„you have to do stuff that average people don’t understand because those are the only good things” Andy Warhol
acknowledgement: Péter Ángyán, Tab................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Zsuzsanna Szabó, Tab...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Judit Ángyán, Budapest........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Margít Klenota, Dombóvár.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. István Kistelegdi, Pécs........................................................................................................................................................................................................... Ádám Hatvani, Budapest................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Andrea Köröm, München...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Attila Lanczki, Pécs....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Zoltán Barth, Pécs........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Norbert Németh, Pécs............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Andrea Burovinyecz, Budapest.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Júlia Horváth, Budapest................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Ferenc Gorján, Siófok......................................................................................................................................................................................... Annamari Robotka, Párizs-Budapest.......................................................................................................................................................................... Reinhard Flesch, München................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Ingongo Gerner, München........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Tilos Rádio Budapest............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Deutsche Banh Gmbh, München...................................................................................................................................................................................... binaura.net.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. kitchenbudapest.hu................................................................................................................................................................................................................... nonamevj.blogspot.com...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... corpora.hu............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...
Attila Ángyán From connection association to Virtual Architecture
motto
02
"Andy Warhol is an artist, he is the iconpainter of the 20. century, filmmaker, model, the pope of the pop art. And a famous man. Quite famous. He is present in our daily life, where we would never think of him. He is present in the every day watched visual representation of the television shows; his behaviour; his philosophy in the fellowships; his idioms, his attitude in the articles of the chic magazines. The influences of his pictures appear in younger artists’ works over and over again. The objectivity of pop art is imperative. Art has no depths, everything is on the surface. Art is the same job as any other job. Sex is the same job as any other job. This book is like you discover things over and over again by walking in your own flat, on your street, in your city, that you see every day. Andy Warhol is a life philosopher. Flavoured with little little little little humour."
Péter Halász
consultants
Ifj. Kistelegdi István DLA
Hatvani Ádám, sporaarchitects
At present he works at the Pollack Mihály Faculty of Engineering, at University of Pécs. He is an associate professor of structure professorship and also the specialist of energy design. His main subjects are ecology in architecture, ecofriendly architecture, structure designing, complex design like thesis subjects on M.Arch., B.Arch. and environmental engineer faculties. Leader of the energy design atelier at the structure professorship.
sporaarchitects is a Budapest based office - architects, designers, and thinkers operating within the fields of architecture, urbanism, research and development. The four partners, Tibor Dékány (1968), Sándor Finta (born 1973, Budapest), Ádám Hatvani (1972) and Orsolya Vadász (1976) opened practice in 2002, after gaining experience working for different Hungarian and international studios. All of them graduated from the Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME). Among others, they currently work on one of Hungary’s most significant projects, the construction of the underground line called Metro4. This challenging design process requires matching innovative architecture with complex technological points of view.
He graduated at the Fachochschule Würzburg B.Arch. faculty in 1996, then at the University of Kassel M.Arch. faculty in 1999. He has been working at the Pollack Mihály Faculty of Engineering, at University of Pécs since 2006. He began his DLA thesis at the Architecture Faculty of University of Pécs, and he obtained his doctorate at the Breuer Marcell Master School of University of Pécs in 2006. A preparatory PHD work antedated it from 2001 to 2004. He defended his habilitation at University of Pécs, Pollack Mihály Faculty of Engineering in 2008. His research themes are ecological architecture from 1998 and energy design and postfossil future technologies from 2007. Architectural designer, or rather main designer, he has worked as a project leader for the Kistelegdi Architectural Office since 2005. He has worked for the Descher Kubina Architectural Office in München from 1999 to 2005. He is designer and co-designer of many realized buildings. The participation in the Climadesign master training and research at the University of Technology in München from 2008 facilitated the foundation of the Energy design research and architecture in Pécs. He is a member of the Capital Central Designer Council, and working group leader in the Climadesign Association in Munich. He is the co-founder of the Chamber of Hungarian Architects and Passivhouse Pécs Association, member of the Scientific Committee and the editor commitee of the Pollack Periodica magazine.
03
sporaarchitects was founded in order to develop an architectural practice that turns intense research and analysis of practical as well as theoretical issues into the driving forces of design. Often projects focus on ordinary aspects of everyday life, including the unappreciated or negative, that are enhanced or twisted in order to bring to the fore the unexpected potential of the things that surround us. At the core of our architecture is the ability to take a fresh look at things through experienced eyes. Rich of multiple expertises the office is fueled by designers and experienced architects that jointly develop projects from early sketches to on-site supervision. The mutual use of the complementing teams as consultants ensures that the projects will never suffer from being too conventional nor too naive. By continually developing rigorous methods of analysis, experimentation and execution, sporaarchitects is able to combine experimental design research with efficient production.
.................................................................... Ifj. Kistelegdi István DLA
.................................................................... Hatvani Ádám
designing place
04
M端nchen, marienhof
Chinesischer Turm
Siegestor
air photo München
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Neue Pinakothek
Alte Pinakothek
Englischer Garten
Odeonsplatz
Hofgarten
Maximilianplatz Feldherrnhalle München Hauptbahnhof Bayerische Staatoper
Karlsplatz Frauenkirche
MARIENHOF Hofbräuhaus
Neues Rathaus - Marienplatz Bayerische Landtag Oktoberfest - Theresienwiese
Isar
05
München Ostbahnhof
06
air photo M端nchen Altstadt, MARIENHOF
München guide
München (Austro-Bavarian: Minga) is the largest German province, the capital of Bavaria, behind Berlin
After the temporary decrease, the number started to grow again . According to the forecasts, the
and Hamburg Germany’s third, the European Union’s twelfth biggest city. The population of München is
population will be 1,4-1,6 million in the following years. 4,65 million people live in München’s agglomeration.
about 1,3 million, with the agglomeration the number of its people is 3.130.000. The Isar River flows across
In the 2006, from the registered foreigners: 43.026 Turkish, 24.697 Croatian, 22.101 Greek, 21.466
the city. München is one of Germany’s economic, traffic and cultural centre, and one of Europa’s liveliest
Austrian, 20.871 Italian, 20.169 Serbian, 16.485 Bosnian, 14.144 Polish, 8324 Iraqi, 7203 French, 5484
cities. The city's motto is "München mag Dich" (Munich likes you). Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz"
Russian, 5325 Ukrainian, 5225 American.
