Atelier Rwanda: September 2010
IMUDUGUDU: Urban and Rural Settlement Typologies IUAV | KIST
instructors: TomĂ Berlanda, Sierra Bainbridge tutor: Alice Cappelli
Atelier Rwanda: September 2010 IUAV | KIST instructors: TomĂ Berlanda, Sierra Bainbridge tutor: Alice Cappelli
students: William Bianchi Jean Paul Bigirimana Brian Cyogere Marie Minerve Dukunde Lucia Fanetti Zamboni Monica Fontana Flavia Gwiza Emmanuel Havugimana Fabiola Kaligirwa Maddalena Lazzarin Richard Mpfizi Emmanuel Mutabazi Kenneth Nkusi Jean Bosco Ndungutse Alexis Niyongombwa Aloys Nshimiyimana Marie Amelie Ntigulirwa Lambert Nyirimana Enrico Perini Francesca Taglioni Jean Pierre Tuyisenge Seth Uwimana Jean Paul Uzabakiriho Riccardo Valsesia Chiara Zonta
Contents Phase 1: Mapping existing settlement typologies Colline Informal Imudugudu Linear
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Phase 2: Scenarios and objectives Colline Informal Imudugudu Linear
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Phase 3: Working in Kigali Masterplan Elements Final exhibition
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Phase 1: Mapping existing settlement typologies What is the pattern of settlement in Rwanda? How has it come to its current manifestation? What are the various factors (social, economic, climatic, topographical, political) that have helped to determine the settlement’s organization and how can these be represented in a visually compelling way? The initial task (weeks 1-2) has been for students to determine how to show the answers to the questions they had discovered during their field observations in the first week of the workshop. Every group set out with a very detailed questionnaire which had been generated collectively, with the aim of gathering sufficient evidence supporting the thesis that at present state, four are the existing typologies of settlement: - Colline - Informal - Linear Market - Imudugudu (government planned neighbourhoods). The objective has been to represent as simply and clearly as possible the information gathered through sketches and answers to questions. In the set of diagrams that follows, through different scales of representation, the information has been processed and rendered comparable in three main categories: 1. 2. 3.
Region Settlement Dwelling
Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
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COLLINE TYPOLOGY
Kirenge
colline 2
Kigeyo
colline 1
Kirenge
Kigeyo
Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
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COLLINE: Kirenge _ Kigeyo
topography
morphology
territorial sections
vegetation
density
vegetation density
distance to services Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
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COLLINE: Kirenge _ Kigeyo
plan
materials
vegetation
daily routine (morning)
settlement
daily routine (afternoon)
animals
daily routine (evening) Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
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COLLINE: Kirenge _ Kigeyo
typical house plan
typical house section
Kirenge plan (not to scale)
Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
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INFORMAL TYPOLOGY
Gitega
informal 1
Gitega
informal 2
Biryogo
Biryogo
Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
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INFORMAL: Gitega _ Biryogo
localization
public buildings and infrastructures
density
intensity of population using services
topography
distances to services
territorial sections
water map Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
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INFORMAL: Gitega _ Biryogo
figure ground
house 01
public and gathering spaces
house 02
functions
house 03 plan and section
vegetation
house 04 plan and section Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
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IMUDUGUDU TYPOLOGY
Batsinda
imudugudu 1
Batsinda
imudugudu 2
Mandela
Mandela
Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
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IMUDUGUDU: Batsinda _ Mandela
topography
figure ground
density
land cover
topography
vegetation
territorial sections
streets and movement patterns Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
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IMUDUGUDU: Batsinda _ Mandela
richness
house 01
public institutions
house 02
services
typical section
Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
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LINEAR MARKET TYPOLOGY
Kinini
linear 1
Kinini
linear 2
Nyamirambo
Nyamirambo
Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
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LINEAR: Kinini _ Nyamirambo
density
main public buildings and services
territorial sections
building functions
density
land use
topography
empty space between street and houses Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
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LINEAR: Kinini _ Nyamirambo
sections
house 01
plan
house 02
detail section
Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
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Phase 2: Scenarios and objectives In the second phase (week 3) the objective has been to take a larger view of the challenges of densification facing Rwanda in the next 30 years by attempting to understand in a physical way the impact that Rwanda’s future population growth will have on the both the urban and rural landscape. This, coupled with the studio’s observations and analysis of existing urban and rural inhabitation, provide two levels of understanding which are the key in the beginning to be able to project the sufficiency of the strategies for densification currently being employed by Rwanda’s government and to begin to imagine alternatives. The studio’s analysis revealing a comprehensive understanding of the needs and habits of both the rural and urban household may suggest alternatives to programs in place that question assumptions regarding infrastructure, house design, methods of densification requiring transition of land ownership, neighbourhood organizations, and more. The current population growth at 2.5% indicates that from a current population of 10.6 million people, there will be 14.5 million people in 2020, and 21 million people 2040. This is roughly an increase by 1.5x the current population in 2020, and 2x the current population in 2040. Rwanda is 26320 square km and the current density is 400 people per square km and 4 persons per hectare on average. In 2040, there will be 800,000 persons per square km, and 8 persons per hectare. Currently, 83.5% of this population is rural, 9 % is urban, and 7.5% is in Kigali. To understand what this means, relative to the current housing typologies and government strategy for densification, we propose that this projection is made physical on one sample of each typology. For each step below, students were asked to find a way to record each step, including current density, density multiplied by 1,5 and by 2, as well as each following alternative they created:
Step 1: Choice of one example per typology. Creation of a physical base at 1:5000, which reflects the known topography and the existing settlement. This has been executed in clay, keeping in mind that its technique of construction should be malleable in that it should show not only the current settlement but allow for multiplication, alteration, experimentation. Step 2: Playing out the population growth scenarios based on current trends and types of settlement observed. Initially the current pattern are shown. Next, the projection of how these will be affected by multiplying the current population by 1.5x, and finally, by 2x. Step 3: Experimenting with alternative methods of densification for each area. Relative to topography, infrastructure, services and technology, are there other possibilities for methods of densification? Is densification necessary? Should the rural be preserved (knowing that 80% of Rwanda’s production is agricultural). While looking at some of these alternatives at 1:5000, students began to imagine how alternatives could be imagined at other scales, including the scale of the house, the community, the town. Sketching, modelling, writing were all viable methods of exploration. Step 4: Drawing up objectives and conclusions. Based on what students know to be important elements of the Rwandan household (garden, shop, livestock, yard, etc); what they know to be great inadequacies (access to water, electricity, sources of affordable food, education, etc), and what they understand to be the huge pressures of population growth based on the scenarios above. Does the architectural response to this as proposed by Miniloc and others seem adequate? What are the shortfalls? What aspects might be applicable? The objectives and conclusions agreed upon became the the basis of the final design in the last week.
