade
On site construction
Y stairs and walkways Materials and Construction in the New ABP Building by Peter Ashford
Wishbone library beams and windows
On site construction
On site construction
Prefabrication Suspended concrete slabs and beams
Polished precast concrete faรงade
LVL roof beams and coffers
Glazed atrium roof
Site installation
Site installation
WEEK 5 Ching – 5 wall systems
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Structural frames
Columns
Concrete and masonry bearing walls
Pilasters
Wall systems Masonry
Metal and wood stud walls
Arches Lintels
Columns Formwork
Expansion & control joints
Concrete
Masonry wall sections
Surfacing Walls Wall panels & columns
Wall systems Precast concrete
Connections
Structural clay tile Glass block
Tilt-up construction Solid masonry
Masonry bonding
Masonry walls
Adobe construction Rammed-earth construction
Grouted masonry Stone masonry
Cavity walls Reinforced grouted masonry Reinforced concrete unit masonry
Unreinforced masonry walls
Structural steel framing Steel columns Wood
WEEK 5 e-learning – walls, grids and columns ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Concrete frames Structural frames
Steel frames
Grid of columns with concrete beams Grid of steel columns with steel girders & beams
Timber frames (post & beam)
Concrete
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Grid of timber posts or poles with timber beams Bracing is required
Panels
Reinforcement masonry Walls, grids and columns
Wall systems
Load bearing walls
Masonry Solid masonry
Cavity masonry
Two skins
Core filled hollow concrete blocks or grout filled cavity masonry Single or multiple skins of concrete masonry units or clay bricks
Better thermal performance and opportunities for insulation within the cavity Better waterproofing and opportunity to run services within the wall cavity
Stud walls
Metal and timber stud framed Brick veneer construction
Smaller sections of framing timber or light gauge framing steels 1 skin of non-structural masonry and 1 skin of structural frame wall
WEEK 5 e-learning – from wood to timber
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ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Radiata pine Cypress pine Hoop pine
Back saw
Quarter saw
Softwoods
Green sawing
Douglas fir
Early wood Types
Victorian ash
From wood to timber
Provenance
Growth
Brown box Spotted gum Jarrah
Late wood
Hardwoods
Seasoning (drying)
Structural nature of wood
Tasmanian oak Balsa wood
Thick small cells, darker colour
Direction
Strength
why what
Stiffness air
how
Thin large cells, lighter colour
kiln solar
WEEK 5 e-learning – timber properties and considerations ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Medium-low
Hardness
Medium-low Low High High
Size
Ductility
Strength grade
Porosity/permeability
Poor
Very high
Fragility
Flexibility/plasticity
Extremely varied
Very
Yang LIU
Moisture content Properties Specifying & handling
Density Conductivity
Species of wood Treatment
Durability/life span Reusability/recyclability
Timber Properties and Considerations
Availability
Sustainability & carbon footprint Generally effective
Cost
Considerations Fire
Knots
Weak points
Durability
Water related damage
Insects attack
Other hazards
Sunlight and heat
Chemical exposure
WEEK 5 e-learning – engineered timber products ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
I beams
Box beams
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LVL Other manufacture d products
Solid products
Timber flanged steel web joists
GLULAM
CLT Engineered Timber Products
Sheet products
Plywood
MDF
Structural bracing / structural flooring / formworks / joinery / marine applications
Non-structural applications (joinery)
Chipboard & strandboard
As part of structural systems / cladding finish
Mainly structural (beams, posts, portal frames) Mainly structural (beams, posts, portal frames) Structural panels (horizontal and vertical)
WEEK 5 studio activity report ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
1. The simple sketch of what our model supposed to be is showed on the left. From the sketch, it is clear that we needed to make two levels including the basement and the ground level and structures include footing, columns, beams, stud walls, floor slabs and bracings.
682731 Yang LIU 2. The first step is to measure and calculate all the statistics of length, width and height we need to make the model. 3. We started with making the footing. The accurate footing is cut and glued. Due to the low thickness of the board, we tripled the footing to meet the requirement of height of the footing.
Floor slab 4. Then we put the basement floor slab which we used grey board to represent. After that, the wall represented by black board is made and stood vertically to the floor slab.
Wall
5. Four more walls for the basement was put.
WEEK 5 studio activity report
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
6. The ground floor slab was put and the basement was finished. We moved away one wall to let the interior of the basement can be seen. 7. The ground floor stud wall as well as bracing was put up. The north side wall has two layers including one layer of load support wall and one layer of brick veneer wall.