(Cosmopolitan city with a heart). Its name derives from the German word, Mönch which means monk and can be found on München's coat of arms. München is located on Bavaria’s southern part, with the 4,359/km² population density it is the most densely populated city in Germany. The town’s river is the Isar,
1 400 000
1 200 000
which flows via München’s area 13,7 km long, from south-west to north-east. The Isar halves the city centre. Its most popular island is the Museum Island. Most streams of München flow into the Isar. Several lakes can be found in the outskirts of the city: Ammersee, Wörthsee, Starnberger See. Besides the Isar,
1 000 000
800 000
the city’s other big river is the Würm, which springs from Lake Starnberg. The town’s entire area is 310 km². München with this value is the sixth biggest city in Germany after Berlin, Hamburg, Cologne,
600 000
Dresden and Bremen. From the 310 km² area, 44,1% buildings and including the not inbuilt area as well, 17,1% area used for traffic, 15,6% agrarian/rural area, 15,5% artificially established green area (park, cemetery), 4,1% forest, 1,3% water (river, lake) and 2,2% other. The townspeople’ number grew above
400 000
200 000
100.000 in 1852, thanks to that it became city. After that the towspeople’ number grew forward, in 1883 it had 250.000 inhabitants, until 1901 this number doubled. München became the third biggest city in the
07
0 1400
1450
1500
German Reich after Berlin and Hamburg. The population was 840.000 in 1933 and one million in 1957. The first top of the development was in 1972 when the Bavarian capital had 1.338.924 inhabitants.
Population Growth of München
1550
1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
München guide
Economy and infrastructure In 2007 München was, in economical aspect, Germany’s most successful
Road transport München is a significant motorway junction. As the center of the southern part of the
city among the 50 tested towns. According to the INSM it also keeps Germany’s economically the most
country, several motorways and federal ways meet in its area. The first motorway has been opened in 1936.
successful city in the following years. The study considers the different economical factors like productivity,
At this time it was called route 26 (nowadays A8), it arrived into the city from the West. The history of the
gross income, investment, unemployment rate and the good qualified labour. On the list Stuttgart, Düssel-
other motorways goes back after the WW2. In the 1950s and 1960s the first route has been started to be
dorf, and Hamburg follow München. Among the German cities, in view of the purchasing power, München
built , it is the 2R federal way, which is the ring road around the city centre nowadays.
with big advantages was the first one with 26,648 euro per inhabitant. Rail transport München is an international junction. The Berlin - Frankfurt - München - Innsbruck ICE and Air traffic The Münchener Franz Josef Strauss International Airport opened in 1992. It is 29 km from the
the Hamburg - Nürnberg - München - Garmisch - Partenkirchen ICE arrive here. The trains of München -
city to the north-east , with 30,8 million passengers in 2006. It is Germany’s second, Europe’s seventh
Ausburg - Nürnberg - Berlin and München - Ingolstadt - Nürnberg - Frankfurt és a München - Stuttgart -
biggest airport, and based on the Lufthansa’s decision it is developed ahead to relieve Frankfurt. In 2003 a
Frankfurft - Köln - Dortmund start from here. The TVG has been travelling since 9 December 2007. Trains
new terminal has been opened . In 2011 it is possible that a third air- and landing strip will be built . In 2008
have been starting to München every 2 hours since 2008, several of these are Railjet.
the intended plans has been stopped after which a floating railway would have been built (can be found in the city centre ) from München main railway station to the airport. According to the plans the journey time
Colleges and universities Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Technical University of Munich
would have been 10 minutes, but because of the high charges the idea did not work . The new airport can
(TUM), Ukrainian Free University, Munich Business School (MBS), Munich University of Applied Sciences
be approached with S1 and S8 S-rails and on the A92 motorway.
(HM), Munich Intellectual Property Law Center (MIPLC), Bundeswehr University Munich, Pionierschule und Fachschule des Heeres für Bautechnik, Hochschule für Musik und Theater München, Akademie der
08
Public transport Important parts of München’s public transport are the S-rails (S-Bahn) and subway built
Bildenden Künste München, University of Television and Film Munich, Munich University of Philosophy,
for the Olympic in 1972 Presently there are 10 S-rails and 8 subways and 9 railways supporting the public
Munich School of Political Science, Katholische Stiftungsfachhochschule München, International Max
transport. In the city besides the above, there are 10 tram lines and 70 bus lines. The München subway
Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences, Deutsche Journalistenschule.
network with its 100,8 km length is the first in Germany. Its underground part is 80,4 km long , which is the second longest in the country. 1,5 million people travel day by day.
München guide
Parks The city’s oldest park is the Hofgarten, which belongs to the residence. It has been built in the renaissance. North-east from this is Englisher Garten, which was opened in 1789 and extended from München centre almost until the east border of the city. With its 3,7 km² area, it is bigger than the New York Central Park, or the London Hyde Park. The west part of the city centre, from the Karlsplatz to the west, the Botanischer Garten can be found, where the Glass Palace stood until it was burnt down. To the west, there is the big Nymphenburg Palace Park, which has been built in French style. The Botanischer Garten borders the park from east, which is the most significant garden in Germany with its 0.22 km² area and 400.000 visitors per year. Hirschgarten is located south-west from Nymphenburg . In the city centre, behind the Neues Rathaus built in neogothic style one can find the Marienhof, which is also my chosen place for designing with its circa 17.000 m² area.
On München’s northern border is the Schleißheim Palacepark with three palaces in it. The park is one of Germany’s remained baroque parks. The Olympic Park is also significant green area , where the Lake Olympic and the Mount Olympic have been located too. Besides the Olympic Park, there are many parks and green areas in the city, such as the Luitpoldpark, the Westpark, and the Ostpark. In München’s eastern part, in the place of the old airport where the Messestadt Riem quarter was built, at the new Riemer Park the German garden exhibitioncalled the Bundesgartenschau took place in 2005.
09
The area on the Isar between the Deutsches Museum’s inland and the Flaucher island, is a popular place for picnic and bathing (designated nudist area, too). To the south from Flaucher in Hellabrunn the München’s zoo can be found.
Neues Rathaus
München, Marienhof
Choosing the place
I went to München in connection with a job in summer. One of my friends left me at the Odeonplatz, not far from the Marienhof. I have just run into a random event. Then I started out blindly on the street next to the Feldherrnhalle. I took my first photo in München on that square. The place appeared a bit neglected and what is more I did not have a thesis theme at this time. My first impression was that why they have not designed a multicultural meeting place here so far. I only saw a huge green area with a few couples sitting on the grass and a lot of bicycles. I passed round the square then I moved toward the shopping street...