Phase 2: Scenarios and objectives
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COLLINE: Kirenge
IMUDUGUDU: Mandela
INFORMAL: Gitega
LINEAR: Nyamirambo
Phase 2: Scenarios and objectives
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COLLINE: Kirenge
existing linear
rural 2020
rural 2040 topography >
infrastructure >
housing > hilltop 2020
hilltop 2040
public services >
land use >
business, other income >
urban 2020
urban 2040
water, electricity >
hilltops network fill in boundaries according to need network planned specificity, collective agriculture for personal use, collective industry for commercial use mixed within settlement central, nodal Phase 2: Scenarios and objectives
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INFORMAL: Gitega
existing
topography >
infrastructure >
housing > linear development
random pattern
public services >
land use >
business, other income >
branches
new streets and linear growth
water, electricity >
major vertical connections (aerial/terrestrial) + horizontal distribution (formalize existing) maximum density reached punctual + linear mixed plot by plot Phase 2: Scenarios and objectives
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IMUDUGUDU: Mandela
growth inwards linear block
existing
casual sprawl
growth inwards low rise high density growth inwards megablocks topography >
infrastructure >
housing > even grid
linear
public services >
land use >
business, other income >
isolated settlements
concentrated
growth inwards radial pattern
water, electricity >
indifferent perimeter, growth inwards linear low rise blocks infill, connected zoning, collective agriculture flexible, essential nodal Phase 2: Scenarios and objectives
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LINEAR: Nyamirambo
existing
strengthen circulation
concentration of main services topography >
infrastructure >
housing > linking cross streets
distribution of secondary services
public services >
land use >
business, other income >
increase in density
vertical densification
water, electricity >
indifferent strengthen and differentiate existing linear and dispersed increase vertically strengthen and add to existing linear along street fronts linear Phase 2: Scenarios and objectives
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Phase 3: Working in Kigali In light of existing and proposed housing alternatives collectively discussed in the scenario testing, alongside the demographic projections that have been played out on the various sites, emerged a critique to the current approach for housing in Rwanda. The conclusion of the previous step brought the group to a synthesis of the information gathered in the form of a list of pertinent objectives aimed at informing alternative models of settlement typologies. Starting with the Kigali Concept Master Plan objectives, a more detailed list of the key issues that should be tackled in schematic designs has been formulated. Thus, the objective for the final phase (week 4) of the workshop has been to build on the understanding of the house and the settlement in the context of Rwanda’s future demographic change and projected models of densification (imudugudu) to test some potential alternate hybrid typologies on a site on the northern slope of Kacyru hill in Kigali. Stretching between the ministerial hilltop, the valley and the adjacent hill where existing informal settlements have been removed to make space for high income neighborhood, the area is destined to be subject to market driven development pressures. The goal is to question the proposed zoning and settlement model for the site, in what could become a protoypical approach to the future development of Rwanda’s territory.
Phase 3: Working in Kigali
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Stemming from an initial schema presentation of four alternatives, the final design is a synthesis and hybridizing of two proposals: I. A trans-topographical connection / armature, capable of carrying and supporting certain community program (potentially 2 primary and 1 secondary school, 1 market, 1 health center, 1 library, 10 multiuse centers) OVERLAID or INTERWOVEN with II. a mat/strip proposition which organizes land use primarily (potentially various residential typologies, agricultural, livestock, agroforestry, other land based production) but also carrying certain programs that must be evenly spread amongst all residential areas (potentially electricity, water, waste water treatment, internet, playground, garbage collection, self production, public space, sports, parking etc.).
armature
strips Phase 3: Working in Kigali
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DESIGN: Kacyru
masterplan: strips of housing and fields health center
school
shops
market
park and multipurpose center
public lavatories
Phase 3: Working in Kigali
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DESIGN: Kacyru
layers: vegetation
connective corridor
public services
strips
housing
topography Phase 3: Working in Kigali
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DESIGN: Kacyru
strips of housing and fields
health center
market
Phase 3: Working in Kigali
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DESIGN: Kacyru
public lavatories
shops
school
park and multipurpose center Phase 3: Working in Kigali
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DESIGN: Kacyru
house B
housing typologies
house C
house D
house A
house E Phase 3: Working in Kigali
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Final exhibition
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IUAV | KIST Atelier Rwanda: September 2010