9. The whole model is showed in the photo on the left. We used boards of different colours to represent differing materials. And the function of different elements can also be seen through model. Our group has gained a better understanding of the structure systems and elements as well as the architecture and construction plans. However, other two groups did not finished their model therefore there is no comment on that.
WEEK 5 subject glossary
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Stud
Stud carry vertical loads while sheathing or diagonal bracing stiffens the plane of the wall.
Nogging
Nogging is horizontal bracing pieces used between wall studs orfloor joists to give rigidity to the wall or floor frames of a building. Noggings may be made of timber, steel, or aluminium. If made of timber they are cut slightly longer than the space they fit into, and are driven into place so they fit tightly or are rebated into the wall stud.
Axial Load
Axial loading refers to the force acting or administered along the lines of an axis of an object. It is expressed as compression or tension and may be as a result of downward weight or induced conditions such as expansion caused by variations in temperatures.
Buckling
Buckling is a mathematical instability, leading to a failure mode. Buckling is characterized by a sudden failure of a structural member subjected to high compressive stress, where the actual compressive stress at the point of failure is less than the ultimate compressive stresses that the material is capable of withstanding. A column under a concentric axial load exhibiting the characteristic deformation of buckling.
Seasoned Timber
Drying the moisture out of wood enhances its properties to such an extent that the resulting timber is given the special name "seasoned“.
WEEK 6 lecture
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Differentiate between projects are funded by a client 171 Collins St Private commercial sector – “make money”
Façade On the site
Introduction
Lane
Context Arrangement Property development
Property
Capitalising on opportunities Knowing product, market & marketing Achieving set outcomes
35 Spring St Context
Space creation Profits made and lost
3 cases studies
Development feasibility process
Outside and inside
The new royal children’s hospital Transaction Global
WEEK 6 Ching – roof systems
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Flat roofs Roof slopes
sloping roofs
Open-web steel joists Open-web joist framing
Reinforced concrete roof slabs Metal roof decking Precast concrete roof systems
Cementitious roof planks
Structural steel roof framing Steel rigid frames Steel trusses Flat trusses
Roof systems
Light-gauge roof framing Wood rafters Wood rafter framing
Pratt trusses Belgian trusses
Rafter framing
Wood sheathing Truss types
Wood plank-and-beam framing
Warren trusses Wood post-beam connections
Raised-chord trusses
Wood trusses Space frames
WEEK 6 e-learning – spanning and enclosing spaces ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Cold-formed steel sections
Common rafters
Timber
682731 Yang LIU
Common rafters Hip rafters
Materials
Valley rafters
Ridge beams Hip roofs
Gable roofs
Ceiling joists
Jack rafters Ridge beams Ceiling joists
3D plate type structures Space frames
Light framed roofs
Long spanning in two directions Flat roofs Trussed roofs
Spanning and enclosing spaces
Pitch: 1°~3°
Roof systems Pitched and sloping roofs
Open web type steel or timber elements
Structural steel framed roofs
Flat
Sloping
Pitch: >3°
Concrete roofs
Portal frames
Flat plates of reinforced concrete Sloped towards drainage
Roof beams & purlins
Roof beams & purlins
Rigid frames, purlins & girts
Applied waterproof membrane
WEEK 6 e-learning - metals
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
The Galvanic series
React with other metals Varies
Medium-high Generally
Hardness
Low
Fragility
High
Ductility
High Very good Can very High
Avoid exposure Protection
Water related damage
Seal against moisture Chemical treatment
Considerations Copper age History Metals
Flexibility/plasticity Porosity/permeability
Oxidation and corrosion
Iron age
Provenance Properties
Density
Bronze age
Sourcing
Nature
Minerals
Types
Conductivity Durability/life span
Ferrous
Non-ferrous
Alloys
Reusability/recyclability
Sustainability & carbon footprint Generally effective
Cost
Ferrous alloy
Non-ferrous alloy
WEEK 6 e-learning – ferrous metals