10
M端nchen, Marienhof
History of M端nchen
Marienhof earlier
Like all German cities, M端nchen was also strickened by a lot air attacks of the Allies in the Second World War. 90% of the histrical city centre and 50% of the entire city was destroyed by the bombings. According to the estimations, 6000 people died, 15.000 people was wounded during the bombings. After the 18th December 1944 bomb attack the so far built-in Marienhof was in ruins.
1812
1806
1
1946 sight from the Rathaus
1175-1270
1915
1572
1285-1337
1705
München, Marienhof
1948 – 1971
Following the end of the Second World War the building remains were demolished, then the square behind the Rathaus was used by the drivers. The Marienhof was a parking place from 1948 to 1971. Adolf Abel architect imagined a city centre without cars, which eventually was not accomplished. The first passer-by zone, the Kaufingerstrasse was built by the Olympics in 1972.
„oasis of the cars”
1966 – 1967 subway construction place, the entrance to the subway was installed on the Marienhof. 1971 – 1973 information pavilion 1973 – 1991 occasional eventplace, park 1989 – 1990 excavations
12
1994 – until today green area after the Hansjakob Landschaftsarchitekt’s plans
München, Marienhof
Marienhof plans 1955-2006
1. prize: Braunfels, Barth (green concept)
1952
architectural division preliminary study
2. prize: Hilmer + Sattler
1955
city council’s assent to the building-in - plan of the elevated garage
3. prize: Lothar Schlör
1956
plans of cinema, hotel, apartman
1958
refusal of the plans, call for tender
city council’s assent to the realization of the 1. prize application
1959
remuneration of the winners in 1958
survey of the location of the deep-level garage
1989
1. prize: A. Freiherr von Branca
suspensions of the survey because doubtful result of the exploration
2. prize: R. Baumgartner, F. Simm, W. Terhalle
suspension of the planning works
3. prize: G. Roemmich
revision of the first three prizes
subway constructional works on Marienplatz/Marienhof
1990
report of the Office of Heritage about the excavation
1966
revision of the A. Freiherr von Branca’s plans
decision about establishment of a temporary green park
1971-1973
information point during the Olympic Games
Wienands’ building-in proposal
1973/1980
2. and 3 revision of the A. Freiherr von Branca’s plans
1991
technical acceptance of the park
1981
council meeting
1992
modification of the local building regulation
1982
A. Schönborn, Prof. K. Kagerer’s green conception
1996
action plan for reform of München’s city centre
A. Freiherr von Branca, A. Hempel’s gallery conception
1997
Hypo-Cultural Foundation’s artist competition, choosed entries for establishment:
1985
Haus-Rucker-Co architect group’s building-in proposal:
Gabriel Orozco (“long going ” building -in)
- cultural square
Rosemarie Trockel (free square)
- open air theatre, café, architectural elements
Daniel Buren (artistic compactness)
city study: Marienhof as the square of relaxation and calmness
13
assigment of the Braunfels architect office for working out the plans
1987
remuneration of the winner applications in 1985
Itsuku Hasegawa, Dan Graham (hybrid using) 1999
SPD’s proposal for a competition without building-in
2006
winner entry of the bbz landscape architect office and atelier pk architect office, Berlin
MĂźnchen, Marienhof
14
Prof. Esterer - Becvar, 1956
Adelheid v. SchĂśnborn, 1982
Prof. Kagerer, 1982
Freiherr v. Branca/ Hempel, 1982
Architekturgruppe Haus-Rucker-Co, 1985
Hilmer + Sattler, 1987
Braunfels/ Barth, 1987
Snozzi, 1987
M端nchen, Marienhof
Rosemarie Trockel, 1999
Gabriel Orozcos, 1999
15
Daniel Buren, 1999
Itsuko Hasegawa/ Hasegawa, 1999
bbz, atelier pk, 2006
Gn端chtel Triebswette, 2006
Levin Monsigny, 2006
Hansjakob, 2006
M端nchen, Marienhof site analysis
Protection of heritage
Passage and passer-by zones
Theatinerstr. 7
Residenzstr. 2 + 3
Weinstr. 11
Weinstr. 4 Marienplatz 8 Dienerstr. 14-19 + 22 Weinstr. 1 + 2
0
16
100 m
300 m
0
protected historical building
passer-by zone
Altstadt
passage
Marienhof
Marienhof
München, Marienhof site analysis
Passer-by
Cyclists
1670
22
2900 6
2500
9
< 1000 15
15 12
12 9
6
21 12 48
136
5000
15500
6500
17000 18 6500 11 100 m
0
local byroads
pedestrian traffic (1992)
passer-by zones
predicted pedestrian traffic
93 100 m
0
increasing pedestrian traffic (new S-rails station) predicted pedestrian traffic
number of bicyle parking places
Marienhof
unmarked bicycle path
bicycle traffic
Marienhof
17
MĂźnchen, Marienhof site analysis
Vehicles
Public transport
tram 19 ca. 4.000
S-rails Marienhof with S2 2015: ca. 31.300
10 pcs. of parking places for limited time 4 pcs. of parking places for disabled people 11 pcs. of parking places for limited time 11 pcs. of taxi parking places
9 pcs. of parking places for limited time
S-rails (S1-S8) Marienplatz passengers 2000: ca. 92.000 without S2 2015: ca. 72.500 with S2 2015: ca. 56.100
subway (U3/U6) Marienplatz passengers 2000: ca. 87.200 without S2 2015: ca. 89.400 with S2 2015: ca. 87.500
bus 52 ca. 6.000
U/S-Bahn Marienplatz new S-rails entrance bus 52
parking places for limited time
bypass
parking places for disabled people
blue zone
taxi parking place
passer-by zone Marienhof
tram 19
18
100 m
0
100 m
0
new S-rails line DienerstraĂ&#x;e
SchrammerstraĂ&#x;e
M端nchen, Marienhof site analysis
Greenery
Open places and squares
0
300 m
0
greenery
300 m
squares
Isar and fountains
Altstadt greenery Isar and fountains
19
Englischer Garten
Englischer Garten
Promenade-platz
Marienplatz
Max-Joseph-Platz
Odeonsplatz
MĂźnchen, Marienhof site analysis
Cultural institutes
Open air places
<180 <90 <60
<90
<60 <120 <30 <60
<120
<90 <180
<30
<90
<60
<150 <30 <180
<30
<120
<120
<90 <90 <60
<60
<210
<120 <180
<30
<180 0
<120
<120
300 m
100 m
0
museum, gallery music
open air places
cinema
passer-by zones
theatre
passage
cultural institute, library open buildings
20
Nationaltheater
Filmcasino
TheatinerstraĂ&#x;e
Filserbräugasse
Max-Joseph-Platz
M端nchen, Marienhof the process of designing
from Connections to the virtual
21
"Huge part of our surrounding world is in motion. The only exception is the rigid immobility of architecture. It has to be changed. Architecture has to come to life." (Marcos Novak)
2 o
c
M端nchen, Marienhof the process of designing
c Yo c r o Yo c o o u Y ro u o Yo fl c ro ou ro u fl c o an fl c t o an fl c .c fi o a t. c o an n o t n .c fi t.c m d o fi o /a T nd m o fin c m /a h t m d o Yo / t e he t T a il o /a T ro u h t a t tt he c o il e o an ut fl c o Y c u i aa u an t la o o an o Y ro ou g lo l u t o ro u a t ya o ng tlo g o . c fl n fi c ya o n/ k h o n fl c g loo o ya o a n/ k h ya m d d n t e o a n/ k .c fi i p re /a T k di e n t n di o n tt he .c fi lo : /d he pl re m d o p nd ip re il o m o : / m T a a/ aa u m tt he /a T lo : t a/ ng lo tt he m il o a/ c aa u co Y i o y o o Yo l c a ro u ng tlo ro ou o Yo n/ k h aa ut ro u di e ng lo c fl c fl c ya o r o p Y k o y o fl e: an n/ h ot c c l o a r o k t o Yo o an n/ h o u di e .c fi m t ro u re .c fl d c p o n e .c fi a ip re lo : o an / nd m d fl c o n t l / : m m d o o an at Th .c fi T a/ / t m T o a ti e tt he n .c fi h t a m d la o ti e / o n il o c /a T u m d la o aa u an t o Y tt he / u o l t r T a a o t ng lo g il o o u tt he ng lo o y aa u fl an k c il o ya o o y o a an k ng tl n/ k h aa ut /d he n t .c fi /d he di e ng lo ip re ya o n l i pl re r : n ya o pl e o m d o : : k m /a T o n/ h m a m tt he di e a/ / a r il o pl e / aa u : o t
outlook - HOW IS IT DONE BY OTHERS
München, Marienhof the process of designing, preludes
"the architecture itself is an abstraction established from information"
RÉSZTVEVŐK, ÖSSZEFÜGGÉSEK / PARTICIPANTS, RELATIONS
WESSELÉNYI-GARAY, Andor PODRECCA, Boris HABA, Péter BROWN, Azby TESAR, Heinz TASNÁDI, József FERENCZ, Marcel
BÁRTFAI, Zoltán FADGYAS, Bálint GYULAI, Levente HARGITAI, Ádám HORUZCI, Ádám PÁNCSICS, Dávid PAUER, Dániel SCHLÄFFER,Lajos
MOLNÁR, Csaba KARDOS, Eleonóra
BRADASCHIA, Maurizio EKLER, Dezső F R A N ÇO I S, Edouard JABORNEGG, Christian PÁLFFY, András BÁCSALMÁSY, Dóra Dr. BÁCSALMÁSY, Zoltán DÁRDAI, Balázs KOLLÁR, Bence KOVÁCS, Dávid SÁRI, István VANNAY, Miklós VASS-EYSEN, Áron HOLLÓ, Attila HORVÁTH, Gábor LOSONCZI, Anna TÖRÖK, Tamás LENGYEL, István MACULLO, Davide MOURA, Eduardo Souto de SIEW, Gaétan BÁN, Ferenc
PÁSZTOR, Erika Katalina
CSOMAY, Zsófia
FUJIMOTO, Sou ÁNGYÁN, Attila ARDEY, Emese BENE, Tamás FÁBRY, Zoltán GYURICZA, János SZABÓ, Tamás János SZOKOLYAI, Gábor TÁNZCOS, Tibor HECKER, Zvi MAJOR, György NJIRI Ć, Helena Paver P E R O V I Ć, Vasa J. TÓTH, Péter 3LHD
23
GREGORIČ , Tina / DEKLEVA, Aljoša FINTA, József BORBÁS, Péter HORVÁTH, Magdolna KULCSÁR, Attila NAGY, Krisztina NAGY, Tamás PÖLÖS, István RÜLL, Tamás VARGA, Márton KARÁCSONY, Tamás NAGY, György FRETTON, Tony TESAR, Heinz LÉVAI-KANYÓ, Judit
VARGA, Anikó
essence between the lines by attila ángyán
München, Marienhof virtual spaces
Until now the designing of physical environment was discussed in connection with architectural space-idea.
emergent and even more complex "informational space" and the "reality" can be. As in civic design, it was
Although with the appearance of designing programs, the final plans were transferred from paper format into
Le Corbusier, in technologic vision it was William Gibson science fiction writer, who created the concept,
virtual medium that can be seen through the screen. We can rotate, transform and we are in continuous
which defined this relation in our thinking during almost one and half decade. The meaning of the word
interaction with our building, which still needs many time for starting the construction.
"cyberspace" in common sense is the common mental space, which is "floating above the reality." It is a sort of "social hallucination" with independent identity, considering that in a given case we might be talking only
According to many sociologists’ accordant opinion, the characteristic process (and occurrence as well) at
about phenomena existing in this space, or the connecting existence of an identity independent from the
the millennium’s turn, also affecting the future years, are the development and the spreading of the
physical space. The phenomenon described in the definition in our view is that, which means actually a
information society nowadays. The spreading of the social networking services, the rapid development of the
separate culture and an individual, independent symbolic system supposition.
mobile technologies, and the rapid rising of the quantity of the information are bringing along the necessity of changing the use of the technologies and transposition into contemporary architecture.
The new space conception namely defines the information space not as an autonomous
The new societies bring along new priorities, new systems, and new concepts etc., which also mean new
phenomenon, but as something that complements the physical environment, and in this way
research themes for the sociologists. The informational channels are apparently the dominant elements of
defines it as a complex space that fits into the human environment culture.
information societies, which are the configuration and the high development of computerised networks. Because of the accentuated function of telematics, they were set into focus of the actual research, i.e.
This new paradigm even dilates the territory of the architecture: after the architectural space and the concept
infrastructural background of the information society. Not only its significance, but also its novelty and its
of the built environment, the concept of the sensible space becomes the summative knowledge of the age
curiosity raised the interest of the researchers.
logic construction. The concept of the sensible space, first of all, defines a new dimension for the symbol system of the environment shaping, secondly also takes the science that analyses the human subject into
24
In the age of information, we face a sort of changing, which urges the architects to think over again their
the process of the designing, ordering into the collective term of the interaction-design. It seems that
missions, querying the relevance of the concept of the „physical environment”. Thereto, we find the way in
architecture trends with a continuously dilating domain of interpretation head toward a summative symbol
this question, first we have to understand the relation of these new technologies to space. Developing
system.
informational technology became a more and more burning question, that is, what the relation between the
München, Marienhof virtual spaces
What is cyberspace?
further modifications, that there is obviously the multicolourism of this definition, too.