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Hot rolled steel Cold formed steel
Framing
Cladding and roofing
Reinforcing bars
Harsh environments Structural steel
Very strong and resistant to fracture
Steel sheeting
Stainless steel alloys Require specific inert finishes
Types & uses Transfers heat and electricity Different shapes
Magnetic Distinctive properties
Steel
Iron alloys
Ferrous metals
Iron
Distinctive properties
Very reactive chemically Good compressive strength
Long lasting Types & uses
Contemporary construction
Bars for window and doors Cast iron
Only for compression elements
Wrought iron Decorative elements
WEEK 6 e-learning – non-ferrous metals
682731 Yang LIU
Ductile Can be toxic Highly malleable Resistant to corrosion Poor conductor of electricity
Highly crystalline structure Present use in construction
High strengthto-weight ratio
Ductile
Excellent corrosion resistance
Malleable
Very soft
Present use in construction
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Silvery-white
Titanium
Much harder Alloy of copper and tin Corrosion resistance
Bronze
Present use in construction
Tin
Lead
Very light
Present use in construction
Non-magnetic Distinctive properties
Non-ferrous metals Bluish-white, lustrous metal Brittle at ambient temperatures
Zinc
Copper
Malleable at 100 to 150 ℃ Present use in construction
Distinctive properties
Reddish with a bright metallic luster
Easily formed, machined & cast Soft (pure)
Aluminum
Window frames Uses
Uses
Cladding panels
Pipework
Very malleable and ductile
Roofing material
Good conductor of heat and electricity
Electrical cabling
Door handles
React with air Finish treatments
Power coating Anodisation
WEEK 6 studio activity report
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
In process Cost effectively Stability
Timber Concrete
Stability
Materials
residential use
Steel
Brick structure
Other sites for full size
Structural system
Steel structure Timber structure
Floor system Foundation system Timber & concrete Steel
Wall system
Construction system Deep foundation
Roof system
Shallow foundation
Covered Exposed
WEEK 6 subject glossary
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Rafter
A rafter is one of a series of sloped structural members (beams) that extend from the ridge or hip to the wall plate, downslope perimeter or eave, and that are designed to support the roof deck and its associated loads.[2] A pair of rafters is a couple.
Purlin
Purlin is any longitudinal, horizontal, structural member in a roof except a type of framing with what is called a crown plate. In traditional Timber framing there are three basic types of purlin: purlin plate, principal purlin and common purlin.
Cantilever
A Cantilever is created when a structural element is supported at only one end (or the overhanging portions of a member are significant). The function of a Cantilever is to carry loads along the length of the member and transfer these loads to the support. A Cantilever can be: -Horizontal -Vertical -Angled
Portal Frame
Portal frame construction is a method of building and designing structures, primarily using steel or steel-reinforced precast concrete although they can also be constructed using laminated timber such as glulam. The connections between thecolumns and the rafters are designed to be momentresistant.
Eave
Eave is the overhanging lower edge of a roof.
Alloy
An alloy is a mixture or solid solution composed of a metal and another element.
Soffit
Soffit is the underside of an overhanging roof eave.
Top Chord
Top chord is a structure comprising five or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes. External forces and reactions to those forces are considered to act only at the nodes and result in forces in the members which are either tensileor compressive forces.
WEEK 7 Ching – moisture & thermal protection ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Single-ply roofing systems
Underlayment for shingle roofing
Roof drainage
Wood shingles
Roof flashing
Wood shakes Flashing
Composition shingles
Flashing roof penetrations Wall flashing
Slate shingles Ridge Top of shed
682731 Yang LIU
Rainscreen wall systems Tile roofing
Eave
Moisture & thermal protection
Curtain walls Precast concrete panels
Vegetated roofing Wood shakes Corrugated metal roofing Sheet metal roofing Flat roof assemblies Built-up roofing systems
Masonry veneer Stone veneer Metal cladding Wood siding Stucco Insulation
WEEK 7 e-learning – detailing for hear and moisture