The definition of cyberspace actually is the web yet which existed from the moment of evolution of the
The external and the internal space
system. The most generally William Gibson describes the cyberspace as a collective hallucination or impression, the graphical representation of the computerised data. Other, according to the absolutist view
If we take as a basis the definitions that were formed for the external spaces form of the regional science,
of the cyberspace, it is the ether itself, which fills the inward of the computers out, or rather between each
then to the web connected external space, we could define only a sort of spaces, in which there are, in a
sphere, or this will be the home of the information age, where the citizens of the future will live. The
determining way, the localization, the moment of the connecting to the geographical space.
cyberspace might be interpreted as a space, that is an individual, abstract space of the new computerized world, which is alike extremely multicoloured in its interpretation and its appearance, as well.
The web as a network, consist of junctions, connecting lines i.e. We can call it the summary of the cable systems in its physical existence and, what is more, this is the thing, through which geographical situation
Virtual worlds
can be caught, the localization can be executed. According to the first, the concrete version, join points of the external and internal space are such physical tools as the servers (and from time to time the terminals),
25
Virtual worlds, opposite to the above-mentioned cyberspace, have a well defined, smaller meaning in the
which mean to connect truly to the virtual world with cable system of the web. According to the second,
web, but rather in the language system of the Internet. In the technical jargon it is known as virtual reality
more speculative theory, the users are themselves, who while using the web with the computer, map the
(VR),that is the effective graphic representation that appears 3D on the screen of the computer. The
virtual world in their faces. This last version specifically seems at the site maps, peacock spaces and virtual
practical definition is that using the keyboard of the computer we are stepping inside the engine left and
reality. Because of the novelty, the cyberspace and the cyber geography have many undeveloped themes
right. In the newest forms of the VR, we are able to roam not only in several softwares, but in worlds that
in store for the researchers, but at the same time many individual approaches and ideas born during until
are generated from many computers on the web, too. The expression “world” makes sense word for word.
now researches.
We should imagine such a special space, in which streets, buildings, and cities exist, what is more
characteristics of the cyberspace and for the approach to the classic geographical trends and tools. In
important, at some forms, there are people too, who are controlled by other people sitting in front of the
connection with the above, it might be a priority question for us how this "new space" attaches to the
computer. To this different approach of the cyberspace it might be added, besides the above-mentioned
conventional society spaces, how it influences those.
Further conclusions are needed for the discovery of the individual and common
München, Marienhof the conclusion projection onto the own plan
Designing of the own building by the above-mentioned
In 18 December 1944, the Allies bombed the built-in, street gashed, ca. 17 000 m2 big Marienhof (this is the present form). After the demolition of the ruins, many concepts were born for the field recovery and eventually it turned out to be a big green area. Although the place can be found 100 m from the München’s one of the liveliest square behind the Neues Rathaus, it is in a neglected status. In the regulation plans, it was set to stay a big green field. The bbz landschaftsarchitekten, Timo Herrmann, Berlin and the atelier pk, Philipp Koch, Berlin won the competition in 2006.
By the designing concept, the plan places a tree ring on the big green field, referring to the name of the square (Hof=courtyard), hiding the entrance of the subway and later the entrance of the S-rails, but holding the old function of the square, which concerns the present state as something that would not mean the final answer or solution. The basic element and integral part of my plan is the field and the park planned under S-rails, too. During the designing process, I would have liked to represent the state the area had before the bombing; however I would have liked to draw attention to the losses of the Second World War avoiding the building-in of the field. According to the calculations, in the course of the bombing about 6000 people have been killed and 15. 000 have been wounded. As a tool for the solution of this paradox state, the idea of representation in a virtual way came up. The using of this technology on this level may help us to understand the nowadays strange virtual language.
26
winning plan of bbz landschaftsarchitekten and atelier pk in 2006
München, Marienhof the conclusion projection onto the own plan
On the flowchart of the designing, firstly stood the field as well as the establishment of a strictly connecting underground cultural building, which could offer a new atmosphere to those who arrived to Marienhof to spend their free time perfectly. A place, where people can meet, where even though many of them meet day by day, they are just passing each other in the underpasses, the U-banh and S-banh channels. In the course of the surveying of the plans of the competition in 2006, I noticed two new entrances. It turned out, that under the Marienhof a new S-rails station will be built. I had to modify my designing concept considering the new station. Eventually a three-layered designing concept evolved, which considered the above, under the ground and historical factors and at the same time it was perfectly connected to München. I also reckon that personal attachment to the location is very important during the designing process. I was lucky enough to have time to get to know the culture, people in München by my friend Andrea Köröm well, and to experience what is needed to the designing of a site like this.
connections interactions
M
27
relaxation
building in 1930-1949
28
S-rails plans -01. level
S-rails 00. level
MĂźnchen, Marienhof S-rails plans
29
S-rails longitudinal section
S-rails plans -03. level
S-rails plans -02. level
M端nchen, Marienhof S-rails plans
München, Marienhof structure study
About the glass pools
30
As above the head being slab, the safety and fracture behaviour of the supplied glass was an important aspect, which as good as unequivocally defined the glass type of the beam and slab. A sort of glass had
I had to plan my entire building under the ground, because of the site conditions, that is why I had to
to be installed, at which the risk of the spontaneous fracture does not exist, and at its accidental damage it
emphasize especially the lighting of the interiors. I applied a rarely used technology for the solution of the
only breaks, and does not fall apart into small pieces. Besides this the architectural-aesthetic design
problem, which met the high requirements. The forming of the pools has been inspired by the borderline of
required high flexural resistance from the supplied material and structure.
the bombed building, whereas the then buildings got light from this courtyard as well. The laminated and stretched (TVG) glass met the requirements. The base of the stretched glass is the float The behaviour and especially rigid, fragile character of the glass does not allow us to calculate, based on
glass, which during its production spreads out when the 1500 ºC glass melt is managed onto a hot and
the same regulars like the conventional building materials, for instance we got used to at the steel.