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Planned
SEALANTS Seal the opening
Unplanned Double skin wall
Drain outside the building
An opening
GASKETS Remove opening
Water present at the opening A force to move water through the opening
drainage
Detailing for moisture
Water penetrate into building
Thermal insulation Conduction
Double glazing
Reflective surfaces Shading systems
Detailing for heat Controlling heat
Radiation
Keep water away from openings
Neutralise the forces that move water through openings Gravity
Slopes & overlaps
Drip/ break
Surface tension and capillary action Detailing for heat and moisture
Thermal breaks
Weathering
Thermal mass
Momentum
Gap
Air pressure differential
Air barrier
Controlling air leakage Masonry
Eliminating one cause
Concrete
Wrapping , sarking (air barrier)
Water bodies
Weather stripping
WEEK 7 e-learning - rubber ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Synthetic in a laborary
Synthetic rubber
Rubber tree
Natural rubber
682731 Yang LIU
Water
Avoid or minimise sun exposure
Sunlight Hard and soft Low
Waterproof
Synthetic rubber
Flexibility/plasticity
Very poor
Properties
Types & uses
Density
≈ 1.5 Ă— density of water
High
Rubber
Ductility
Porosity/permeability
Very
Considerations
Fragility
High(heated), varied(cold) High
Provenance
Hardness
Conductivity Durability/life span
Reusability/recyclability
Sustainability & carbon footprint Generally effective
Cost
EPDM
Gaskets & control joints
NEOPRENE Natural rubber Seals Gaskets & control joints Flooring Insulation Hosing & piping
SILICONE
Control joints Seals
WEEK 7 e-learning - plastics ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Medium-low
Hardness
Low-Medium High(heated), varied(cold) High Waterproof
Carbon
Ductility
Silicon
Flexibility/plasticity
Low Very poor
High
Fragility
Porosity/permeability
Vary
682731 Yang LIU
Hydrogen Sourcing
Nitrogen
Properties
Density
Chloride Plastics
Reusability/recyclability
Sustainability & carbon footprint Generally effective
Cost
Polymers
Oxygen
Conductivity Durability/life span
Monomers
Types &uses Thermoplastics Polyethelyne (polythene) Polymethyl methacrylate (perspex, acrylic) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC, vinyl) Polycarbonate
Elastomers (synthetic rubbers)
Thermosetting plastics Melamide formaldehyde (laminex) Polystyrene (styrene)
Finishing surfaces Insulation panels
EPDM Neoprene Silicone
WEEK 7 e-learning - paints ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Resist fading
682731 Yang LIU
Colour consistancy
Resist chipping, cracking and peeling
Durability Properties
Range from matt through gloss Water based latex paint is more flexible than oil based
Gloss
Flexibility/plasticity Binder Paints
Components
Diluent Pigment
Types &uses
Oil based
Water based
Plastic paints
Most common
Very good High Gloss finishes
Durable & flexible
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC, vinyl)
Tools be cleaned with water
WEEK 7 subject glossary ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Vapour Barrier
A vapor barrier (or vapour barrier) is any material used for damp proofing, typically a plastic or foil sheet, that resists diffusion of moisture through wall, ceiling and floor assemblies of buildings and of packaging. Technically, many of these materials are only vapor retarders as they have varying degrees of permeability.
Gutter
Gutter is a narrow trough or duct which collects rainwater from the roof of a building and diverts it away from the structure, typically into a drain.
Parapet
A parapet is a barrier which is an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof, terrace, balcony, walkway or other structure.
Down Pipe
Down pipe is a pipe for carrying rainwater from a rain gutter.
Flashing
Flashing refers to thin continuous pieces of sheet metal or other impervious material installed to prevent the passage of water into a structure from an angle or joint. Flashing generally operates on the principle that, for water to penetrate a joint, it must work itself upward against the force of gravity, or , in the case of wind-driven rain, it would have to follow a tortuous path during which the driving force would be dissipated.
Insulation
Exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS) are available for cladding the exterior of new structures as well as insulating and refacing existing buildings. The system consists of a thin layer of synthetic stucco troweled, rolled, or sprayed over a layer of rigid plastic foam insulation.
682731 Yang LIU Sealant
To provide an effective seal against the passage of water and air, a joint sealant must be durable, resilient, and have both cohesive and adhesive strength. Sealants can be classified according to the amount of extension and compression they can withstand before failure. Low range sealants: •Movement capability of +/- 5% •Oil-based or acrylic compounds •Often referred to as caulking and used for small joints where little movement is expected Medium range sealants: •Movement capability of +/- 5% to +/- 10% •Butyl rubber, acrylic, or neoprene compounds •Used for nonworking, mechanically fastened joints High range sealants: •Movement capability of +/- 12% to +/- 25% •Polymercaptans, polysulfides, polyurethanes, and sillicones •Used for working joints subject to a significant amount of movement, such as those in curtain
WEEK 8 ching – 8 doors & windows
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Hollow metal doors
Window frame
Door types Wood doors
Sash and glazing Rough opening
Metal fastenings Metal fittings
Window elements Door hardware
Doors & doorways
Casting trim Building code requirements
Swinging
ADA accessibility guidelines
Bypass sliding Surface sliding
Door operation
Fixed
Doors & windows
Casement
Pocket sliding
Awning & hopper
Windows
Folding
Window operation
Sliding Double-hung
Sliding glass doors
Jalousie Overhead & coiling doors Glass entrance doors Storefronts Revolving doors
Pivoting Metal windows Wood windows
WEEK 8 e-learning – openings: doors & windows ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Timber doors & frames Aluminium doors & frames Steel doors & frames
682731 Yang LIU Door leaf Top rail Stile Feature panel, glass, hollow/solid core infill
Door & door frame terminology
Mid rail Bottom rail
Curtain walls
Openings: doors & windows
Windows or exterior wall systems
Cleaning: major issue Timber windows & frames Windows & window frame terminology Aluminium windows & frames
Commercial buildings Expensive
Steel windows & frames
Rarely transmit heat
WEEK 8 e-learning - glass ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Silica
Blown glass
Formers
Soda ash/potash/lithium carbonate Limestone/alumina/magnesia
682731 Yang LIU
Fluxes
Components
Sheet glass
Stabilizers
Lead crystal History Plate glass
Non-porous/waterproof
Porosity/permeability
Medium-high Heat and light not electricity
High (molten) low (cooled) Typically very Very high
Density
Lamination Glass Float glass
Conductivity
High
Hardness
High
Fragility
Very low
Ductility
Flat glass Types & manufacture Shaped glass
Properties
Flexibility/plasticity Durability/use span
Clear float glass Float glass
Reusability/ recyclability
Tempered glass/toughened glass
Sustainability & carbon footprint Generally expensive
Cost
Laminated glass
Double and triple glazing
WEEK 8 studio activity – in detail
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
WEEK 8 studio activity – in detail
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Air barrier Weep hole as required
Water proof
Cavity flashing
Fall
Face blockwork
Face brickwork
Painted to exposed structural steel to shelf angle
WEEK 8 subject glossary
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Window Sash
Sash refers to the fixed or movable framework of a window in which panes of glass are set.
Door Furniture
Door furniture refers to any of the items that are attached to a door or a drawer to enhance its functionality or appearance.
Deflection
Deflection is the event where an object collides and bounces against a plane surface.
Stress
Stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighbouring particles of a continuous material exert on each other.
Moment of Inertia
Moment of inertia is a quantity expressing a body's tendency to resist angular acceleration, which is the sum of the products of the mass of each particle in the body with the square of its distance from the axis of rotation.
Shear Force
Shearing forces are unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one direction, and another part of the body in the opposite direction. When the forces are aligned into each other, they are called compression forces.
WEEK 9 Ching – 9 special construction
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Wood stairs Stair types
Concrete stair
Stair design
Steel stair
Stairway width
Ladders
Landing Handrails
Elevators
Stair requirements
Guardrails
Escalators Special construction
Treads, risers, and nosings
Fireplaces Masonry chimneys
Straight-run stair Quarter-turn stair
Layouts
Half-run stair Winding stair
Kitchen Stair plans
Cabinets
Circular stair Spiral stair
Dimensions
Bathroom
WEEK 9 Ching – 10 finish work
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Two-coat plaster
Gypsum board application Plaster
Three-coat plaster
Gypsum board details Ceramic tile
Metal lath Plaster lath & accessories
Gypsum lath
Ceramic tile application Ceramic tile details
Trim accessories
Terrazzo flooring
Plaster over metal lath Plaster over gypsum lath
Plaster partition systems
Finish work
Wood flooring
Installation
Flooring Stone flooring
Solid plaster partition
Resilient flooring Plaster details Fibers Plaster over masonry Construction Plaster ceilings Carpeting
Textures
Types of gypsum board Types of edges
Gypsum board
Terminology ADA Accessibility Guidelines
WEEK 9 e-learning
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Compressed As installed
Butt cove for resilient flooring Movement joints Straight base for carpeted floors
Elongated Cleanable surfaces
Top set cove for any flooring type Cove and cap strips
Health and safety
Construction detailing
Maintenance access
Ageing gracefully Constructability
Repairable surfaces & resistance to damage
Other consideration
Off the shelf items
Detailing to suit construction expertise
WEEK 9 e-learning ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Fibrous
682731 Yang LIU
Monolithic
Laminar
Composite
Component Common uses
Materials
Particulate Benefits
Hybrid
Fibre reinforced polymers Component
Component
Common forms
Decking, structural elements
Common uses
Composite materials
Fiberglass
Benefits
Strength-to-weight ratio greater than steel
Common forms Common uses Benefits
Not burn
Combination of solid timber and steel Timber top on bottom chords with gal
Mixture of glass fibres &epoxy resins
Common forms
Flat and profiled sheet
Common uses
Transparent or translucent roof/wall
Benefits Timber composites
Component
Cladding for exterior or interior walls
Fibre reinforced cement (FRC)
Polymers with timber Associated with other products
Celluloses fibres
Aluminium sheet composites Component
Fire resistant, weatherproof, light and strong
Aluminium and plastic
Common forms
Plastic core of phenolic resin
Common uses
Feature cladding material
Beams and trusses Minimum material, cost effective
Benefits
Reduce aluminium, light weight
WEEK 9 studio activity – off campus
The process of the basement is that the construction workers drew the board pierce on the outside and did the bins on the top then started dig the basement, which they did 1/4 at one time , which can be seen from the lines on the concrete. Once the board pierce is done, they spread the walls. Afterwards, footings etc. are in the process.