thin tin bath. Due to the surface tension of the melt and the cleanness of the tin bath, the "glass ribbon"
Moreover, calculating the structure of the glass material is specifically difficult, because their bearing
made ductile in this way has perfect parallel surfaces. At this time the glass is 620 ºC, yet can be moulded,
capacity is slightly known. Most of the time the tests of the intended solutions on 1:1 model is imperative,
but already solid to manage to the forwarder roll line. During the controlled cooling, the glass ribbon is
which increases the building costs significantly. This costly phase is optional, many researches are in
relieved from the tension. With the heat treatment of the float glass, toughened and stretched glass can be
progress and many studies try to define the calculation of the basic standards and directives, however up
produced. The glass is heated up to 680 ºC, then during the producing of the toughened glass, it is cooled
until today, there is no existing, commonly accepted structural design method. The main case is that the
down suddenly to room temperature. The heating and cooling time affects the structure of the glass. In the
glass structures generally have slender ratio in structural aspect than the other structure elements. At their
case of toughened glass during sudden cooling, due to the special thermal characteristic of the material,
structural design one has to take into consideration special aspects for the static and economically optimal
the grid structure close to the surface evolves faster than in the middle core. In this way emerging tension
solution. Recently due to the widely used computer programs that work with the finite element method;
generates, to the typical of toughened glasses, the characteristic tension/pressure balance. In the case of
ultimate stress limit can be calculated relatively precisely, but the rapid damage of the glass structures
stretched glass, there is more time for the emergence of the grid structure, less tension evolves between
raises the question of the permanent bearing capacity, the behaviour of structure after the damage to which
the internal and external surface of the material.
so far there is no exact calculating method.
München, Marienhof structure study
Tensions waking in the glass define the behavior of the fracture. The float glass breaks with long, radially
too. Among the various length reinforced concrete primary beams, into the steel rafter seated glass beams
running cracks, that are sharp and splintery; but the appearance of the cracks, the entire damage does not
bear own and the dead weight of the heat-insulated glass pane, which is 700 kg, and above the glass there
occur. The toughened glass breaks in a net-like way into small, pointless pieces then its bearing capacity
is a permanent mass of the 30 cm water column (300 kg/m²). The glass-slabs with the modern computer
breaks off immediately. Spontaneous fracture also might occur, this chance is tried to keep out the
programs as shell structure can be calculated already relatively well.
so-called heat soak test. The TVG glass shows same fracture as the float glass, therefore can be used for
The influencing factors to the computing model:
glass-slab making.
– proper density of finite element system, – appropriate modeling of the supports ratio (whether it is able to engage the tension),
The stretched glass panes are fastened to each other with thin gluing, which interferes the slipping of the
– the correct choosing of the rigidity of the supports, its appropriate modeling,
layers on each other. The aim of the lamination is that after the damage of the glass-layers, certain layers
– the possibly exact determination of the loads,
do not fall apart into chips. This way it can be achieved that the stability of the structural steel works can be
– the correct determination of the temperature influences,
assured after the damage. The features of the bonded glasses do not change. For the production of the
– the correct statement of the loads of the passed onto the glass surface,
laminated glasses we can also use synthetic resin adhesive, but according to the valid German and
– what sort of loads are giving back from the supports onto the glasses (whether the glass works like a
Austrian standards in terms of the load bearing glass structures, chiefly above the head, they shall be
compression member),
installed only with foil glued-laminated structure. The PVB-foil became common among the gluing foils. The
– generally the bearing capacity of the joints between the silicone seated glass-slab and silicone,
thickness of the foil layer is 0,38 mm. In technical and structural aspect two or more layers have to be
– at heat insulated glasses just the external layer is the load bearing glass. In this case the internal glass,
applied, one layer is enough just in exceptional cases. Its features:
what kind of gauge in and what kind of method stands in the load cycles,
- ultimate stress limit (longitudinal and cross section): 20 N/mm²
– from multilayered glass made load bearing glass how much can be considered homogeneous, or rather
- breaking elongation (longitudinal and cross section): 300 %
when will the slipping of the certain layers happen, – the heat insulated glasses join along only their edges to the load bearing glasses, take that into
31
Above the glass-slab there is 300 mm high water column, one, in the structure placed system assures and
consideration,
refreshes the water. Further, it lights the underground building and the pool, which are the centre of the park,
– test of the turning-away possibilities around the supports, exclusion of point like bearing.
München, Marienhof structure study
The compliance of the required insulation value means big challenge, too. Below the pool, the interior place has to be suitable for steady usage, which requires the heating of the rooms. The temperature of the water of the pool follows the exterior temperature; in this way between the two sides there may be significant difference in temperature, especially in the winter months. Continuous tempering is needed in order to avoid the freezing of the water and the hereby happening damages. However, against moisture condensation that is happening on the interior surface, installation of the thermally insulated glass layer is needed. Two layers, gas filled, skirt forming, low-E coating TVG glass equip this function. Instead of spacers, the load bearing glass layer is directly placed on the beams. The other difficulty was the formation of the joints, proper water proofing, as well as the solution of the glass-slab perforating mechanical openings. The mechanical passages are integrated into the structural steelwork. Explicit specifications refer to the applicable material qualities, and engineering tolerance. The marked KO1 corrosion-resistant, weldable, powder-coated steel can be used for fittings and receptor profiles, at the making process of the units ±1 mm tolerance is allowable max. For the entire water proofing, the welds shall be sufficiently tight to prevent leakage of liquid and apply smaller bore diameters than the regular at the bolt-joints. As sealant, a sort of silicone have to be find, which resists the salts that hamper the algae of the pool.
32
Section detail of mechanical opening
München, Marienhof technical description
A new S-rails station will be established in München, on the Marienhof under the topographical no. 1499.
-03. level
The planned building will be formed in symbiosis with the S-rails with common mechanical rooms. My
Fire escapes, ramps, lifts, passages of The S-rails, ventilation holes, security room.
building attaches to the given S-rails’ plans. Bigger modification compared to the old plans is that the mechanical room on the -01. level will be transferred to the -02. level and a big auditorium will be formed.
-04. level
Based on the new concept, another park will be established instead of the park in the winning plan in 2006,
Passages of the S-rails, S-rails information desk, lifts, fire escape, ventilation holes, projection room,
considering my building is under the ground and also a memorial place will be established with experimental
storages, passages.
nature, and with the representation of the bombed buildings from the Second World War. -05. level 00. level, park
Voids, stage, backstage, dressing rooms, ventilation holes, lifts.
Public toilets, S-rails+own building mechanical ventilation holes, firefighters’ lift, glass pools, bicycle parking places, lift for the approach of the -01. level.