Level 2 basement
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
This building includes 54 apartments, 2 levels basements and 4 levels above the ground. Walking up the building, we can see the process of construction of this building and each level is approximately 2 weeks behind the level below in process.
682731 Yang LIU All the vertical concrete are precast and all the horizonta l ones are in situ slabes.
They poured the slabs, done the basement, done the panels and formed the ground floor slabs which is called the transferred slabs in this building. It transfer the loads from the columns above to the columns below.
WEEK 9 studio activity – off campus Ground floor
Level 1 basement
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
There is a lunch room for workers.
Stairs liked block between the apartment room and balcony is water proof, used to prevent water from going inside the building.
682731 Yang LIU All the building equipment is installed such as the electricity lines. There are holes in the metal frame to fix the lines.
WEEK 9 studio activity – off campus Third floor
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
The temporary support to maintain the concrete slab and the load path is showed in the diagram.
Roof
Fourth floor On this level, we can see clearly how precast concrete wall is added to the building and the load path is shown on the right.
This level is 2 weeks behind the second level and the differences are quite obvious. The concrete is curing and the differing between precast concrete and in situ concrete can also be observed.
682731 Yang LIU
The steel frames can be clearly seen on the roof of the building. The joints are all fixed joints on account that the structure need to remain stable without sliding or rotating.
WEEK 9 subject glossary
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Sandwich Panel
Aluminium composite panel (ACP) also aluminium composite material, (ACM) is a type of flat panel that consists of two thin aluminium sheets bonded to a non-aluminium core. ACPs are frequently used for external cladding or facades of buildings, insulation, and signage.
Composite Beam
Composite beam is a structural member composed of two or more dissimilar materials joined together to act as a unit in which the resulting system is stronger than the sum of its parts. An example in civil structures is the steel-concrete composite beam in which a steel wide-flange shape (I or W shape) is attached to a concrete floor slab.
Bending
bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a slender structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element.
Skirting
Skirting is a (generally wooden) board covering the lowest part of an interior wall. Its purpose is to cover the joint between the wall surface and the floor.
Cornice
Cornice is a molded projection that crowns a wall or divides it horizontally for compositional purposes. It may be formed simply with a crown molding or be built up with a number of moldings.
WEEK 10 Ching – 12 notes on materials ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Inputs
682731 Yang LIU Steel
Outputs
Building materials
Nonferrous metals
Life-cycle inventory
Stone
Cement
Wood
Water
Lumber
Aggregate Lightweight concrete
Wood panel products Concrete
Admixtures
Notes on materials
Plastics
Water-cement ratio
Glass
Steel reinforcement
Glass products
Brick types
Nails
Brick
Screws & bolts
Brick Grades Concrete masonry CMU grades CMU types
Masonry
Miscellaneous fastenings Paint & coatings
WEEK 10 e-learning – collapses and failures
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Material selection, too wide
Exposure
Compatibility
Strength and deflection
During construction
Defective
Painted black on outside only Fasteners
Timber fascia Suitability of material for the application Long term performance
Material selection consideration
Collapses and Failures
Flat steel sheeting on plywood
Long term performance
Maintenance Construction & detailing
Exposure to hot north sun
Corrosion of cut edges
Glue failures
Materials selection
Coastal marine exposure Exposure
WEEK 10 e-learning – heroes and culprits
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Waste/recycling/recycled
Energy use and embodied energy Life cycle Consideration
Villains
Pollution
Pollution Heroes
Heroes and culprits Villains
Life cycle
Reduced life span
Health and IEQ
Asthma/bronchitis Nausea
Energy
Choose
Headaches
Heroes Source & waste
Villains
Heroes
Reduce VOCs
Sick days
Reduce particles/dust
Comfort
Green cleaning practices
WEEK 10 e-learning – a tale of corrosion
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Copper oxidisation
Includes two different metals
Future
Require ongoing inspections and maintenance
Statue of Liberty
Copper
A Tale of Corrosion
Galvanic corrosion
The problem
Moisture
Initial connection
First solution: separation
Second solution: Stainless steel
WEEK 10 e-learning – lateral supports
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Earthquake Lateral forces Wind Soft stories
Concepts
Bracing
Shear walls
Moment joints
Lateral load resisting system
Lateral supports
Seismic loads
Horizontal reinforcement of columns and bracing
Strategies
Wind
Earthquake
WEEK 10 studio activity – on site
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Light inside the concave part. Besides, the face brickwork can be clearly observed because it is the outside brick veneer wall.
It is quite difficult to see the structural steel inside the brick wall. However, we can still see part of it through the hole on the ground.
Weep holes as required can also be seen in the brick veneer wall. Inside the weep hole, there are air barrier and cavity flashing, which are all water proof elements to prevent moisture inside the wall.
WEEK 10 studio activity – on site
682731 Yang LIU
3D components
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
WEEK 10 subject glossary
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Shear wall
A shear wall is a structural system composed of braced panels (also known as shear panels) to counter the effects of lateral loadacting on a structure.
Defect
Defect is any characteristic of a product which hinders its usability for the purpose for which it was designed and manufactured.
Soft Storey
Soft story building is a multi-storey building in which one or more floors have windows, wide doors, large unobstructed commercial spaces, or other openings in places where a shear wall would normally be required for stability as a matter of earthquake engineering design.
Fascia
Fascia is an architectural term for a frieze or band running horizontally and situated vertically under a roof edge, or which forms the outer surface of a cornice, visible to an observer. Typically consisting of a wooden board or sheet metal.
Braced Frame
A Braced Frame is a structural system which is designed primarily to resist wind and earthquake forces. Members in a braced frame are designed to work intension and compression, similar to a truss. Braced frames are almost always composed of steel members.
Corrosion
Corrosion is the gradual destruction of materials (usually metals) by chemical reaction with its environment. In the most common use of the word, this means electrochemical oxidation of metals in reaction with an oxidant such as oxygen. Rusting, the formation of iron oxides, is a well-known example of electrochemical corrosion.
IEQ
Indoor environment quality
WORKSHOP – destructive testing phase
682731 Yang LIU
ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Materials for our group: 1200 * 3.2 * 90 mm Ply *2 1200 * 42 * 18 mm Pine *2 Tolls we used: Hammer Nails Rulers Pencils
We chose to use the pinewood without any change in it because pinewood is good at compression in the vertical direction. Then we decided to put the plywood in the middle of two pinewood to increase the beam’s ability to endure compression. Besides, we cut part of the plywood so the whole beam can fit in the supporter and transfer the load to the supporter more easily. The load path of our beam is shown below.
Testing: 50mm of deflection, 380kg total Explanation: The breaks started at the bottom of the beam due to the tension. When the tension exceed the capacity of the pinewood, the hole beam broke into two halves. Moreover, the break point is exact the position of the nails. The nails break the structure of pinewood, due to which the pinewood is easier to break rather than being stronger in compression and tension.
WORKSHOP ENVS10003 - LOGBOOK
Testing: deflection of 35mm, 55kg compression Explanation: the pillars transfer the loads from the top plywood to the bottom plywood. However, on account of the tension in the horizontal plywood, the vertical pinewood started to separate from the plywood. However, when we put the structure in another direction, we can see that the plywood started to twist under the compression. Finally, the plywood and pinewood fell apart.
682731 Yang LIU
Testing: deflection of 55mm, 470kg compression Explanation: this beam is similar to our group. The failure of the beam is due to the tension of the bottom and nails which broke the pinewood.
Testing: deflection of 50mm, 310kg compression Explanation: the failure of the beam is also due to the tension on the bottom. The pinewood started to split. Besides, the grain on the wood is the weakness in timber caused the first failure of the beam.