-06. level S-rails station
-01. level
3
Underpasses, public toilets, fire escapes, entrance to the S-rails station, entrance to the own building,
Location: The building will be established in symbiosis with the S-rails station that is set under the ground.
mechanical rooms, entrance to the subway (U3/6). Rooms of the own building: storages, passages,
Approach: subway (U3/6), S-rails 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; 14 pcs. of taxi parking place, 9 pcs. of limited
ventilation holes, reception, checkroom, café, lift, entrance to the -02. level, toilets, disabled persons’ toilet,
duration parking place, 289 pcs. of bicycle parking place.
rehearsal rooms, lecture hall.
Area of the building lot: 16 930 m
-02. level
The built-in floor area of the own building: 6016 m + 16930 m (park) sum.: 22 946 m
Fire escape, lifts, café 2, foyer, checkroom 2, ticket office, art galleries, toilets, disabled persons’ toilet,
Altogether built-in floor area : 28225 + 16930 m (park) össz.: 45 155 m
ramps, mechanical rooms, stairs, escalator of the S-rails, ventilation holes.
2
2
2
2
2
2
München, Marienhof technical description
Rooms 2
00. level (sum.: 146,8 m ) 2
ceramic
02 men’s dressing r.
2
ceramic
passage, café
2
ceramic
garbage storage
2
ceramic
storage
36,70 m
01 women’s toilet
36,70 m
02 men’s toilet
37,95 m
02 women’s toilet
35,45 m
2
2
ceramic
-03. level (sum.: 88,95 m )
2
ceramic
passage
68,12 m
31,87 m
2
ceramic
security’s room
20,83 m
674,40 m
2
magnesite screed
21,77 m
2
polyurethane coating
-04. level (sum.: 458,96 m )
257,38 m
2
polyurethane coating
projection room
28,13 m
02 women’s dressing r. 30,73 m
01 men’s toilet
2
2
-01. level (sum.: 1881,47 m )
-02. level (sum.: 1504,60 m ) 2
swedish finish
ticket
19,39 m
2
magnesite screed
foyer
23,18 m
2
swedish finish
checkroom
21,19 m
2
ceramic
storage
10,62 m
2
swedish finish
café
33,92 m
30,77 m
2
ceramic
men’s toilet
cleaning room
5,03 m
2
ceramic
women’s toilet
30,39 m
2
5,06 m
lecture hall
2
magnesite screed
2
ceramic
2
magnesite screed
2
padlószőnyeg
2
ceramic
2
auditorium
25,23 m 335,94 m
storage
19,33 m
2
swedish finish
passage
22,21 m
2
magnesite screed
2
magnesite screed
big lecture hall passage 34,45 m
2
magnesite screed
2
swedish finish
passage
2
magnesite screed
2
ceramic
2
swedish finish
-05. level (sum.: 403,27m )
22,78 m
2
ceramic
stage
2
elastic flooring
cleaning room
5,93 m
2
ceramic
back stage
85,69 m
2
elastic flooring
ceramic
women’s toilet
23,86 m
2
ceramic
passage
22,22 m
2
magnesite screed
2
ceramic
disabled persons’ toilet
4,73 m
2
ceramic
men’s dressing r.
23,06 m
2
ceramic
131,98 m
2
elastic flooring
passage, café
361,37 m
2
magnesite screed
women’s dressing r.
23,06 m
2
ceramic
01 rehearsal room
228,78 m
2
elastic flooring
01 art gallery
247,54 m
2
magnesite screed
bands’ dressing room
30,06 m
2
ceramic
02 rehearsal room
221,02 m
2
elastic flooring
02 art gallery
394,15 m
2
magnesite screed
2
ceramic
03 art gallery
335,94 m
2
magnesite screed
reception
24,40 m
foyer
41,36 m
checkroom
31,13 m
storage
20,71 m
café
36,04 m
men’s toilet
disabled persons’ toilet
34
01 men’s dressing r.
01 women’s dressing r. 30,52 m
21,80 m
2
219,18 m
München, Marienhof technical description
Structural installation
Skylights: Insulated skylights are geometrically laid out in the grass with laminated safety glasses with solar coating
Foundation
and glass pools.
In accordance with the structural plans there is slab foundation. Drainage Water proofing
From the green roof, 12 m from the outline/borderline of the building there is outwards line-sloping, on the
Water proofing is made by mass concrete.
other parts point-sloping is planned. The rainwater is collected and stored, used for the landscape irrigation, and water supplying of the toilets and dressing rooms. The remained rainwater is pumped to the public
Walling
duct.
In accordance with the structural plans there are reinforced concrete walls, on the -01. level added 20 cm heat insulation.
Internal finishing In the sanitary rooms there is ceramic tile.
Slab In accordance with the structural plans there is reinforced concrete.
Interior In accordance with the plans hard and heat finishing are made.
Partition walls The partition walls are made from 10,00 cm and 20,00 cm partition blocks.
External finishing The glass pools are furnished with Corian finishing; the finishing is integrated with photovoltaic. The finishing
Underlays
of the public toilets is Corian, the facades of the building is limestone.
The underlay is from 6,50 cm heated screed, detached with polifoam from the walls and columns. Ventilation Stairs
In accordance with the building engineering structural plans electrical ventilation are made in the internal
In accordance with the structural plans there is reinforced concrete with anti-slide flooring, steel railing, and
rooms with heat recovery.
beech handrail. Public utilities
35
Shut-off devices
The installations of the building are in accordance with the building engineering technical descriptions.
Insulated aluminium exterior shut-off devices. The parameters of the system: external and internal bumper
Water, electricity, gas, and sewage installations.
sealing. Coloration is according to the RAL colour palette.
M端nchen, Marienhof plans
Site plan scale=1:1000
36
Maf
MĂźnchen, Marienhof plans
feis
00. level scale=1:1000
sras
se
SchafďŹ&#x201A;erstr
asse
Schrammerstrasse
concept
Hofgra
ben
Albertgasse
rbrau
Marienhof site plan 1930-1944
e
Land
scha
Spor
erstr
37
gass
Dien
Filse
erstra
sse
Gruftstrasse
ftsra
sse
asse
Alte
nho
fstra
sse
München, Marienhof plans
-01. level scale = 1:1000
5 7 8 8
7
7
11
2
9
5 7
5
9 9
2
9
3
1 4 10
38
4
5
5 6
1 6
6
1 rehearsal room 2 café_passage 3 meeting room 4 storage 5 fire escape 6 dressing room 7 S-Bahn passage 8 mechanical room 9 toilet 10 passage to U-Bahn 3/6 11 entrance
-03. level scale = 1:1000
München, Marienhof plans
-02. level scale = 1:1000
2
2 6
6
5
2
4 6
3
2
8
1
3 4 2
6
3
2
2
4 4 4
39
2
2
7 2
1 café_passage 2 fire escape 3 S-Bahn passage 4 mechanical room 5 toilet 6 gallery 7 passage to U-Bahn 3/6 8 entrance
MĂźnchen, Marienhof plans
-04. level scale = 1:1000
5
5
7
1
4 4
3
3
2 5
5
6 5
40
1 auditorium 2 backstage 3 storage 4 S-Bahn passage 5 ďŹ re escape 6 passage to U-Bahn 3/6 7 projection room
MĂźnchen, Marienhof plans
-05. level scale = 1:1000
4
4 1 3
2 4
4
4
41
1 auditorium 2 backstage 3 dressing rooms 4 ďŹ re escape
MĂźnchen, Marienhof plans
-06. level scale = 1:1000
4
4
2
1 2 4
3
2 1 4
2
1
4
42
1 S-Bahn station 2 eco blend walls 3 information_computer room, color mapping control 4 ďŹ re escape
B-B section scale = 1:1000
München, Marienhof plans
A-A section scale = 1:1000
10
10 05 7 6
08
1
1
5
2
1
05
3
6
1 06
04
3 2
7
7
4
10 10
08
9
1 3 5
6
8 4
05
3
08
2 8 4
1010
9
06
1
06
06
04 12 07
43
06
06
12
06
3
08
06
09
11
1
03 2
01 12
02
10
11 06
11 06
01 12
06
07
1 S-Bahn passage 2 café 3 toilet 4 dressing room 5 gallery 6 lift 7 mechanical room 8 storage_auditorium 9 fire escape_ventilation 10 augmented reality wall 11 passage to U-Bahn 3/6 12 S-Bahn station 01 eco blend walls 02 glass pool skylight 03 glass slab 04 information_computer room 05 photovoltaik 06 sustainable piezoelectric flooring 07 geothermal energy 08 park_green roof 09 Neues Rathaus
München, Marienhof Bibliograpy
4
Aldo Rossi: essays about the architecture
DODGE, M. (1998) The Geographies of Cyberspace.
György Kepes (1944): Language of Vision
94th Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, Boston, USA
Cornelis van de Ven (1987): Space in Architecture
ERDŐSI F. (1992) Telematika. Távközlési Book publisher, Budapest.
Le Corbusier (1925): The City of Tomorrow
GIBSON, W. (¹984) Neuromancer. Harper Collins, London.
Kevin Lynch (1960): The Image of the City
JAKOBI Á. (2000) The spatiality of the web.
Jane Jacobs (1961): The Death and Life of Great American Cities
MASUDA Y. (1988) The informational society as a postindustrial society OMIKK.
Csaba Ders (2008): Towards a new complexity
MCNABB, M. (1998) In: Carazo-Chandler, c. (1998): Cyberspace – Another geography.
William Gibson (1984): Neuromancer
Territories, Boundaries and Space. University of Canterbury, New Zealand.
Paul Dourish (2004): Where the Action is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction
MEMARZIA, K. (1997) Towards the Definition and Applications of Digital Architecture
BATTY, M. (1997) Virtual geography
MÉSZÁROS R. (2001) The society geographical approximation of the cybespace
BURCH, H. – CHESWICK, B. (1999) Internet Mapping Project. (www.cs.bell-labs.com)
NEMES NAGY J. (1998) Space in the society research Human-settlement-region series, Hilscher
CARAZO-CHANDLER, C. (1998) Cyberspace
Rezső Socialpolitic Assosation, Budapest.
CASTELLS, M. (1998) The Informational City – Information technology, economic restructuring and the
SARDAR, Z. – RAVETZ, J. R. (1995) Cyberspace: to boldly go …
urban-regional process. Basil Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
Z. KARVALICS L. (1998) Isn’t there return? To concept history of the „informational society”
COUCLESIS, H. (1997) The Naive Geography of Cyberspace. Department of Geography and NCGIA,
Novak, Marcos - TransArchitecture: Building the Edge of Thought
University of California, USA.
Ágoston Lukács - The glass pool of the Erzsébet square Cultural Centre and Park
CRUMLISH, C. (1996) Internet for the running people Panem Book publisher, Budapest.
Corpora in Si(gh)te Book
DECEMBER, J. (1995) A Cybermap Gazetteer: Maps of the On-Line World for Browsing and Business.
Attila Fürstand - Space syntax in urban research
Telecommunications Traffic Statistics & Commentary. Telegeography, International Institute of
Andor Wesselényi-Garay - Borderline Architecture
Communication, London.
Deutsche Bahn - Anlagen zum Auslobungstext
München, Marienhof contents
45
01.............................................................................................................................Acknowledgement
23.........................................................................................................The processing of the designing
02.......................................................................Motto
24.......................................................................Virtual spaces
03..............................................................................................Consultants
25..............................................................................................Cyberspace
04........................................................................Designing area
26........................................................................Designing concept
05.............................................................................................................Air photo München
27.............................................................................................................Designing concept
06..............................Air photo München, Marienhof
28..............................Intended S-rails plans 00. level, -01. level
07.............................................................................................München review
29..........................................................Intended S-rails plans -02. level, -03. level, longitudinal section
08...........................................................München review
30...........................................................Glass pools study
09.....................................................................................................................München review
31...................................................................................................................Glass pools study
10..............................................................................Choosing the place
32..............................................................................Glass pools study
11.....................................................................................................Introducing of Marienhof
33.....................................................................................................Technical description
12.................Marienhof from 1948 - present
34.................Technical description, rooms
13.............................................................................................Marienhof plans
35.............................................................................................Technical description, structure
14.....................................................Marienhof plans
36.....................................................Marienhof planned building, site plan
15.....................................................................Marienhof plans
37.....................................................................Marienhof planned building 00. level
16......................................................Protection of heritage, passer-by zones in Münchenben
38......................................................Marienhof planned building -01. level
17...............................................Passer-by, cyclists on Marienhof
39...............................................Marienhof planned building -02. level, -03. level
18....................................................................................Public transport, motor vehicles on Marienhof
40...........................................................................Marienhof planned building -04. level
19......................................................Greenery, open places
41.......................................Marienhof planned building -05. level
20....................................................................................Cultural institutes, sitting places
42....................................................................................Marienhof planned building -06. level
21.................................From the connections to the virtual
43.................................Marienhof planned building A-A section, B-B section
22.................................................................................................Looking out
44.................................................................................................Bibliograpy
thank you
bye-bye