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Francis D.K. CHING. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. WEEKLY GUIDE 1. Retrieved from http://issuu.com/envs10003/docs/week_01_guide?e=8943534/6989973 ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 5th). W01 c1 Construction Overview [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHqr-PyAphw&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 5th). W01 m1 Introduction to Materials [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4CJ8o_lJbg&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 5th). Melbourne's Bluestone [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGMA71_3H6o&feature=youtu.be Rebecca Cameron. (2014 March 6th). Basic Structural Forces 1. Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2001/Basic%20Structural%20Forces%201.pdf ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 5th). W01 s1 Load Path Diagrams [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y__V15j3IX4&feature=youtu.be WEEKLY GUIDE 2. Retrieved from http://issuu.com/envs10003/docs/week_02_guide?e=8943534/7032196 ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 9th). W02 s1 Structural Systems [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l--JtPpI8uw&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 9th). W02 c1 Construction Systems [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zTarEeGXOo&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 9th). ESD and Selecting Materials [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luxirHHxjIY&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 9th). W02 s2 Structural Joints [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxRdY0jSoJo&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 9th). Framework for Analysing Form [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJ97Whk1kGU&feature=youtu.be WEEKLY GUIDE 3. Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=_271852_1&content_id=_4308130_1 ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 17th). W03_s1 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQIa1O6fp98&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 17th). W03_c1 FOOTINGS & FOUNDATIONS [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 16th). W03_m1 INTRODUCTION TO MASS CONSTRUCTION [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Au2upE9JN8&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 16th). W03_m2 INTRODUCTION TO MASONRY [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 16th). W03_m3 BRICKS [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lYlQhkMYmE&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 16th). W03_m1 W03_m5 CONCRETE BLOCKS [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 16th). W03_m1 W03_m4 STONE [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vn5_dk4RtQ&feature=youtu.be WEEKLY GUIDE 4. Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-4310016-dt-content-rid-13684993_2/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2004/WEEK%2004%20GUIDE.pdf ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 25th). W04_c1 FLOOR SYSTEMS [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otKffehOWaw&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 25th). W04_m1 CONCRETE [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1M19C25MLU&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 25th). W04_m2 IN SITU CONCRETE [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3zW_TBGjfE&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 March 25th). W04_m3 PRE CAST CONCRETE [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scYY-MMezI0&feature=youtu.be WEEKLY GUIDE 5. Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-4315444-dt-content-rid-13713286_2/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2005/WEEK%2005.pdf ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 April 1st). W05_c1 WALLS, GRIDS AND COLUMNS [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq41q6gUIjI&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 April 1st). W05_m1 From Wood to Timber [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJL0vCwM0zg&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 April 1st). W05_m2 Timber Properties and Considerations [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul0r9OGkA9c&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 April 1st). W05_m3 Engineered Timber Products [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be WEEKLY GUIDE 6. Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-4320941-dt-content-rid-13747843_2/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2006/WEEK%2006%20GUIDE.pdf ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 April 9th). W06_c1 Roof Systems [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 April 9th). W06_m1 Introduction to Metals [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RttS_wgXGbI&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 April 9th). W06_m2 Ferrous Metals [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQy3IyJy-is&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 April 9th). W06_m3 Non Ferrous Metals [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDtxb7Pgcrw&feature=youtu.be WEEKLY GUIDE 7. Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-4324482-dt-content-rid-13770183_2/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2007/WEEK%2007.pdf ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 April 16th). W07_c1 Detailing for Heat and Moisture [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 April 15th). W07_m1 Rubber [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 April 15th). W07_m2 Plastics [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pfnCtUOfy4&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 April 15th). W07_m3 Paints [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrydR4LA5e0&feature=youtu.be WEEKLY GUIDE 8. Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-4329645-dt-content-rid-13820861_2/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2008/WEEK%2008.pdf ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 April 30th). W08_c1 OPENINGS: DOORS & WINDOWS [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 April 30th). W08_m1 GLASS [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be WEEKLY GUIDE 9. Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-4333909-dt-content-rid-13852404_2/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2009/Week%2009%20Guide.pdf ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 May 8th). W09_c1 Construction Detailing [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 May 7th). W09_m1 Composite Materials [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uem1_fBpjVQ&feature=youtu.be WEEKLY GUIDE 10. Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-4336786-dt-content-rid-13871416_2/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2010/WEEK%2010%20GUIDE.pdf ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 May 13th). W10_c1 Collapses and Failures [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNEl-fYRi_I&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 May 13th). W10_m1 Heroes and culprits [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhdfwGNp_6g&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 May 13th). W10_m2 A Tale of Corrosion [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqhvAeDjlg&feature=youtu.be ENVS10003 (Uploader). (2014 May 13th). W10_s1 Lateral Supports [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BodoWgcQapA#t=74 All photo sources were took by Yang LIU (student ID: 682731).
Reference List